第五章 參考文獻
5.2. 英文文獻
Bartolomeo, P. (2002). The relationship between visual perception and visual mental
imagery: a reappraisal of the neuropsychological evidence. Cortex, 38(3),
357-378.
Chabris, C. F., Jerde, T. E., Woolley, A. W., Gerbasi, M. E., Schuldt, J. P., Bennett, S.
L., Hackman, J. R., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2006). Spatial and object visualization
cognitive styles: Validation studies in 3800 individuals. Submitted to Applied
Cognitive Psychology.
Cohen, D. J., & Bennett, S.（1997）. Why Can't Most People Draw What They See.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 609-621
Cooks, R. (?) Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook : 5th Edition: CogSLP Simulated Experiments. http://www.psypress.com/ek5/resources/experiments.asp (2007/1/16)
Blajenkova, O., Kozhevnikov, M. & Motes, M. A.（2006）. Object-spatial imagery: A
new selfreport imagery questionnaire. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20:
239-263
Ekstrom, R.B., French, J.W., & Harman, H.H. （ 1976 ） . Manual for kit of
factor-referenced cognitive tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Hegarty, M. & Kozhevnikov, M.（1999）. Types of Visual-Spatial Representations and
Mathematical Problem Solving. Journal of Educational Psychology ,91, 684-689
Kosslyn, S. M. (1994). Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate.
Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
Kozbelt, A. （2001）. Artists as experts in visual cognition. Visual Cognition, 8 （6）, 705–723
Kozhevnikov, M., Hegarty, M., & Mayer, R. E. (2002). Revising the
visualizer/verbalizer dimension: evidence for two types of visualizers. Cognition
& instruction, 20, 47–77.
Kozhevnikov, M., Kosslyn, S. M., & Shepard, J. (2005). Spatial versus object
visualizers: a new characterization of visual cognitive style. Memory and
Cognition, 33, 710–726.Lane, R, M.（2006）How graphing calculators and visual imagery contribute to
state university college of education.
Lean, G., & Clements, M. A. (1981). Spatial ability, visual imagery, and mathematical
performance. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 12, 267–299.
Marks, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 64, 17–24.
Marks, D. F. (2003) Professor David Marks. http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/d.marks (2007/4/3)
Shepard, R. N. & Metzler J.（1971）. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects.
Science 171:701-703
Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations.
Psychological Monographs, 74 （11）, 1-30
Wiltshire, S. (2007) The Stephen Wiltshire Gallery - Drawings, paintings and prints.
http://www.stephenwiltshire.co.uk (2007/5/8)
附錄 I：VVCSQ 作業內容
您好，題目共 12 題
請將答案填寫在 Excel 檔案裡，並且使用答案卷儘可能詳細地描述你解答的 方法。
1. 一個人在一條直線道路的兩端各種一棵樹，並且沿著此路的每側每隔 5 公尺植一棵樹，此道路的長度為 25 公尺，請問在此道路上總共植了幾 棵樹？
2. 一場跑步競賽的路線被切分為三段不等長的路線，競賽總路線全長為 450 公尺，第一段加第二段長度為 350 公尺，第二段加第三段長度為 250 公尺，請問每段的長度各為多少公尺？
3. 一顆汽球從地面上升 200 公尺，再向東方移動 100 公尺，再下降 100 公尺，再向東方移動 50 公尺，然後降落到地面，請問汽球由起點水平 移動了多少距離？
4. Tau 比 Dill 有錢，Mike 比 Dilli 窮，三人之中誰最有錢？
5. 在一場跑步競賽中，Johnny 比 Peter 領先 10 公尺，Tom 比 Jim 領先 4 公尺，Jim 比 Peter 領先 3 公尺，那麼 Johnny 領先 Tom 多少公尺？
6. 一個正立方體 A 的面積是一平方公尺，另一個正立方體 B 的長寬高各 是正立方體 A 的兩倍，請問正立方體 B 的面積為多少？
7. 一塊矩形的土地有 60 平方公尺，如果矩形一邊的長度是 10 公尺，請問 走一圈要多少公尺？
8. 一位旅人在火車行駛一半的距離時睡著了，他甦醒後火車還要再行駛睡 著時所經過距離的一半才到終點，請問旅人在行駛中的幾分之幾在睡 覺？
水可以澆兩株樹苗，如果他只能用一個桶子澆這四株樹苗，他總共需要 走多少公尺？
10. 一個足球比賽只有 4 個隊伍參賽，每個隊伍都只與其它 3 個隊伍比賽一 次，請問總共有幾場比賽？
11. 有二個牛奶罐，其中一個是另一個的二倍，二罐都倒出 20 公升後，其 中一個變成是另一個的三倍，請問原本各來有多少公升的牛奶？
12. 桃子罐頭的直徑 10 公分，請問需要幾個桃子罐頭才可填滿 30 公分 X40 公分的平面？
題目結束，謝謝你！
附錄 II：VVIQ 作業內容
視覺心像指的是在腦海中將所想的內容視覺化的能力 也就是形成心像的能力 心像的清晰度與強度是因人而異的 而這種個別差異具有心理學上的重要意義
以下的測驗主要是決定您視覺心像的鮮明程度 請您就心像鮮明程度以下標準做自我評定 每個問題會引起一些想像
並且會要求自我評斷心像的活躍程度 第一個階段是要求你張開眼睛
對每道題目做完心像鮮明度的評等後 從頭開始
再做第二個階段是要求你閉起眼睛 做同樣題目的評等
評分標準 對於題目所引發的心像可能為：
1 分：非常地清晰並且和眼前所見一樣鮮明生動 2 分：清晰並且相當地鮮明生動
3 分：普通地清晰、鮮明生動度中等 4 分：朦朧且暗淡
5 分：完全沒有心像，只能查覺到正在想一個物件
請務必熟悉評分的標準(1 分-5 分)，並且試著將各個題目區分開來做，張開 及閉起眼睛也儘量獨立評分。
第一個階段
請在回答問題時張開眼睛，對每道題目做心像鮮明度的評等。
回答 1-4 題時，想像一個你常見到的親人或是朋友（但目前並不在你旁邊 的） ，並且當回答問題時認真想著這個影像
1. 確切的臉的顏色、頭、肩膀及身體 2. 特定姿勢的頭、身體...等
3. 走路時確切的舉止、步伐的長度...等 4. 穿著熟悉的衣服但不同顏色
回答 5-8 題時，想像一個升起的太陽，仔細地想這個在你腦海中的圖像 5. 太陽在水平線上逐漸升起，進入朦朧的天空
6. 天空清澈無雲並以一片湛藍圍繞著太陽
7. 雲采湧現，暴風強烈地吹襲著，天空帶有閃電的亮光 8. 出現一道彩虹
回答 9-12 題時，想像一個你常去的店，仔細地想這個在你腦海中的圖像 9. 由正面看起來的店舖完整外觀
10. 櫥窗展示著打折中的商品，有許多顏色、形狀、細節 11. 你目前正在靠近門口的位置，想像門的色彩、形狀、細節 12. 你進入店內且走向櫃台，服務人員幫你買單
回答 13-16 題時，想像一個有樹、山、湖水的鄉村景緻，仔細地想這個在你 腦海中的圖像
13. 這個地景的輪廓 14. 樹的色彩及形狀
15. 湖的色彩及形狀
16. 一陣強風吹動樹、在湖面上吹起漣漪
第二個階段
請在回答問題閉起眼睛，
做以上題目的心像鮮明度的評等。
題目結束，謝謝你！
附錄 III：OSIQ 作業內容
*The OSIQ questionnaire is copyright to Rutgers University, all rights reserved.
No part of this questionnaire may be reproduced without prior written permission of Rutgers University.
1. I was very good in 3-D geometry as a student.
2. If I were asked to choose between engineering professions and visual.
3. Architecture interests me more than painting.
4. My images are very colourful and bright.
5. I prefer schematic diagrams and sketches when reading a textbook instead of colourful and pictorial illustrations.
6. My images are more like schematic representations of things and events rather than detailed pictures.
7. When reading fiction, I usually form a clear and detailed mental picture of a scene or room that has been described.
8. I have a photographic memory.
9. I can easily imagine and mentally rotate 3-dimensional geometric figures.
10. When entering a familiar store to get a specific item, I can easily picture the exact location of the target item, the shelf it stands on, how it is arranged and the surrounding articles.
11. I normally do not experience many spontaneous vivid images; I use my mental imagery mostly when attempting to solve some problems like the ones in mathematics.
12. My images are very vivid and photographic.
13. I can easily sketch a blueprint for a building that I am familiar with.
14. I am a good Tetris player.
15. If I were asked to choose between studying architecture and visual arts, I would choose visual arts.
16. My mental images of different objects very much resemble the size shape and colour of actual objects that I have seen.
17. When I imagine the face of a friend, I have a perfectly clear and bright image.
18. I have excellent abilities in technical graphics.
19. I can easily remember a great deal of visual details that someone else might never notice things in, like what colour is a shirt someone wears or what colour are his/her shoes.
20. In high school, I had less difficulty with geometry than with art.
21. I enjoy pictures with bright colours and unusual shapes like the ones in modern art.
22. Sometimes my images are so vivid and persistent that it is difficult to ignore them.
23. When thinking about an abstract concept (ean abstract schematic building in my mind or its blueprint rather than a specific concrete building.
24. My images are more schematic than colourful and pictorial.
25. I can close my eyes and easily picture a scene that I have experienced.
26. I remember everything visually to a dinner and I can talk about the way they sat and the way they looked probably in more detail than I could discuss what they said.
27. I find it difficult to imagine how a 3-dimensional geometric figure would exactly look like when rotated.
28. My visual images are in my head all the time.
30. When I hear a radio announcer or a DJ I’ve never actually seen, I usually find myself picturing what he or she might look like.
附錄 IV：擅長繪畫與不擅長繪畫受試者的繪畫作業
圖 IV-1 擅長繪畫者於「忠實摹寫」繪畫作業的表現
圖 IV-2 不擅繪畫者於「忠實摹寫」繪畫作業的表現
圖 IV-3 擅長繪畫者於「短期記憶繪畫」繪畫作業的表現
圖 IV-4 不擅繪畫者於「短期記憶繪畫」繪畫作業的表現
圖 IV-5 擅長繪畫者於「憑空繪畫」繪畫作業的表現
圖 IV-6 不擅繪畫者於「憑空繪畫」繪畫作業的表現