Dog. Dr. Yrlmaz N.\EFtrNDiOGltl*
t. cinip
Anayasaya gtirc, Anayilsa Mahl<crncsirritr vcr-digt iptal karar'lan gcrcl<g:csi yazrlmardan agrlilana-maz. Yasa, yasel htil<mtindc karat-namc (YHK) vcya TRMM iqttiztiiti ya da bunle'rnn hijhiimlcri, iptal ka-rarlzrnnln Rcsmi Gazctcdc yilylrnlilndrfr tarihte yti-rilrltiktcn kalkar (m. 153).
Uygularmada bu kurailerr tir-lcmli sorunlar ya-ratmtgtrr. Kimi ]raldc iptal karilrl duyulmaslna
kar-$rh, yasarun Anayasi-lya ayl<rn oldufu bilinc bilinc uy-gularnmtrstna dcverm cclil-ig, kirni dulurndir dil ipitll cdilcn vas;:utln bcn za:rl ycnidclr Erl<ilnlarr"tll<, AnayasEr N{ahkcmcsinin bu ycni yasayl iptnlino vc iptal
l<at'an-nr n yayl mt nar l<adilr yr-ilrii'l iil(tcl ki-rl Initst i'rmt-lq:lan mlq-trr". K<lnuyu bir kaq olayla arqlklt-lrnerk istrct'im:
Olay 1
1 9 7 2 y r h n d a f ) c r r i z G c z r n i q , Y u s u f ' a ' s i a n v e H u s c y i n i n e l n h a k l r . l l ' l n d e r r r t i l h ] < c n ) c ) c c v c t i l c r c k k c s i n -l c E c r r t i ' -l t i r n c o z t ' r s t n t n y c t - i n c g c t i r i i r n c s i n c i l i E k i n L 7 . 3 . 9 7 2 g r i r r l i i , 1 5 7 6 s i r y t l t y a s ; ' r y i l l < a r " q ; r A r r a y a s a Mi.rl1kc mcsindc davi-l i'rEi I n'n Strl'. Atrltyi'rsi't N,Ia}rkcrncsi b u y a s a y r b i q i m y i i n i , i n d c n i p t a i c r r n i $ ( 1 ) ancal<, A n a y a s a d a k i k u r a l n c d c n i y l c i p t a l l < i l t ' t l t ' t n t ] r c t n c n agrl<layama1mlEtrr. Gcrcliqcli l<ul'ill'l n yazl)tp yilyt tnialn-rnasl zarne' n alaci-lktir. Bu at'rrd.rr <jlti rlr cc)zitsl ycri nc g c t i r i l r n c s i d r . r t ' u l n u r t d a i t r f : l z t n A n a y a s i r l r : l e r y i < t t ' t b u -l u n t -l n T B N , 1 N ' I k a r i r n r r a g i i t ' c y a p l l t t t i t s r s i i z k t l n u s u r l l a -ca]<tr.
Olay 2
Anayrlsal MilJrl<crncsi, g4iryli rrtcttl<uilc:r-i It ;z1t['ttr-c r i a r a s a t t g ] n . ' r y ;z1t['ttr-c t l < i v ;z1t['ttr-c t ' ;z1t['ttr-c ) r r i1 0 2 9 s i l y l l r y i r s i r y l A n a y a s a a y l < r n b u l i r r i - l k i p b a l c t t t t i r s t i l ' ( 2 t . A n t r y l l s a iVlairl<cmcsi rri n iltiili l<irlart nr r-r, bast trdir duyui lrlilsl l-Ia l < i - r r q t n , f t i s r n i C a z c t c d c "yal.yl t n l i l n c | g r 2 ' 1 . 8 . 1 9 8 5 t a r i -hi nclc kiltlal sittt 1sl ilr dc vrl nr c f l Il i qti r" Qu nku , Anilyasayil grirc, gcrc'liECii iptrtl liat'itt'ttrtn ytlyl lnlnel k a d i r r , y r , r s i t n r r - r y t i t ' l t r l r i l < t c l i a l i ' i c i l f t d i i q i i I t i i l r r t t i q t t i r .
K t : n u i p r a r l i c a t ' e r t ' t t r l t t )' i l ) ' t l n t 5 ' i a i r i t r r l c t t t i q t i r ' A y r r r l < o n u d e r : 1 2 7 I s i i y r l r y c : n i b i l y r l s i : r d i r h a q r l< a r r l -m t q t t r ' . Y c n i y t l s a n r n d t l , i l i t r r l c d j l c : r r V a s t - t d t l i < i a y n l csasliil'et dayarrcitir, i ptal l<rlt';rt't ttt tt dil<italtc, alt n tneldr-t { tneldr-t i i c r i s t i l r i l c i ' c l t i p t a l i i s t c t r t n i q t i r ' . I } u } ' a s a n l n A 1 : l y a r s a M i l h k c m c s i n r i c i t r c c l c l l t r c s j t l V i l l l l t l s l r r d a , h a l t -t r r i p -t r l l i i l o y i r y r r n r i 1 -t ' a s r n d a l &l-t; i s i i -t ' c d c -t s i -t -t l q ) i ' r r d c ' l ' i l -t n c t n r i q t i r .
A Y t I I i l ) . S a y t . 1 0 , S . 2 7 : l - 2 9 : ]
( 2 ) A Y I { ' p i r ) , l l l . ( j . l g l i r i g U r r l t i , l i . l 9 , $ , 1 , ' 1 . 1 , l ( . l t ) x l i 7 s r t v t l l k i t t ' i l t ' t , l { ( . 1 : 2 , 1 . 8 1 9 8 5 , S . I t i , 8 5 2 .
( l )
{ ( Anayaser Mtrhkcmcsi Uyesi
SAYF'A: lO8
YIL: 5 SAYI: 45
AIlGl.lill lil{1'UIllOlay 3
Boiazigindc rizcl nitciikli kagak yaprlara yasal-]rk kazandlrma amaclnr gtidcn 3290 sayrh yasanln Anayasa Mahkcmcsince iptal cdildigr 28.6.ig8g grinri ile karann gcrckgcsinin yayrmlandr t] 4"10.1989 g,iini.i arastnda kagak yaprlanma dcvam ctmiSfir (3).
Olay 4
Yasama organi riyclcriyle drqardan atanan ba-kanlann Emekli SandrSyla ililcndirilmclcrine ilig-kin 7.5.1986 grinlti 3284 sa;nh yasa ilc aynl nitclikil 3430 sayrh yasanrn ve TBMM iiyclcrinin ijdcnck, yol-luk.ve cmckliliklcrinc iligkin 367L sayrir yasalnrn ip-tallcrinde dc, aynl durum olrnug, kararlarr yayrmla-ntncaya kadar uygulama dcvam ctmiqtir.
Bu orncl<lcr, Turk Anayasa yarl+srndaki bu c]<-sikligin nasrl gidcrilcbilcccfr sorusunu bcrabcrindc gctirmi gtir.
il<i gOziim yol diigunrilcbilir :
Itk at<ta gclen, ipta.l l<arannrn karar tarihindc yiirilrli:ge grrmcsidir. Bu duruffi, iptal tarihindcn son-raki Anayasaya aykrn uygulelmayr ijnlcrsc d", dava-nrn agrldrgt tarihtcki ilk incclcmcdc Anayasaya aykr-rrlrS hcmcn gozc aarpan, bcklcrncsindc btiytik salancalar dogrulabilccck yarsalill.rn iptal tarihinc ka-dar yi.iriirliiktc kalmasrnr iinlcyc rnez. Bu giiziimdc ay-rrca ikinci bir salanca gi)zTcncbilir: 1961 Anayasi-rslnrn ilk mctnindc, "iptal kararlannrn vcrildiklcri tar-ihtc yuriirlijgo girmcsi" csasr karbul cdilrnigti. O tar:ihlcrdc, bu kurala hargr, kernrmca cserstal haldr sayrlarbilccck,
"Iptal ktlrtln nrn vcril digr tarihtc gcrcl<qc agrkL-rnmad.r-frndan iptr'r.l scbcplcri bilinrncmcktc vc parlarncnto Anayasava uygun ycni bir yasa)n hcmcn grka"rama-merkta, briylccc hukuksarl bir boqluk olu,gmaktadrr" gii-rtiEi.i iicri suriilmchtcydi. 1971 yhnda Anaryasada bu g<irtig dogr"ultusunda d"#qiklik yaprlarak "ipterl kara-n, gcr"cl<gcsi yazrlmadan aErl<lanamaz, Rcsmi Gazctcdc yayrmlandr$ tarihtc yrirur"iugc girer" ilkcsi bcnirnscndi. 1982 Anayasirsr dtl bu kurah dcvam cttir-d i .
( 3 ) A Y l l ' n i n 2 8 . 6 . 1 9 f 1 9 g U r r l U , I f . l . c ) 8 i i i 6 1 , I ( . 1 9 8 9 / 2 f l s a y r l r k a r a r r , A Y I ' I K D . S a y r . 2 5 , Sh. 322-ll3l], ll.G: 4. I 0. I 989/20l]02.
i l i j n c i g r i z r i m y o l u , AYN'I'nin ,bazt koqullarra, ilk i n c c l c m c d e y a d a i p t a l karannln v e r - i l d i g r a n d a d a v a k<lnusu yilsilrrrn yr.ir-iirltiiiintin durdurul abil mcsi dir.
il. YUNIINT,UCUT.T D UIIDURULMASI A, Ilukuksal Dur.um ve Uygulama
1961 vc 1982 Anayalannda Anayasa Mahkcmcsinin, yasar, htikmtindc kilrarnamc ya da TBMM iqtriztigr"i,niin ipte-r.li istcmiylc a,grlan davalnr.da
"yiirurliigtin durdurulmasrna" karar vcrcbilecei$ne iligkin kural bulunmamaktadrr. 44 ve 2g4g sayrh ku-rulug yasalannda da bu yrindc aqrl< bir yctki ycr alma-mrrsttr'. Anayar.sa Marhl<clrncsi ni n kcrrdi sinc Anayasa vc kuruiug yasastylil aErl<ga vcrilrl)o;r1in bu ttir bir yctl<iyi iicndi karar'lanyla kazr-lnrp kazananriyacart ba.rElia bir dovi$lc anayasal yar$dal<i bu iroqiufun iEtihatler dol-durulup dcil durulamay?rcah 1<orrusu tar-tr Erlabilir.
Ti.irk Anayasa lVlahkcrncsj, ilk kar-arian nda Ozctlc; "Anayasa'ya uygunl uk clcnctirni yaprian bir kanunun dcnctim sonuElirni ncaya kada,r, ytinirlritjti-ntin yriksck mrrhkcmccc durdurul rnasr Qok airr vc tincmli sonuqlar dofr-rran bir durunrdur", Bu ncdcnic, Yril<scl< Mrrhl(cmcnin biiylc bir ki,rrar vcl-cbilmcsi an-ca.l; Anayi-r.sa ilc bu yctl<i rrin l<cndisjrrcl aErkga tanrn-mr$ olmilsr ilc rntiml<rindur; l<alch'ki, i<uruiurs yasi-r,sr da bu yctkiy vorrnornigtir vc rnahkcrne iptai hukmiinun yurtirl tigc gircccfi gti nti ay]'l cra l<arilrl aqtrre'rbi lir" (4) gcrcl<gcsiylc ytiriirltigun dulciur"ulrnrrsr istcrnini rcd-dctrni gtir.
Turk Ant-rytrset Yarfl sl uyt{ul er rnasr n ciar yiirurlii-gijn durduru'lrnasr, iptal davtrsryla bir-liictc ya da aqr-l i aqr-l r r d a r v a . n r n c aqr-l s i aqr-l s t a . n in c c aqr-l c n m c aqr-l s i cvrcsi nde di-aqr-lva sonu-na i<a'rdar vcya i ptal l<ariylayir da kartrn takibcn g c r " c l < E c l i k r i r a n n R c s r n i G a z c t c r ' d c y i r y mlanmasrna k a d i l r g c g c c c l < s i j l c i q i n istcnn"rigtir..
Anayir.sil I\{ahl<cmcsi, iptul }iarariryla birliktc vcyi'r, karar-r tilhilrcn gcrci<Ecf i i<ar-ar"rn Rcrsmi Gilzctc'dc yilyl rnlilnntasl ner ]tirdar gcqccclk sr.ircr igin
( 4 ) A Y I I ' n i r r 6 . 4 . 1 9 7 2 g L i rr l L i , E . i t ) 7 2 i r : J . I < . r g 7 z i t g s i r y r l r k a r t r n , r \ Y I ' l l { l ) . S a y r . l 0 ; A Y N { ' r r i r r 2 , 1 . J . 1 9 ? z g i . i n l r i , H . ] r l ) 7 7 / 6 0 , I { . 1 t ) 7 7 i g l s a y r l r k a r u n , A \ ' I l l i l ) . S a y r . l i r : n \ ' I I ' n i n l . f t . l g f t i r g i i n l t i , Il.lgtti)i 6 5 9 , I ( . l 9 t J 5 / 4 r n U L c [ t : r ' r i k , ,\ Y ] I I ( l ) . S a 1 , 1 . Z l , S h . 2 ( ; : ] , I l ( ] :
I ft. I 0. 1 9rt5/ I risx)z.
S,'\)'F r\: I O9 Gazctccle yayrmlandtfr tarih araslndaki cvrc igin en-gcldir. Qtinkii btiyle bir haldc iptal karan dolayh da olsa agrklanml $ olacaktlr." gtiriiqunti bclirtmis;fir (5)'
Bu gcrckge ofrctide elci;tirilnri";tir: "Anayasa Mahkcmcsinin iptal ker.an"nln rigr"l<lanchfr ttrr-ih ilc, b* karar-ln Rcsmi Gazetc'de yaylrnJandrdr taril-l ara-srndaki evre iEinde, iptal cdilrnis kanun yiirtrritiktc sayllaca.rtna idarcnin kanr.lnlln uygulanmamasl iEin bir karar alaca$da dtigtrntlcmiyccofrnc giirc, bu kar-nunun sr-rfiladrS irnl<inJaldan yarat'laprlak istcycn-lcr, iqlcmlcrini yofunlaqtrrabilirlcr. O zamar-I da, Anayasa Mahkemcsinin iptal ki-lrartnln "klyrncti har-biycsi " tartt $ma gtiti'irt'ir" (6)'
Anayasa Mahkcmcsinin bu kararlagna k;-rrqrn iifoetide tartrqrlan gii^iqlcr tig ixna biiltimilc toplan-rnrEtrr: yasa, KHK ya d' iqtiizilk htikiimlcri, got'cl<celi kara-' n R c s r n i G a z c t c ' d c y a y r n r l e l n d r l ; r g i i n d c y t i r - u r l t i k t c n kalkar,, vc "gcrcl<cn dururnlrlr.dir Anal/as?r Ivlahkcmcsi
iptal htjkmuniin yururlugc gr].cccs gunii ayTlca
ka-rarr'lagtrrabilir" kur"all*r'r br.ri u nmasl lla l<ayqi n, i ptal ] r i j k m i i y l c c g c i c f c r k a b u l c d i l c l i i l c c c k y u r i r r i u t l u n d u r -d urui nta1slna yor vcrii mc tni qbir'
iiri.ci bir giir-uqe gti'c, Atrcryasil N1tr6kcm.si yii-riirliiitin <lurciurulmilsl ycti<isi ni anayz'l'sal ytlrgl dcnc-timitlin trynlllti-12 bir pill'qilsl tilalt't'rk kabul ctrneli vc g c r c l < t i f r . d c b u y i r n c l c 1 < a r - a . v . r - c 1 r i l rn c l i d i r ( 8 ) ' Bu nlitl-, "Apifyasiryir giircl, ktl nrl ni i-r1 Apt:Iyilstrya .ykrrt olamilzlat-, Anayt-lsa llIt'rhl<c)l'llcsi l-ri n csas g6rcvi yargl d , c n c t i r t r i y c l l p y l i l A n a y a s i l y i l t l y g t r n l u g u s : r [ l a m a k t t r ' Anttyas1y:1 aykr11 yaesarlirt"t ipt;tri gtmc)yc yctl<ili olarn rnahkc rncn i n, Aniryilserya aykr r-r yersili irn n yultirl uiti -nri gcaici bir surc iEi ^ durd.tryn'rayar dar- yctl{ili oi duig k a b u l c d i l r n c j i d i r . B u y c t l < i A n i r y a s a y a u y g L l r - r l u k d c -ncti rni ni n iiirpstrrnl iq:i ndcdir" "
A"ni.ryiasal t{c nctim, gcrcktigl . dc yr.iriirltigtin durdur-ul mirsr l<ar-:-l]-urr n vcri I rrtcsi ni dc gcrcktirir vc
S I \ Y F ' A : 1 1 0
YIL: 5 SAYI:46
ilcccffni, yarglcln, sildccc Anayasaya vc yi-rsalara giirc dcgil, ayil zamanda, hukuka uygun olarak vicdani kanrsrna gcirc karar vcrcbilcccfrni, buradilki hukuk dcncyiminin, yar{Ircrn yasa boglufunu doldurrnal< :ozc-rc gcncl ilkclcr gcrgcvcsindc yarataca$ kurallan igc-rcccfr ni savunmuplilrdrr ( 1 o). kadar durdurularal., cylcmli olillak bu y<indc uygula-ma yaprlrnaktadrr. Briylccc yririirlrigri "dur-dur-uygula-ma"
Anayasa yarllsrna yabilncr bir l<ulum dcglldir.
Anayasada yasaklayrcl bir kural bulunmadrrtna g6rc, Anayarsa ]\{irhkcrn csi, yasill e}re1 yrirtirl i.iiun durdurul -masr yctkisi nc igtihatla serl'rip ola$ilir. Nitcl<irn, uygulan-malkla hiil(rntinii ycrinc gctil-cn yrrsalar ig:in vu'ilcbilir ( 1 2 1 .
Fcdcral Al rnanya'da drr, Fcdcral Aneryasil
I\{ir}rl<crncsi, kuruluq yrlsilsrna grirc (m. 32), afrr
stl-kr ncarnrn doimasr nl ilnlcrncl< vcya tchdit cdici bir
g r i c t i c n g c l l c m c k y a da balqlca rjncmli bir ncdcnlc yrlse1-lann yririlrliiiiinri "gcaici tcdbir" ki-lran ilc
dur-dura-( 1 0 ) B i l g c N c c i p , e r . g . m . Isptrnya Anily:lsa Malrkcrncsi Kuruluq Yarsasr (rn. b6), A v u s t u r y a A n r l y a s a N l i l h k c r n c s i K u r u l u g Yrrsasr (m.
85). Prilonya Ani-ryasa N'Iahl<crncsi KuruluE Yilsasr (m.
9 7 ) b c n z c - \ r y c t k i l c i ' i iq:crrrrcl<tcclil. ( l'l).
B. Anayasa Mahkcrnesi Karar.larrncla
Vanlan Yeni Ag:rrna
A n a y a s i - r M a h l < c m c s i 1 g g 3 1gg4 vo lggb yrlla-rtncla vcrdiff l<ara.t'iat"lr-r. clava 1<onusu yilsanr n yiiriir-lligLinii dut'dut'tnaya yotl<i si ol rtrarlrl.lr y,tntindcii<i grirti-g u n t i t r i m d c n d o # q t i l m i q t i r " . dur-durrna l<aralr vcl'nloyc yctkili olclugunu riqc karqr sc-I t i z o y l a b c l i r l c d i k t c n s o n r i r i p t a l c y i i r r c l i k istcm
kir"ra-ra bailanlp karirr ytiriillriic g-iri ncc)yc) }<aclilr
u y g u l a m t l d t l n d t i i t r c a l < g i d c r i l r n t . r s i g t i q v c ) olanirksrz
A ITGTJN{ EN'I'[JNT Y I L : S SAYI: 46 S t \ \ ' | " ; \ : I I I
a. Ytinirlrigil olduiuna;
takilcr, Anayasa Mahkemcsinin tcmcldc bu yctkiyc sahip olduiunu kabul ctmclcrinc kargtn, bu olayda yiirtirli.iiiin durdurulmasrna gcrck bulunmadrfrnr siiylemiglcrdir (17).
Olay 2
Anayasa Mahkemcsi, T.C. Mcrkez Bankasr Yasasr ve kimi titcki yasalara ek mtrddclcr cklcntncsi-ne iligkin YHK'nin dogrqtirilcrck kabultinc dair 3974 sayh Yasanrn iptali iEin agrlan davantn ilk incclcmc evrcsinde yi.iriirliifiin durdurul masl konusunu yctkisi yiintinden yc ni dcn i nccleyerck;
durdurma l<al"arr vcrmcyc yctkili
b. Dava konusu yasa'nln iptali istcminin r"cddi durumunda karar gtintinc kadar;
c. iptal istcminin kabulti durumunda isc, iptal kararrnrn Rcsmi Gazctc'dc yilyrmlandrfr giinc kadalr, yiirtirliig.in durdurul masrna LL.4. 1994 giiniindc dijrdc kargr ycdi oyla karar vcrmigtir (141.
Kargroylardan ikisi, Anayasa Mahkcmcsi nin yrirtirliigrin durdurulmast na karrar vormcyc yctlcili ol-duiunu kabul etmcklc bcrabcr "Bu davada ytirtirlii-gtin durdurulmast l<alratr vcr-ilrncsi na gcrok bulunmel-drft" gdri.igunii savu n mu$l ieldrr.
Anayasa Mahl<cmcsi, hcr iki krrrarnnda "ytirtir-liigii durdurma" sorununun t:r.r'tr Smasr na girrncdcn ijncc, iinccliklc yiinctscl yargrdarki "ytit'iitmcnin durdu -rulmasl" araclnrn tincmi iizcri ndc durmuqtur.
AYM kararllrtnda, Anayasir"nln 1,25. marddcsi-nin gcr:chqcsindcn srjz cdilcrcl<, "yiinctimdc huhuhil uygunluiu sailelmanrn cn ctJ<in y<iil,rnun yargrsai dc-nctim oldufrrnu; yilr'glnrn ctl<inlit{i ni tizgijt"cc vc
cksil<-( 1 ? ) r\ynl karar, 0zilcn Yckta OUrrg0r, ;\licfirrrtli<lglu Yllffttr'/.'rrr k a r q t o y l a r r .
( 1 { f ) A Y M ' n i n 1 1 . 4 . 1 9 9 4 g i . i n l u , I : 1 . L 9 9 4 l , l : i , I{ . I . 9 . q 4 / , l l i - K . 7 9 n , l / 4 2 ' l s a -y r l r k a r a n , I I G : 1 5 . 4 . 1 9 . 9 , 1 / 2 1 9 0 6
A Y M , d a h a s o r l r a i g i e s a s t a n i r t c c l c y o r ' o k ll f l 7 , [ s a y t l r y a s i r n t r r k i m i m a d d c l c r i y t i n t r n c l c n ip t a l , k i r n i n r a d d c l c r i y i ) r t t i n d c n is c r c t k a r a n v c r m i g t i r . ( A Y M ' n i n 9 . 1 2 . i 9 9 4 g U n l u , I ' 1 . 9 , { i , { l } , K . S ) , 1 / 4 - 2 s a y r l r k a -r a n , I l . G : 2 , { . 1 . 1 9 9 5 ) . A Y } l i l } ' r ) r g U r t v c r d i g i , I t . I ' l / 4 1 } , l< . 9 4 , 1 2 - : \ s a y r l r k a r a n y l a y U r U r l i r g U n d u r d u r u l r n i r s l n l n i p k r l i s k r n r i n i n r c d -d c -d i l e n m n -d -d a l a r i v i ) r r U r i -d c n k a l d r r r I m a s r r t a k a t r a r v c r m i s t i r .
s i z k u l l a n r l a l b i l r n c s i i g i n " y i i t ' t i t r n c y i d u r d u r l l ) A " y c t k i -s i n i d c i g c r m c -s i g c r c l < t i g r b c l i r t i l r n i E t i r .
Anayasa Mahl<crncsi hcr iki J<aratrndtr hukuk d c v l c t i , y e r r g r y c t k i s i v c y a ] f l r y c t l < i s i n i n c b k i n l i g i k o -nularindi-l aEtklamal yaparali vc "dilva" l<irvramlntn y u r i i t m c n i n d u r d u r u l n r a s r n t d a i E c l d i g i r r i b c l i r t c t ' c k
" B i r yasanln Anayasrlytl aykrt'r)trt ncdcniylc iptal cdil-mcsi glbi gok gcnig bir ycbl<iyi Aner;,trsa N'Iahl<crncsi'nc tanryeln Ana;,asa vc Yasi-l]<r)yucu rlurl drllra hafif so-n u g l a r d o i u r a c a k o l a n u y g u i i l l n i l y l d u r d u r m a y c t k i s i -n i i i -n c c l i k l c t i r -n t l r l l g o l d u i u -n u -n k e r b u l t i g c r c k i r . " ( 1 9 ) so n Ll cu r^Ii1'/ ilrrnt 5sttr ;
A y n r J < a r a r i i l t - t n c l a , N " l c d c n i Y a s i l ' n l n 1 . v c A n n y a s i - t n l n 1 3 8 . r n i l c l d c l c l i r r c g i i n r { c t ' t r t c y a l t a t ' i 1 l i , " . . . Yilrgrg, yal ntz, Anrryarsa vo yirsit'li:lt'zt gtilc dtliil, "hul<u-l ( t r " d a t u y g u n o "hul<u-l r r r - t r "hul<u-l &"hul<u-lt; v i c d i l n i l < r r n l s r n r r g t i t ' c h i i l i u t r t v c -rcccktir. Bur-ada "irul<uli , yitt'fllct lt gcnc] i jl<cic)r qc-\l'qc-v c s i n d c y t l s t l l b o E l u f u d o l c l u l r r t r r J < t - i z c t - c o l t r q t u r t r c n f r h t i l < r n t i d c i q c r i r . 0 t c l t i y i . t l ' g t o t ' g i t t r l a t t ' t g l b i A r r a y a s i r Mah]<c rn csi' rt j t-I kari-rt'l zrt't ;'l a ( i g ti h art ytll u ;'i a ) btl ql ukl a -n d o l d u r a b i l r r t c s i g c t ' c l < i l ' . . . " d c r r i l r r r c l i t c d i r - .
Anayasi-l N'Iiriri<ctrtcsi, ttynl ittrt-at'li-lt'dir, "... yLl.zr' l r k u r t r l l a r d t l d i . i z c r n l c r n c b u l t u r r l t i : l s a b i l c , A t r i l y i t s i - t y t yorumlilrnal i q;lcvi ni Anr-r;,,asrri )'al'[I cict ttcti rtri ni n istck-l c r - i n c - ' ' u y g u n o l a l a i r k u l l r r u ) r p u ) / g u l r r t t t a y ' r d u l d u t ' r r r a ]<ilr"ar-r vcrm c li yu kti m l u l u gu r-r d c" o l cl u gu rr u b ci i t' [c-''t'ck,
" A r r a y t - l s e l Merhkclrnclsi l<erlirt't n t v e r t ' i t . l t c n , b u y c t l < i n i n , k c n d i s i n c t a n t n t p t i l n t I t l t t i t t i i i r r r r d c , g r l , y c t k i y i y t l s a k -hyan b ir' l<urah n Lrul u n u p b ul r-r n n l i'r cl r g'r rrr al'zl q Lt t'ln alt -dlr." htitr<miirrti gctir"rni.stir'. IJu l<trt'ilt'a g<ircr, Atrayt:tstl Mahkcmclsi, )ru ndirn biiylc, .,\t-tttyitstt yitl'{,rlst lttrpsar-n t l lttrpsar-n d a l < i b i r s o l ' u lttrpsar-n u Eiizrlttrpsar-ncdc, Atta.yilsit ),rl dir )'ilstrder a l g r l < g i l . y c t l < i l ' c r - i i r n c r n i q o l s i ' r l l j l c , y i l s a l < i i t y l c ' l v c ) y a : r s l -n r r l r r y l c l b i r l < u r r r l b u l r - u ) -n ) r ' r n ) i r s i c t i r t ' t t tr t u n c l t l ] < t l t r c h s i n i y c t l < i 1 i g i i l c b i l c i c c k t i r ' . A n i r y i r s : , r N l r r h k c r t t i ' s i , b t ) y l c -c o , y c b l < i s i n i n : t t n t t ' l a n n t b c ' l i t ' . l c ' t ' l t c n , y a s a y l i l y c t k i l c r r d i l i l u r c y c r i n c , y i r s i , r i i l i l r ' l r l r , i r , r l l t Q ) ' c r t . l i ' i j ll<csi r-ri b c n i m s c r r m i q t i r .
A n a y a r s a y e u ' g - l s l a q l s l r r c t a r t t i u d u t " t t t n A n a ; ' e t s a M a h l < c r n c s i n i r r L r u g t i n c l i a d r , n ' i < i y i - r i i l a . s u r ) t u d a t r q t l k
( l 9 ) , \ Y l l ' r t i r r l ' 1 . I 9 9 " 1 / " 1 : 1 , I ( . l g t ] ' l i l ' 2 ' l s : t y t l t k i i f ir r r . 1 5 . 4 I 9 9 , {
SrtY["A zl72 YIL: 5 SAYI: 46
ayndrr. Bu bilflamda, Anayasa yargrsl kapstlmrnda kimi i.illcclcrde bulunan "bircyscl bagvuru" (Anaryasa yakr nmasl) y<llunun, yrrsal<layrcr bir kurerl bulunmadr-irna grira, Ttirk Anayelsa ya.rfrr sistcrnina yorum yo-luyla kazandrnlrp karzandrnlamryacafr bir soru ola-rak akla gchncktcdir.
Kanrmca, "yasaklayrcr ya da srnrrlaylcl bir ku-rahn yokluiunda" mahl<cmcnin kcndisini yctkili giirc-bilcccfrnc iligkin gcinig, Anayasanrn, "Fligbir kjmsc vcya organ kaynargt.tr Anayasadan almryan bir dcvlct ycti<isi kullanarna2." y<tmindcl<j kuralryla baidagmaz vc tarhQmaya agrl<trr.
Anayasa x{ir}rlrcrncsi, hcr no kadar, yurrirlii-grin durdurulmasrna lcarar" vcrcbi)cccfr lcanrsrna vtl-rrrkcn, $u andal ytirtirltiktc bulunrni.ryz:.n 44 sayrlr ku-ruluq yasaslnln "usulc iligl<in boqlul<lann Anrryasa Mahkcmcsince doldurulerbilcccfr nc" ilirsl<in gcrcl<gc-sindcn yarrar'lanmlSSa da csils daryandrl," kur"trl,
"Anayasanrn ustrinltigii vc korunmasl" ill<csi olrnu$-tur.
Anayasir Mahl<cmcsi, sriz l<onusu, l<elrarlann-del, cski kalril.r'lanndan ayn olirlarl< "iptrr.l krrre-u.lrln gc-riyc yr.irti mcz", "iptill kerrilr'lan gcrckgcsi yrlzrlrnada.n agrl<1a.nir,mrr"z" vc "i ptal htil<rnii niirr ytirtirl iigo gir.cccfr tarih ayrca l<ararlarstrnlabilir", biEi rni n dcki l<uralllrl, ytirtirltigii durdurmar krlrtrrrnr al rnirya cngcl giir.rnc-mig, hatta, iptal l<ararlannrn gcriyc yurtimczlifr hu-ralrtrn, yiirtirlrigti duldurmrl lcau'rlnnrn alrrrr]rasr n1r tjncmini daha da arthrdrfrnr vurgulanrnrgtrr'.
Aniryasa 1!'Iahl<cmcsi, bu l<.r'irria'nda, AnayasAnln, yasarlarln, huliui<un vc yzrrgl iqlcvinin tizunu gtizr-lrdr cdip licndi si ni yill nr z yazilt liurirll:lrln sdzriylc baglr s?ryamayacafrnr bciirtcrck diizcnlcyici pozitif' kural yol<luiunu aEabilcccfrni gristcnnig; hu-kukun bilincn vc tr.irn uygar i.ill<clcr-cc bcnirnscncn il-kclcrinin "iilgti nol-m" iizcllifr ta;;rdrfr rrr vur.gular'l<cn, ulusal hukuk anla)ngrndan, uluslal'ar-irsr hul<ul< norm-lanna agrllQrrl iir"rcfrni vcrmigtir. Aynca, "kul-tlllann yorumu ilc soruna, ilrnifcil cn uygun gciztimr-in bulun-rnrlsl" gcrckir diycrck, amagsrrl yor.ur]'ru bcnirnscdifr ni bclirtrnirstir.
Aynr k,r'i.r'lan nda, "Anayusa yi-u'[r sr, yi-]si.ma orgelnlnl aneryasarl stntr-lar iEindc tutarall<, dcrnol<r-asi-nin safhl<h i'slcyrqini safhyacark bir dcncrirn trirti ola-rak tingtinilmrigttir. Dcr"nol<r'msi, insiln hal<lan,
huku-kun tistii nl ii6;ri vc bu nirlrar d:ryu r^ler n Anaya.sa
Mahkcmcsi kalar"leu-lnln brrflayrcrhfr, I\{ahkcrncnin
yilrtirliitlri durdurma yctl<isiylc doniltrl maslnl zorunlu krl makti:ldrr." sonucunil vat-nlr qtrr.
Arrayasa. MiLhl<crncsi, yriniri tigri n durdurui ma-s r k a r a r l a n n r v c r i r l < c n , " g i d c r i l m c s i griE ya da olanak-s r z d u r u r n v c z a l a r i a " r dofabilcccl<; vcrilcbilccck bir i p t a l ] < a r a r t b c l l l < i d c sonuEsr.rz l<alilcal<" cir.rllrrnlap dl-gr"it olal'trli kullan rnt gttt'. Anlryasi-t N{ahlic nrcrsi, yur-iir-Itigri durdurmer. karillrnr n "l(n rlr u yil]'ilrl nl vc "liar.11)u d r i z c r " r i n i " k o l l a y l p g r i z c t c n n j t c l i g i n i d c b u l < i l n l y a
var-rnast nl n ncdcnl cri r1t-ils1n dil stlylnt Qur. Anayil.sa
N { a i - r i < c m c s i n c g d r c , " A n r l y a s a lvIah}<cmcsi, iptal kara-n vcrip yayrkara-nrlakara-nrkara-ncayir, ka.delr', 1<ur.a,llrlr. Anayasa'ya ayl<rn nitclirvlc yr.iriirlrigiirrri vc l<arnu yal-an-l aQrsrn-d a n o l u m s u z c b k i s i n i sul'chilrir.. I3u aQrsrn-dur-urncla., karnu yarall nr l<ollarntrk vc) ilcr'icic gidu'iirnc-''si gtig ve ola-nal<st z c{ururnlat'tn ot'teryil qrltrnilsr rtr iinlcrrnck iEi n yii-rr.irliigi-in durdurulma ycbl<isi nirr l<ullanrlrrlr:rsr !{crc-k i r " ' ( 2 0 ) .
K a . g r o y l < u l l a n a n t i y * , A n a y i . r s i l ' r n G . ' r a d d c -s i n i n i l < i n c i f i k r a -s r n d a , h i E l r i r k i r n -s c v c y a o r l l a n r n k a y n i r f r n r A n a y a . s i l ' d a n a l r n a ) / e l n b i r d c v l c l t y c t k i s i -n i k u i l a . n t r l r l l y t l c a & n t i i n g i i r d r i t j r . i n r i " t r c l i r t t i l t t c n s o r - n - A , g c r c l l < A n t r y a s a n t n vo g()l'()l<sc 2g4g sayrlr y i l s i l n l l l A n i l y e r s t l , N ' I a h l < c r n c s i r r c a c r l l r n b i r clerva pcd c r r i y l c pcd a v a l < o n u s u t > l a n y i : r s a h i i l i n r u r r r i n y t i r t i r l r i -f u n r i n d u l c l u r u l r n a s r r r i ' l y c t , l < i v r ) l . r n c c l i g i n i s i r v u n -r -r -r u $ t u -r ' . B u u y c y c g ( i -r c , " i c i i -r -r . i y a -r - g -r i l . l a n i n d i -r ag-rlan b i r i l l t a l d a v t r s t n c d c r r i y l c " y t i r i i t r n c n i n c l u r c l r . r y u l m a s l " n r n i s [ c n c b i l r n c s i v c y a a d l i y a r g r c l n " t c 6 l [ i 1 " r n i . i -c s s o s -c s i n i n v a r ' l r f r , A n a y i l s a y a r g l s r r r d r - r d a " y r l s i l n l n c l u l d u r u l m a s r y o l u n clrr l<arrrr vc)r'rncyc olanalk
vcr-m a z . ' ' ( 2 1 )
Anayrrsa MahJ<cnrcsi rri n yururliigr-in dur-dur-ul-I l l i : l s l k i l r a t t n t v c t ' c b i l m c l < t c l<cndisini yctl<i1i grirmcsi
( 2 0 ) n Y M , I . l . I s ) g ' l i 4 : i , i i . t 9 9 , , t i , t ' | - | . s h . s . i . l i ( t : I i r . , l . I 5 ) s J , 1 ( 2 1 ) A y n r I ( u r i ^ r r ' , I l u r n i r r Il u s t r r l i r r r r r r l i l r s r o v L r .
Altculft Ef['I'uM
Y I L : 5 S A Y I : 4 6tifr'ctidc gcncldc olumlu kargtlernmtgtrr (22). Ancak, si-yasal alanda, rizclliklc dzcllcgtirmcylc ilgili kararlan Amact ilc Yctki Vcrilrncsinc, Dair Kanun"un iptali is-tcmiylc agrlan davada, uygulamernt n dcvarnt duru-munda "gidcrilmcsi olanilksrz dur"um vc ztlrarlar"
"3990 saylr Yasa hal<l<rnda olast bir iptal l<aran vuil-mcsi durumunda bu karanr) ytirurltigc girvuil-mcsinc l<et-dar sonradan gldcrilmcsi gug ya da olanaksrz durutn ve zararlarr doiabilccck, vcrilcbilcccl< bir ipttrl l<trran stlda d"f,nqil<lili yilptl rtrast <lltrnirfr nt vc)t'on bir yctl<i yas r l yas l d r r . B u i j z c l l i k 1 < o n u y u t r : r t ' t t q r l r r d u r u r n i l g c t i r m c k
-slz dururnun mcyclirnit gcl nrcsi vc zit't'al'in ciciirrrast
YHK'l crl c ya. pl I a rt du zc trl c. ttt ci cr t'l c ol'[L]yit q r l<abi I i r'. B u ctla-nirl<sr z zarar dofiurabi]cccfir^ri" an}anrerkta giiclijk var-d r r .
SAYI'A zl 14 YIL: 5 SAYI:46
Anayasa Marhkcmcsi, 5.5.1994 grinlti, B9B7 sa-yrlr Yctki Yasasrnrn Q7)' 2.G.rgg4 gtinhi, bg6 sa3nh,
"Kadrn vc Sosyal Hizmctlcr Mi.istcaarhfrmn Tcgkilat ve Grircvlcri Haklgnda" YHK'nin (28). 2.6J994 grinhi, 535 sa5nh "Hazinc Mi.istcgrrrhfr Tcgkilat ve Gtjrcvlcri Hakkrnda" YHK'nin (29)' 2.6.1994 grinhi bB4 sayh kararnarnclc-rin, dayandrklan 18.5 .1994 gtinlii, 3gg0 sayrh Yctki Yasasrnrn Anayasa aykrn bulunarak iptal cdilmiq ol-masl ncdcniylc iptallcrinc kara.r vcrrnigtir. sa-yrh "Mcmurlar ve Diicr Karnu Grjrcvlilcr-inin 0zlrik H a k l a r l n l n Y c n i d c n D i i z c n l c n r n c s i n c . . . " dair Yctki Yasasrnrn; 533 sayrh YHK'nin vc 530, b46 sayrlr YHK'lcrin iptali istcmiylc agrlan davalarda A. Kanun Hiikmtindc Kara.rnamcnin iptali istcminin rcddi du-rumunda karar grintinc kadilr; B. iptal istcminin krl-bulti dulumunda isc, iptiel karannrn Rcsmi Gazctc'dc
a karar vcrmigtil(l313;" Bu kar.arlann trimri iptallc so-nuglanmrqtrr, Dip n<ltta karilr nolan (-2) olarak gristc-rilcnlcr csastan vcriicn karar-larar. iiipl<in ti-rrih vc nu-malreilardrr.
AYM, 10.6.1994 giinlii, 4000 sayrh "Tclgraf've Tclc{bn Kanununun Bir Nladdcsinin Dcfrqtirilmcsi ve bu Kanunar Bazr Ek vc Gcaici Maddclcr Bklcnmcsine Dair Krrnun"a kerrqr arErlan davada, Ytrsanln 2. ve g.
m a d d c l u i n i n i p t a i i s t c m l u i n i n rcddi clurumunda ka-rar griniinc kadar, iptal istcrnlcr-inin ktrbulii duru-munda ise iptal karilrlannrn Rcsmi Gazctc'de ya)nm-landrfr giinc kadar yrirtirlilfrtj niin dur-dur-ul marsrna karar vcrilmiEtir (3lj A). iEin csir.stan inccicnmcsi aqa-masrnda yasilnrn l<irni rnaddclcr.i yriniindcn r-ct; kimi maddclcri ytintindcn ise istcrn ]<erbul cdiicrci< ipta"l ka-ran vcrilmiEtir (il3 Il). Aynr gtin vcrilcn kr.lrarla, rcdle so n u gl anzr n m a.d d cl u' yci n ri n dc r-r yrirtirl ti gri n ci ur clurul -mastnrn karldrnlrnaslna l<ar-ar vcrilrniq;tir (llll C).
r, AYM, s. 1995 yrlr Btitq. Yasi-rsr ilc Ha]<irnlcr ya-sasrnda do#siklik yrrprln 4087 ncilu y{rsi:lya ki'rrqr ag-le-r.n iptal davitlell-rndrl da kirni rnaddclcl yriniindcn yti-r ii yti-r:1 ii iti rr d u rd u r u 1 m ur sl n r-r k arrlr v u' m i rsti r- ( ts iJ l) ).
Bu kar-arli-r.rder da yririir'luiii rr dur.dur-ul masr l<ilralrlarrlnr n da.ryandtgt gcrcliqc, "uygularnalanndan
AIiGTJIIIEI\TT]IIT Y I L : S S A Y I : 4 6
durum ve zararlann cinlcnntcsi" olmugtur.
Burada tjnemli bir sorun ortaya grkmaktadtr':
Yukandaki kararda gtiriildfift grbi; ytirtirhigii durdu-rulan kural, csastan incclcmc agarnalstnda Anayasaya aykrn bulunmayarak iptal istcrni rcddcclildifindc, yti-rtirlriitin dur:durulmasr ilc rct kararlrun vcrildig stirc iginde "uygularlamanllqi" olacaktrr. boylccc, Anayasa Mahkcrncsinin, Anayasaya uygunluk dcnctimi yap-mak ve aykrn buldudu kurah iptal ctmck bigimindcki Anayasal yctkisiyle, sonugta Anayasaya aykrn giirr.il-mcycn bir kuraltn, bir srirc igin dc olsa, yrlnirltifr-iniin durdurulmastnl agrklarnak zorlagacalktir. Bu clururn, Anayasa Nlahhcmcsinin, y{ir i.irliigiln durdultrln"last yiiniindc karar verirkcn,'nsonrilclan gidcrilrricsi tliig ya d;-r olanalssrz zitrilr" tiigiitti yantnda, "hukukal t'lgtk a.ykrnhk', ritrgiiti.inrin dc b,ir"likbc cic illinasinderJci iinc-mi gtistcrmcletcdii:.
C- Vrilrirki Sllr ilure.t ul'u}xn"asl - VLi.q"t.l$slaeni n I-J ur cr uru irra a s e ( I ffi x" g t Xie iut r r I i-ttr a h )
Anayasa htahkcmcsini n .]rLri'{ir'lii*tin dul-dr"rn:l -m a sl "lrl a itr gi 1 i kia ri"rrl :ert n C ie, }l'ci n c t *rcl] "yargr da l<i "y ir l' ii f -mcnin durdurulrnetsl'o ilc Ar:aya$e yarglslnd;t teel'f:ryt-]an "yrinirltigiin dureluru'[rnasl" kai"atri;,ltr a]";d$l rria paral*llitrr kuruld.ugu griziclrrnclqtc'lir : "Scvlcitin tiirli igicmlcrindr: hukul{a} uygurtluriun sailAnmiisl, cksil<-siz hir yatT4r dcnctirnjns l:agtl tufr-elmiiffiru gcrclili kl-trar. Yargp yci,J{isir:in cL}rin}i;ii, kal.ar vc}"nro a,}-ilcLnIn da cizgrercc vc c]<si}""siz l<ullanrlffitltiir-rl gcr*trtLil'j n ki,
"yiirtitmcyi uurdurmll" tirrlcrr,i bu "cksil<siz kullanmn kapsilrntnda ycr ahr." Yrirr,itmelni n durdur"ulnrasl, yar-grlarna evrclcrindc yar$ntn dcnctim ctkinligini arttt-ncr hir" arag olarak yar'$ ycrbkisirrin btitiinliigii igindc yor oth,]-.', (34)
Yuriitn"lcnin durdurulma:;t liarirri, yt)-nctscl iglcrnin tcsisindcn iincclti liultuksirl dul't-lnlurt :,iiv'th'] i-ipiii n r.i safi rau'( 35)"
Arrayirsa h,'{airlccrncsi'nin sr.}n icarilrlarl'vI"r va}--rJift !,;t.l soltuq, yrincl-sci .-1/l1l-i;:1-1/.'l iiit yirl'iitrneni n
durdri-r u l m a s durdri-r k u durdri-r u durdri-r n durdri-r - l n u , " i h t i y a t i L c d b j r r r i t c l j f r n d c i s t i s -nai bir usul htikmti" t>lilt-tll< gtircn, yelrglnln ytit'titrnc-n i ytit'titrnc-n d u r d u r u l r ytit'titrnc-n a s r y l a y c t i < i l c n d i r i l i p y e t l c i l c n d i l i l l r l c -r n c s i n i y a l s a l < o y u c u n u n t a l < d i -r i -r -r c : b a f i l -r " i k i n c i l b i r h a k " b i g i r r r i n d c a n l i t y e t n v o y t ' l l ' [ ] l y c t ] < i s i n i n z o r u n l u v c aynlmilz bir par-gasr slrymi:ryiln cslii kilrallitt"ttrdal<i
durdri-r u l m a s durdri-r k u durdri-r u durdri-r n durdri-r - l n u , " i h t i y a t i L c d b j r r r i t c l j f r n d c i s t i s -nai bir usul htikmti" t>lilt-tll< gtircn, yelrglnln ytit'titrnc-n i ytit'titrnc-n d u r d u r u l r ytit'titrnc-n a s r y l a y c t i < i l c n d i r i l i p y e t l c i l c n d i l i l l r l c -r n c s i n i y a l s a l < o y u c u n u n t a l < d i -r i -r -r c : b a f i l -r " i k i n c i l b i r h a k " b i g i r r r i n d c a n l i t y e t n v o y t ' l l ' [ ] l y c t ] < i s i n i n z o r u n l u v c aynlmilz bir par-gasr slrymi:ryiln cslii kilrallitt"ttrdal<i