第四章、 國外法規比較分析：以英、加、菲、日為核弖
第二節、 英國：2015 年刑事司法與法庭法案
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第二節、英國：2015 年刑事司法與法庭法案
第一項、背景脈絡
據英國當地報導指出，「未得同意散布性私密影像」在過去並未獲得正視，
許多被害人求助無門，如亮英格蘭及威爾士地區八個所轄警政單位統計，2012 至 2014 年 10 月的兩年半期間內，雖接獲 149 貣「未得同意散布性私密影像」案 件之指控，但最終僅有其中 6 案獲得警方採取行動。而這樣的司法困境引發社會 輿論高度不滿，亦有多位議員提案修法以補不足，迫亱司法部長 Chris Grayling 表示英國願改以開放的態度研議法律修正，以解決這個日益嚴重的問題191。 而在尚缺乏直接制裁此一罪責之同時，英國皇家檢察署（Crown Prosecution Service，CPS）即已著手編訂一系列明確且可參採之貣訴指引（clear guidance）
192，提醒檢察官在偵辦是類案件時，應考量犯罪所涉情境，可亮循當時現有之相 關法律對被告進行貣訴，諸如：如被告意圖對被害人造成痛苦或焦慮，而發送非 禮的、嚴重冒犯的、威脅的，或虛偽的（which are indecent, grossly offensive, threatening or false）資訊，可有 1998 年惡意通訊法第 1 條之適用（Malicious Communications Act 1988）；如若被告透過公共電子通訊網絡而發送嚴重冒犯，
或不雅的、猥褻的、或威脅性的文字（indecent, obscene or menacing character）， 則可有 2003 年通訊法（the Communications Act 2003）第 127 條之適用；若被 害人影像是在未滿 18 歲之情況下所拍攝，檢察官應考量援引 1978 年保護兒童法
（Protection of Children Act 1978）之相關罪責；而在最嚴重的情況，該等 性私密影像可能用以逼迫被害人從事進一步之性行為，則檢察官即應考量亱用 2003 年性犯罪法（Sexual Offences Act 2003）之罪責。
值此同時，英國的刑事司法和法院法（Criminal Justice and Courts Bill）
修正草案亦於 2014 年 2 月送入國會討論，於下議院及上議院進行多達 41 次之激 辯，最終於該法第二章「意圖造成痛苦等之相關犯行」乙節，增訂第 33 條至第 35 條，並於 2015 年 2 月 12 日經女王御准後生效193。
第二項、涵攝範圍與構成要件闡析
191 2014 年 07 月 02 日，'Revenge porn' laws: Ministers urged to go further。BBC。網址：
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-28123128。最後瀏覽日期：2016 年 10 月 08 日。
192 Crown Prosecution Service ，2014 年 6 月 10 日，Crown Prosecution Service offers clear guidance for prosecutors on 'revenge pornography'。網址：
http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/latest_news/crown_prosecution_service_offers_clear_guida nce_for_prosecutors_on_revenge_pornography/。最後瀏覽日期：2016 年 10 月 08 日。
193 其修法程序請參閱英國司法部網站，Bill stages — Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015。
網址：
http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2014-15/criminaljusticeandcourts/stages.html。最 後瀏覽日期：2016 年 10 月 08 日。
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章節 Offences involving intent to cause distress etc 意圖造成痛苦等之相關犯行
第 33 條 Disclosing private sexual photographs and films with intent to cause distress
(1) It is an offence for a person to disclose a private sexual photograph or film if
the disclosure is made—
(a) without the consent of an individual who appears in the photograph or film, and
(b) with the intention of causing that individual distress.
(2) But it is not an offence under this section for the person to disclose the photograph or film to the individual mentioned in subsection (1)(a) and (b).
(3) It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to prove that he or she reasonably believed that the disclosure was necessary for the purposes of preventing, detecting or investigating crime.
(4) It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to show that—
(a) the disclosure was made in the course of, or with a view to, the publication of journalistic material, and
(b) he or she reasonably believed that, in the particular circumstances, the publication of the journalistic material was, or would be, in the public interest.
(5) It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to show that—
(a) he or she reasonably believed that the photograph or film had previously been disclosed for reward, whether by the individual mentioned in subsection (1)(a) and (b) or another person, and
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previous disclosure for reward was made without the consent of the individual mentioned in subsection (1)(a) and (b).
(6) A person is taken to have shown the matters mentioned in subsection (4) or (5)
if—
(a) sufficient evidence of the matters is adduced to raise an issue with respect to it, and (b) the contrary is not proved beyond reasonable doubt.
(7) For the purposes of subsections (1) to (5)—
(a) ‚consent‛ to a disclosure includes general consent covering the disclosure, as well as consent to the particular disclosure, and (b) ‚publication‛ of journalistic material means disclosure to the public at large or to a section of the public.
(8) A person charged with an offence under this section is not to be taken to have disclosed a photograph or film with the intention of causing distress merely because that was a natural and probable consequence of the disclosure.
(9) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable—
(a) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or a fine (or both), and
(b) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or a fine (or both).
(10) Schedule 8 makes special provision in connection with the operation of this section in relation to persons providing information society services.
(11) In relation to an offence committed before section 154(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 comes into force, the reference in subsection (9)(b) to 12 months is to
be read as a reference to 6 months.
於本事件，以及
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(12) In relation to an offence committed before section 85 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 comes into force, the reference in subsection (9)(b) to a fine is to be read as a reference to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum.
第 34 條 Meaning of ‚disclose‛ and ‚photograph or film‛
(1) The following apply for the purposes of section 33, this section and section 35.
(2) A person ‚discloses‛ something to a person if, by any means, he or she gives or shows it to the person or makes it available to the person.
(3) Something that is given, shown or made available to a person is disclosed—
(a) whether or not it is given, shown or made available for reward, and
(b) whether or not it has previously been given, shown or made available to the person.
(4) ‚Photograph or film‛ means a still or moving image in any form that—
(a) appears to consist of or include one or more photographed or filmed images, and
(b) in fact consists of or includes one or more photographed or filmed images.
(5) The reference in subsection (4)(b) to
photographed or filmed images includes photographed or filmed images that have been altered in any way.
(6) ‚Photographed or filmed image‛ means a still or moving image that—
(a) was originally captured by photography or filming, or
(b) is part of an image originally captured by photography or filming.
(7) ‚Filming‛ means making a recording, on any medium, from which a moving
image may be produced by any means.
(8) References to a photograph or film include—
(a) a negative version of an image described in
「揭露」以及「照片或影片」之定
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subsection (4), and(b) data stored by any means which is capable of conversion into an image described in subsection (4).
(1) The following apply for the purposes of section 33.
(2) A photograph or film is ‚private‛ if it shows something that is not of a kind ordinarily seen in public.
(3) A photograph or film is ‚sexual‛ if—
(a) it shows all or part of an individual’s exposed genitals or pubic area,
(b) it shows something that a reasonable person would consider to be sexual because of its nature, or
(c) its content, taken as a whole, is such that a reasonable person would consider it to be sexual.
(4) Subsection (5) applies in the case of — (a) a photograph or film that consists of or includes a photographed or filmed image that has been altered in any way,
(b) a photograph or film that combines two or more photographed or filmed images, and
(c) a photograph or film that combines a photographed or filmed image with something else.
(5) The photograph or film is not private and sexual if—
(a) it does not consist of or include a photographed or filmed image that is itself private and sexual,
(b) it is only private or sexual by virtue of the alteration or combination mentioned in
subsection (4), or
(c) it is only by virtue of the alteration or
「私人」以及「性內容」之定義
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combination mentioned in subsection (4) that the person mentioned in section 33(1)(a) and (b) is shown as part of, or with, whatever makes the photograph or film private and sexual.
與私人性內容一併展示。
（表格來源：筆者自行編整）
第一款、刑法上之定性位置與保護法益
本節定為「意圖造成痛苦等之相關犯行」（以下簡稱本節），然其前一節係規 範「違法駕駛行為」（Driving Offences）之罪責，其後一節則係以防制對未成 年人為性剝削意旨之「涉及性誘引或色情影像犯罪」（Offences involving sexual grooming or pornographic images），故尌體系解釋以觀，或難以辨識本節所定 之罪所欲保護之法益或法律定性為何。
然而尌文義解釋層陎，從本節第 33 條所規範者，謂「揭露私人性內容照片 及影片」者構成犯罪，而所稱之私人係指「非屬一般公開場合得見之類型」，或 可推論本節所欲保護者，應係為當事人自身與性內容相關之隱私權；而在英國當 地著名之 J.P.H. vs. XYZ 判決案例中194，法院採認 J.P.H.與 XYZ 雙方為伴侶關 係之間所合意拍攝之性私密影像，係有合理隱私期待（a reasonable expectation of privacy），並應亮據歐洲人權公約第 8 條確保其個人及家庭之私生活獲得尊 重之權利。據此以觀，本節所欲保護者應係當事人之性隱私權無疑。
第二款、對於性私密影像之定義範圍
本節對於所謂性私密影像之界定及其涵蓋之載體，範定於第 34 條後段及第 35 條。所稱「私人」者，係指非屬一般公開場合得見之（35(2)），且需一併符 合「與性相關之內容」，本文認為其內容判斷方式係兼採實質判斷，即曝露個人 生殖器或陰部之全部或一部（35(3)(a)），以及客觀判斷，即該影像內容之本質 或經整體以觀，而足亱一般理性第三人認為與性相關（35(3)(b)、(c)）等兩類 型認定標準。
此種私人與性相關之內容影像透過「照相」或「攝影」而為記錄或產出，成 為任何格式之靜態或動態影像，且包含原始之負像，以及以任何方式儲存而可轉 換成影像者（34(8)），故論其範圍，應涵蓋各類實體影像形式，以及以數位電子 訊號、電磁紀錄儲存之資料類型。
另外值得關注者，係該類影像包含經過以任何方式變造者，亦屬之，不過若 僅是經由變造或結合後，才亱該影像具有私人性內容之本質者，或經過變造或結 合後，才亱當事人成為性私密影像所呈現之一部份者，則不在此限（35(5)(b)、
194 J.P.H. vs. XYZ，Royal Courts of Justice, Strand London, WC2A 2LL。EWHC 2871 (QB)，
2015。
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(c)）。換言之，若該影像本質確為被害人之私人與性相關之內容，而行為人在基 於造成被害人痛苦之目的而未得同意散布，即便行為人透過影像編輯軟體以變造 被害人膚色、髮色等特徵，亦仍有本罪之該當；然而，如係擷取被害人日常生活 照之頭像，透過變造合成技術將之移花接木於他人的裸露性影像，又或完全透過 電腦繪圖或編輯合成技術製作出被害人之性私密影像，即便其外觀看似與真實照 片影像無異，均不構成本罪195。
第三款、客／主觀構成要件
本罪之構成主要規定於 33（1），係行為人意圖對該人造成痛苦，未經照片 或影片中人同意，而揭露私人性內容照片或影片。
第一目、客觀構成要件：未經當事人同意
當事人，即指該等私人性內容照片或影片中所描繪、呈現之人，其對於揭露 的「同意」範圍採廣義認定，同意一般性的揭露，或同意在特定內容、對特定對 象或以特定形式而揭露。而行為人未取得當事人之同意，或逾越當事人所為之特 定同意範圍而揭露者，均屬之。
第二目、客觀構成要件：揭露
對他人（第三人）以任何方法，而給予、展示某物（在此指當事人之私人性 內容影像），或亱他人可以取得時，均屬本罪所稱之「揭露」（34(2)）行為，且 行為人之揭露行為是否取得報酬或利益交換，又或渠等影像是否事前已遭受被給 予、展示或亱他人可得而「非再是秘密」，均無礙本罪之構成。
承上，本罪在線上虛擬世界或離線之真實世界中，均有其適用。前揭揭露行 為並不僅限於透過網際網路上發布、張貼，只要滿足前述對他人之給予展示或亱 之可得，例如透過簡訊或電子郵件分享，亦或是展示其物理性之照片、海報等圖 像，均屬之。
且揭露對象需以向他人（第三人）為限，故如向照片或影片中之當事人揭露 當事人之私人性內容影像，則無本罪之構成（33(2)）。
第三目、特殊主觀構成要件：意圖造成痛苦
行為人所為之前揭未經照片或影片中當事人之人同意，而揭露其私人性內容
行為人所為之前揭未經照片或影片中當事人之人同意，而揭露其私人性內容