鯙科魚類的保育 - 東亞島弧海域小鰭鰭尾鯙初期生活史與族群遺傳結構之探討

陳 (1997) 調查了臺灣周圍海域不同地點的鯙類相組成，發現基隆、南方澳、

澳底及澎湖的鯙類相較為相似，蘭嶼、貓鼻頭與小琉球鯙類相組成另一分支，前四者採樣點剛好位於陸棚區域，而後三者則屬於黑潮及其支流的體系；陳 (1996) 利用12S rRNA 序列探討臺灣天竺鯛科魚類 (Apogonidae) 的類緣關係時，亦發現了非常相似的分布模式，顯示臺灣擁有多元的生態系統與魚類相。

本研究以小鰭鰭尾鯙作為代表物種研究鯙類幼生的成長與漂送機制，雖然臺灣陸棚系統與黑潮系統的鯙類漂送路徑可能有所不同，但鯙類幼生成長與感知環境因子變態沉降的機制應是類似的。臺灣周圍海域地形多變，使鯙類在深度分布上非常廣泛，從0 m 的潮池到 300 m 的深海都有分布，儘管如此，鯙類幼生在早

期生活史階段所利用的棲地很有可能是屬於沿岸的淺海或潮間帶地區，如黃邊鰭裸胸鯙的幼魚就經常在潮池被發現，但根據臺灣魚類資料庫記載其成體最深棲息深度可達150 m，暗示其利用生產力高的潮間帶及淺海地區作為幼生的育幼地，待成長到一定體型後再往較深處的棲地遷徙，這是產浮性卵魚類最常見的生活史策略，如鼠尾鱈科 (Macrouridae) 、青眼魚科 (Chlorophthalmidae) 及笛鯛科 (Lutjanidae) 等皆是如此 (隋，2015)。

本研究在採樣時觀察到，有許多棲地的鯙類豐度已減少許多，如田 (2004) 在小琉球採集到58 尾小鰭鰭尾鯙，並認為該地的族群結構是較完整的，但本研究於生殖季時兩次前往小琉球採集，卻只收集到12 尾樣本，顯示當地小鰭鰭尾鯙的族群數量已不如從前，可能與近年來觀光盛行大批遊客湧入小琉球的潮間帶，遠超過了環境所能負荷的程度，使生物多樣性與豐度降低所致。分生數據顯示每個小鰭鰭尾鯙族群都擁有大量獨特的單倍型，每個族群在維持基因多型性上都有保育的價值，且對於在地產卵型的鯙類來說，任何一個棲地可能都是族群間交流的重要橋梁，皆具有保育的價值。若棲息在不同深度的鯙類於幼生階段時皆會先沉降到沿岸淺海區域，本研究所探討的潮間帶物種小鰭鰭尾鯙，其幼生發育、沉降策略與族群遺傳結構應能適用於大部分鯙類，提供未來鯙類保育及相關研究上的參考資訊。

伍、結論

一、本研究探討並定義了小鰭鰭尾鯙耳石微細結構可能代表的生物意義:耳石輪寬由最窄處開始變寬代表變態的記號 (MC)，開始變態後的狹首幼生會再持續生長一小段時間 (WIZ)，當體長開始縮減時產生 GC 記號，隨後耳石輪寬大幅增加甚至模糊 (DZ)，並伴隨著 Sr / Ca 的急遽下降。並認為以 TGC作為PLD 的指標具有一定的代表性，可做為將來鯙類耳石微細結構與微化學研究的參考依據。

二、小鰭鰭尾鯙由年齡成長方程式顯示為成長快速、性成熟早的物種，加上彈性空間大的PLD (33 – 98 天)，有利於幼魚期擴散到多變的棲地環境。

三、東亞島弧地區的小鰭鰭尾鯙呈現基因同質性 (genetic homogeneity)，推測是靠著長的PLD 擴散使族群間基因交流順暢，但似乎伴隨著某些族群具些微的遺傳分化 (LQ)，推測可能是採樣誤差、地理位置與洋流的特殊性或不同的族群補充管道所造成。

四、雖然各族群顯示基因同質性，但狹首幼生的成長與漂送確實會受到各地環境因子影響而有所不同，本研究發現較高的水溫使小鰭鰭尾鯙幼生具較快的成長速率並且能夠縮短 PLD；不同的環境因子如洋流系統與棲地環境皆是可能影響小鰭鰭尾鯙PLD 的因素，本研究亦發現小鰭鰭尾鯙在感知到適合棲地前似乎有能力可以延後變態的時間。

五、本研究認為小鰭鰭尾鯙幼生的成長與漂送機制應能廣泛應用於鯙科魚類，作為未來鯙類相關研究的參考資訊。

六、本研究結合了耳石與分生的數據，能夠客觀且多層面的探討更複雜的生物議題，建議將來的研究亦可同時結合不同方法，以達到最大的研究效益。

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