!
Larson 1990 9 85 Long 2003
Winnicott, 1958
Detrixhe 2011
Ainsworth Blehar Waters Wall
strange situation
Detrixhe 2011
2007 2008
Goossens Marcoen 1999
Goossens Marcoen
Goffman 1959
Goossens Marcoen
Cheek & Buss, 1981
2012
young adult
attachment
Wang Neville 2006 —
relationship structures questionnaire - chinese
public self-consciousness
1990 the self-consciousness scale, SCS
solitude
Larson, 1990
2008
John Bowlby 1969
Bowlby Ainsworth Blehar Waters Wall 1978
strange situation
secure
Bowlby 1973
internal working model
Bowlby
George Kaplan Main
1985 the
Adult Attachment Interview, AAI
Main, Erik, & Nancy, 2005
Hazan Shaver 1987
Adult Attachment Style, AAS
Bartholomew Horowitz 1991
model of the self model of others
secure dismissing
preoccupied fearful
Relationship Questionnaire, RQ
Brennan Clark Shaver 1998
14 the Experiences in Close
Relationships, ECR anxiety avoidance
Fraley Waller Brennan 2000
ECR; Brennan etal., 1998 RSQ Griffin
& Bartholomew, 1994 AAS; Collins & Read, 1990
— the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire—Revised, ECR-R
— 1995 2000 2006 2011 1998 2012 2007 2012
Hazan & Shaver, 1994
Armsden
Greenberg 1987 Inventory of Parent and Peer
Attachment, IPPA Wang Neville 2006
— Relationships Structure Questionnaire–Chinese, RSQ–C
IPPA
RSQ–C
Fraley, RSQ, 2011; Wei, ECR, 2011 RSQ-C
Hazan & Shaver, 1987
2010 2009 2004 2012 2012 2009 2007 2009 2008 2012 2124 2010 2012 2012 2008
23 2007 63 18 22 21 45 2010 2010 2004 2012 2008 2012
2006
Shaffer Kipp 2010
Buss 1980 private self public self
Fenigstein
Scheier Buss 1975
self-focused attention
Fenigstein et al., 1975
Scheier Fenigstein Buss 1974 Scheier Fenigstein 1975 public
self-consciousness private self-consciousness
social anxiety
1990 Fenigstein et al., 1975
Buss 1980, 2012
Fenigstein (1984) 1990
Burnkrant & Page, 1984; Scheier & Carver, 1985 2011
Scheier, 1980
Fenigstein 1975
the Self-Consciousness scale, SCS 1990
Fenigstein 1975
Fenigstein 1975 212
1821 cross loading 23 Scheier Carver 1985 0 4 0 3 SCS-R 22 1990 SCS-R 1731 2 20 1 4 3 3 α .72 .84 52 .87
Fenigstein 1975
Gould Rutgers 1987
2014
Davis
Franzoi 1991 Gould Rutgers 1987 Rankin Lane Gibbons Gerrard
2004 Wojslawowicz 2005
2011 1990
Fenigstein et al., 1975; Scheier & Carver, 1985
“ ”
14 Buss, 1980, 2012 Rankin et al., 2004 1990 Rankin 2004 Goossens Marcoen 1999 2008 1990
solitude
Merriam-Webster solitude A state or situation in
which you are alone usually because you want to be 1560
solitude
solitude Solitude
Buchholz 1997 The call of solitude
1. 2. 3. a 2013 2003 2006 b 2013 alone
Merriam-Webster alone 1. (a) Without anyone
or anything else : not involving or including anyone or anything else : separate from other people or things (b) without people that you know or that usually are with you 2. Feeling unhappy because of being separated from other people
44 1. (a)
2.
Goffman 1959
Larson 1990 Goffman
Winnicott 1958
good enough mother
Koch
Koch
2010 Buchholz
1997
sentence completion testing
Experience Sampling Method, ESM questionnaire
Coleman
1974 … 2006
the capacity to be alone scale
Larson 1990
intercorrelated the solitary coping scale
the solitary comfort scale 10
10
20 Larson & Lee, 1996 Larson, 1990
Larson & Lee, 1996 2003
Larson
194
.75~.78 .75~.79
.85~.87
The Preference for Solitude Scale
2008 Burger 4 8 α .72 46.58 2008 1997 1991 29 .66~ .87 .66~ .83 68 .66~ .82 Koch Koch 28 4 3 2 1 α .80~.92 .77~.87 68 .50~.75 33.53% 7.53% 5.74% 46.80% 2008 47 46
2003 Larson 1990 Long 2003 2005 24 10 8 6 Cronbach’s α .88 .80 .80 Cronbach’s α .89 46.56% 2008 2012 2009 2008 2008 2008 2012 2006 2008
Larson 1997 2008 2009 2006 2008 2012 2007 2010 2012 2009 2003 2012 2006
Fonagy Gergely Jurist Target 2002
mentalization reflection mode
Fonagy
2012
Fraley Gamer Shaver
2000
Buss, 2012 Detrixhe, 2011 2012 Detrixhe, 2011 Fraley et al., 2000 2012 Detrixhe, 2011 Detrixhe 2011 208 18 25 2007 2008
2008
Cheek & Buss, 1981
Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde Whalen 1993
2006
Larson 1999
Goossens Marcoen 1999 274
Scheier, 1980
3-1 1 2 3 4 5 3-1
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 2-1 2-2 2-3 3-1 3-2 2006 174 412
187 43 144 21 45 174 93.0% 32.2% 56 67.8% 118 21 25 32.2% 26 30 27.0% 31 35 23.0% 41 45 9.8% 36 40 7.5% 96.0% 97.7% 168 167 170 3-1 3-1 56 32.2% 118 67.8% 21 ~25 57 32.8% 26 ~30 47 27.0% 31 ~35 40 23.0% 36 ~40 13 7.5% 41 ~45 17 9.8% 11 6.4% 14 8.0% 90 51.7% 53 30.5% 6 3.4% 43 24.7% — 70 40.2% — 48 27.6% — 2 1.1% 11 6.3% 174 100%
449 336 113 412 91.8% 35.7% 147 64.3% 265 26 30 36.9% 21 25 27.4% 31 35 21.1% 36 40 7.8% 41 45 6.8% 3-2 3-2 147 35.7% 265 64.3% 21 ~25 113 27.4% 26 ~30 152 36.9% 31 ~35 87 21.1% 36 ~40 32 7.8% 41 ~45 28 6.8% 23 5.5% 33 8.0% 220 53.4% 130 31.6% 6 1.5% 88 21.4% — 167 40.5% — 133 32.3% — 6 1.5% 18 4.4% 412 100%
—
—
Wang Neville 2006 Lancee Maunder Fraley
Tannenbaum 2004 ECR
— Relationships Structures Questionnaire –
Chinese, RSQ-C
Wang Neville 2006 290 Cronbach’s α .81 KMO .77 Bartlett 670.73 df = 36, p < .001 .32 1 49.34% KMO .79 Bartlett 756.24 df = 36, p < .001 .32 1 54.75%
8 Chronbach’s α .78 .74 Chronbach’s α .82 .82 2008 Larson 1990 Long 2003 2005 47 24 Cronbach’s α .88 .80 .80 Cronbach’s α .89 46.56%
Diener, Smith, & Fujita, 1995
KMO .88 Bartlett 2155.94 df = 276, p < .001 2 3 6 18 19 16 17 22 23 50.08% 9 7 8 Chronbach’s α .87 — — Chronbach’s α .79 .80 Chronbach’s α .83 .85
1990 Scheier Carver 1985
Fenigstein 1975 the Self-Consciousness
Scale SCS 1731 2 20 1 4 3 3 Chronbach’s α .72 .84 .78 52 .87 Fenigstein 1975 Chronbach’s α .87
Chronbach’s α .86 6 1 :
Wang Neville 2006 — 1990 2008
SPSS 18.0 AMOS 21.0 α = .05 t .30 Cronbach’s α 2010 2010 .32 .32
.15 Worthington & Whittaker, 2006 Cronbach’s α
Pearson Cronbach’s α
AMOS 21.0
.05 Little Cunningham Shahar Widaman
2002 2012 item parceling multiple-group analysis △χ2 df p < .05 p > .05 Bagozzi Yi 1988
preliminary fit
criteria overall model fit criteria
fit of internal structure of model criteria 2007 1. 2. t > 1.96 3. 1 4. .50 .95 5. Hu Bentler 1999 1. p > .05
2. Standardized Root Mean Residual, SRMR
.08
3. Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, RMSEA
.06
4. Tacker-Lewis index, TLI .95
5. Comparative Fit Index, CFI .95
1. t > 1.96 2. .50 3. .50 4. .60 5. 2.58 6. MI 3.84 4.00
t 4-1 3.07 3 1.48 3 2.95 2.5 3.10
2.5 2.08 2.5 4-1 1~5 6 3.07 .72 1~5 3 1.48 .62 1~4 6 2.95 .67 1~4 10 3.10 .47 1~4 8 2.08 .52 n = 412 4-2 1-2 1-3
2014 Davis Franzoi, 1991; Rankin et al., 2004; Wojslawowicz, 2005
2008 2008 2011 2010 2012 2008 4-2 t ( n = 147 ) ( n = 265 ) M ( SD ) M ( SD ) 3.12 ( .70 ) 3.04 ( .73 ) 1.12 1.42 ( .54 ) 1.52 ( .66 ) -1.60 2.82 ( .68 ) 3.02 ( .66 ) -2.81** > 3.00 ( .47 ) 3.15 ( .46 ) -3.13** > 2.13 ( .55 ) 2.05 .50 ) 1.41 *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001. 4-3
1-5 1-6 LSD 21~25 26~45 26~30 36~45 30 1990 Rankin et al., 2004 Super 1998 2008 LSD 21~25 26~35 41~45 21 25 26~35 41~45 2012 2008 Larson, 1997 2010 2012
2012 4-3 (1) 21~25 (2) 26~30 (3) 31~35 (4) 36~40 (5) 41~45 F ( n = 113 ) ( n = 152 ) ( n = 87 ) ( n = 32 ) ( n = 28 ) M ( SD ) M ( SD ) M ( SD ) M ( SD ) M ( SD ) 3.10 ( .76 ) 3.03 ( .74 ) 3.17 ( .68 ) 3.04 ( .67 ) 2.88 ( .58 ) 1.09 1.49 ( .62 ) 1.49 ( .61 ) 1.51 ( .65 ) 1.47 ( .61 ) 1.36 ( .65 ) .30 3.18 ( .64 ) 2.98 ( .66 ) 2.81 ( .65 ) 2.58 ( .66 ) 2.68 ( .64 ) 8.28** (1)>(2),(3), (4),(5) (2)>(4),(5) 3.08 ( .47 ) 3.09 ( .44 ) 3.07 ( .51 ) 3.16 ( .46 ) 3.22 ( .44 ) .75 2.20 ( .50 ) 2.07 ( .52 ) 1.99 ( .48 ) 2.03 ( .49 ) 1.96 ( .66 ) 2.73** (1)>(2),(3), (5) *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001. Pearson 4-4 r = .20 p < .05 r = .25 p < .001 r = .19 p < .05 2-1 2-2
r = .02 p > .05 Gould Rutgers 1987 4-4 – .20* .02 .04 .08 .30** – .25** -.05 .19* -.12 .02 – -.10 .27** .01 -.05 .07 – -.52** -.03 .13* .15* -.53** – n = 147 n = 265 *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001. r = -.52 p < .001 r = -.53 p < .001
r = .27 p < .001 r = .15 p < .05 2-3 av1 av2 av3 6 7 8 ax1 ax 2 ax 3 sc1 sc2 sc3
pos1 pos2 pos3
neg1 neg2 neg3
△χ2 = 15.76 df = 12 p = .20 p > .05 0.03 2.46 0.01 6.35 Kline 1998 3 8 p < .05 1 1 .77 .90 .50 .95 χ2 = 74.25 df = 48 p = .01 p < .05 2011 NC χ2 / df = 1.55 3 SRMR .03 .08 RMSEA = .04 90%CI [.02, .05] TLI = .99 CFI = .99 .95 .59 .81 .50 .50 .70 .66
.79 .67 .60 .88 .85 .92 .86 4-1 0 % Bootstrapping, ML β = -.12 β = .13 3-1 4-1 *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001 av1! av2! av3! ax1! ax2! ax3! sc1! sc2! sc3! pos1! pos2! pos3!
4-5
n = 412
95%CI 95%CI 95%CI
-.01 -.12~.11 -.01 -.03~-.01 -.01 -.13~.11
-.01 -.14~.11 -.01 -.01~ .03 -.08 -.14~.11
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Scheier, 1980
Cheek & Buss, 1981
△χ2 = 13.95 df = 12 p = .30 p > .05 0.03 2.46 0.01 6.35 Kline 1998 3 8 p < .05 1 1 .75 .90 .50 .95 χ2 = 58.75 df = 48 p = .14 p > .05 NC χ2 / df = 1.22 3 SRMR .03 .08 RMSEA = .02 90%CI [.00, .04] TLI = .99 CFI = 1.00 .95 .57 .81 .50 .50 .70 .67 .79 .66
.60 .88 .86 .92 .86 4-2 5% Bootstrapping, ML -.03 .03 4-6 β = -.12 β = .13 β = .20 3-2 4-2 *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001 av1! av2! av3! ax1! ax2! ax3! sc1! sc2! sc3! neg1! neg2! neg3!
4-6
n = 412
95%CI 95%CI 95%CI
.03 -.09~.15 -.03** -.06~-.00 .01 -.11~.13 .08 -.05~.19 .03** .01~ .06 .11 -.02~.22 *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001. Fraley 2000 2012 Goossens Marcoen 1999
Cheek & Buss, 1981
Detrixhe 2011
2012
Cheek & Buss, 1981
1-2 1-3 1-5 LSD 21~25 26~45 26~30 36~45 30 1-6 LSD 21~25 26~35 41~45 21 25 26~35 41~45
2-1 2-2 2-3 3-2 3-1
1990 Scheier & Carver, 1985
20~25
2008 266 17-20 2012 -2010 2010 9 TWSPR 2012 44 2 273-294 2012 - 24 67-94 2010 2007 2008 2006 2007 Amos 2006 . 38 2 85-104
1998 Richard S. Sharf 2011 --92 23-58 2006 2011 43 1 155-174 2001 Cashdan, S 2010 - -2009a 16 75-102 2009b 26 1 33-62 2010 SPSS 2011 2009 2004 2014 2007
2007 / 20 1 31-51 2011 2012 Corey, G. & Corey, M S. 2001 34 6 2008 2008 2009 Anothony Storr 2013 12 19 a http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/ 2013 12 19 b http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/ 2010 Philip Koch 2003 2012 2005 2008 39 4 491-512 2003 35 39-58
2010 -2007 . . 2003 . 2006 Gomez, L. 2006 1989 1990 37 211-226 1999 Buchholz, E.S. 2010 2011
Robert V. Kail, John C. Cavanaugh
2006 : 53 1 105-130 2008 2000 Ⅱ E87053 2008 -40 1 39-62 2007
1 1 130-146 2001 ─ N. Gregory Hamilton 2012 316 37-40 2008 2008 K.W. Schaie S. L. Willis 2008 1990 2009 2006 Robert J. Sternberg 2012 2012 20 2 222-224 2010 2004 - 10 51-82 1990 23 49-70 2012
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( )
10~20 ( ) 2014/4/10 --- ---
__________________
2014
______
______
○1 ○2 ○3 ○4 ○5 ○ , 25% ○1 25%~50% ○2 50%~75% ○3 75% ○4 ○ □ 1. □ □ 2. □ □ a. □ b. □ 3. □21~25 □26~30 □31~35 □36~40 □41~45 □ 4. □ □ □ □ □ □ 5. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 6. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □
○1 ○2 ○3 ○4 ○5 ○ 25% ○1 25%~50% ○2 50%~75% ○3 75% ○4 ○ ○1 ○2 ○3 ○4 ○
□ 7. □ □ 8. □ □ □ □ □ 9. □21~25 □26~30 □31~35 □36~40 □41~45 □ 10. □ □ □ □ □ □ 11. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 12. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 13.
61 35.1 % 22 12.6 % 0 - 11 6.3 % 28 16.1 % 43 24.7 % 0 - 0 - 1 0.6 % 0 - 8 4.5 % 61 35.1 % 33 19.0 % 14 8.0 % 13 7.5 % 4 2.3 % 38 21.8 % 1 .6 % 1 .6 % 0 - 0 - 1 .6 % 2 1.1 % 6 3.4 % 174 100%
111 26.9 % 19 4.6 % 2 .5 % 7 1.7 % 4 1.0 % 9 2.2 % 9 2.2 % 42 10.2 % 31 7.5 % 54 13.1 % 54 13.1 % 6 1.5 % 2 0.5 % 23 5.6 % 2 0.5 % 5 1.2 % 16 3.9 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 14 3.4 % 0 - 0 - 111 26.9 % 38 9.2 % 41 10.0 % 11 2.7 % 53 12.9 % 122 29.6 % 3 0.7 % 5 1.2 % 7 1.7 % 1 0.2 % 3 0.7 % 17 4.1 % 412 100 %
1. 1.85 0.73 11.07 .57 .78 2. 2.67 0.33 19.47 .77 .73 3. 2.45 0.34 18.93 .75 .74 4. 3.25 -0.31 9.43 .40 .82 5. 2.82 0.24 6.72 .42 .81 6. 2.79 0.24 10.76 .56 .78 7. 1.49 1.12 12.83 .55 .67 8. 1.27 2.39 8.23 .51 .71 9. 1.41 1.73 15.05 .63 .56 1. 2.16 .78 8.91 .55 .82 2. 3.22 -.16 15.85 .75 .78 3. 3.09 .05 15.70 .77 .78 4. 3.75 -.51 10.84 .59 .82 5. 2.88 .09 8.08 .46 .84 6. 2.95 -.02 11.63 .56 .82 7. 1.58 1.19 15.45 .69 .73 8. 1.37 1.96 10.61 .65 .77 9. 1.51 1.70 12.68 .68 .74 n=168 n=167 t ***p < .001 .81 .74 .84 .82
2 1 .92 .14 3 2 .85 .17 6 5 .55 .23 4 3 .44 .06 5 4 .43 .20 9 8 .13 .81 7 6 .16 .66 8 7 .18 .57 49.34 2 1 .87 .13 3 2 .85 .17 6 5 .60 .05 4 3 .60 .19 5 4 .46 .25 9 8 .10 .79 7 6 .20 .78 8 7 .19 .72 54.75
1. 3.26 -.70 9.98 .65 .86 2. 2.98 -.38 7.12 .50 .87 3. 3.35 -.23 6.33 .39 .89 5. 2.83 -.19 12.99 .61 .87 6. 3.15 -.28 9.90 .61 .86 11. 3.12 -.38 9.51 .68 .86 14. 3.15 -.57 10.11 .72 .86 18. 3.11 -.04 10.00 .66 .86 19. 3.28 .02 10.27 .60 .87 24. 3.28 -.51 9.98 .64 .86 4. 2.05 .71 5.70 .51 .87 7. 2.14 .19 9.00 .58 .86 8. 1.81 .60 13.48 .72 .85 9. 1.81 .33 14.48 .73 .85 12. 2.04 .34 11.47 .69 .85 13. 2.16 .15 12.11 .63 .86 15. 1.77 .66 16.11 .72 .85 20. 2.37 .28 6.28 .53 .87 10. 3.13 -.28 7.60 .45 .78 16. , 3.01 -.59 9.88 .47 .78 17. 2.94 -.14 8.80 .47 .78 21. , 2.87 -.11 9.18 .57 .75 22. 2.92 -.23 11.72 .69 .72 23. 2.96 -.21 8.89 .62 .74 n=170 t ***p < .001 .88 .87 .79
11 8 .84 -.25 14 11 .83 -.24 5 3 .64 -.18 21 14 , .63 -.25 24 15 .61 -.18 10 7 .60 -.21 1 1 .58 -.17 9 6 -.16 .79 15 12 -.19 .78 8 5 -.30 .73 13 10 -.10 .69 12 9 -.28 .69 7 4 -.20 .59 20 13 -.22 .50 4 2 -.27 .47 50.08
av 1 .08 .66 -.74 -3.06 av 2 .19 1.59 -.08 -.35 av 3 .03 .23 -.26 -1.09 ax1 1.39 11.53 1.60 6.64 ax 2 2.46 20.35 6.35 26.32 ax 3 1.89 15.63 3.58 14.82 sc 1 -.27 -2.26 -.38 -1.58 sc 2 -.22 -1.85 -.52 -2.15 sc 3 -.34 -2.82 -.55 -2.26 pos 1 .17 1.44 -.19 -.79 pos 2 -.10 -.85 -.14 -.57 pos 3 -.30 -2.51 .01 .02 Multivariate 36.34 20.12 t P eav1 .23 .03 8.20 *** eav2 .14 .02 6.89 *** eav3 .23 .02 11.53 *** eax1 .31 .03 10.62 *** eax2 .18 .02 8.59 *** eax3 .20 .03 8.01 *** esc1 .11 .01 9.02 *** esc2 .14 .01 9.89 *** esc3 .10 .01 8.25 *** epos1 .06 .01 7.26 *** epos2 .10 .01 8.74 *** epos3 .12 .01 10.79 *** *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .00.
t P (R2) → av1 1.00 .86 .74 → av2 .87 .04 19.67 *** .88 .78 → av3 .71 .04 17.45 *** .77 .59 → ax1 1.00 .77 .60 → ax2 .93 .06 16.30 *** .83 .69 → ax3 1.03 .06 16.38 *** .84 .71 → sc1 1.00 .89 .79 → sc2 1.02 .04 23.94 *** .87 .76 → sc3 .99 .04 25.01 *** .90 .81 → pos1 1.00 .86 .74 → pos2 1.11 .07 17.01 *** .83 .68 → pos3 .96 .06 16.25 *** .77 .59 → -.10 .05 -2.14 .03 -.12 → .12 .05 2.28 .02 .13 → -.01 .04 -.21 .84 -.01 → .02 .04 .59 .56 .03 → -.00 .03 -.11 .91 -.01 *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .00.
av 1 .08 .66 -.74 -3.06 av 2 .19 1.59 -.08 -.35 av 3 .03 .23 -.26 -1.09 ax1 1.39 11.53 1.60 6.64 ax 2 2.46 20.35 6.35 26.32 ax 3 1.89 15.63 3.58 14.82 sc 1 -.27 -2.26 -.38 -1.58 sc 2 -.22 -1.85 -.52 -2.15 sc 3 -.34 -2.82 -.55 -2.26 neg 1 .07 .62 -.23 -.94 neg 2 .23 1.87 -.01 -.04 neg 3 .30 2.51 -.14 -.58 Multivariate 32.57 18.03 t P eav1 .23 .03 8.23 *** eav2 .14 .02 6.85 *** eav3 .23 .02 11.53 *** eax1 .31 .03 10.59 *** eax2 .18 .02 8.57 *** eax3 .20 .03 8.10 *** esc1 .11 .01 8.94 *** esc2 .14 .01 9.92 *** esc3 .10 .01 8.37 *** eneg1 .11 .01 8.89 *** eneg2 .13 .01 11.16 *** eneg3 .11 .02 6.68 *** *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .00.
t P (R2) → av1 1.00 .86 .74 → av2 .87 .04 19.67 *** .88 .78 → av3 .71 .04 17.45 *** .77 .59 → ax1 1.00 .78 .60 → ax2 .93 .06 16.30 *** .83 .69 → ax3 1.03 .06 16.38 *** .84 .71 → sc1 1.00 .89 .79 → sc2 1.02 .04 23.94 *** .87 .76 → sc3 .99 .04 25.01 *** .90 .81 → neg1 1.00 .82 .68 → neg 2 .85 .05 15.87 *** .75 .57 → neg 3 1.20 .07 17.22 *** .87 .76 → -.10 .05 -2.14 .03 -.12 → .12 .05 2.28 .02 .13 → .06 .04 1.33 .18 .08 → .15 .04 3.66 *** .20 → .02 .04 .51 .61 .03 *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .00.
