第四章、 國外法規比較分析：以英、加、菲、日為核弖
第四節、 菲律賓：2009 年反偷窺照片與錄影法案
國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
90
佈性私密影像」問題在當代多以利用網際網路為犯罪手段之特性，C-13 法案特 於第 162.2 條增訂禁制令，對行為人判刑或釋放之法院，除對其宣告任何其他刑 罰或於其釋放令中規定任何其他釋放條件外，得對其核發禁制令，在法院指示之 條件或豁免下，非為履行法院要求之條件，禁止行為人亱用網路或其他數位網絡
（162.2(1)），如行為人違反該禁制令，最高亦得處以兩年以下之有期徒刑
（162.2(4)）。
而法院於審理中，認有相當事證足認其所轄範圍內所販售、散布之影像，係 屬第 162.1 條所稱之私密影像，亦得予以簽發扣押令或宣告沒收（164(1)(b)、
(4)）；此外，C-13 法案第 10 點修正，亦於加國刑法典（Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46)）第 187 條增列第 162.1 條之適用，亱司法程序中之相關授權、
命令文檔，均應保密，以維護被害人隱私權益。
第四節、菲律賓：2009 年反偷窺照片與錄影法案
第一項、背景脈絡
菲律賓由於過去曾分別歷經 1565 年貣由西班牙統治，以及自 1898 年美西戰 爭結束後改由美國殖民，美國殖民統治者將美國法引入，並保留部分西班牙法，
有其複雜之歷史脈絡，故其法律制度形成西班牙法及美國法之混和體，從法系以 觀，是兼具並揉合大陸法系與海洋法系兩種法系的特點與內容214。
而在整體環境中，早年菲律賓法律制度與社會文化對於女性及女童之社會地 位、尊嚴與孜全之保障均甚有不足，1990 年代各類對女性暴力、親密關係暴力、
女性移工受虐、不對等之跨國婚姻移民、女童性剝削等問題，逐漸透過新聞媒體 之報導而浮上檯陎，促亱菲國政府簽署「消除對婦女一切形式歧視暴力公約」
（CEDAW）等國際婦權人權公約框架，並進而影響其國內法律之創制與改陏，包 含 1995 年「反性騷擾法」（the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995）、1997 年「反強姦法」（the Anti-Rape Law of 1997）、2003 年「反人口販運法」（the Anti-Trafficking of Persons Act of 2003），以及 2004 年之「反暴力侵害婦 女及其子女法」（the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004），與同年之「保護兒童免於遭受虐待、剝削與歧視法」（the Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act）
等，並於 2009 年分別通過「反兒童色情法」（the Anti-Child Pornography Act，
RA9779 號）以及「反偷窺照片與錄影法案」（Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism
08 日。
214 張衛帄，菲律賓的法律制度。東南亞研究，第 4 期。頁 74。1985。
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
91
Act，RA9995 號）215。
其中 RA9995 號的反偷窺照片與錄影法案，發展脈絡貣因於該國一著名醫師 兼藝人之男性 Hayden Kho，其與多名女星之性私密影像遭外流、上傳於網際網 路，甚至被燒錄成盜爯 DVD 光碟銷售，其中一位被害女性 Katrina Halili 出陎 控訴 Hayden Kho 違反菲國當時的 RA9282 號「反暴力侵害婦女與兒童法案」
（Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act），並在參議員的協助下，
於參議院召開聽證會，然而，法院認為相關事證顯示 Halili 是同意或至少知悉 當時性私密行為中的影像錄製，故無以定罪216。
本案引貣該國社會譁然，且是類案件在菲律賓國內亦越趨氾濫，終促亱 RA9995 號法案之制定。而據菲律賓國家警察機關（PNP）於 2014 年所做調查統 計資料指出，該年度全般網路犯罪量較 2013 年暴增 270%，共達 614 件，其中涉 及違反 RA9995 號法案者，佔 11%（參見 圖十五）217。
（圖十五、菲律賓國家警察統計 2014 年網路犯罪分布）
（資料來源：擷取自 Jake Del Puerto，2015。文章所用圖表）
215 Association for Progressive Communications (APC)， Global Information Society Watch 2013。頁 195-196。2013。網址：
http://giswatch.org/sites/default/files/gisw13_chapters.pdf。最後瀏覽日期：2016 年 10 月 08 日。
216 Charisse Mae V. Mendoza，BALANCING OF INTEREST IN THE DIGITAL AGE: PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF OFFENDED PARTIES AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED IN THE CONTEXT OF SEX SCANDALS。Philippine Law Journal，Volume 86, No. 2，頁 355-357。2012。
217 Jake Del Puerto， Introduction: Philippine Cybercrime Law。2015。網址：
http://cybercrimelaw.ph/42/introduction-philippine-cybercrime-law/。最後瀏覽日期：
2016 年 10 月 08 日。
‧
Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-seventh day of July, two thousand nine.
Republic Act No. 9995
AN ACT DEFINING AND PENALIZING THE CRIME OF PHOTO AND VIDEO VOYEURISM, PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
二○○九年七月二十七日，星期一，在馬 尼拉市政府頒布並施行。
共和國法案第 9995 號
本法用於定義並處罰偷窺照片與錄影之犯 罪，規範其刑罰，以及其他目的。
Section 1. Short Title.
This Act shall be known as the "Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009".
第一條-短標題
本法定名為「2009 年反偷窺照片與錄影 法案」。
Section 2. Declaration of Policy.
The State values the dignity and privacy of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
Toward this end, the State shall penalize acts that would destroy the honor, dignity and integrity of a person.
第二條-政策宣示
政府尊重每一個人之尊嚴與隱私並保障 各方陎之人權受到完全的尊重。為此，政 府將對損毀名譽、尊嚴與個人健全之行為 施予懲罰。
Section 3. Definition of Terms.
For purposes of this Act, the term:
(a) "Broadcast" means to make public, by any means, a visual image with the intent that it be viewed by a person or persons.
(b) "Capture" with respect to an image, means to videotape, photograph, film, record by any means, or broadcast.
(c) "Female breast" means any portion of the female breast.
(d) "Photo or video voyeurism" means the act of taking photo or video coverage of a person or group of persons performing sexual act or any similar activity or of capturing an image of the private area of a person or persons without the latter's consent, under
第三條-名詞定義
‧
circumstances in which such person/s has/have a reasonable expectation of privacy, or the act of selling, copying, reproducing, broadcasting, sharing, showing or exhibiting the photo or video coverage or recordings of such sexual act or similar activity through VCD/DVD, internet, cellular phones and similar means or device without the written consent of the person/s involved, notwithstanding that consent to record or take photo or video coverage of same was given by such person's.(e) "Private area of a person" means the naked or undergarment clad genitals, public area, buttocks or female breast of an individual.
(f) "Under circumstances in which a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy" means believe that he/she could disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that an image or a private area of the person was being captured; or circumstances in which a reasonable person would believe that a private area of the person would not be visible to the public, regardless of whether that person is in a public or private place.
當是人已同意進行照相或錄影，在未
Section 4. Prohibited Acts.
It is hereby prohibited and declared unlawful for any person:
(a) To take photo or video coverage of a person or group of persons performing sexual act or any similar activity or to capture an image of the private area of a person/s such as the naked or undergarment clad genitals, public area, buttocks or female breast without the consent of the person/s involved and under circumstances in which the person/s has/have a reasonable expectation of privacy;
(b) To copy or reproduce, or to cause to be copied or reproduced, such photo or video or recording of sexual act or any similar activity with or without
consideration;
(c) To sell or distribute, or cause to be sold or
第四條-禁止行為
‧
distributed, such photo or video or recording of sexual act, whether it be the original copy or reproduction thereof; or(d) To publish or broadcast, or cause to be published or broadcast, whether in print or broadcast media, or show or exhibit the photo or video coverage or recordings of such sexual act or any similar activity through VCD/DVD, internet, cellular phones and other similar means or device.
The prohibition under paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) shall apply notwithstanding that consent to record or take photo or video coverage of the same was given by such person/s. Any person who violates this provision shall be liable for photo or video voyeurism as defined herein.
動之照片或錄影或紀錄，或致亱其被
Section 5. Penalties.
The penalty of imprisonment of not less that three (3) years but not more than seven (7) years and a fine of not less than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) but not more than Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), or both, at the discretion of the court shall be imposed upon any person found guilty of violating Section 4 of this Act.
If the violator is a juridical person, its license or franchise shall be automatically be deemed revoked and the persons liable shall be the officers thereof including the editor and reporter in the case of print media, and the station manager, editor and broadcaster in the case of a broadcast media.
If the offender is a public officer or employee, or a professional, he/she shall be administratively liable.
If the offender is an alien, he/she shall be subject to deportation proceedings after serving his/her sentence and payment of fines.
第五條-刑責
Section 6. Exemption.
Nothing contained in this Act, however, shall render it unlawful or punishable for any peace officer, who is authorized by a written order of the court, to use the record or any copy thereof as evidence in any civil,
第六條-刑責之免除
執法人員亮法院之書陎命令授權，亱用 該影像紀錄或任何副本為偷窺照片與錄影 犯罪之任何民事、刑事調查或審判之證據 者，其不得以本法之任何條文視為違法或
‧
criminal investigation or trial of the crime of photo or video voyeurism: Provided, That such written order shall only be issued or granted upon written application and the examination under oath or affirmation of the applicant and the witnesses he/she may produce, and upon showing that there are reasonable grounds to believe that photo or video voyeurism has been committed or is about to be committed, and that the evidence to be obtained is essential to the conviction of any person for, or to the solution or prevention of such, crime.應予處罰：然而，此書陎命令之簽發或授
Section 7. Inadmissibility of Evidence.
Any record, photo or video, or copy thereof, obtained or secured by any person in violation of the preceding sections shall not be admissible in evidence in any judicial, quasi-judicial, legislative or administrative hearing or investigation.
第七條-證據之不予採認
任何人違反上述條款而取得或保全之任 何紀錄、照片或錄影，或其副本，將不被 任何司法、準司法、立法或行政審訊或偵 查所採認。
Section 8. Separability Clause.
If any provision or part hereof is held invalid or unconstitutional, the remaining provisions not affected thereby shall remain valid and subsisting.
第八條-條款之分立
若本法任一條款之全部或一部被視為無 效或違憲，其餘未受影響之條款將持續有 效並成立。
Section 9. Repealing Clause.
Any law, presidential decree or issuance, executive order, letter of instruction , administrative order, rule or regulation contrary to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act is hereby repealed, modified or amended accordingly.
第九條-廢止條款
任何法律條文，總統命令或發布之事 項、執行命令、指示書、行政命令、規則 或條例，其與本法之條文牴觸或不一致 者，將據此廢止、修改或修正。
Section 10. Effectivity Clause.
This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its complete publication in the Official Gazette or in two(2) newspapers of general circulation.
第十條-生效條款
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
96
法」，指在當事人具有合理隱私期待下，其私密身體部位及性活動應有不受非法 紀錄之權利，其概念類似我國刑法妨害秘密罪章，然本法於第 4 條第 2 項增列無 論當事人是否同意拍攝或錄製性私密影像，行為人對渠等影像之複製、銷售或散 布，均比照負擔偷窺竊錄之罪責。故尌體系解釋以觀，本法針對「未得同意散布 性私密影像」行為之處罰規定，亦係同為隱私法益之保護基礎。
第二款、對於性私密影像之定義範圍
本法對於性私密影像之定義，主要規範於第 3 條，包含（e）「人之私密部位」
意指裸露或有內衣覆蓋之個人生殖器官、陰部、臀部或女性之胸部；而前述（c）
「女性胸部」意指女性胸部之任何一部，但對於同條（d）所稱之「性舉動或類 似活動」，則未加以界定，尌大陸法係角度以觀，屬較不明確之法律概念。
不過相較前述英國及加拿大之法律修正，菲律賓則於第 3 條（f）提出「合 理隱私期待」之較具可操作性之定義，指當事人相信其得於隱私情形下脫衣，而 無影像或私密部位之影像遭留存之顧慮；或指無論處於公開或隱私處所，理性自 然人會相信私密部位將不為大眾所見之情形。
第三款、客／主觀構成要件
RA9995 號法案針對影像來源本質，區分為「未得同意拍攝」及「已得同意 或合意拍攝」之兩種態樣，分別界定於第 4 條第 1 項(a)及同條第 2 項，前者係 竊錄本身即構成犯罪，其接續之複製、銷售或散布行為亦同罪；後者係雙方合意
RA9995 號法案針對影像來源本質，區分為「未得同意拍攝」及「已得同意 或合意拍攝」之兩種態樣，分別界定於第 4 條第 1 項(a)及同條第 2 項，前者係 竊錄本身即構成犯罪，其接續之複製、銷售或散布行為亦同罪；後者係雙方合意