美國外交決策中民主原則與現實的衝突：組織因素之分析

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(7) :tll~:ttl~~. , 1Iilt~$1. ,. 1!i!tl~~dl!>.ll!Illl)ffl::a:tm~lliriE.... ~~~~~.~~w~~~.·.~~~~~~~~.·. ....... ... 0. '1..l.J17!:':Ji!1l;;iIIB!\"1'1t. ·~~·~~~~*~~ ~.. iI@ Bert A. Rockman, "America's Departments of States: Irregular and Regular Syndromes of Policy Making," Americon Politicol Scietlce Review, Dec. 1981, Vol. 75, No.4, p. 921.. itJ@ Ibid.. ~.~~.~.·.~. m.~~.~*~~o. -~*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ~~~~.R~~.~·~~ •• ~ ••• ~.R~o*.WR~~~~.~K~N~~~~~.·~~~~'~~K~m •• ~~.~~~.R~~~~.~~~R~~.R~.~.~~~~~~.~~~l~~~~~~~~~. ~~€~.oW.~. ". 0. •• ~~e •• ·. ~~~~~~~~··$~W~~• • ~~· ~tl!~.R~~ffi,~ta· ~~.t§.I~Hll!1l~~· ~O~~~Jl5~~-tIll1~~~$'fE[1I*· ~~{?(~~iir-(~~~~. .~N·~~~.~R~K.~·~~~.~~.o~~.~.fE[.~~.~~~.~~~~~~·~~. :tuK#llH!t\.~N~ .l-E:-~,*,ZW-\fIE~" :r~mR~aUi~~~~.N~~\fIE.OO~" nlM!!;~~K~~~J;;*«~~~~'fr(~I:~OO~. ~~.~N~·fE[. 0. ~~·~~~.~~~1~m~~·~~.~~~*~1~ •• l-E:-~~~~o~ ••~~m~~~* ••~~~W.~~.~ ~ . ~jJ;g\fIE~"A\:ilK-!l!t<[J llllj(.~il1Ja • .w!l~ItK:~~~~N~· ~~~t.Ii~~.~Glii~~~~· ~~~-lK~~R~~.R··$Illj!H# • ••• m~R~ •• ~:ilfE[.~*~ •• ·~a.-lK~lH!t\* ••:il~~.~~.~o •• N·.~.~~m. •. ~~~I!l:{,ttl.~· ~~~lH!t\~R.~~.R· ~¢i:l~~:lS~m.::tnK~~~l/Rl~.~~~qj~:ilR··~N· ~~fg~~~~.~~Gl~.~ •. •• R~~~·~~~.lH!t\WI!l:{~fi~~~~.~N~·~~ •• o :tnK~·~~~.~*~~~m.:tnK.~~·~.l-E:-.~~.~o. ·E~~.~~ •• ~W•• ~og~~~~.~~. •• ~.~~.o@. •. ~.llllj(~~~~~fE[~~~lH!t\*.~.ti.~~E~~.~~o.~.~*~~.~~~ ••• ~~ ••. ~~~~~. ~~~~~W~~~~OO~~·~~~~~~o~~~.~~~~~~W~~~~~~~~.~.~.~o~~~~~~~. ~~.~~.~~*~~~~~.~.~~~.~~.&~~~:ilfE[~~.~. ~~. *fE~.R~<! (inner circle) .• ~~:tnK:¥1:ffi\~~$J~~~{?(~~l*~~.~~~~~ ~ ~~.~.K~~ ~ ~.~.W~o~~tHll:l. -Ir±: (organizational process) ~-tIll1~~~.E(bureaucratic politics) ~ ~~1~#§;jlfJ~:t1Wt!5IltW:f2~~i\.~ ~ @ ~~.~~ III~. 67-96& 144-181.. lJ,J. itJ@ John Spanier & Eric M. Uslander, American Foreign Policy Making and the Democratic Dilemmos, 4th ed., (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985) pp. 5-6. ~liI1.l;~~.~~mt~~~~~~1ili$~ .!li~::g Graham T. Allison, Essence 01 Decision, (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1971), pp. itJ®. $~~~~~tr~~~~~~~~~~.

(8) ~m~~~. :!iI;li!i~~~<>. ~~. ~~~. ~~~~~~. 1<. . M!l~~~*~~1tr~Sti~~~_~·~Ka~~:\t.~;li!i-N~Ifll.\~·iffi!~~~{;t1~.~~f.i{w <> 1E~{w~'U!l-iS1mK.~$!-<~1/l!i1ift~. ~~~$t~~$lo~~_!itt~~*.:ti.~~:j(~~llf!§~~Bml-~@tJ11eoi\~~~~Bml-~$;:~i!?~;li!iS:a1~;li!i~~~:\t~}§~~. <>. {w~IE~~~~m~.~.~~mK~:j(~~~~<>~~~~~~~~*~.~~~~~.~~~i\~.~~~~~~ru~~~-N ~!!i ~ tv.~~It}iiIt~t:. ~§m~~~{;t1~~~.~~S:~~~*~OO~tr~~}ii~~~~~~.<>~~§~$~~~~~-N~~~~*~~~~.. ~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~o@e~~§.~{;t1~~.~}§~.~~~*M~IE~~~~o~~Bml-~~. <> ~§.~~W-Nl~ ~ {;t1~.~.'jg , ~t:~~~:l:iS~mK~~*:l?l. ~~~~~~§.~~*~~~~~~~.~.~.~~~W~~~~~<> ~IE ~ ~~~-K~~~ • • ~~tlR 1 M1lME ~ ~.~W¥iR~~~. ~~~~~~~~~~$!-<wa~~~~ift.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m~-N~~.~~~~~~~~~m~~~Qee. 1 .ffi:.PiiJ;?~!l!l!!~.~1E1~1lI". 0. 0. ®~IE ,,~~{;t1*~-4. ~~~§~t\:i<4tll&im:!~~~. "ffi\~~~~tt$'-<~W~" :ll.Jll~mjI?i:tl;lf~ft.. ~~. ~~~~. ~~Wi!?¥iR.~"~i\~~.~~.~~e~~~~m~~~~.~.~.~.~:j(.~.~~~.~.rm~ •• J~.~o. <>. ~~Bml-~~.~~.~~~~W-N~~~~~~~.W¥iR~~M1lME~~~~o. ~~" "~~~~~~-N"el*. "1$.~~~1il:fi4a. (William Clark) , m{lIIllml$~~~~ (Donald Regan) 0. " §~t\:i<4tll&im:!mK~t\:i<.~~-<IJlIf(~:lK.~~. " O(~m:!lI!~*~'~ 1E:j(l!lItll$~{;t1~!!I:?~. ~.~~.~~~.~."i\~~~~.~.ffi:~.{W·l$.~m~~~~~¥.<>~~~~ ••• tr~m~~~.~~.~~~ ~~~.~m-m.~~~!ll. ~~Jlml-~i!4E-N~~ru;Wi~~~~. ~~tr·~~~~~~M.~ •• Ifll.\·~e~~~~~~~~~·MIE~~m~•• ~~~~~~Q. if;i(@ ~a" I ~iJl JIit:ffi~~-~*,IIm;,1lll\l (Case-Zablocki Act) , I;:::iJ1I1llt:ffi_QlI.W-R.;,1l (War Power Act) , J;:::iJlSIllf-:ffi~~-trmlii~1=tll\l (Hughes-Ryan Amendment) , I ;:::iJg[~:ffi@'.i<I-~~~1=tll\l (Nelson- Bingham Amendment) • ~~ 1;:::<lllIt:ffitalll~1=tll\l ( Boland Amendment) l!lFK- I \§!l!! 0 tlilll1lJohn Spanier & Eric M. Uslander, Ibid., pp. 87-91. ~(fll Terry M. ·Moe, "Politicize Presidency. It in John E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson, eds., The New Direction in American Politics, (Wash•• D. C.: The Brookings Institution, 1985) p. 244.. if;i@ .~~m~~.~:ffi~~~~~~~~M~~~~~o~~~~~~*~trm~~~~~~%K~~.~o\§~~~~~~~~~~Q~~~*N~"~~~. ,. ~~*"i~~~~~~~. ~trm~:ffi~~\§~~~~~·~~"m~~:ffi~~~~~~~o. ~.

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