吉藏《中觀論疏》所開「實相」法門之義蘊

ӢᙡȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯܛ໡ȶᄃࣻȷݳߟϟဏច

ച҂ۆ

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ᄣ! ्

ҐНޠлԠ࢑Ӷ௥ଇӢᙡ౶၍ᓹᐚആႷȃߨҭݨមޠȮϜ፤ȯН ဏਣȂഇႇ፞Ԅȶ᜻ঈȷᇅȶߩ᜻ঈȷȃȶשȷᇅȶณשȷȃȶҢྟȷᇅ ȶณҢྟȷȃΞՎȶߺᒔȷᇅȶ઎ᒔȷ๊ࣻᄈ྆܉ޠ܂ඉ፤ឋȂՅლၑ ࣐שউܛ໡೪ޠȶΤᄃࣻߟȷȂژۼోចࡪኻޠলᏱࡧՄȄձ޲וగᙥ ҦҐНܛ௄ٲޠࡧདྷϸݚȃпІڐࣻᜱဏ౪ޠវึȂᡘұӢᙡդᏱϜ ңпӲᔗȶܛᒞȺ઎ᄃȻ࢑ϨቅȷȃȶࡪኻϘ૗ᢏُȺ઎ᄃȻȷԫ໷२् ឋᚡޠΚঐ୐८Ȅ ҐНޠНᝧٸᐄȂл्࢑ȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯȂӤਣਡІӢᙡޠڐу፤຀Ȅ Յܛ௵ڦޠःفໍၰȂࠍ࣐ဏ౪វមϟໍၰȄՎܼРݳȂл्೾ႇᄈ ڐ྆܉ཏోޠ၍ݚȃୱᚡनෂޠӲඉȃпІဏ౪ోចޠଢفȂٿႁԚ ৥ұӢᙡܛ࡛ȶᄃࣻȷݳߟϟলᏱࡧՄޠ፤НҭޠȄ ҐНޠл्፤ᘉȂ౲ѠᖃࢃԄίȈ (ˬ) Ӣᙡᇰ࣐યӶȶ౴ഥޫȷޠ፞ݳᄃࣻϟαȂҦܼȶԥȷȃȶณȷ ΞՎȶΚȷȃȶ౵ȷ๊྆܉ࣲϛѠூڐ઎ᄃޠ࡛ҴٸᐄȂӱԫȂ စ፤ܗᇴȶԥשȷȃܗᇴȶณשȷȂΞՎܗᇴȶளȷȃܗᇴȶณ Ɏ ച҂ۆȂᇄᢋτᏱলᏱقീς঑ᒶ΢Ȅ ׺ጉȈ97 Ԓ 5 У 13 СȇঔॐȈ97 Ԓ 9 У 30 Сȇ௦ڨёีȈ97 Ԓ 10 У 7 СȄ

ளȷȂᗷดٯߩءԥࣻᄈޠఁϾཏဏȂկ࢑Ȃࢋ೪ѻউޠ਴Ґ ཏ፹ȂࠔѬӶܼࡿᘫЗၾΚϹݳՅࣲȶณܛூȷޠဒහძࣩȄ (˭) ӢᙡࡿяಁӱጣܛҢޠ୆ࣻܗГԥϟݳȂ࢑ϛᚕܼȶᄃࣻϟ ᡞȷޠȶᄃࣻϟңȷȇՅᄖۼٿᇴȂѻউȶҼ࢑ᄃࣻȷȄӱԫȂ ԄݏΠ၍Гԥܗ୆ࣻޠԇӶҐ፵Ȃ֊࢑ጣକȇໍՅϛ՟຀Ӷ ೼ኻܗ٦ኻޠГԥȃ୆ࣻϟαȂ߰Ѡ໡ఃȶᄃࣻϟߟȷȄ (ˮ) ӶӢᙡ፤ᇴϜȂңпЖᏳשউ໡ఃȶᄃࣻϟߟȷޠஆҐ౪ၰȂ Ξ࢑ජඬ՟ϛᚕܼȶӱጣȷϟဏޠȶΡᒔȷఁᇴȂٿϸݚȃ ៞݃፞ԄȶԥȷᇅȶณȷȃȶளȷᇅȶᘟȷȃΞՎȶҢȷᇅȶྟȷȃ ȶ᜻ঈȷᇅȶϛ᜻ঈȷ๊ݳҭȂ਴ҐΞ࢑ȶΡȞՅȟϛΡȷȃ ȶϛΡȞՅȟΡȷޠӱጣ୆ᇴȂӱԫȂԄݏདྷ्ႂߗ઎ᄃȂ ൸ூڤଷ٘пםԚຏӿߓຬޠЗᜌၽձዂԓȂҼ֊ᅬྟ٦ٳ ϛ૗Ҕᢏ፞ݳܓࣻޠȶ౵དྷϸրȷȄ ᜱᗥມȈᄃࣻȃݳߟȃณשȃΡᒔȃϛΡȃϜၿȃณܛூ

On the True Reality Doctrine Connotation

Revealed by Chi-tsang’s

_{Commentary on}

The Middle Treatise

Ping-Kun Chen

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Abstract

This thesis is aimed to study the approach when Chi-tsang composed verses of commentary on the Nagarjuna founded and Pivgala annotated Middle Treatise (Chung-lun), how, through back and forth debating on the relativistic concepts such as “delusion” and “non-delusion”, “selfness” and “selflessness”, “arising/ ceasing” and “non-arising /ceasing”, and finally summing-up to “mundane truth” and “noble truth”, he tried to bring up the notion of the “True Reality of All Dharmas”, and established the philosophical contents of Buddhist teaching. With argumentative analysis and elucidation done in this thesis the author expects to assist fellow scholars to understand and grasp a sideway viewpoint in Chi-tsang’s Buddhist thinking, so as to reflect on the essential philosophical issues of “by what it means to see ‘True Reality’ ”, and/or “what the so-called ‘True Reality’ is.”

The bibliography of this thesis mainly consists the Commentary on The

Middle Treatise (Chung-kuan-lun Su) and other Buddhist writings and

commentary works by Chi-tsang. An Argumentative Explanation Approach is adapted as the study approach; as for the methodology, through conceptual connotation analyzing, subject backgrounds reestablishing, and multilayered probing and summarizing of the dogma, it achieves the goal of illustrating the

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objective that Chi-tsang set to establish the debates on the True Reality philosophy.

The key argumentative points of this article are briefly summarized as follows:

Chi-tsang suggests, based on the “Ultimate Emptiness” notion of the true reality of all dharmas dogma, since it is not possible to establish any ideas such as “being” or “non-being” or even “oneness” or “multiplicity”, therefore, when sutras and commentaries write about “selfness” or “selflessness”, or even “permanence” or “impermanence”, although some relativistic pedagogical meanings might exist, nevertheless, in essence the dogma is established with the only intention to relate all phenomenon to the virtuous status of “non- attainment”.

In addition, Chi-tsang points out that every causal dharma of false phenomenon or illusory existence, at its heart “is real too.” Therefore, if we understand the existence nature of the illusory or false phenomenon dharma, knowing that it is dependent on arising, and furthermore cease to abide by illusory existence or false phenomenon, we then will be able to open the “Door of True Reality”.

By the verses of commentary Chi-tsang teaches us the basic conceptual approach to opening the “Door of True Reality”, which is by griping without parting the “Causation” theory of “Two Truths” doctrine, to carry out analyzing and differentiating issues such as “being” and “non-being”, “permanency” and “non-permanency”, and even “arising” and “ceasing”, “delusion” and “non-delusion”, knowing that basically they are no more than causal hypothesis of “duality but non-duality” or “non-duality but duality”, therefore, in order to approximate the truth, we must liberate ourselves from the mental processing style which forms illusory external phenomena, that is to say, we need to extinguish “differential false thinking” which stops us from observing correctly the genuine truth of dharmas.

Keywords: True Reality, dharma-door, no-self, Two Truths, non-duality, Middle

ӢᙡȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯܛ໡ȶᄃࣻȷݳߟϟဏច

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ച҂ۆ

Κȃࠊّ

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ມпѵȂᗚԥ tathataȃbhutakotiȃΞՎ dharmasvabhavaȂ๊๊ȇၐُϜ؇ϰȂȮޫᤦ፤౪ȯȞݎ ٶȈࢍऎަȂ2003ȟȈ347-358ȇώҥᅫЋॣᆀঔȂϜ؇ϰጢ໲ȂȮ๽ᝓࡧདྷȯȞٶഎȈݳᙡᓣȂ 1975ȟȈ97-108ȄѫѠ୥ُചऽ๢ȂȮЉѯጣକϜၿᄃࣻ፤ȯȞѯіȈݎߒȂ1995ȟȈ5-10Ȅ 3 _{ȶݳߟȷ࢑ঐཏోᙵ൳ޠᇮມȂѻޠߒ֥ؐဏΞ࢑ࡿ٦ٳѠпනңٿ፹Τդᇴ፞ݳޠߟЙȄ} Ȯτॹକ߭፤ဏଅȯᄈܼ೼ঐᇮມޠមဏȈȶक़Ңޑ၍ТȺݳȻȂဒහ೾ၾТȺߟȻȄȷȞၐُ ȮτҔᙡȯಒ 44 ьȂॳ 252 Ϝȟτय֊࣐ҐНܛڦޠஆҐ֥ဏȇѻ࢑ཏࡿΚϹ٘пᡲשউ ӱϟ౱Ңဏ၍ޠᢏ܉ΞՎ౪ၰȄ೼ٳᢏ܉ΞՎ౪ၰ૗஋ЖᏳঔ՘޲ޠЗᜌ೾܂ဒහძࣩȂӱ ԫѻউѠೞຝ࣐ȶݳߟȷȄѫ፝୥ُጿ᝻݃ȂȲȮߢ֥စȯڸȮᇴณ࠲ᆏစȯޠϛΡݳߟߒ௥ȳȂ ԞᓄܼȮդᏱ࡛ᄻޠяၰ——դఁޠۢኌϟᏱᇅԄٿᙡޠ౪ၰȯȞѯіȈݳჃНϾȂ2006ȟȈ 207Ȅ

௥ଇԫΚлᚡȂᗷดѠп౫ԇӢᙡӓഌ፤຀࣐ڑᐄȂկ࢑ҦܼӢᙡ ޠդᏱࡧདྷȂΞஆྜܼуᄈᓹᐚȞNagarjunaȂङ 150-250 A.D.ȟܛኦȃ ߨҭȞPivgalaȂѳзखѿѢȟܛមȮϜ፤ȯϟНဏϲৡޠ౪၍ܛ࡛ᄻՅ ԚȇٯйȂȮϜ፤ȯДΝࠣȂҔԄӢᙡܛᇴ4_{Ȃࠣࠣഎ჌ΚၿݳߟȂཏӶ} ЖᏳᏱ΢፹Τȶ፞ݳᄃࣻȷȄӱԫȂҐНᒶᐆӢᙡ౶၍ȮϜ፤ȯНဏޠȮϜ ᢏ፤౶ȯձ࣐ਰЗНᝧ5Ȃٿ৥໡пίޠဏ౪វ፤ϏձȄ ดࠍȂၗԄᏱࣩ஠ঢ়ܛّȂȮϜ፤ȯȲᢏݳࠣȳΞ࢑ស൳ᑺکйဏ౪ ోᇑܓቷኅޠΚࠣ6Ȃη࢑ȶࣻ࿌੬ੇޠΚࠣȷ7Ȅӱ࣐၏ࠣ᎝ചяᓹᐚ ᄈܼមग़դߡܛᇴȶณשȷȃ׼ܗȶߩשȷȞanatmanȟ೼Κݳဏޠ਴Ґᇰ ᜌȇٯйڐϜᗀ፤ࡪኻϘ࢑઎Ҕᄖُȶณשȷȃஜྟȶྯ඙ȷȞkleĞaȟޠ ୱᚡȂܛп၏ࠣѠᒞҔ८ථұȶُ઎ᄃՅூ၍಴ȷ೼Κդఁޠ२्ঔᏱ ፟ᚡȄ 4 _{پԄȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒѳȈȶȌȌΡΫΝࠣȂบ࢑ΡΫΝߟȂܛΤ؂ณ౵Ȃ࣐೾Τ፞ݳᄃࣻ} ϟ౪Ȅ୳ԫΚ౪Ȃӫϟ࣐ᄃȇՍලпѵȂٯࣲຏӿȄࢉȮහ࡚፤ȯϢȈȺ୳ଷᄃࣻȂᎸΚϹ ݳٯӫ࣐៴ȄȻȌȌȷȞၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 61 ίȟȄѫ፝୥ُ੏ҐᒋȂȲݳᤦ״ց ޠϸݚᤠ๵ᙢᤦ䎫ݳ——Ӣ䅜ȺϜ䎫፤౶ȻȞݳࠣȟ᥊ϜЗᤠᤏᤞȳȂԞᓄܼ҂ώᄕീςᗚ㾧 ଅ܉㜘ጢȂȮ҂ώᄕീςᗚ㾧ଅ܉፤໲Ȉ㚷ఁᤣᤂᤉ᥃ݳᤦःفȯȞݎٶȈࢍऎަȂ1975ȟȈ 327-328Ȃພ 1Ȅ 5 _{౫ԇӢᙡޠӓഌ፤຀Ȃڣ኶ႊԼȃНߗΚԼΡΫ࿳ّȂଷȮή፤ҝဏȯȃȮΡᒔဏȯȃȮτॹҝ} ፤ȯѵȂӼ࣐౶၍စ፤ȃ׼ܗᖃࢃစ፤्ԠޠձࠣȄ೼ٳ຀ձഎԥϛЎᜱਗ਼ȶᄃࣻȷ፟ᚡޠ ፤ᇴȄดՅȂҐНᇰ࣐ȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯΞ࢑Ӣᙡܛԥ፤຀Ϝഷڏ൩ஆܓޠхߓձȇٯйȂᐄ༉ Ӣᙡᗀख़ȮϜ፤ȯ࣐лޠȶή፤ȷНဏȂഥԥԼᎸႈϟӼȇՅಥڐΚҢȂӶᒋឹڐу፤຀ܛ ᇴݳဏίȂȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯਣԥঔॐȄԫѵȂҐНϟᚡӫϑစථ݃ȂНϜ஡пវមȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯ ܛ໡ȶᄃࣻȷݳߟޠဏច࣐лໆȂӱԫȂӶڦ؆ጓ൝Р८ȂҐН߰л्४ۢӶٸᐄȮϜᢏ፤ ౶ȯٿ৥໡፤ख़Ȅ࿌ดȂԄԫ೪ۢȂٯϛཏک຀ҐНӶ࡛ᄻࣻᜱ፤ख़ਣȂ૗஋ՍѵܼӢᙡڐ у፤຀ܛ໡ᅌޠդݳُ၍Ȅ 6

ၐُ Brian Bocking, Nagarjuna in China: A Translation of the Middle Treatise, (Lewiston: The

Edwin Mellen Press, 1995): 72.

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ȶȌȌȺُ઎ᄃՅூ၍಴Ȼ೼࢑ѡڑӠ࡚ࡧདྷޠ਴Ґ੬ՔȂՅӶԫΚࡧདྷݦ൝ޠ᠗ྲϟίȂ ѡڑӠ࡚΢ޠ઎౪ᢏՍۗ߰ϛѠܗռޠԥڐఀ෯ᏱαޠཏဏȞsoteriological meaningȟȄȷ፝ ୥ُ࿳ߝώȂȲԇӶȃّᇴᇅ઎౪ȈΚঐӠ࡚ޠᢏᘉȳȂԞᓄܼȮມဏϟލᇅဏ౪ϟᒲ˕˕դ ఁࡧདྷःف፤Н໲ȯȞࠓ׺ȈҔᢏȂ1998ȟȈ205Ȅ

ܛᒞȶُ઎ᄃՅூ၍಴ȷȂඳّϟȂ֊࢑ਃΤȶ፞ݳᄃࣻȷՅႁژྯ ඙ஜྟϛକȃᛯᑪ၍಴ϛ຀ޠȶ੢ᅆȷȞnirvanaȟძࣩȄᄈܼ೼ΚᏱդ ҭዀȂȮϜ፤Ȇᢏݳࠣȯഇႇ፤فᇅϟࣻᜱޠө໷ឋᚡᇅᢏ܉Ȃп෉༉ख़ яᓹᐚΞՎߨҭޠࣽݳȇՅӢᙡӶȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯ၈ޠᆎᆎ፤មȂηᕘᙔ ၏Κлໆп৥໡8_{ȄӱԫȂҐНޠ२ᘉϟΚȂ߰࢑೏౪ӢᙡᄈȲᢏݳࠣȳ} ϟНဏޠ౶၍ᇅ౪፹ޠវึȂп௥Մڐܛᔤᗀ݃ޠȶᄃࣻȷϲৡȇໍՅ ෉గҦԫቺቺ౐ΤӢᙡܛ໡դݳဏߟޠਰЗཏԠȂᚅᒲяуܛඊпវ၍ ȶُ઎ᄃՅூ၍಴ȷ೼Κդݳ२्ۡဏޠஆҐ౪ၰȄ ଷಒΚ࿾ȶࠊّȷѵȂпίܛ፤Ȃࡹྲୱᚡःࡧޠ໸זȂӶ࢝ᄻ ԋ௷αȂ௵ڦȈȞ1ȟॷӒӶಒΡ࿾ϜȂଇ፤ಁҢ८ᄈΚϹ፞ݳਣܛ௵ ڦޠϛӤࡧᆱၰӪȃпІڐܛࣻᄈЇ࢏яٿޠᢏݳৰ౵Ȃดࡤᐄп፤ ᇴȶ᜻ঈޤُȷᇅȶԄᄃޤُȷޠϸրȄȞ2ȟڐԪӶಒή࿾Ȃ໲Ϝः ࡧΚϹ፞ݳ࢑֐ԥȶשȷޠୱᚡІڐ๏਱Ȃ௄Յࡿяѻউޠ࢑ߩڸ୒ ҔȂпІଇ፤ȶ୆ӫȷܛ࡛Ҵޠդఁ፤ᘟᇅȶ፞ݳᄃࣻȷϟ໣ޠԇӶ ୣϸᄳཏဏᜱᖓȄȞ3ȟ௦຀ȂӶಒѳ࿾ϜȂໍΚؐ௥فȶ୆ӫّᇴȷ ܛٸ᏶ޠȶ౵དྷϸրȷȂӤਣ፤ឋȶ፞ݳᄃࣻȷޠณ౵དྷܓȃณϸրܓȂ ดࡤථұءԥ౵དྷϸրޠȶณܛூҔᢏȷȂΞ࢑ਃΤȶᄃࣻȷޠ઎Ҕݳ ߟȄȞ4ȟഷࡤȂಒϥ࿾ࠍ࢑ҐНޠ๗፤ȂӤਣߤພϜητ౲ණІѫΚ ঐःف፟ᚡȄ 8 Ӣᙡᇰ࣐Ȳᢏݳࠣȳܛ्೏౪ޠڎτ२्፟ᚡȂ֊࢑ȈȞ1ȟ၍݃๵ᙢޠȶᢏ՘ȷȂпІȞ2ȟ ખଷȶ᜻ঈȷпΤȶᄃࣻȷȇၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣΥȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 123 ϜʂίȄ ѫ፝୥ُ੏ҐᒋȂȲݳᤦ״ցޠϸݚᤠ๵ᙢᤦ䎫ݳ˕˕Ӣ䅜ȺϜ䎫፤౶ȻȞݳࠣȟ᥊ϜЗᤠᤏ ᤞȳȂȮ҂ώᄕീςᗚ㾧ଅ܉፤໲Ȉ㚷ఁᤣᤂᤉ᥃ݳᤦःفȯȈ318-319Ȅ

ΡȃಁҢ८ᄈȶӱጣҢݳȷޠ٤ᢏᇅҔᢏ

ᅖណȮϜ፤ȯಒΫΥࠣȂᚡӫȲᢏݳࠣȳ9ȄԫϜȂࣻᔗܼȶᢏȷϟ జН pariksa ޠᅖណᇮມȂ֥ԥȶᜌրȷȃȶϸᒲȷܗȶᙐᐆȷ๊ဏ10_ȇ ՎܼԥᜱȶݳȷϟజН dharma11_{ȂᅖណࠍԥȶҔݳȷȃȶఁݳȷܗȶݳ} ߟȷ๊ဏ12ȄӱԫȂܛᒞȶᢏݳȷȂߒؐٿᇴȂΞ࢑Κঐ֥ԥϸրȃᙐ ᐆ፞ԄҔݳȃఁݳȃ׼ܗݳߟ๊ϲోޠചख़ȄϛႇȂ൑௄ȶᢏݳȷޠᅖ ᇮԆဏٿࣽȂȶᢏȷ࢑ᄇࣽȃቸຝϟဏȂՅȶݳȷࠍ࢑ࡿӉեѠп೾ႇ དញȃޤញစᡜܛᇰூޠڏᡞٲޑΞՎܫຬၿ౪Ȅ ดࠍୱᚡ࢑ȈȶᢏݳȷϟӶȮϜ፤ȯϲȂᜳၿѬ࢑ཏᒞᄇࣽȃቸຝΞ Վᒲᜌөᆎٲޑܗၿ౪༞ȉ୆ۢ઎ԥܛᒞȶҐဏȷ13Ȃ٦ቅೞᚡӫ࣐ȶᢏ ݳȷޠȮϜ፤ȯಒΫΥࠣȂѻޠȶҐဏȷέژۼ࢑ϨቅںȉӢᙡ਴ᐄу ᄈҐࠣཏԠޠජඬȂໍՅЖңࣻᜱစ፤ȃпІդఁᢏ܉ܛ৥໡ޠဏ౪౶ ၍Ȃࠍ݃Ҫ֚ຨשউȶᢏݳȷ๙ϛ༊࢑ཏࡿቸຝޑ౪ȃᒲᜌٲຬϟ᜹ޠ ೾ހᇰᜌȂՅ࢑ѫ൴ԥ؂౐ቺޠդݳဏចȄᙐّϟȂȶᢏݳȷΞ࢑ཏӶഇ 9 _{ଇ፤Ґࠣᅖណᚡӫϟ࢑ߩୱᚡޠࣻᜱНതȂѠп୥ُϞݾࢎဏȂȮؖ哾ᤠఁ䁃——Ϝ䎫ࡧདྷ} ःف 1ȯȞ֛ҥȈ䁥՚τ䗄ݎ՚䗄೛ःفܛȂ1988ȟȈ29ȇᒧඐ߈ȂȲդܛఁޫ——ᓹᐚȮϜ ፤ȯΫΥࠣःفȳȞѯіȈ୾ҴᇄᢋτᏱলᏱःفܛȆᆉς፤НȂ1997 Ԓ 6 УȟȈ11-12ȇ࿳ ߝώȂȮϜᢏࡧདྷᗀᓄȯȈ84-87Ȅ 10 _{ၐُଓ㜲ݳ΢ႜФ䗄೛ଓ㜲ጢ໲ȂȮᅖណᄈྲజڸτ᜞ڑȯȞݎٶȈᗀፚަȂ1987ȟȈ760 ѿ} ើȄ 11 ᄈܼȶdharmaȷȞВւНȶdhammaȷȟΚມޠϛӤཏࡿȂKalupahana ෇စ୉ႇײ्ޠ၍ᇴȂ Ѡп୥ࣽȇၐُ David J. Kalupahana, Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way -- Introduction,Sanskrit Text, English Translation and Annotation, (DelhiȈ Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991): 15-16.

12 _{ၐُଓ㜲ݳ΢ႜФ䗄೛ଓ㜲ጢ໲ȂȮᅖណᄈྲజڸτ᜞ڑȯȈ631 ѿើȄ} 13 ЩၷᐮໍޠវមᏱȞHermeneuticsȟᏱ޲Ȃܗ޲ᇰ࣐ȶНҐȷȞtextsȟΚҎ፜ҢȂࠍȶձ޲ȷ ߰ϑ੒ംȇӱԫȂᜱܼܛᒞȶҐဏȷȂसߩ਴ҐϛԇӶȂ൸࢑ԟϑϛඉ२्ȄϛႇȂ८ᄈѡ ڑНᝧՅ৥໡ᄈڐࡧདྷܗဏ౪ޠ௥ՄਣȂԄݏ૗஋ߴࡼΚᘉଢؒȶҐဏȷޠᄙ࡚Ȃη೩؂࣐ ᎍϹ֒Ȋ

ႇ࢛ᆎᄇࣽȃቸຝԈۥ࿳ԥޠᢏࡧِ࡚ȂϹΤձ࣐ᇰᜌᄈຬޠٲޑܗၿ ౪ȂໍΚؐࢿُѻউϟܛп֖౫ԄԫኻᄙȃᡞࣻΞՎᡑϾᐤโޠ౐ቺٸ ᐄᇅӓዻ௒ݸȇՅ೼Ҽ֊࢑τॹစ፤ܛளණІޠȶ፞ݳᄃࣻȷȃ׼ܗȶȞ፞ȟ ݳȞᄃȟܓȷȞdharmataȟȄ

ȞΚȟȶᢏݳȷȈ௄ߓቺٲຬޠᒲᜌژ౐ቺ౪፹ޠቸࡧ

ΚԄࠊख़ȂజН dharma ޠᅖណມ——ȶݳȷȂӶդఁစ፤ϜȂᓎϛ ӤᇮძܗН૖Յߓ౫яѻޠ੬ۢཏࡿȄӶ౶၍ȲᢏݳࠣȳޠНဏਣȂӢ ᙡη෇၍ᇴȶݳȷΚມޠϛӤཏࡿȄӢᙡл्࢑ϸԚڎঐቺԪՅᄈȶݳȷ ௄ٲᇴ݃ȈȞ1ȟΚ࢑ᐄȶ౪ȷՅፚޠቺԪȂѻܛཏࡿޠ࢑ȶȞҔȟݳܓȷ ܗȶ፞ݳᄃࣻȷҐٙȄȞ2ȟѫѵࠍ࢑ࡿ࢛ᆎᇮძܗН૖ܛ֖౫яٿޠཏ ဏȇՅࣻᄈܼȶ౪ȷȂӢᙡױѻᆏ࣐ȶဏңȷ14ȄӶȶဏңȷቺԪȂӢᙡ ؂ϸȞaȟȶक़ࠍȷȃȞbȟȶՍᡞȷȃȞcȟȶཏᜌܛጣȷ๊ή໷Ȃٿ၍ᇴԫϜ ܛᒞȶݳȷޠڏᡞཏࡿ15Ȅ ӶӢᙡޠ၍ᇴϜȂȞaȟпȶक़ࠍȷ࣐ဏޠȶݳȷȂཏࡿᗛӪԚդҭዀ Յܛࢋ೪ޠΚϹّȶఁȷȃпІԚ൸դߡᄃ፵ޠၿȶ౪ȷҐٙ16ȄՅȞbȟ ȶՍᡞȷ֥ဏޠȶݳȷȂࠍ࢑ཏᒞᆎᆎԇӶޑȇپԄޑ፵ስ஀ޠȶՔȷȃ ᆡઢቺ८ޠȶЗȷഎ࢑ȄՎܼձ࣐ȞcȟȶཏᜌܛጣȷޠȶݳȷȂ঩ࡿȶཏ ਴ȷȞmana-indriyaȟᇅѵძ௦ដϟࡤȂ֖౫Ӷཏᜌࣁ୞ϜޠΚΚᄈຬȄ 14 _{ᜱܼӢᙡܛᇴޠȶݳȷ೼Κᢏ܉ȂѠпϸԚȶᡞȷȃȶңȷΡቺٿ౪၍ѻޠϲోȈȞ1ȟཏࡿȶ፞} ݳȷϟȶᄃࣻȷܗȶᄃܓȷ޲ȂΞ࣐ܛᒞޠȶᡞȷȇȞ2ȟཏࡿȶ፞ݳȷȃ׼ܗΚϹٲຬ޲Ȃࠍ ࢑ڐܛᒞޠȶңȷȄϛႇȂϸԚȶᡞȷȃȶңȷΡቺٿᇴ݃ȂಥفѬ࢑֏΢ࡧឋαޠୣրȇӱ ࣐ᄈܼӢᙡٿᇴȂȶᡞȷȃȶңȷࣻ֊ϛΡȂѻউഎ࢑ȶݳȷϟϲోȄ 15 ၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΥȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 124 αȄ 16 _{፝୥ُ҂ϣ߹ᄹȂȲ㡷ࣻᤠҔݳ——Ӣ䅜ᤣᤂᤉ᥃ݳᤦ䎫܉ᤠ᫛قȳȂԞᓄܼ҂ώᄕീςᗚ㾧} ଅ܉㜘ጢȂȮ҂ώᄕീςᗚ㾧ଅ܉፤໲Ȉ㚷ఁᤣᤂᤉ᥃ݳᤦःفȯȞݎٶȈࢍऎަȂ1975ȟȈ 334-335Ȅ

ϛႇȂӢᙡѫέࡿяȶཏᜌܛጣȷ೼ᆎ֥ဏޠȶݳȷȂᗚѠңٿ೾ᆏ٦ٳ ᙥҦϳ਴ȃϳძᇅϳᜌڸӬձңՅܛᡘ౫Ӷ֏΢ᇰᜌስ஀ϜޠΚϹٲຬ ܗ౪ݳȇඳّϟȂѻউΞ࢑ࡿȶΫΥࣩȷȞastadaca dhatavahȟ၈ޠөᆎ ᄈຬ——೾ளܛᇴޠԈۥ࿳ԥܗзࣩ࿳ຬȄ൸ԫՅ፤Ȃ८ᄈȶཏᜌܛጣȷ ϟᄈຬՅ৥໡፞ԄᄇࣽȃቸຝΞՎᒲրޠᇰᜌࣁ୞Ȃ߰Ԛ൸ȶᢏݳȷΚ ᇮޠߓቺཏోȄ ดࠍȂᄇຝΞՎᙐրзࣩ࿳ຬޠᇰᜌࣁ୞Ȃ࣐ϨቅѬ࢑ȮϜ፤ȯȃ пІȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯܛᇴȶᢏݳȷޠߓቺཏోںȉ٦࢑ӱ࣐Ȉ८ᄈԈۥ࿳ ԥՅୣᒲѻউ܅ԫޠ౵ӤȃᄇຝѻউࣻϤޠ࢑ߩȂΞ࢑ڏറϳ਴йڐѓ ૗Ҕளޠ΢എӶၽձޠҢڽࣁ୞ȄดࠍȂԄӤᢏࣽ༫ϜΚԩధ߇Ȃۓй ϛ፤८ᄈ၏ԩ߇Յ৥໡ᇰᜌࣁ୞ޠၾࡋȂуউөՍܛѠ૗ᄭΤޠ௒དȃ ཏע๊ঐ΢З౪ԚષԄեϛӤȂկѬ൸уউܛ௵ڦޠِ࡚ȃܛ᐀ԥޠಂ ӏȃΞՎڐӒӶܛٙ೏ޠຝ஀ٿᇴȂࠍᖄٻڐϜӉեΡ΢ܛᖞᢏޠ࢑ȶӤ ΚٲޑȷܗȶӔӤٲޑȷȂดՅу঄ܛөՍឹڨޠޤُϲৡࠔґ҇Ѡп ຝ࣐ȶࣻӤᄈຬȷ17ȄپԄᢏ፭ȶӤΚԩ߇ȷȂ࢛ҧયӶ՚ᜟܛُࣽޠ नӏ߇ՔȂᇅ࢛Λ௄ݎРٗႇܛҭ࿞ޠӪ໩߇ՔȂ၏Ρ޲ձ࣐࢏౫Ӷҧȃ ΛΡ΢Зᜌαޠȶᄈຬȷȃ׼ܗܛᒞȶߓຬȷȞrepresentationȟȂӶϲ ৡαᜳၿϛՎЎᡘяΚཱུΚ݃ޠՔᐪৰ౵ȉՅҧȃΛΡ΢ܛُࣽޠ߇ם τϊȃࣦՎѻউޠԚߞኻᄙȂηґ҇૗஋ΚΚࣲӤȄ؂ࣧ፤स൸ᢏ፭޲ ޠ࿌ਣ௒ݸٿࣽȂᚗРޠЗ௒ȃཏᄙ೪ԥϛӤȂЏڐѠ૗Ᏻयуউܛᇰ ڦޠᄈຬϲৡ֖౫я؂τৰրȄ 17 ᜱܼȶٲޑȷȞthingȟᇅȶᄈຬȷȞobjectȟΡঐᇮມȂ঒सϛ൸ڐ྆܉ཏో୉яᝓੀୣϸȂ ࠍΚૢՅ፤Ѡпຝ࣐ӤဏມȄϛႇȂҐН೼၈ܛڦޠཏဏȂΞ࢑་ӪܼױȶٲޑȷΚມຝ࣐ ԇԥᏱαߓұ࢛ᆎࡋᢏԇӶޠ྆܉ȂՅ஡ȶᄈຬȷΚມဋܼޤᜌᏱስ஀ϜȂп߰ңٿࡿᆏ࢛ ᆎ֖౫Ӷᇰᜌࣁ୞ᐤโαޠٲຬܗၿ౪ȄᙜԫϟࢉȂ೼၈ܛᇴޠȶٲޑȷȂΞᇅȶӤΚȷȃȶᡑ ౵ȷ๊ԇԥᏱ྆܉ࣻᜱᖓȇՅܛᒞȶᄈຬȷȂࠍᇅȶࣻϤлᡞȷȞinter-subjectȟϟ᜹ޠޤᜌᏱ ྆܉ࣻഀᛯȂໍՅூпЖึȶᄈຬȷ܅ԫفഥ࢑ȶࣻӤȷȃ׼ܗ࢑ȶࣻ౵ȷޠޤᜌᏱୱᚡȄ

೼ΚȶᢏݳȷޠߓቺཏోȂΞ࢑΢উȃࣦՎȶಁҢȷȞsattvaȟ८ᄈ Ԉۥ࿳ԥਣࣲѠܗӼܗЎߓ౫яٿޠϸրȃڦࣻϟᇰᜌࣁ୞ȄٯйȂ೼ᆎ ཏکޠܛᒞȶᢏݳȷȂᗚґ҇ϑစᡘяڐᄈٲޑቌঅԂᚾȃࠣ፵ାί๊ୣ ϸȂӱԫηณݳᡘ៪ѻউ࢑֐֥ԥᔗ࣐֏΢ܛᑺ९ޠཏဏ८ӪȄดՅȂ୆ ٻ૗஋ӕ൸೼ቺཏోޠᢏݳࣁ୞Ȃໍ՘౐Τࡸ௩ѻܛᐄпၽձޠϲӶ๗ ᄻȃпІ௥ூڐܛѠ૗ЖҢޠᄓড়Ȃ٦ቅ၏ᢏݳࣁ୞ޠၽձ޲Ȃ߰Ѡஆܼ ᄇூڐ੿حՅᡲܛᒞȶᢏݳȷᙾକ؂౐ΚቺޠϲోȄٲᄃαȂѬ्૗஋Ԅ ԫȂ߰Ѡᅛᅛථ៪ȮϜ፤ȯΞՎȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯܛᇴȶᢏݳȷޠ઎ҔཏࡿȄ ดࠍȂಁ΢ܛӤԥޠϸրȃڦ๊ࣻ٘пᡘұȶᢏݳȷߓቺཏోޠᇰ ᜌࣁ୞ȂژۼڏറࡪኻޠϲӶ๗ᄻںȉՅᐄԫ๗ᄻܛၽձޠᇰᜌࣁ୞Ȃ έཽЖึя঻ٳᄓ੿ںȉ঩ٿȂϸրȃڦ๊ࣻΚૢᇰᜌࣁ୞Ȃ҉௄ڐ८ ᄈзࣩ࿳ຬ໡ۗȂޣژםԚڏԥጃۢཏࡿޠ྆܉ȂΞՎםϟܼᇮّȃН Ԇ࣐ЦȂл्စᐤȈȞ1ȟᄈٲޑޠདដȂȞ2ȟᄈٲޑޠញޤȂȞ3ȟٸ ᐄޤញϲৡםԚ྆܉ȂᇅȞ4ȟ᏶ᙥ྆܉৥໡ࡧՄȂпІȞ5ȟඊ຀ࡧᆱ ܛூՅึ࣐ᇮّȃ຀оН์๊ႇโȄӶԫႇโ၈ޠؑঐ໧ࢳȂη൸࢑ᄻ Ԛᐍঐϸրȃڦࣻᇰᜌࣁ୞ޠΚΚ्ષȄڐϜȂȞ3ȟȶٸᐄޤញϲৡם Ԛ྆܉ȷ೼Κ໧ࢳȂᔗ၏ᇴ࢑؛ۢᢏݳࣁ୞࢑֐౱Ңᄓড়ޠΚτᜱᗥȄ ٦࢑ӱ࣐८ᄈзࣩ࿳ຬޠདញȃޤញϲৡȂѬ࢑ᢏݳၽձ޲ຨ፞ڐϲѵ ᇰޤᐡ૗ϟញᢏࣁ୞ܛڦூޠԚݏȇՅӶ၏໧โϜȂၽձ޲ۧґ؛ۢԄ եಣᙒȃΞՎࡪኻၽңܛூޠޤᜌԚݏȄดࠍȂ਴ᐄڐᇰޤᐡ૗ܛᇕூ ޠၦਠпᄻձڏԥጃۢཏࡿޠȶ྆܉ȷȂࠔШᄀϑစႇΚอՍញΞՎϛ Սញޠڦࣻᒶᐆᇅϸրԋ௷ȂՅйηఽྀޤၿѻউ஡ѠԄեೞڏᡞӵၽ ңӶࡿചٲ౪ȃ׼ܗྜྷ೾௒ཏϟα18Ȅ 18 _{Kalupahana෇စЖңВւစڑ Majjhima-nikayaȂпІᇅϟࣻ࿌ޠᅖណȮϜߢ֥စȯڣಒΡ} ΫΥȲᇚγൖစȳȞၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 1 ьȂॳ 604 ϜȟΚࢳНѰȂՅࡿяདញᏣۣᇅࡋᢏ

࿌ดȂᢏݳၽձϜޠڦࣻȃϸրࣁ୞ȂӶםԚڏԥጃۢཏࡿޠ྆܉ ϟࠊȂη೩စᐤሊЩϭСऌᏱܛூขޤޠ؂ፓᚖؐ᡾ܗโזȇϛႇȂस ൸၏ࣁ୞ޠ੬ᘉٿࣽȂШᄀл्ဤӶᒲᜌٲ౪܅ԫޠȶӤΚȷᇅȶৰ౵ȷ ϟαȂดࡤࠍ࢑஡٦ٳձ࣐ᇰᜌᄈຬޠٲ౪ϡп൑ΚϾࣽࡠȃΞՎڿۢ ϾᜌڦȂпՎܼഷಥᏘ༮Ԛ࣐Ρϰᄈ໡ȃࣦՎӼϰٯӗޠޤُϲৡȄϛ ༊ԄԫȂഇႇЗཏᜌϟϸրȃڦࣻձңܛםԚޠޤُϲৡȂҦܼᢏݳ޲ ޠ௒དȃཏע๊ҢڽԚષȂϛռϮΤڐܛ৥໡ޠᇰᜌࣁ୞ᐤโȂӱԫȂ ЏڐѠ૗ߵٻᢏݳ޲ُ፞՘ٲȂпय஡ՍϐޠҢڽᄳහኌึ৥ழ܂ᇅу ΢ܗԥϛӤޠၰӪȄᙜԫϟࢉȂ༊໹຀ಂܼҢڽᄳහኌึ৥ၰӪޠѠ૗ ৰ౵Ȃ߰Ѡ୉яڏԥቌঅᏱཏဏޠ࢛ٳϸցȂپԄಁܛڻޤޠդఁᢏᘉȈ ΚР࢑ϛᘟҢԬᎉଠޠशᜳз໣ȂѫΚᜟࠍ࢑ྯ඙ϑூ၍಴ޠ੢ᅆძࣩȄ ᄈܼҢڽᄳහኌึ৥ၰӪαޠ೼ᆎৰ౵Ȃߢ֥စڑϑစ݃Ҫࡿяѻ উΞ࢑ᆻஆܼᢏݳϲৡαޠϛӤ19Ȅ؂ڏᡞՅّ߰࢑ȈҦܼ࢛ҧ૗஋Ҕ ጃᜌڦٲ౪ޠ௒ᄃՅ᐀ԥȶҔُȷȞsamyag-drstiȟȂ࢛ΛࠔณݳԄԫȃ ࣦՎࣻЇӵҢକЗᜌܗ௒ཏαޠȶ᜻ঈȷȞviparitaȟȂпयഥ஡ᄃርα ϛ࢑٦ቅΚӲٲޠᄈຬᓀᇰԚ௒ݸ൸࢑Ԅ܅ܛᢏȂпՎܼםԚȶ٤ُȷ Ȟmithya-drstiȟܗȶϛҔޤُȷȂܛпၽձϛӤᢏݳࣁ୞Ξ஡ᏳयڦӪ ԥրޠҢڽᄳහኌߓ౫Ȅ Ҕ࢑ӱ࣐ᇰᜌࣁ୞Ѡ૗ܗҔܗ٤ՅםԚ܅ԫᄈЇޠޤُϲৡȂܛп ᏒᆔࣽծӤኻ࢑ӶᢏᄇȃቸຝΞՎᒲրٲޑܗၿ౪——ȶᢏݳȷȂࠔϛ ߴᜍڐᢏݳࣁ୞ޠᄃ፵ϲోȂᖃ࢑Κᡞ҂᎝ӵరณৰրȇࣻЇӵȂ൸Ϝ ᄈຬ௦ႅȂםԚȶདញᇅਠȷȞȶដȷȂphassa/sparcaȟȂӤਣЖึȶញڨȷȞvedanaȟȂดࡤߵ ԚȶདྷȷȞsabba/samjbaȟਣȂҦܼȶՍשཏᜌȷϮΤڐϜኈ៫၏ΚޤញႇโȂпՎܼᇰᜌ๗ ݏηཽ౱Ң౵ኻȇၐُ David J. Kalupahana, Buddhist Philosophy: A Historical Analysis, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1976): 20-21.

19

Шᄀ֥ԥାίϛ๊ޠࠣ፵ȂӤਣηࡿӪܛᢏ౐఼ϛΚޠቺ஀ȄτᡞՅ፤Ȃ ೼ٳᢏݳࣁ୞ܛ֖౫яٿޠৰ౵ȂԄݏ࢑пӢᙡޠᢏ܉ٿᇴȂ߰࢑ܛᒞ ȶ᜻ঈُȷၮȶԄᄃᢏȷϟ໣ޠϸրȇࠊ޲༊૗ᡘұȶᢏݳȷޠߓቺཏ ోȂՅࡤ޲Ϙ٘п֖៪ȶᢏݳȷޠ౐ቺဏចȄ

ȞΡȟખȶ᜻ঈُȷ໡ȶᄃࣻߟȷ

ȈᙾϾᢏࡧ፞ݳޠЗහޒᄙ

Ҕ࢑пࠊख़ᢏ܉࣐नෂȂӢᙡӶ౶၍ȮϜ፤ȯಒΫΥࠣᚡӫȶᢏݳȷ ޠཏԠਣȂΞԥԄίΛࢳୱ๏Ȉ ୱȈ࣐ખ᜻ঈݳӫ࣐ȶᢏݳȷȉ࣐ᢏ፞ݳᄃࣻӫ࣐ȶȦᢏȧݳȷ ηȉ๏Ȉ঎ԥΡဏȄΚ޲Ȃؒ᜻ঈϟݳϛѠூȂࢉϢȶᢏݳȷȄ Ρ޲Ȃᢏस΢ȃसݳȂ࿳ϾϛӤȂࣲ࢑ᄃࣻϟݳȂٻؒ౪ϟ৷Ȃ ӱՅਃΤȄࢉȦߨҭϟមȧНϢȈȶस፞ݳ౴ഥޫ࢑ᄃࣻ޲ȂϢ եΤढȉȷԫҔཏηȄ20 ܛᒞȶ᜻ঈϟݳȷȂ࢑ࡿ٦ٳጣܼȶϛҔޤُȷՅೞᇰ࣐ቸᄃϛѠ׾ܿ ޠٲ౪21_{ȇՅȶᄃࣻϟݳȷȂࠍࡿ٦ᆎٸᐄȶԄᄃҔޤُȷܛᢏُޠȶف} ഥ઎ᄃȷȞThorough RealityȟȄ൸ӢᙡٿࣽȂࠊ޲Ξ࢑ӱ࣐ϛ݃Πٲޑ 20 _{ၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΥȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 123 ϜʂίȄ} 21 ቸࢦཏُਫࡿяȈȶȌȌ൸ϜᢏՅّȂݳҐณ᜻ঈȂ᜻ঈ࢑ҦܼδЊޠӿُܛକȂࢉӢᙡᇰ ࣐ϜᢏખஉϛખݳȞ୥ T42, p124bȟȄȷӱԫȂ࡛ឋҐНঔ׾ȶ᜻ঈȦϟȧݳȷԫΚңᇮ࣐ ȶ᜻ঈُȷܗȶ᜻ঈȷȄቸࢦཏُਫܛᇴȂ࣌឵ᒔ፤ȄϛႇȂҐНϟܛпΚϬڐᙠȂࠍ࢑Ҧ ܼձ޲ᇰ࣐࢛ᆎם຀Ӷ֏΢ЗᜌϟϜޠȶ᜻ঈȷȂڿด࢑ȶُȷȞdrstiȟȂࠔϬดη࢑Κᆎȶݳȷ ȞdharmaȟȇӱԫȂ࿌࢛ᆎȶ᜻ঈϟȺُȻȷೞખଷϟርȂηѠᇴ࢑၏ȶ᜻ঈϟȺݳȻȷᓎՅ ੒κȄඳّϟȂԄݏᇴȶ᜻ঈϟُȷ࢑൸лᢏቺ८Ҵّޠ྆܉Ȃ٦ቅȂȶ᜻ঈϟݳȷ߰Ѡຝ ࣐௄ࡋᢏቺ८ٿᇴޠ྆܉ȂՅѻ߰࢑ཏࡿ٦ٳೞᇰᜌࣁ୞лᡞޠȶϛҔޤُȷܛᓀᇳђпױ ۢޠٲ౪ᄈຬȄᙜԫϟࢉȂѬ्ජඬή፤ۡԠΞՎդݳτဏȂٻңȶ᜻ঈȦϟȧُȷΚມڿ ด࣐࢑Ȃٻңȶ᜻ঈȦϟȧݳȷΚມηґ҇֊ߩȄ؂եݸԄӤЖНܛұȂӢᙡٻңȶ᜻ঈϟ ݳȷᇅȶᄃࣻϟݳȷΡມٿࣻᄈ፤ဏȂܛпҐНӶԫ߰ਞ᡽Յϛ׾ձȄѫ፝୥ُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯ ڣಒΥȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 124 ϜȄ

ޠȶޫܓȷȞcunyataȟȃ׼ܗϛ෇౪၍ٲޑޠԇӶܓੀ࣐ȶޫȷȞcunyaȟ ܛयȇՅࡤ޲ࠍ࢑Ҧܼᢏݳ޲૗஋ࢿُΚϹ፞ݳޠȶޫܓȷȃ׼ܗ૗஋ ජඬڐȶޫȷဏܛூȄᙜ࢑ϟࢉȂӢᙡᙾЖ㪯ҭមНՅࡿяȶ፞ݳ౴ഥ ޫȷ֊࢑ܛᒞȶᄃࣻȷȄ ҔԄӢᙡܛّȂȶϛҔޤُȷܛᏳयޠȶ᜻ঈϟݳȷѠԥᆎᆎኻࣻ22_Ȅ پԄߢ֥စڑܛࡿяޠȶณளॏளϟདྷȂณ዆ॏ዆ϟདྷȂณשԥשϟདྷȂ ϛ౒ԥ౒ϟདྷȷ23๊Κૢܛᒞȶѳ᜻ঈདྷȷȂ߰࢑᜻ঈϟݳȇՅȮτૢ ੢ᅆစȯܛᇴޠȶ዆޲ॏशȌȌளॏณளȌȌשॏณשȌȌ౒ॏϛ౒ȷ24 ๊๊Ȃη࢑᜻ঈϟݳȄ८ᄈᆎ᜹ᖆӼޠ᜻ঈϟݳȂᓹᐚഇႇڐયӶȶ፞ ݳ౴ഥޫȷُӵαܛ৥໡ޠȶϜၿȷȞmadhyama-pratipadȟဏ౪ȂΩშ ௷ል٦ٳ୒உܼ൑ӪᇰۢՅٻூȶᄃࣻϟݳȷӱ૮ᗵ᙮ޠຏӿޤُȂп ࡿяस௄ȶ፞ݳܓޫȷޠȶᄃࣻȷຝِٿࣽзࣩ࿳ޑ25Ȃࠍ֊ٻ࢑჌ȶณ ளॏளȷΞՎȶளॏณளȷ๊֖ᡘܼಁҢЗᜌαޠ᜻ঈϟݳȂҦܼѻউ ޠ਴Ґᡞ፵——ȶҐܓȷȞprakrtiȟȂ༊࢑ӱጣܛҢޠᇰޤߓ౫ȂՅܼڐ Ϝᄖۼ൷ೣϛژ΢উܛॏп࣐ȶளȷܗȶณளȷޠٲޑҐٙ——ȶՍܓȷ Ȟsvabhavaȟ26 ȂӱԫȂޣ൸ࢿُڐณӉեȶՍܓȷޠԇԥᡞ፵ՅّȂη 22 پԄȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΟȈȶୱȈϢե࣐᜻ঈȉ๏Ȉ᜻ঈȂԥ೾ȃԥրȄ೾޲ȂΚϹԥܛூ ࣲ࢑᜻ঈȄࢉȮτࠣȦૢसစȧȯϢȈȺಁҢп᜻ঈӱጣࢉȂ܂ٿϳၿȄȻրՅّ࣐Ȃԥήঈȃ ѳঈȃΫΡঈȃΥঈȄȌȌȷၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 144 ίȄ 23 _{ၐُȮቩ൧ߢ֥စȯڣಒѳΫȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 2 ьȂॳ 769 αȄ} 24 _{ၐُȮτૢ੢ᅆစȯڣಒΡȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 12 ьȂॳ 377 ϜȄ} 25 ᄈܼȶ፞ݳܓޫȷޠȶܓޫȷཏోȂӢᙡ෇စ୉ႇဏ౪Ӽኻޠវ၍ȄپԄȮτॹҝ፤ȯڣಒ ΡଅၸȈȶȌȌϭ໹មȺܓޫȻȂҼ࢑ӼཏȇկᒲΥཏηȄȌȌϭ౲݃Υཏ౵ࣻȂՅτཏณ౵Ȃ կ࢑ΚܓޫȄȷၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 45 ьȂॳ 35 αȄ 26 _{ݙҐѭਮࡿяȮϜ፤ȯޠȶՍܓȷ྆܉Ȃл्ԥΡ֥ဏȈȞ1ȟΚ࢑ཏᒞ࢛ᆎᑀҴޠԇӶܗᄃ} ӶȂȞ2ȟѫΚࠍ࢑ߓұ឵ܼٲޑޠ࢛ᆎܓ፵ܗҐ፵ȇၐُݙҐѭਮȂȲޫᤣᤜ᣼ᤞȳȂȮ䄻କ ᤠޫȯȞݎٶȈτ䅜яޏȂ2001ȟȈ347-348Ȅ

஡౴ഥፚϛαԥȶளȷܗȶณளȷ๊ݳҭޠᄃ፵Ѡூȇࣧ፤ᗚѠᐄԫᇰ ۢȂ؂џ࡛Ҵȶள࢑᜻ঈȷȃȶณளߩ᜻ঈȷϟ᜹ޠ٤ȃҔ፤ᘟ27Ȅ ௥فȶ᜻ঈϟݳȷٯߩٸᎭѻউՍϐҐٙ൸஋ூα࢑᜻ঈȂՅҦԫ ථ៪ѻউҐณ᜻ঈϟࣻȈ೼ᆎ፤ᘉȂѠпᇴ࢑೾ႇȶณՍܓࢉȞ֊ȟޫȷ ೼Κဏ౪ࡧᆱܛ௱ூޠ๗ݏȄดՅȂȶณՍܓࢉȞ֊ȟޫȷ೼Κ፤ᘟޠᢏ ܉ࠊණ——ȶณՍܓȷȞasvabhava/nihsvabhavataȟȂࠔέ࢑ஆܼࡼ፤޲૗ ஋௵ڦȶӱጣȦҢȧȷܗȶጣକȷȞpratityasamutpadaȟޠᢏࡧِ࡚ȂџϹ ΤԈۥ࿳ԥޠԇӶᄃݸȂӱԫึ౫ѻউ਴Ґϛ࢑ᎭҐٙΩ໕൸٘пԚӓ ڐ࢑࢛ҧȃ׼ܗ࢑࢛ΛȂՅ࢑҇໹ѫԥѻܛইᎭޠڐуٲޑٿձ࣐ᜱᖓ ޠ఩ӈȂӤਣѻউөՍηϸրձ࣐౫ծȶу޲ȷȞotherȟޠڐуٲޑϟ ܛп૗஋Ԅ܅ᡘ౫ޠٸᐄȃ׼ܗ఩ӈ28ȄඳّϟȂ୳ԥᢏݳ޲စҦȶጣ କȷܗȶӱጣȷຝِȂџᄇࣽȃቸࡧձ࣐དۣޣញᄈຬޠٲޑᇅ౪හࡧ ᆱᄈຬޠၿ౪——ȶΚϹݳȷȞsarva-dharmaȟȂดࡤٸܼȶُጣକُ߰ ݳȷ29ȂϘ૗ԄᄃᄖُѻউޠҐٿ८ҭȂՅϛՎܼᡲՍϐӶȶϛҔޤُȷ Ϝױѻউ᜻ঈࣽࡠՅԚ࣐ȶ᜻ঈϟݳȷ——پԄ஡ȶณளȷஉ࣐ȶளȷȃ ܗױȶளȷॏԚȶณளȷ๊๊Ȅ 27 _{پԄȮϜ፤ȯڣಒΡΫήȈȶܼณள຀ளȂ࢑ࠍӫ᜻ঈȄޫϜณԥளȂե೏ԥளঈȉȌȌस} ܼณளϜȂ຀ณளߩঈȇޫϜณณளȂեԥߩ᜻ঈȉȌȌѠ຀ȃ຀޲ȃ຀ȃІܛң຀ݳȂ࢑ ࣲஜྟࣻȂϢեՅԥ຀ȉȌȌसณԥ຀ݳȂّ٤࢑᜻ঈȂّҔϛ᜻ঈȂ፣ԥԄ࢑ٲȉȷၐُ ȮτҔᙡȯಒ 30 ьȂॳ 31 ίȄ 28 _{پԄȮτහ࡚፤ȯڣಒήΫΚȈȶȌȌसଷԥ࣐Ȃࠍณณ࣐Ȅԥ࣐ᄃࣻȂ֊࢑ณ࣐ȄԄԥ࣐} ޫȂณ࣐ҼޫȂпΡٲϛ౵ࢉȄȷȞၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 25 ьȂॳ 289 ϜȟȇܗԄȮϜ፤ȯڣ ಒΡȈȶȌȌ࢑ࢉ௄ಁጣҢݳȂณՍܓȇณՍܓࢉޫȂԄഐ଼ณᄃȄȷȞၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 30ьȂॳ 10 ίȟȄ൩ஆӶȶ௄ಁጣҢȷ——ȶӱጣȦҢȧȷܗȶጣକȷࡧདྷϟαޠȶณՍܓȷ ᢏᘉȂٯߩཏࡿӓดϛԇӶޠȶ๙ณȷȂՅ࢑֥൴௄ณՅԥȃՍԥՅณޠϲৡȇՅ೼η࢑դ ఁ೾ႇȶޫȷ೼Κᇮມܛདྷ्׶ึޠ઎Ҕ౪፹Ȅѫ፝୥ُមᅌஊȂȲϜ፤ࣻᜱܓޠ፤౪ȳȂԞ ᓄܼ஼୦ᕀлጢȂȮ౫хդఁᏱ೛ᘏё 46ȆϜᢏࡧདྷ፤໲ȯȞѯіȈτॹНϾȂ1978ȟȈ230Ȅ 29 ၐُȮϜߢ֥စȯڣಒΝȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 1 ьȂॳ 467 αȄ

ଭᄈܛᒞȶ᜻ঈϟݳȷȂϛ༊ᓹᐚӶȮϜ፤Ȇᢏ᜻ঈࠣȯ၈ၽձڐϛ ဤۢӶӉեᜟُܗᆓᘉޠȶϛΡϜၿȷ፤ࡧРԓ30ȂՅၑშױȶॏளȷ ܗȶॏณளȷ๊൑ϰٲޑϾȃڿۢᄃᡞϾڐܛᢏᄈຬȂпՎܼആԚࣻϤ ᄈҴޠ୒ৰདྷݳȂ२ུܝӲژӢᙡܛᇴȶ፞ݳҐܓޫஜȷ31_ޠӱጣُӵ32_ȇ ٯйȂӢᙡᄈܼථ໡ȶ᜻ঈϟݳȷޠҐٿ८ҭ೼ΚୱᚡȂηԄԫᇴၿȈ ϲѵȃτϊࣲّԥ࢑᜻ঈȂϛޤ᜻ঈҐܓޫஜȄϭؒڐ᜻ঈϛѠ ூȂ֊࢑ᄃࣻȂࢉϢȶખ᜻ঈࠣȷȄέȂϲѵȃτϊࣲّԥ᜻ঈ ҢȂՅమྟϟȂࠍ᜻ঈϛྟȄϭؒ᜻ঈҐՍϛҢȂϭҼϛྟȂࢉ ᜻ঈ߰ྟȈࢉӫȶખ᜻ঈȷȄȌȌसॏঈȃϛঈΡȂࠍঈᇅϛঈȂ ࣲԚ᜻ঈȄϭΠঈȃϛঈȂҐณΡࣻȂࠍঈᇅϛঈȂࣲӫϛঈȂ ࢉખ᜻ঈȄ33 ණୱ޲ܛ्௥ၛޠդᏱ፟ᚡΞ࢑ȈژۼԄեഇႇҔጃՅᎍ࿌ޠᢏࣽȃቸ ࡧРݳȂٿ௷ଷ٦ٳጣܼڦࣻȃϸր๊ᇰᜌձңՅ࣐֏΢ܛຏӿ࡛ᄻя ٿޠ᜻ঈϟݳȂп߰Ԅᄃӵ፹Τ፞ݳޠȶᄃࣻȷȉӢᙡޠӲ๏Ȃࠍ࢑ԛ ᆨΠဏ౪αڏԥஞϹᜱᖓޠڎτᢏ܉ȈȶޫܓȷᇅȶϜၿȷٿ৥໡34Ȅ ൸ϜȂӢᙡࡿяȈᄈܼЗȶԥܛூȷȞupalambhaȟޠᢏݳ޲ٿᇴȂ ϛ፤঻ᆎ᜻ঈϟݳഎೞᇰ࣐ቸᄃۢԥ٦ኻޠٲ௒ȄپԄᇰ࣐ȶณளॏளȷ ࢑᜻ঈϟݳȂ൸࢑ᢏݳ޲ᇰ࣐ጃᄃԇӶ٦ኻณݳᓎཏܢଷޠȶԥ࢑᜻ 30 _{ጿ᝻݃ӒҢᄈܼȶϛΡϜၿȷޠࡧᆱ੬ᘉȂ୉ႇࣻ࿌ڏϸݚܓޠវᇴȇၐُጿ᝻݃ȂȲȶϛΡϜၿȷ} ᏱᇴࣻᜱᏳ૟྆܉ޠၜមໍၰ——пդݳ၍໡Ңڽзࣩޠӓ८ᄃࣻӶࡧ௚ޠᏳЖ࣐ၜមጤસȳȂ ёၸܼȮᇄᢋτᏱলᏱ፤ຠȯಒ 32 ෉ȞѯіȈ୾ҴᇄᢋτᏱলᏱقȂ2006 Ԓ 10 УȟȈ124-127Ȅ 31 _{ၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΫȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 160 ίȄ} 32

፝୥ُ David J. Kalupahana, Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way -- Introduction,Sanskrit Text, English Translation and Annotation, pp. 65-67.

33 _{ၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΟȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 145 ϜȄ} 34

፝୥ُ A.M. Padhye, The Framework of Nagarjuna’s Philosophy, (DelhiȈIndian Book Centre, 1988): 144-145.

ঈȷȇ׼ܗȶณשॏשȷձ࣐᜻ঈϟݳȂӤኻηϛৡዂ࿵ڎѠӵȶԥ࢑᜻ ঈȷȄӱԫȂ൸ᄈຬԇӶϟࡋᢏܓՅّȂӉե᜻ঈϟݳӶуউޠᢏ၍ϜȂ ೄ ϛ Ԛ ࣐ ᄃ ᄃ Ӷ Ӷ Յ Ш ৡ ๜ ర ᡑ ׾ ޠ ԇ Ӷ ޑ —— ࢛ ᆎ ȶ ᄃ ԥ ȷȞ a substantial beingȟȄܗ޲ᇴȂӶϛӤᢏݳ޲ޠЗۼȂӓഎᛅԥᄈРܛࡼࣽ ݳΞ࢑ቸᄃϛৡဋᅹޠ᜻ঈϟُȇՅࣻᄈӵȂуউՍϐܛܳࡼޠཏ၍ࠍ ๙ᄈϛ࢑᜻ঈϟُȄ ดࠍȂୱᚡ࢑Ӷуউ୉яԄԫᇰۢϟࡤȂ๗ݏഥ࢑Ᏻय܅ԫܛࡼϛ ӤࣽݳȂӓഎടΤڐ੬ۢຝ஀ܛםԚޠᄈҴੀ׌ȇӱԫȂ঩ҐᄈРܛߓ ౫яٿޠ᜻ঈЗᄙȂپԄȶளॏณளȷܗȶשॏณשȷȂڿ࢑ΚᆎȶϛҔ ޤُȷȂկ࢑ȂՍϐቸຝᄈຬՅܛᇰ࣐઎ᄃϛຏޠٲ௒——ȶณளॏณளȷ ܗȶณשॏณשȷȂηಥفစϛକਣޫൠ஀ϛᘟ᎑ᡑܛࢋђܼ၏ُ၍ޠࡋ ᢏፑᔟȂпՎܼ၏ُ၍༗҇ூ्֖៪яѻՍϐҐٙϬ࣐ѫΚᆎޠ᜻ঈϟ ݳȄ࣐Ϩቅںȉ٦࢑ӱ࣐ᚗРഎ༊Ҧ࢛ᆎԥ४ຝ஀ٿᇰޤΞՎஉڦ٦ٳ Ӷᇰᜌࣁ୞Ϝܛ֖౫яٿޠᄈຬȂໍՅᇰ࣐ጃᄃԇӶᇅ၏ᄈຬಓᔗޠٲ ޑܗၿ౪ȂկࠔϛޤၿѠп׾ڦ؂ኅτޠᢏࡧຝഐ——ܛᒞȶӱጣȦҢȧȷ ܗȶጣକȷȂٿᢏᄇȃࡧᆱ࿌ࠊпᇰᜌᄈຬٙϸя౫ϟٲޑܗၿ౪ޠԇԥ ᡞ፵ІڐཏဏȂܛпѬԂΚΚϛூϛടΤ٦ᆎױᄈຬ๞ϡۢܓϾȃڿ຀ Ͼޠޤ၍ዂԓȂՅםԚᇳᇰ၏ٲ౪઎Ѡϛࡠܼȶу޲ȷ൸૗ԇӶȃ߰ڏ ཏဏޠُ၍ȂࣦՎ܅ԫᗚՍп࣐࢑ӵ஼ϗϤৣȄดࠍȂ٦ٳೞഇႇۢܓ Ͼȃڿ຀Ͼࡧᆱዂԓܛᇰ೩ޠٲޑܗၿ౪Ȃέ࢑֐ࡋᢏԇӶȃ׼ܗ઎ᄃ Ѡ߭ںȉᓹᐚߓұ፵ᅹȂՅӢᙡηӤኻණяୱᜳȂܛпуউ्߰२ུᔯ ຝ٦ঐ٘пᏳयࡧᆱُ၍םԚᄈҴᄙ༗ޠஆᙄ྆܉——ȶՍܓȷȃ׼ܗȶᄃ ᡞȷȞsubstanceȟ35Ȅ 35 _{դఁܛᇴȶՍܓȷȞsvabhavaȟᇅ՚ࢸলᏱࡧདྷϜΚૢܛᇴޠȶᄃᡞȷȞsubstanceȟȂӶ࢛ٳ} ཏဏαȂپԄᑀҴܓȃϛᡑܓȃ׼ܗஆᙄܓ๊ȂৰѠЩᔤȄѫ፝୥ُ㦸ύ໱Κȃαύࢍ҂Ȃ

ӶȮϜ፤ȯޠȲᢏԥณࠣȳϜȂᓹᐚഇႇጃۢȶጣକȷܛోޠȶܓ ޫȷ౪፹Ȃп፤ખ٦ٳஆܼȶՍܓȷᢏ܉ܛ࡛Ҵޠࣻᜱࣽݳ36ȇӤਣη ӶȲᢏ᜻ঈࠣȳ၈ȂٸᐄȶӱጣȷܛోޠȶϜၿȷࡧᆱȂٿ֐ۢȶঈُȷ ᇅȶϛঈُȷᄡด࢑ߩࣻᄈޠ઎ᄃܓ37_{Ȅٸܼࠊ޲ȂᓹᐚҴକ٘пऐખ} ൑ᘉԓᢏདྷȃڿۢϾُ၍ޠȶޫᢏȷȇՅ਴ᐄࡤ޲ȂᓹᐚࠍέᖟඵΠົ຺ ϸրϾᇰᜌȃΡϰܓࣽݳޠȶϜᢏȷȄӢᙡܜڐᒹᆲȂՅӶࠊථЖНϜߓ ұȶ᜻ঈҐܓޫஜȷȂ߰࢑ԠӶച፤ȶ᜻ঈϟݳȷ਴ҐءԥӉեȶՍܓȷ ܗձ࣐ѻՍϐҐٙޠȶᄃᡞȷ——ȶ᜻ঈϛѠூȷȂӱԫȂ୳ԥ೼ኻᢏᄇȃ ࡧᆱȂРջҔጃථ៪᜻ঈϟݳޠ઎ᄃ८ᇽȄ௦຀ȂӢᙡ؂൸୞ᄙᐤโп ᢏᄇ᜻ঈϟݳޠҢକ঩ҦȃпІቸຝդఁঔ՘޲Ωؒྟଷ᜻ঈϟݳޠձ ࣐ȂՅࡿяѻউη࢑ࣻϤٸࡠϘ૗ҴକөՍᄃဏޠٲޑȂܛпѻউӶԇ ԥαഎϛڏറӉե઎ҔᑀҴϛ׾ޠҐ፵ܗۼஆȄࢌด᜻ঈϟݳءԥӉե ȶՍܓȷܗȶᄃᡞȷՅ࣐ȶҐܓޫஜȷޠԇӶޑȂ٦ቅȂՍดη൸ፚϛ αᄃርԇӶ຀᜻ঈϟݳȃ׼ܗ᜻ঈϟُȇඳّϟȂѻউദӼѬ࢑Κٳȶຏ Ӷȷޠݎ՚Ȅᙜ࢑ϟࢉȂ೏Ӷ૗஋Ԅᄃޤُȶ᜻ঈҐܓȷ၏ޒᄙϜޠ՘ ୞лᡞȂႀηѷџу঩ӒܛΩؒଷྟޠ઎ҔᄈຬȇՅӢᙡᇰ࣐୳ԥԄԫȂ Ϙᆘ઎૗ȶખ᜻ঈȷȄ ᖃϟȂӢᙡᇰ࣐୳ԥၽձȶϜၿȷࡧᆱܛోޠȶϛΡȷȞa-dvayaȟ ᢏྲРԓ——ȶϜᢏȷȂϘ૗ᚕଷ٦ٳϛ༊࢑ױȶΚϹݳȷᓀᇳᇰ࣐ۢڏ ԥϛᡑᄃᡞܓޠ᜻ঈЗᄙȂӤਣᗚ஡ȶϛ᜻ঈȷᇅȶ᜻ঈȷຝ࣐܅ԫ๙ ᄈϸࡒޠ௒ཏ஁ࡼȂᙾՅ໡ఃΚٳ٘п፹ΤȶᄃࣻȷޠߟၿȄϛ༊ԄԫȂ Ȯޫᤦ፤౪ȯȞݎٶȈِώਫۺȂ1974ȟȈ267Ȅ

36 _{ၐُȮϜ፤ȯڣಒήȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 30 ьȂॳ 19 ίʂ20 ίȄѫ፝୥ُ Nancy McCagney, Nagarjuna}

and the Philosophy of Openness, (Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997): 61.

37

ၐُȮϜ፤ȯڣಒѳȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 30 ьȂॳ 32 αʂϜȄѫ፝୥ُ Richard H. Robinson, Early

ӶጃҴпȶϛΡϜၿȷᢏખӉե᜻ঈϟݳпࡤȂӢᙡࣦՎયӶȶᄃࣻϛ Ѡᇴȷ38ޠҴൠȂࡿяȶ᜻ঈȷȃ׼ܗȶϛ᜻ঈȷޠ፤ᘟȂڐᄃѬ࢑Зᜌ ϟϸրȃڦࣻΞՎॏஉ๊ձңܛആԚޠᇰޤࡤݏȂՅѻউဤӶفഥ઎ᄃ ޠȶᄃࣻȷҐٙࣽٿȂࠍ࢑਴Ґరณ઎ҔᐄᘉȄӱ࣐໸຀ȶᄃࣻϛѠᇴȷ ޠِ࡚ٿ२ུᔯຝȶ᜻ঈȷȃȶϛ᜻ঈȷُ๊၍ਣȂҦܼМࡼ၏೩ُ၍ޠ ȶ᜻ঈܓȷܗȶϛ᜻ঈܓȷȂ঩ٿءԥѠᐄп፤ۢѻ࢑ԇӶȃ׼ܗϛԇӶ ޠ઎ҔϲৡȂܛпԄݏϬด஁ࡼݽ຀ࡧឋ࢑֐ጃᄃԇӶ٦ኻޠ᜻ঈȃ׼ ܗ઎Ҕءԥ٦ኻޠϛ᜻ঈȈ೼ᆎԇԥᏱޠୱᚡࡧՄዂԓȂՅདྷ्џ୉я цಁ΢എ௦ڨޠ፤ᘟȂ٦ቅȂϛᆔ٦ഷࡤޠ፤ᘟ࢑ϨቅȂѻಥفηᗚ࢑ ુнȶ઎ᄃܓȷȞrealityȟޠΚᆎཏُȇܗ޲ѬԄૢसစڑܛᇴȂȶȦܼȺݳ ܓȻȧณܛԥȷȃկٸӱጣՅُȶȦ၏ȺݳȻΞȧԄ࢑ԥȷޠЗཏᜌᄻձޑ ጬΠ39Ȋ ϛႇȂᄈܼӢᙡȃӤਣη࢑ᄈܼդఁٿᇴȂᏱ΢Ԅݏདྷ्ᙾ፹ȶᄃ ࣻȷȂᖃሰঔಭ࢛ٳ٘п׾ᡑ঩ӒᢏࡧРԓȃпІ௒ཏޒᄙޠЗහѓЊȄ ӱԫȂ८ᄈ೼ΚঔᏱޠݳߟȃ׼ܗȶР߰ȷȞupayaȟ፟ᚡȂӢᙡңпః ึᏱ΢ᙾ፹ȶᄃࣻȷޠၰ৸ϟΚȂҔ࢑ഇႇ௥ΤȲᢏݳࠣȳ፤ખȶ΢ȷȃ ȶݳȷࣲԥȶשȷȞatmanȟȃܗഎڏറȶᄃᡞܓȷȞsubstantialityȟޠُ ၍Յܛථұϟȶณשȷࡧདྷޠ؂౐ဏចȂՅࡤђп݃Ҫࡿұяٿ40Ȅ 38 ᜱܼȶ፞ݳᄃࣻȷޠϛѠّᇴܓȂӶૢसစఁȃпІϜᢏ፤ڑϜഎ෇݃ҪࡿяȄ፝୥ُȮኟ ສૢसݱᛴᇚစȯڣಒΫΝȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 8 ьȂॳ 345 ίȇȮϜ፤ȯڣಒήȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 30ьȂॳ 24 αȄԫѵȂӢᙡηఽྀߓұȈȶᄃࣻϛѠᇴȂР࢑઎ᄃȄδΚϹّᇴȂࣲ࢑Р ߰ηȄȷၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΫȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 150 ίȄέȂԥᜱȶ፞ݳᄃࣻȷ ϟܛпڏԥϛѠّᇴܓޠ౪ҦȂѠп୥ُϜ؇ϰȂȮޫᤦ፤౪ȯȈ370-371 ޠ፤ख़Ȅ 39 ၐُȮኟສૢसݱᛴᇚစȯڣಒήȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 8 ьȂॳ 238 ίȇȮτࠣစဏ౶ȯڣಒѳȂ Ȯ᪁៊ᙡစȯಒ 38 ьȂॳ 102 αʂίȄ 40 ӢᙡᄈܼȮϜ፤ȯޠցមϟΚȂ਴ᐄȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΥȈȶȌȌή޲ȂՍαϑٿ݃ᄃࣻᡞȂ ԫϟΚࠣ݃ᄃࣻңȄȷȞၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 123 ίȟΞ࢑ᇰ࣐ಒΫΥࠣпࠊ࢑ȶ݃ ᄃࣻȺᡞȻȷȂՅಒΫΥࠣࠍ࣐ȶ݃ᄃࣻȺңȻȷȄܛᒞȶ݃ᄃࣻȺңȻȷȂڐϜΚঐ֥ဏȂ߰࢑ ᇴ्វ݃ңпЖᏳᏱ΢፹ΤȶᄃࣻȷޠᆎᆎР߰ܗݳߟȄӱ࣐ҔԄȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΥܛᇴȈ

ήȃᙐᐆ፞ݳȶԥשȷᇅȶณשȷޠᄃࣻ

ҔԄࠊ࿾ܛख़ȂܛᒞȶᢏݳȷȂΞ࢑्჌૗஋एഇ៴೛৲ϟሬಂКݳȂ пථ៪٦ٳߓ८ࣽٿמ܄ጃԥڐٲȃ઎ԥڐޑޠᄈຬȂ঩ٿѬ࢑ຏณᄃ ᡞޠГϾᡘ౫٦ૢȂᏱཽ௄ᢏᄇ㨮ҴӶಂࠊޠٲޑȃቸຝਜ਼౫ܼЗۼޠ ߓຬȂٿԄᄃྲُܛᢏٲຬޠ઎ҔኻᇽȂดࡤ֏΢८ᄈٲຬޠᢏᄇȃቸ ࡧȂРϘூпӶࣽծ྄ڐ඾೾ޠЗᜌࣁ୞αȂ৥౫ڐȶᡞُ઎౪ȷ41ޠੇ ാѓңȄ ดՅȂርԫϛ࿲्ୱޠ࢑Ȉ፮ᇅᢏݳࣁ୞пȶᡞُ઎౪ȷϟੇാѓ ңޠᐡښȂѻޠڏᡞϲৡέ࢑Ϩቅںȉ٦࢑Зᜌࣁ୞лᡞҐٙܛ᐀ԥޠ ӒӶ፵ષȉᗚ࢑ྜՍܼڏࡋᡞܓཏဏޠᇰᜌᄈຬܛึяޠΩ໕ȉ׼ܗഥ ࢑ѻউһϤ܂ٿܛ౱ҢޠձңںȉΞՎ਴Ґпαࣲߩȉ࿌ดȂ೼ᆎ፵ୱ ШᄀႲ೪ȶлᡞȷȃȶࡋᡞȷڎࣻᄈҴȂӱՅϑစဤΤΡϰࡧᆱዂԓϟϜȄ ӱԫȂשউᗚѠӕୱޠ࢑ȈԄԫޠࡧᆱዂԓȂέ࢑֐઎឵׃࿌ںȉᜳၿ ᄈѻШ໹ӕ୉ໍΚؐޠᔯຝ༞ȉܼ࢑ҭࠊܛ၏௥ଇޠୱᚡ२ᘉȂη൸ဤ ӶשউѠ֐׳ژ࢛ᆎ઎Ҕᆏூα࢑ȶлᡞȷޠݎ՚ںȉ୆ٻ๏਱࢑޼ۢ ޠȂՅࡤשউϘூпࣻᄈԋᛨӵ࡛ҴܛᒞȶࡋᡞȷޠጃϹཏࡿȂໍՅӬ ݳӵණяȈژۼ፮ᇅȶᢏݳȷ೼ᆎЗᜌࣁ୞пȶᡞُ઎౪ȷϟാңޠᐡ ښȂΞ࢑ϲӶܼᇰᜌлᡞȉ׼ܗྜܼձ࣐ࡋᡞޠᄈຬȉ೼ኻΚᆎ൩ஆܼ Ρϰࡧᆱዂԓϟαޠ፵ୱȄࣻЇӵȂ୆ٻ๏਱࢑֐ۢޠȂ٦ቅȂӒࠊޠ ፵ୱ߰஡ஆܼءԥᄃ፵ܛࡿޠᄈຬٿձ࣐ѻޠཏဏஆᙄȂՅᜳпᇴ࢑Κ ȶȌȌดᄃࣻȺᡞȻ֥ಁ኉ȂณԥяݳܓѵȇȺңȻጐ๢ѾȂറΚϹߟȄȷȞၐُȮτҔᙡȯ ಒ 42 ьȂॳ 124 αȟȶറΚϹߟȷޠȶᄃࣻȷϟȶңȷȂӶಒΫΥࠣϜȂл्൸࢑೾ႇᒲម ȶ΢ȷȃȶݳȷΡ޲ޠȶԥשȷܗȶณשȷୱᚡٿ৥໡ޠȄѫ፝୥ُ੏ҐᒋȂȲݳᤦ״ցޠϸ ݚᤠ๵ᙢᤦ䎫ݳ——Ӣ䅜ȺϜ䎫፤౶ȻȞݳࠣȟ᥊ϜЗᤠᤏᤞȳȂȮ҂ώᄕീςᗚ㾧ଅ܉፤໲Ȉ 㚷ఁᤣᤂᤉ᥃ݳᤦःفȯȈ319-320Ȅ 41 ፝୥ُមӠ໸ȂȮϜᢏ፤ႷᗀଅȯȞѯіȈҔᆹȂ1991ȟȈ318Ȅ

ঐ׃ᎍޠණݳȄඳѰၘᇴȂשউѬԂ२ུᚅۢୱᚡȂп෉૗஋׳ژᎍϹ ޠ၍๏Ȅ

ȞΚȟӲᔗȶᄃࣻȷ፟ᚡޠᢏࡧϟΚȈȶณשȷ፤ᇅȶԥ

שȷᇴ

ดՅӶ௥ୱ࢑֐ጃԥȶлᡞȷϟࠊȂӒூᚅۢȶлᡞȷ೼ঐᇮມژ ۼཏեܛࡿȉӶᅖᇮңپϜȂܛᒞȶлᡞȷȂؑؑᓎ຀Н૖Յߓ౫яڐ ୐२ϛΚޠཏࡿȄٲޑޠл्ϲৡܗਰЗഌϸȂѠпѪձȶлᡞȷȇپ ԄΚૢܛᇴȈȶᏱҢ࢑ᏱਯޠлᡞȄȷՅᄈܼ࢛ঐݎ՚ޠҢԚஆᙄܗԇӶ М࢙ȂηѠ஡ѻᆏ࣐ȶлᡞȷȇپԄޤᙅȞ960-1028 A.D.ȟ෇ᇴȈȶّȺ࿌ ᡞȻ޲ȂȺ࿌Ȼᒞл࿌ȂȺᡞȻ֊ݳܓȂᒞݳܓлᡞȂӫȺߝӏ݃ȻȄȷ42 ԫѵȂ࢛ᆎࣁ୞ޠܜၸ޲ȃܗ޲࢛ᆎ՘࣐ޠࢋձ޲Ȃ؂ளೞᆏ࣐ȶлᡞȷȇ پԄᇰᜌлᡞȃᄃ፻лᡞȂ๊๊ȄӶСளᇮّϜȂשউ೾ளٻңಒΚ΢ ᆏхӫມ——ȶȞՍȟשȷȂٿߓച೼ᆎཏࡿ՘࣐ࢋձ޲ȃ׼ܗࣁ୞ܜ ၸ޲ޠȶлᡞȷ྆܉Ȅ ӶѡӠ࡚НϾࣩϜȂ८ᄈҢڽ࢑֐ԥȶȞՍȟשȷȞatmanȟޠࡧདྷ ፟ᚡȂಁܛڻޤȂդఁΞȶп֐ۢ atman ࣐ϜЗޠۡఁȷ43_{೼ᆎᒻҭٙ} ϸя౫ޠѫ᜹ఁݳ44ȄࣦՎȂȶณשȷȃ׼ܗȶߩשȷȞanatmanȟϟ፤ᇴȂ Κૢᗚೞຝ࣐դఁϟܛпրяܼ࿌ਣڐуۡఁޠ२्ᜱᗥ45ȄϛႇȂդ 42 ၐُȮߝӏ݃စҝဏࢄᒹଅȯڣಒήȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 39 ьȂॳ 27 ϜȄ 43 _{፝୥ُԈഐᆡΚȃϜ؇ϰȃҞ࠳ஷѳॣጢ໲ȂȮᗀ৵ݎࢸࡧདྷಒ 5 ڣȆ㚷ఁࡧདྷ˵ȯȞݎٶȈ} ଓ㜲ݳ΢ݎٶτ䗄яޏ㜘Ȃ1967ȟȈ104Ȅ 44 ᜱܼդఁᑺକпࠊӠ࡚ۡఁলᏱঢ়ܛл஼ޠȶשȷ፤ȃпІ௥ଇមग़դߡණяȶณשȷᢏᘉ ޠஆҐ୞ᐡϟଇ፤ȂѠп୥ُ྇।НȂȲпѳഌߢ֥စ࣐лᆤ፤঩ۗդఁޠשᇅณשȳȂԞᓄ ܼȮҦ΢໣դݳഇຝጣକȃשȃณשȃޫȯȞѯіȈҡ៪ၿȂ2000ȟȈ175-178Ȅ 45 _{پԄఘఃົȞ1873-1929 A.D.ȟޠࣽݳȇၐُఘఃົȂȲᇴณשȳȂԞᓄܼ஼୦ᕀлጢȂȮ౫х} դఁᏱ೛ᘏё 53Ȇդఁ਴ҐୱᚡःفȞΚȟȯȞѯіȈτॹНϾȂ1978ȟȈ301ȄՅӠ໸ݳ৲ Ȟ1906-2005 A.D.ȟηᇴȶณשȷϟл஼ȂΞ࢑ȶդݳӶӠ࡚ࡧདྷϜޠ਴Ґ੬ᘉȷȇၐُមӠ

ఁޠȶณשȷϟ፤ȃȶߩשȷϟᇴȂفഥጃϹ֐ۢ঻ٳཏࡿޠȶлᡞȷ ྆܉ںȉଷΠСளᇮّܛңпࡿᆏᇴၘ޲Ґٙޠȶлᡞȷ྆܉ϟѵȂդ ఁ࢑֐׈ӓܣ๙ܜᇰӉեڐуཏࡿޠȶлᡞȷᢏᘉںȉ೼࿌ด࢑྄ڏ፤ فቌঅޠ஠ᚡϟΚ46_{ȇϛႇȂѻٯϛ࢑ҐНܛ्௥ଇޠୱᚡ२ᘉȄҐН} Ӷ೼၈Ѭ࢑དྷ्೾ႇӢᙡ౶၍ȲᢏݳࠣȳНဏޠࣻᜱ፤ख़Ȃٿϸݚȃវ មѻউޠဏ౪ចోȂпւ௄Ϝึ݃ӢᙡᙥҦःࡧΚϹ፞ݳژۼȶԥשȷȃ ׼ܗȶณשȷޠୱᚡȂԄեЖᏳդݳᏱ΢ᙾՅ፹ΤȶᄃࣻȷȄ

1ȃȶϛΡϜၿȷձ࣐౪၍ȶณשȷᇅȶԥשȷ፤ख़ޠࡧᆱनෂ

ࠊ࿾ᇴژȂ㥣൸ΚϹ፞ݳޠȶᄃࣻȷՅّȂӱ࣐ѻϛ࢑Κᆎഇႇ྆ ܉ࡧᆱܛ૗ђп४ۢױඬޠᄈຬܗٲޑȂηϛ࢑ΚᆎစҦᇮّНԆܛூ пณᇳ༉ख़ޠޒᄙܗ௒ძȂՅ࢑ϛѠࡧᆱȃϛѠّឋޠӱጣҢݳҐٙȂ ܛпڐϜءԥӉեٸᐄᢏݳ޲ޠϸրȃڦࣻᇰᜌձңܛ࡛Ҵକٿϟȶ᜻ ঈȷܗȶϛ᜻ঈȷ๊፤ᘟޠڿᄃࡿਗ਼ȄᙜԫϟࢉȂ୆ٻӕ൸ȶᄃࣻȷሊ ᚕȶ᜻ঈȷȃȶϛ᜻ঈȷ๊ࣻᄈُ၍ޠཏဏٿࣽȂӱ࣐ΚϹ፞ݳޠȶᄃ ࣻȷົ຺၏೩Ρᜟُ၍ϜӉեΚᆓܛ૗ϡпࡿᄃȃ४ۢޠᄈຬጓ൝Ȃܛ пȶᄃࣻȷ؂ளೞᇴ࣐ȶϛΡȷȃ࣐ȶϜၿȷȄඳّϟȂӶ྆܉ࡧᆱᄳ ᇮມၽңαȂȶᄃࣻȷ߰ӤȶϛΡȷȃȶϜၿȷΞՎȶϛΡϜၿȷࣻᇅ Ԛ࣐ࡿӪӤΚٲᄃޠ྆܉ထȄӱԫȂᓹᐚӶȮϜ፤ȆᢏӱጣࠣȯϜᇴȈ ໸ȂȮϜᢏ፤ႷᗀଅȯȈ320ȄԫѵȂϜ؇ϰȞ1912-1999 A.D.ȟᇴၿȈȶณשᇴೞᇰ࣐࢑դఁ ޠ਴ҐࡧདྷȂӤਣ࢑դఁᇅڐуলᏱࡧདྷ݃ᡘޠϸրዀቿȄȷՅԟ৭ᜣҔηᇰ࣐ȶณשȷࡧ དྷΞ࢑ȶդఁ੬ԥϟఁဏȷȂӤਣηȶ࢑ߓұ຀դఁϟ਴ҐᆡઢޠȷȄпαၐُԈഐᆡΚȃϜ ؇ϰȃҞ࠳ஷѳॣጢ໲ȂȮᗀ৵ݎࢸࡧདྷಒ 5 ڣȆ㚷ఁࡧདྷ˵ȯȈ17ȃ75-76Ȅ 46 _{СҐᏱ޲Ϝ؇ϰȃԟ৭ᜣҔȃखഐΚဏ๊΢Ȃഎϛᇰ࣐ߒ෉դఁޠȶณשȷࡧདྷȂᄖۼ֐ۢ} ӉեཏဏޠȶлᡞȷܗȶȞՍȟשȷᢏ܉ȇၐُԈഐᆡΚȃϜ؇ϰȃҞ࠳ஷѳॣጢ໲ȂȮᗀ৵ ݎࢸࡧདྷಒ 5 ڣȆ㚷ఁࡧདྷ˵ȯȈ17ȃ76ȃ105-106Ȅ

ϛҢҼϛྟȂϛளҼϛᘟȂϛΚҼϛ౵ȂϛٿҼϛяȈ૗ᇴ࢑ӱ ጣȂ๢ྟ፞ᔜ፤ȂשጌॷᙅդȂ፞ᇴϜಒΚȄ47 ೼࢑ᙥҦ௷ልܗ֐ۢ——ȶϛȷȃȶߩȷȃȶณȷ——ೞ΢উഇႇȶҢȷ ᇅȶྟȷȃȶளȷᇅȶᘟȷȌȌ๊ࣻᄈܓ྆܉ࡧᆱܛђпஉᄃᇰڦޠз ࣩშ჌ȂٿථұΚϹٲޑࣲ࢑ٸȶӱȷȞhetuȟȃࡠȶጣȷȞpratyayaȟ ܛԚ൸ޠȶӱጣҢݳȷܗȶጣକݳȷ48ȇՅȶӱጣȷܗȶጣକȷࠍέົ ຺ӉեᑟஆӶȶՍܓȷܗȶᄃᡞȷᇰۢϟαޠΡᜟُ၍ȂӱԫΞᇰ࣐୳ ԥ࡛Ҵ᜹ծޠȶϛΡȷ፤ឋȃ৥౫Ԅ೩ޠȶϜၿȷࡧᆱȂϘ࢑ଷџᆎᆎ ȶᔜ፤ȷȞprapabcaȟ49 ޠഷٺݳߟȄ൸ϜȂᄈܼ૗஋ȶ๢ྟ፞ᔜ፤ȷޠ ȶϛҢȷȃȶϛྟȷȃȶϛளȷȃȶϛᘟȷȌȌ๊ఁᇴȂӢᙡױѻউᖃ ࢃӫ࣐ȶΥϛϜၿȷ50Ȅ ӢᙡܛᇴȶΥϛϜၿȷȂϬดᗚ࢑ȶϛΡϜၿȷޠཏࡧȄӱ࣐ȶҢȷ ᇅȶྟȷȃȶளȷᇅȶᘟȷȃȶΚȷᇅȶ౵ȷȃпІȶٿȷᇅȶяʝџȷ 47 ၐُȮϜ፤ȯڣಒΚȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 30 ьȂॳ 1 ίȄ

48 _{ᜱܼȶӱȷȞdirect cause or conditionȟᇅȶጣȷȞindirect condition or causeȟΡဏϟ໣ޠϛӤȂ}

ܗԄᏱ޲ܛᇴȂᓹᐚ຀ձϜԥ࡟ఽྀޠϸրІၽңȇၐُ Jay L. Garfield, “Dependent Arising and the Emptiness of Emptiness: Why Did Nagarjuna Start with Causation?” in Empty Words:

Buddhist Philosophy and Cross-Cultural Interpretation, (New York: Oxford University Press,

2002): 27. 49 _{ܛᒞȶᔜ፤ȷȂߞ׏໰΢Ȟ1907-2005 A.D.ȟᇰ࣐ѻ࢑ࡿ٦ҦϸրȃցᘟܛആԚޠ౫ຬȇၐُ} ߞ׏໰΢ȂȲϜ䎫ল䗄ᤦ਴ҐޠҴൠȳȂԞᓄܼȮϜ䎫ᤠ୳ᜌȯȞݎٶȈۮݱਫۺȂ1978ȟȈ12Ȅ ดՅȂϜ؇ϰᇰ࣐ȶᔜ፤ȷϛ༊ཏᒞցᘟȃ׼ܗ྆܉ȂՅйࡿӪΚϹහȃ௒ȃཏࣁ୞ޠஆᙄ Ω໕ȂҼ֊Ѡпᇴ࢑םԚ྆܉ȃ୉яցᘟޠЗ᡺ձңȇၐُϜ؇ϰȂȮޫᤦ፤౪ȯȈ369-370Ȅ ԫѵȂᄈܼȶᔜ፤ȷΚມޠᇮဏᒲݚȂѫѠ୥ُ࿳ߝώȂȲᜱܼȶᔜ፤ȷȞPrapabcaȟޠᇮဏȳ ᄳȲҦȮϜ፤ȯಒΫΥതಒϥၒႷޠ၍᠟ፚ‘PRAPABCA’ϟήဏȳΡНȂԞᓄܼȮᓹᐚޠᇮ ّ྆܉ȯȞࠓ׺ȈҔᢏȂ1995ȟȈ119-146ȃ147-216Ȅ 50 _{پԄȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΚᇴȈȶȌȌпդහ૗ᇴȺΥϛϜၿȻȂྟ፞ᔜ፤Ȃ֊࢑ఁϟңηȄȷ} ȞၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 12 αȟԫϜȂࣻᄈܼȶఁϟңȷȂࠍԥȶఁϟᡞȷȄࠊ޲࢑ࡿ ፞դ૗ᇴޠ᠍ȃᄃȶΡහȷȂՅࡤ޲ࠍࡿ፞դܛᇴޠ઎ȃߺȶΡᒔȷȄࣻᜱଇ፤Ȃ፝୥ُ੏Ґ ᒋȂȲӢᙡᤦΥϛϜၿᢏ——ȺϜᢏ፤౶Ȼӱጣࠣ᥊ϜЗᤠᤏᤞȳȂёၸܼȮݎࢸНϾःفܛ ख्ȯಒ 44 ьȞݎٶȈݎٶτᏱݎࢸНϾःفܛȂ1967 Ԓ 11 УȟȈ109-138Ȅ

എ࢑ڎڎࣻᄈޠΚಣ྆܉51ȇՅѻউӓഎЇ࢏яΡϰܓࡧᆱዂԓȄܛп ֐ۢܗ௷ልȶҢȷᇅȶྟȷȃȶளȷᇅȶᘟȷȌȌ๊ӉեΚಣȂ൸࢑࣐ Πົ຺ΡϰܓࡧᆱዂԓȃпІᐄԫܛםԚޠ྄ᆓϾᢏࣽ๗ݏȂՅூ৥౫ ࣻᔗܼ፞ݳᄃࣻޠϜၿහኌȄ ᜱܼȶϛΡϜၿȷȂӢᙡӶ౶၍ȲᢏӱጣࠣȳНဏਣȂԥࢳၘᇴၿȈ ȌȌϭ݃፞դ๵ᙢȂณӫࣻϜȂ஽ӫࣻᇴȇమцӱӫࣻȂਃณӫ ࣻȄࢉϛΡՅΡȂӫ࣐ȶΡᒔȷȇమцӱϛΡΡȂਃΡϛΡȂࢉ ӫȶϛΡϜၿȷȄпޫԥ࣐зᒔȂзᒔ֊ȶҢȷȇԥޫ࣐઎ᒔȂ ઎ᒔӫ࣐ȶྟȷȄࢌᆏޫԥȂ֊ϛԥȂࢉϢȶϛҢȷȇԥޫȂ֊ ߩޫȂࢉϢȶϛྟȷȄϛҢϛྟȂ֊࢑ߩ઎ߩߺϜၿȄϛளϛᘟ ޲ȂҼூپαȄȌȌ52 ೼࢑Ӣᙡ൩ஆӶупȶΡᒔȷ࣐ȶఁȷȃ࣐ȶңȷՅпȶϛΡϜၿȷ࣐ ȶ౪ȷȃ࣐ȶᡞȷޠդᏱវម࢝ᄻα53ȂଭᄈȶΥϛȷࡧདྷᢏ܉ܛ୉я ޠϸր፤ख़ϟΚȄ ЖНϜȂӢᙡࡿяٲޑࣲ࣐ӱጣܛҢޠ౫ຬȂӱԫȂ౫ᄃα֖ᡘя ৰրࣻޒ——ܛᒞȶΡȷ——ޠөᆎٲޑȂѻউޠԇӶܓੀȃ׼ܗԇԥ ᡞ፵Ȃഷಥᗚ໹ߖᘫȶӱጣȷٿ२ུђпᔯຝȂดࡤ൸ཽ౪၍ѻউӶԇ ԥαҐٿȶϛΡȷȂՅ࣐୆আөᆎ఩ӈРϘ֖౫ৰ౵ޠȶӱጣԇӶȷ Ȟinterdependent existenceȟȄᙜ࢑ϟࢉȂשউϛᔗηϛۤరณ௱ᄮӵ൸ 51 _{СҐᏱ޲㦸ύ໱ΚȞ1925-2004 A.D.ȟ݃Ҫࡿяᓹᐚ࡛Ҵ፤ᘉޠл्ࡧᆱݢᏣϟΚȂ߰࢑ජ} ඬᄈҴ྆܉ޠࣻᄈܓȇၐُ㦸ύ໱ΚȂȲϜ፤ᤣᤂᤉ᥃ณשᤦ፤౪——ಒΫΥതᤦःفȳȂԞ ᓄܼϜ؇ϰጢȂȮՍשᤠณש——᥏ᦞᥴࡧདྷᤠ㚷ఁᤦ਴ҐୱᚡȯȞٶഎȈ҂㹶ԌਫۺȂ1981ȟȈ 485Ȅ 52 _{ၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΡȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 26 ίȄ} 53 _{፝୥ُ؄ࠎȂȲή፤ۡդᏱࡧདྷःفȳȞࠓٶȈࠓٶτᏱলᏱقȆീς፤НȂ1999ȟȂԞΤȮϜ} ୾դఁᏱ೛፤ڑ 21ȯȞା໱ȈդӏύНఁஆߝཽȂ2001ȟȈ68-70Ȅ

ױಂࠊܛᢏȃ׼ܗЗϜܛࡧޠᄈຬȂϡпڿۢϾȃঐրϾຝ࣐઎ԥמ܄ ȶࡋᡞȷૢᄃԇӶᢏݳࣁ୞ѵޠ࢛ٲȃ࢛ޑΞՎ࢛౪ȂՅцѻউӓഎԚ ࣐࢛ᆎᑀҴϛᡑޠȶᄃᡞԇԥ޲ȷȞa substantial being, “what exists as a substance”ȟȃ׼ܗȶՍܓԥȷȞsvabhava-bhava / dravya-satȟȄඳّϟȂ ҦܼзߺΚૢᖃ࢑ױᄈຬٸȶӱȷࡠȶጣȷՅҢକՅԇӶޠ౐ቺٸᐄᇅ ӓዻ௒ݸ——ጣକ፞ݳޠȶݳܓȷܗȶᄃࣻȷȂ๞ϡᅒຝȃܗ޲ᒹנȂ ӱԫ߰ᡲՍϐᓀႇ઎ҔޤُٲޑᄃርޠᐡཽȂՅࠔѬᛯ܉ܼڏᡞ౫ࠊ ޠȃ׼ܗϑစႇџޠȃΞՎۧґ౫ࠊޠߓቺٲຬαȄپԄ΢উᄈܼ౫ࠊ ܛُܗȶҢȷܗȶྟȷޠٲޑȂڿด࢑пජඬߓຬޠРԓџ८ᄈȇՅᄈ ܼΚϹ፞ݳܛ൴֥ޠȶޫȷȃȶԥȷཏో54Ȃ٦ٳϛ݃൸၈ޠդݳᏱ΢ ηϬด௵ڦ᜹ծЗᄙџ౪ཽȄѠ࢑ٲᄃαդఁഇႇȶԥȷȃȶޫȷ೼ᄈ ྆܉ܛᔤച፤ޠٲ౪Ȃ҇໹ඊ຀ӱጣࣻҢޠᢏྲِ࡚ȃ׼ܗጣକࣻᜱޠ ࡧᆱҴൠџΠ၍ȂՅࡤϘ૗ϛ୒ᚕܼդᇴȶޫȷȃȶԥȷп݃ΚϹ፞ݳ ޠ઎ҔཏԠȄӢᙡᇰ࣐Ȃ೼Κդᇴϟ઎ཏȂ߰࢑्ؒᏱ΢૗஋ᓎ໸ȶߩ 54 _{ӶӢᙡޠդᏱ೛ᇮقಜ၈Ȃȶޫȷȃȶԥȷ೼ᄈᇮມȂ܂܂ೞຝ࣐ᇅȶณȷȃȶԥȷ೼ᄈᇮມ᐀} ԥࣻӤޠ྆܉ϲోȇϛႇȂ೼ٯߩཏᒞӢᙡءԥྦጃජඬȶޫȷȞcunyaȟ࢑ࡿӱጣ፞ݳޠȶณ ՍܓȷϟဏȂՅȶณȷࠍѬ࢑ߓұٲޑܗᄈຬϛԇӶޠཏࡧȄඳّϟȂӢᙡ௄ґె౓ȶޫȷȃ ȶณȷΡມӶ྆܉ϲోαޠৰ౵Ȅӱ࣐Ӣᙡ݃Ҫޤၿȶޫȷϛ࢑ߓұӓณܛԥޠȶ๙ณȷϟ ဏȂՅѬ࢑ߓұءԥӉեᄃᡞޠȶณՍܓȷϟဏȂܛпȶޫȷΞढ़౵ܼȶณȷȄϛႇȂӢᙡ έளள࢑ױȶޫȷᇅȶԥȷΡມȂ೤ۢԚΚߓȶۢܓޠȺޫȻȷϟဏȂՅѫΚࠍߓȶۢܓޠ ȺԥȻȷϟဏȇҼ֊ԫਣܛᒞȶԥȷȂΞೞ౪၍ԚȶߩӱጣҢޠԥُȷȂՅܛᒞȶޫȷȂࠍೞ౪ ၍ԚȶߩӱጣҢޠޫُȷȄӱԫȂȶԥȷȃȶޫȷ೼ᄈᇮມȂΞԥրܼ֏΢Κૢңٿ፤ᘟٲຬԇ ӶȃϛԇӶޠȶԥȷȃȶณȷ೼ᄈᇮມȄஆܼԄԫ֥ဏޠ೤ۢȂӢᙡႀ஡٦ᆎۢܓՅߩӱጣޠ ȶޫȷဏȂԥਣη׾ңȶณȷ೼ΚᇮມٿߓұȄپԄӶڐȶΡᒔ࢑ఁȷϜܛᇴȶߺᒔȷᇅȶ઎ ᒔȷȂԥਣпȶԥȷȃȶޫȷΡມᇅϟࣻᔗȂՅԥਣࠍпȶԥȷȃȶณȷΡມᇅϟᄈ࿌ȇࣻᄈӵȂ ȶϜၿȷࠍԥਣೞߓ࣐ȶߩԥߩޫȷȂԥਣηೞᇴԚȶߩԥߩณȷȄၐُȮΡᒔဏȯڣಒΚȂ ȮτҔᙡȯಒ 45 ьȂॳ 88 αȄѫ፝୥ُ҂ϣ߹ᄹȂȮϜ㥾ૢसࡧདྷѭःف——Ӣ䅜ᤠή፤ 䗄ࣃȯȈ470-473ȄέȂԥᜱȶޫȷȞcunyaȟϛ࢑ȶຏณȷȞϛԇӶȂnihil/nonexistenceȟϟ ֥ဏޠΚঐᇴ݃Ȃ፝୥ُϜ؇ϰȂȮޫᤦ፤౪ȯȈ248Ȅ

ޫߩԥȷՅົ຺ȶޫȷȃȶԥȷᄈҴޠȶϛΡȷᢏࡧȂџᜍُΚϹ፞ݳ

ᅿ࢑ӱጣܛҢޠ઎Ҕ८ҭ——ܛᒞȶϜၿᄃࣻȷ55Ȅ

ดࠍȂٸጣȶޫȷȃȶԥȷΡဏՅூп፹ΤȶϜၿᄃࣻȷޠ౪ҦȂ ΞӶܼȶԥȷȃȶޫȷϛ࢑ϸրձ࣐ȶᄃᡞԇԥ޲ȷޠΡᆎ౵፵ԇӶޑȂ Յ࢑ӱጣҢݳӶೞᢏݳ޲ഇႇЗᜌџජඬΞՎّᇴџ༉ख़ਣȂӶڐࡧឋ ࣁ୞Ϝܛϸր࡛ᄻяٿޠΚᆎȶཏဏԇԥ޲ȷȞa meaningful being / a significant being, “what exists as a meaning”ȟ56ȃ׼ܗȶࢋ೪ԥ/୆ӫԥȷ Ȟprajbapti-bhava / prajbapti-satȟȄٯйȂѻউϛ༊Ӷձ࣐Κᆎ྆܉ܓޠ ᄈຬਣȂ࢑ࣻϤٸࡠޠޤܓ౱ޑȂӤਣस௄ԇԥᏱِ࡚ٿࣽȂ၏Ρ޲η ࢑ࡿӪ፞ݳ܅ԫӱጣࣻҢޠԇӶ઎ࣻȂΞ࢑ࢌϛ಴࿌ίᡘ౫Յࠔέϛۢ ຀ܼ౫ࠊԇԥޠΚᡞܓȄӱԫȂӢᙡߓұΚϹݳϟ࣐ȶԥȷȃϟ࣐ԇӶȂ Ҕ࢑ٸӱܼȶޫȷՅߓ౫ޠȶޫȞϟȟԥȷȇՅΚϹݳϟ࣐ȶޫȷȃϟ ࣐ϛԇӶȂη࢑୆ጣܼȶԥȷՅԝᡘޠȶԥȞϟȟޫȷȄඳّϟȂȶޫȷȃ ȶԥȷΡ޲എ࢑Ҵܼ٘ӱጣҢݳޠӓ८ᄃࣻ——ȶጣକݳܓȷȂՅ࣐֏ ΢৥໡ᢏݳࣁ୞ਣܛϸր࡛ᄻяٿޠΚᆎȶཏဏԇԥ޲ȷȂӱԫȂѻউ ܛጃϹཏᒞޠϲৡȂη҇໹्௄ࣻٸҢକȃϤࡠԚҴޠԇӶᜱᖓȂџ୉ ಓӬȶጣକݳܓȷޠ౪၍ᇅජඬȄ 55 Ӣᙡள஡ȶϜၿȷᇅȶᄃࣻȷΡ޲Ӭᇴ࣐ȶϜၿᄃࣻȷȇၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΚȂȮτҔᙡȯ ಒ 42 ьȂॳ 9 αʂϜȇȮԼ፤౶ȯڣಒΚȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 242 ίȇȮ౒ӫҝ፤ȯڣ ಒΥȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 38 ьȂॳ 906 ίȄ 56 _{ҐНܛᒞȶཏဏԇԥ޲ȷȂΞ࢑्൸םαᏱጓᛠࡿя࢛ٲޑϟೞ޼࣐ۢԇӶȞbeing /} existenceȟȃ׼ܗϛԇӶȞnon-being / non-existenceȟȂ҇໹ٸܼ΢ԇԥ޲ޠ࢛ᆎᄃԇҢڽࣁ ୞Рூ࡛ҴȇҼ֊ѻณݳ௄΢উޠᇰޤȃ௒དΞՎཏעࣁ୞ϜܫᚕяٿȂՅࠔϬด૗஋ڏറ ᑀҴйᅗӓޠԇӶܓȄӱԫȂ၏ٲޑڐᄃ࢑п᐀ԥณ४ȶཏဏȷȞmeaningȟϟРԓԇӶȂՅ ϛ࢑п੬ۢȶՍҴᡞȷȞentityȟϟРԓԇӶޠԇԥ޲ȄࣻᄈܼԫȂȶᄃᡞԇԥ޲ȷࠍ࢑ཏࡿ ࢛ٲޑϛࡠڐу఩ӈМࡼȂѻޠԇӶܓϑҦѻՍٙܛщϸ፮ᇅȂӱՅ၏ٲޑΞ࢑п੬ۢȶՍ ҴᡞȷϟРԓԇӶޠԇԥ޲Ȅѫ፝୥ُച҂ۆȂȮኌ૗ᕬݳϟૢसᇅդܓȯȞѯіȈτξȂ2005ȟȈ 49-62Ȅ

ᄈܼߴԥӱጣࣻҢȃጣକࣻᜱϟΚᡞܓޠȶޫȷȃȶԥȷΡဏȂӢ ᙡ؂ளױѻউᇴ࣐ȶӱጣޫԥȷȄپԄӢᙡᇴၿȈ ȌȌԄϥԼഌ๊உȶۢܓԥȷ֊зᒔȇቬܓԥȂࢉԚ୒٤ȄΡ޲Ȃ Рኅஉȶۢܓޫȷ֊઎ᒔȂቬӶ୒٤Ȅ࣐ખԫΡ୒ȂࢉҨȶӱጣ ޫԥȷ࣐ΡᒔȂ֊ΡᒔۗҔȄή޲Ȃ֊зܛ՘ȂҼϢԥήᆎϜၿȌȌ կՄೱήϜȂࣲϛԚȶϜȷȂቬӶ୒٤Ȅࢉϭᄈԫ୒٤Ȃ݃ΥϛȂ ҔܼΡᒔȂԚήᆎϜၿȂࢉήϜூҔȄ57 ԫϜӢᙡࡿяȈҔ࢑ጣܼ࢛ٳդఁᏱ޲ܗױȶޫȷȃܗױȶԥȷஉ࣐ۢ ࢛ᆎԥ஁ڿᡞ፵ՅᄃᄃӶӶԄԫޠݎ՚ȂܛпᓹᐚϘ्ഇႇȶΥϛȷ፤ ख़ٿථᡘդᇴȶޫȷȃȶԥȷΡဏޠ઎ཏȂΞ࢑࣐ΠߓᡘӱጣҢݳޠȶϛ ΡϜၿȷϲోȄ ดՅȂ࣐ϨቅഇႇȶΥϛȷ፤ख़ѠпථᡘȶϛΡϜၿȷںȉҔԄࠊ ࢳЖНܛᇴȂ٦࢑Ҧܼ࡛ҴӶӱጣஆᙄαޠȶޫȷȃȶԥȷΡ޲Ȃܛᒞ ȶԥȷȂڿด࢑ȶȦӱܼȧޫȦϟȧԥȷȂՅܛᒞȶޫȷȂηᗚ࢑ȶȦጣ ܼȧԥȦϟȧޫȷȄӱԫȂᗷด௄ϸրϛӤఁ౪ቺԪޠȶΡᒔȷࡧདྷٿ ࣽ58Ȃпȶޫԥ࣐зᒔȷਣȂѠпᇰ࣐౫ࠊጃԥ࢛ٲ࢛ޑ౱ȶҢȷȂՅ 57 ၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΡȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 22 ϜȄԫѵȂپԄȮϧеૢसစ౶ȯڣ ಒѳȂᇴȈȶϭّΡᒔ޲Ȃпӱጣޫԥ࣐зᒔȂӱጣԥޫ࣐઎ᒔȄՎ፤፞ݳȂҐٿϛΡȂ࣐ ӱጣࢉȂᇴّΡՇȊȷȞၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 33 ьȂॳ 339 ϜȟȄՅȮΡᒔဏȯڣಒΚȂηߓ ұȈȶȌȌԄՔґ෇ޫȃԥȄδᒞՔԥȂܼδ࢑ᄃȂӫᒔȇဒᒞՔޫȂܼဒ࢑ᄃȂӫᒔȄԫ ϟԥȃณȂࣲ࢑ᒞ௒Ȃࢉ㨭ࣲ࢑ѷȄࢌδᒞԥȂဒᒞޫȈԫϟޫȃԥȂோ໹ࣀખȄณԄԫԥȂ ณԄԫޫȂ౴ഥࣀ౒Ȃۗூ݃ӱጣޫԥȄȷȞၐُȮτҔᙡȯಒ 45 ьȂॳ 86 ίʂ87 αȟȄ δԫഎ࢑ᡘұӢᙡΞ࢑ٸᐄȶӱጣȷܗȶጣକȷُӵȂџජඬᇅᇴ၍ȶԥȷȃȶޫȷ๊ࣻᄈ྆ ܉ޠ઎ҔཏࡿȄ 58 _{پԄСҐᏱ޲ԋϣኅᔽȞ1915-ȉA.D.ȟ෇ױȶΡᒔȷࡧདྷܛ्ᡘұޠ઎౪ᢏ܉Ȃ၍មԚ࣐} ȶ઎ᒔȷ࢑ߓȶ๙ࡠޠ઎౪ȷȂߺᒔࠍ࢑ࡿȶ౫ຬޠ઎౪ȷȇၐُԋϣኅᔽȂȮϜ䎫ࡧདྷᤦः فȯȞٶഎȈݳ䅜ᓣȂ1970ȟȈ43Ȅ

пȶԥޫ࣐઎ᒔȷਣȂࠍѠࣻᄈණя੒ȶྟȷ೼Κםԓ྆܉59ȇկ࢑Ȃ ȶࢌᆏޫԥȷȂҼ֊ࢌดȶԥȷ࢑ٸܼȶޫȷܛ࡛ҴޠȶԥȷȂՅϛ࢑ ڐԇӶҐٙ൸ڏȶᄃᡞܓȷϲోޠȶԥȷȂܛп׾௄ȶӱጣȷձ࣐ΚϹ ፞ݳϟܛᒞȶفഥ઎ᄃȷޠၿ౪Ӫ࡚Ȃٿ२ུᚅۢٲޑԇӶޠ઎ϹϲోȂ ࠍȶޫȦϟȧԥȷΞᄃርα࢑ȶϛԥȷȇӱՅ࿌ดηϛѠԋҴ٦ᆎ޼ۢ ࢛ٲޑ࣐ȶԥȷϟࡤܛםԚޠȶҢȷ྆܉Ȃ࢑ࢉᆏ࣐ȶϛҢȷȄӤኻӵȂ ȶޫȷࢌ࢑ጣܼȶԥȷՅூᡘڐᄃဏȂϛ࢑ѻՍٙ൸჌٦ೞΚૢ΢ܛٲ ޑϾȃӤਣ๙ณϾܛ൑ᑀ׻ڦяٿޠܛᒞȶۢܓȦϟȧޫȷȂӱԫȂᗷ ดпȶޫȷ࣐ӫȂկڐᄃ፵ࠍ࣐ȶߩޫȷȇՅ࿌ดηءԥ٦ᆎ҇໹ԋဋ ӶٲޑϾȃ๙ณϾᄃᡞᄈຬϟαޠȶྟȷ྆܉ȂܛпᇴӫȶϛྟȷȄ ᙜԫϟࢉȂ਴ᐄȶӱጣޫԥȷ೼ᆎңпഇຝΚϹ፞ݳޠᢏࡧِ࡚Ȃ ٿ२ུቸຝ֏΢စᡜࣁ୞ስ஀၈ޠӉեᄈຬਣȂཽ߰ึញಂُЗࡧܛ૗ ដІޠҢȃྟ౫ຬȂӶҐ፵αѬ࢑Ҵ٘ӶȶϛҢϛྟȷϟȶጣକݳܓȷ ၏Κ౐ቺٸᐄϟαޠөᆎ୆ࣻܗГԥ60ȄٯйȂҦܼȶϛҢϛྟȷȌȌ ๊ȶΥϛȷഎ࢑আٿࡿӪȶߩޫߩԥȷϟȶϛΡϜၿȷޠࣻᜱᇮѰȂӱ ԫȂഇႇȶΥϛȷ፤ख़Ξ૗໡ึȶϛΡϜၿȷޠဏចȂҼ֊ܛᒞΚϹ፞ ݳ࣐ȶӱጣԥȷՅȶ౴ഥޫȷޠӓ८ᄃࣻȄ

2ȃᄈܼ፞ݳ࢑֐ԥȶשȷޠࡧસ

ٲᄃαȂഇႇ᜹ծȶΥϛȷޠȶϛΡϜၿȷ፤ख़ٿლၑථᡘȶӱጣ ԥȷՅȶ౴ഥޫȷޠ፞ݳᄃࣻȂϛ༊࢑ߢ֥ΞՎૢसစڑܛ຀२ޠΚϸ 59 ፝୥ُԺۡήȂȲϜᢏϟᢏݳᇅΥϛȳȂԞᓄܼ஼୦ᕀлጢȂȮ౫хդఁᏱ೛ᘏё 46ȆϜᢏࡧ དྷ፤໲ȯȞѯіȈτॹНϾȂ1978ȟȈ248Ȅ 60

፝୥ُ Donald W. Mitchell, “The Paradox of Buddhist Wisdom,” Philosophy East & West, Vol.27, No.1, (January 1976): 58.

ఁᇴȂӤਣη࢑Ӽ኶Ϝᢏ፤৲ޠӔӤ୉ݳϟΚȄپԄߨҭӶ၍មȲᢏݳ ࠣȳޠ⃴НϟࠊȂ߰ᇴȈ ୱТȈस፞ݳᅿ౴ഥޫȃณҢณྟȂ࢑ӫ፞ݳᄃࣻ޲ȂϢեΤȉ ๏ТȈྟשȃשܛ຀ࢉȂூΚϹݳޫȃณשኌȂӫ࣐ȶΤȷȄ61 ȶשȷ࣐ȶлᡞȷȂՅȶשܛȷࠍ࢑ȶлᡞܛ᐀ԥ޲ȷȂҼѠᇴ࣐ȶࡋᡞȷȄ ȶשȷᇅȶשܛȷࣻᇅ࣐ΡȂӱԫȂЖНܛᇴᔗ၏ྟଷ֏΢ᄈܼȶשȷȃ ȶשܛȷޠᇰڦᇅஉ຀Ȃη࢑ߓᡘȶϛΡϜၿȷཏోޠѫΚᇴݳȄ ᄈԫȂӢᙡࡿяߨҭܛᇴȶྟשȃשܛ຀ȌȌӫ࣐ȺΤȻȷȂ֊࢑ߓ ұңп፹Τȶᄃࣻȷޠ၏ᆎϛΡݳߟȂѻޠ२ᘉ൸ӶᚕଷΚϹٸᐄȶл ᡞȷȃпІȶ࢛ޑ࣐лᡞܛ᐀ԥȷޠ௒དᘈ຀ڸཏע஁ࡼȇӱ࣐ϸրᇰۢ ԥȶשȷᇅԥȶשܛȷȂϛկѬ࢑ᢏݳ޲ޠЗᜌࣁ୞࣐ᄈຬܛᇸඌՅ߰உ ۢȃڦ຀၏ߓࣻޠᇰޤ๗ݏȂՅйஉۢȶשȷȃȶשܛȷޠᄃӶܓȂ؂࢑ ᏳयҢڽࣁ୞౱яྯ඙៉๗Յ౟ЖՍٙဤΤҢԬࢻᙾޠл्ᜱᗥ62Ȅ ϛႇȂ࣐Ϩቅȶྟשȃשܛ຀ȷ൸૗፹Τȶᄃࣻȷںȉ८ᄈԫΚණ ୱՅლၑђп၍๏ਣȂᡘดՎЎ஡ཽ᎐ႅژڎᆎ௒ݸȈ Ȟ1ȟॷӒȂ୆ۢᄃርαጃԥܛᒞȶשȷ೼ΚлᡞȂ௄ՅࡋᢏηԇӶ ٦ᆎ࣐ȶשȷܛ᐀ԥޠڐуٲޑȂԄԫࠍȶྟשȃשܛ຀ȷ൸૗፹Τȶᄃ ࣻȷȂ೼ᆎࣽݳϛ൸ཏک຀зࣩ઎ᄃ௒ݸҐٿ൸࢑ȶԥשȷȃȶԥשܛȷȂ 61 _{፝୥ُȮϜ፤ȯڣήȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 30 ьȂॳ 23 ίȄ} 62 _{ၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΥȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 124 ϜʂίȄέȂԟ৭ᜣҔ෇စЖңВւ} τᙡစޠȮစ໲ȯȃȮߞՃ⃴ȯ๊စНȂ၍ᇴஉ຀ȶשȷȃȶשܛȷՅЖึ٘пᏳयҢԬࢻᙾޠ ྯ඙௒ݸȇၐُԈഐᆡΚȃϜ؇ϰȃҞ࠳ஷѳॣጢ໲ȂȮᗀ৵ݎࢸࡧདྷಒ 5 ڣȆ㚷ఁࡧདྷ˵ȯȈ 78-81ȄՅӠ໸ݳ৲ଭᄈȮϜ፤Ȇᢏݳࠣȯޠ፤НτཏȂη෇စ೼ኻᇰ࣐Ȉȶդޠ਴ҐఁڑȂ л्ޠ݃ᡞਃשޫȂܛп፤лᇴߢ֥Ӽ݃ณשȂӼᇴשޫȄկդޠҐཏȂҢԬ਴ҐȂ࢑ӿஉ ᄃԥȂ੬ր࢑ӿஉᄃԥޠՍשȂܛпӼ໡ұณשޫȄԄ૗઎ޠ၍ΠשޫȂη൸૗ໍՅᡞਃ፞ ݳณᄃޠݳޫΠȄȷၐُមӠ໸ȂȮϜ፤፤ႷᗀଅȯȈ317Ȅ

ՅѬ࢑ஆܼᢏݳ޲ຨ፞ڐঐ΢лᢏձ࣐Ȃܼ࢑߰ױڐуٲޑϛࣽԚ࣐у ܛ᐀ԥȂӤਣέᙥ຀ᚕଷ٦ᆎױࡼڐуٲޑޠདྷ܉ȂՅூпϛҢึȶл ᡞȷᄃርԇӶޠՍשཏᜌȄดࠍȂ঒सٲᄃ઎ࣻޠጃԄԫȂࠍ၍๏޲༗ ҇ᗚ्८ᖞѫѵΚঐୱᚡȄ೼ঐୱᚡ߰࢑Ȉᢏݳ޲ܛлᢏᇰڦޠ௒ݸȂ ՍԚΚঐࡧᆱϟзࣩȇดՅȂձ࣐ܛᢏᄈຬޠٲޑᄃርȂࠔέߓ౫࣐ѫ ΚԇӶϟзࣩȂ٦ቅȂঅԫϟርȂଐϛᔗ၏௥ୱѻউژۼ঻ঐϘ࢑઎Ҕ ȶᄃӶȷՅߩȶຏӶȷޠзࣩȉᜳϛԚѻউӓഎڏറف྄ཏဏޠȶ઎ᄃ ܓȷ༞ȉ Ԅݏᇰ࣐Зཏᜌлᡞܛᄻձޠࡧᆱзࣩ࢑઎ҔޠȶᄃӶȷȂ٦ቅȂ֊ ٻ࢛΢᜺ཏй૗஋ȶྟשȃשܛ຀ȷȂկѫѵࠔԥ΢ϛ᜺ཏηณΩȶྟשȃ שܛ຀ȷȂࠍ೏ӶԄԫ௒ݸίܛђп޼ۢޠܛᒞȶ઎ᄃȷȂϛ൸஡्ӱ΢ Յ౵ȉดࠍȂ٦ኻ࡛ᄻܛԚՅӫϟ࣐ȶ઎ᄃȷޠࡧᆱзࣩȂέԄեϬด Ѡпጃߴڐ઎ᄃܓںȉࣻЇӵȂԄݏᇰᜌᄈຬձ࣐ࡋᢏٲޑϘᆘூα઎ ᄃޠԇӶȂՅй၏ΚԇӶϟзࣩέᡘұڐϜጃᄃԥȶשȷȃпІԥȶשܛȷȂ ٦ቅȂӉեᢏݳ޲Ӷ८ᄈԫΚԇӶϟзࣩਣȂ୆ٻഥดױѻࣽԚءԥѠ пձ࣐ȶשܛȷޠݎ՚ȂӤਣη௄ϛԇӶܛᒞȶשȷȂࠍԄԫлᢏޠЗᜌ ആձȂଐϛЇՅᡘяѻޠຏӿܓ༞ȉ೼ᆎЗᜌޠຏӿᄻձޑȂέࡪ૗ܱ ᐁூ՟٦ٳԇԥαفഥ઎ᄃޠٲޑϛᘟӪѻܛึяޠณ௒ፑᔟȉ Ȟ2ȟᎍঅԫርȂѫѵΚᆎѠ૗ޠ௒ݸ߰࢑ȈٲᄃαءԥܛᒞȶשȷȂ ηϛ઎ҔԇӶ࣐ȶשȷܛ᐀ԥޠݎ՚Ȃ٦ቅȂᇰ࣐ȶྟשȃשܛ຀ȷ߰ ૗፹ΤȶᄃࣻȷޠᇴݳȂη൸ᡘяѻϛӤܼࠊ໡ಒΚᆎ௒ݸޠཏࡿȄڏ ᡞٿᇴ߰࢑Ȉ୆ۢࡋᢏԇӶҐٿȶณשȷȂӱՅη൸ȶณשܛȷȂࠍᢏݳ ޲ܛ૗ᐈձޠȶྟשȃשܛ຀ȷ၏ΚЗහѓЊȂҦܼѻܛ्ଭᄈޠѬ࢑ Սϐӿױ঩ߩᄃӶޠᄈຬϸրڦ຀࣐ȶԥשȷᇅȶԥשܛȷޠᇰޤޒᄙȂ ӱԫȂΚҎᎍਣ၍໡٦ᆎᄈܼȶשȷȃпІȶשܛȷޠঐ΢ӿஉȂη൸૗

ӤࡋᢏԇӶαءԥȶשȷȃηءԥȶשܛȷޠٲᄃ઎ࣻಓᔗȂՅՍดூΤ ȶᄃࣻȷȄέȂҦܼ઎ᄃޠзࣩ——ᡞُȶᄃࣻȷޠзࣩȂفഥՅ፤Ȃᔗ ၏ᇴ࣐୳ΚՅϛΡȇկ࢑Ȃ࡛ҴӶлᢏᇰᜌࣁ୞αޠࡧᆱϟзࣩȂࠔூ пӱ࣐ڐҐٙޠຏӿܓੀȂՅৡ೩ѻউߓ౫яξৰ࿳րޠኻᄙȄ ϛႇȂ୆ٻ؂౐ΤՄᄇпαޠ೪ୱᇅࡧસȂࠔέѠ૗८ᖞΚঐ؂τ ޠᅹᜳȄ೼ঐᅹᜳ൸࢑ȈࡋᢏᇴٿȂژۼȶԥשȷȂӱՅҼȶԥשܛȷȉ ᗚ࢑ȶณשȷȂܛпηȶณשܛȷںȉඳѰၘᇴȂӶ೼ڎ޲ϟϜȂفഥ঻ ঐϘ࢑΢উܗಁҢӔӤܛ೏ޠзࣩϟ઎ᄃ௒ݸںȉୱᚡޠ๏਱Ȃܗ೩Ѡ пሇܿ๞яȇկ࢑Ȃӱ࣐ϛ༊֏΢ܛңٿࡿᆏлᡞҐٙޠȶשȷ೼ঐᇮ ມȂѻޠཏࡿరϛ൑હȂՅй๏ၿȶԥשȷȃ׼ܗӲᇴȶณשȷޠࡼ፤޲Ȃ уউөՍܛᐄޠ౪ҦηѠ૗ӼᆎӼኻȂܛп֊ٻѬ࢑ᓎπࡈᆏȶณשȷȃ ׼ܗȶԥשȷȂ๙ϛ઎ޠ૗஋ሇܿ၍មᅹᜳȄঅԫϟርȂܗ೩ூӒᄈܼ դఁলᏱϜޠܛᒞȶשȷȂ৥໡Κᘉᚅۢڐ྆܉л्ཏࡿޠߒؐϏձȄ

3ȃᚅᒲȶשȷ྆܉ޠཏࡿ

ԛᆨդఁစ፤ޠলᏱңݳٿࣽڐܛᒞȶשȷޠл्ཏోਣȂᔗ࿌Ѡ п஡ѻϸԚڎ᜹ȈȞ1ȟΚ࢑ࡿ൸ȶࣁ୞ဏȷܛ࡛Ҵޠ࢛ᆎՍҦၽձȃՍ лජඬϟ૗ΩȇȞ2ȟѫΚࠍ࢑ࡿ൸ȶԇԥဏȷܛᐚକޠ࢛ᆎள㠈ᑀҴȃ ڿۢϛᡑϟԇӶȄ൸ϜȂಒΚᆎ֥ဏϟܛᒞȶשȷȂѠᖟȮτૢ੢ᅆစȯ ܛख़࣐پȈ ȌȌसّՔ࢑ש޲Ȃ࢑ҼϛดȄեпࢉȉՔᄃߩשȄՔस࢑שȂϛ ᔗՅூᗡ५םᇽȄȌȌसϛ૗ூᓎཏձ޲Ȃ࿌ޤ҇ۢณԥשηȊ63 63 ၐُȮτૢ੢ᅆစȯڣಒήΫȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 12 ьȂॳ 544 ϜȄ

೼၈࢑пȶ૗ூᓎཏձȷᡘұȶשȷޠϲోȂӱԫȂڐܛᒞȶשȷΞཏ ࡿΚᆎՍҦၽձȃՍлජඬϟ૗ΩȄඳّϟȂ೼࢑пߓᡘȶࣁ୞ဏȷ࣐ ڐϲోޠлᡞȄ Վܼߓᡘȶשȷ࢑ཏࡿΚᆎள㠈ᑀҴȃڿۢϛᡑϟԇӶޠңپȂࠍ ѠᖟяȮᚖߢ֥စȯޠпίᇴݳȈ з൶֚ᎸϥЩкȈՔߩԥשȄसՔԥש޲ȂܼՔϛᔗ੿ȃशҢȇҼ ϛூܼՔȂమцԄ࢑ȃϛцԄ࢑ȄпՔณשࢉȂܼՔԥ੿ȃԥशҢȇ ҼூܼՔమцԄ࢑ȃϛцԄ࢑Ȅڨȃདྷȃ՘ȃᜌȂҼඉԄ࢑Ȅ64 ೼၈࢑஡ȶשȷۢဏԚ࢛ᆎȶΚۢϛᡑϟޑȷ65ȂӱԫȂ࢑пȶԇԥဏȷ ࣐ڐϲోޠлᡞȄดՅȂ࿌ࠊܛُޠޑ፵౫ຬ——ȶՔȷȂࠔШᄀ࢑ณளȃ ᡑ౵ϟޑȂܛпစϜΞᇴȈԄݏȶՔԥשȷޠၘȂ٦ቅȂȶՔȷٸᐄڐѻ Սٙܛߴԥޠள㠈ܓܗϛᡑܓȂ߰ϛѠ૗౱Ңܗ੿ܗशޠ௒ݸȄѠ࢑Ȃ ౫ᄃҔѠُࣽȶՔȷӶᡑ౵ȃӶంᚾȂ௄ՅٸܼȶՔȷϟᡑ౵ȃంᚾȂ η൸૗஋ٻூϥចܛᄻԚϟҢڽᡞя౫ܗ੿ܗशޠޒᄙȄᙜԫϟࢉȂ຀ ಂܼ࿌ࠊܛစᡜޠٲຬȃпІຨ्፞ؒӬ౪၍មٲຬޠ౪හࡧᆱȂစϜ ϛூϛࡈᆏȶՔȷ๊ϥចȂϛ፤ڐঐր໷ҭȃᗚ࢑ڐᐍᡞԇӶȂӓഎϛ ෇ηϛ૗ߴԥԄ೩֥ဏޠܛᒞȶשȷȄ ᠗ಜᇴٿȂпαܛᇴȶשȷޠΡᆎཏࡿȂґ҇ϛ૗ٯԇȄپԄשউ ೾ளϛ࢑η࡟૗౪၍ΚᆎӶԇԥαڏள㠈ܓܗϛᡑܓޠԇӶᡞȂӤਣѠ п᐀ԥՍҦՍлޠ૗Ω——پԄӶӠ࡚НϾ༉ಜ၈ޠȶజȷȞBrahmanȟ 64 ၐُȮᚖߢ֥စȯڣಒΡȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 2 ьȂॳ 7 ϜȄ 65 _{፝୥ُԈഐᆡΚȃϜ؇ϰȃҞ࠳ஷѳॣጢ໲ȂȮᗀ৵ݎࢸࡧདྷಒ 5 ڣȆ㚷ఁࡧདྷ˵ȯȈ109Ȅ} ϛႇȂ೼Ґਫ၏ത࿾ޠձ޲खഐΚဏȂ୥ྲࠓ༉ВւᙡޠࣻᔗഌစڑȂᇰ࣐ᅖណȮᚖߢ֥ စȯҐࢳစНѠпᇴ࢑Κᆎȶᇳណܗᇳቹȷȇӱ࣐Вւᙡࣻᔗഌ၏စޠܛᒞȶשȷȂ࢑ࡿ࢛ ᆎȶளΚл৛ȷޠԇӶޑȂՅᅖណȮᚖߢ֥စȯ၏စܛ्ߓᡘޠȂࠔ࢑ࡿӪಒΚဏᒔޠȶณ שȷϟ፤Ȅ

༞ȉٲᄃαȂࠊථȮᚖߢ֥စȯܛණژޠȶשȷȂηϱ೩ڐೞ౪၍Ԛԥȶள ՟ȷᇅȶՍлȷΡဏ66ȄϛႇȂҦܼӶཏဏαѻউಥفԥڐր౵Ȃܛп ᗷดԆ८αٻңӤΚᇮມ——ȶשȷȃ׼ܗȶatmanȷȂկ࢑ѻউձ࣐ȶ྆ ܉ȷՅӶڐөՍܛోចޠϲৡᄃ፵αȂژۼᗚ࢑ϛ૗๊ӤຝϟȄஆܼ೼ ኻޠᇰᜌȂΚҎԥ΢ࡈᆏٲᄃαጃۢȶԥשȷȂ׼ܗЇϟᇰ࣐ᄃርα਴Ґ ȶณשȷਣȂರ᠚޲߰ॷӒ҇໹ጃᇰ၏ࡈᇴ޲ܛᇰڦޠȶשȷ྆܉Ȃف ഥڐܛཏࡿޠ࢑࢛ᆎՍлޠࣁ୞૗Ωȉᗚ࢑࢛ᆎள㠈ޠԇӶՍᡞȉ ҔԄࠊථΡ᜹စНܛұȂ֏΢೾ளᇰ࣐դఁޠȶณשȷϟ፤Ȃծо Κ྆֐ۢαٿܛ፤ޠڎᆎȶлᡞȷᢏᘉȄϛႇȂ֊ٻԄԫȂשউ࢑֐Ѡ пᇰ࣐ȶשȷޠΡᆎлᡞཏࡿȂڐϜԥΚᆎ࢑ЩѫѵΚᆎ؂࣐ஆᙄȃ׼ ܗ਴ҐޠԇӶں67ȉ пȶள㠈ᑀҴȃڿۢϛᡑϟԇӶȷ࣐ڐᄃࡿޠȶשȷ྆܉ȂΞ֊ཏ ᒞѻ޼࢛ۢᆎҘሊϛཽԥܛᡑϾȃ㠈ள୳࢑ΚޑޠԇӶᡞȄඳّϟȂ٦ ኻޠԇӶᡞೞᇰ࣐Ѡпϛڨਣޫޠ४ښȂηϛᡲӉեѵٿӱષூпѿѢ ѻȄดՅȂୱᚡӶܼȈ୆ٻ઎ԥ٦ኻޠݎ՚ȂࠍѻҐٙࢌดΚೲߴࡼء ԥᡑϾȂࡹ౪η၏ϛཽ؂ܿѻ঩Ӓܛ᐀ԥޠӉեϲৡȄርԫȂשউ൸໹ ࡧՄѻέ஡ԄեѠ૗ึҢȃ׼ܗሰ्џඬ᐀٦ٳѵӶٲޑп࣐ϐԥȂՅ цѻউԚ࣐ȶשܛȷںȉඳّϟȂ঒स٦ᆎȶள㠈ᑀҴȃڿۢϛᡑϟԇ ӶȷޠȶשȷȂѠпҢึ࢛ٳᇅՍϐ঩Ӓϲৡԥ౵ޠݎ՚Ȃܗ޲ሰ्џױ ਕڐуѵӶٲޑϘூпᡘұڐՍٙȂ٦ቅȂѻέԄե஋ூα࢑ܛᒞȶள 㠈ᑀҴȃڿۢϛᡑޠԇӶȷںȉࣻЇӵȂ୆ٻ٦ኻޠȶשȷȂϛཽηϛ૗ 66 پԄ҂ώᄕᄈܼȮᚖߢ֥စȯ၏ࢳစНޠ౪၍Ȃ߰ᇅखഐΚဏޠࣽݳϛ׈ӓΚयȄ҂ώᄕޠ ᢏᘉȂ፝୥ُԈഐᆡΚȃϜ؇ϰȃҞ࠳ஷѳॣጢ໲ȂȮᗀ৵ݎࢸࡧདྷಒ 5 ڣȆ㚷ఁࡧདྷ˵ȯȈ 58-59Ȅ 67 _{ܛпԄԫ೪ୱȂΞ࢑ӱ࣐ΡᆎȶлᡞȷཏోȂᗷดӶ྆܉αԥրȂկѻউࠔέٻңӤΚᇮມ——} ȶשȷȂܛпໍΚؐᚅఽѻউϟ໣ޠཏဏᜱᖓȂᔗ၏؂ђԥֆܼשউЩၷсಡӵϸրජඬȶשȷ ೼ΚᇮມޠѠ૗ཏࡿȂп߰ጃۢѻউӶ྆܉ϲోαޠᄃ፵ཏکȄ

ӕџ׻ڦڐуٲޑп࣐ϐԥȂࠍ٦ٳձ࣐ȶу޲ȷޠݎ՚Ȃࢌดϛೞȶשȷ ܛᐄԥȂ߰஡ՍԚΚঐᇅȶשȷณᜱȃ׼ܗՎЎુн࢛ᆎϲӶഀᛯޠԇ Ӷስ஀ȂӱՅӉե೏Ӷ၏ΚԇӶስ஀ޠ౵ȶשȷϟޑȂη൸឵ܼܛᒞȶߩ שȷΠȊՅӶΚঐȶ࢑שȷȃΚঐȶߩשȷޠϸҴ௒ݸίȂȶߩשȷ޲ࢌ ดϛཽڨښܼȶ࢑שȷ޲ޠлᡞȂ٦ቅȂ၏ᆎཏࡿޠܛᒞȶשȷȂη஡ፚ ϛα઎૗᐀ԥϨቅȶՍҦၽձȃՍлජඬϟ૗ΩȷȂՅദӼѬ࢑ΚᆎλՍ ົ๙Ӷзࣩ࿳ຬϟαޠᑀҴԇӶᡞȄࣻЇӵȂԄݏ၏ΚܛᒞȶשȷȂ઎ޠ ڏԥՍҦၽձȃՍлජඬޠ૗ΩȂ٦ቅȂѻέ༗҇ூ्ഇႇի৥ڐՍϐ ޠࣁ୞ᄳԇӶስ஀ȂՅџජඬΚٳȶߩשȷзࣩ၈ޠݎ՚Ȃٿщձڐȶש ܛȷȂดࡤРջ৥ұѻՍٙጃᄃߴԥ٦ኻޠՍлܓੀȃՍҦӪ࡚ȄดࠍȂ ݏ઎ԄԫȂѻέ஡ཽᇅڐȶשܛȷ࡛Ҵକ࢛ᆎޠϲӶഀᛯȂՅцڐՍٙ ϛ૗ӕ࢑Κᆎள㠈ᑀҴȃڿۢϛᡑޠԇӶȂՅ࢑ࣻЇӵ҇໹ԥܛ؂ܿȃ ׾୞Ȃ֐ࠍ҇ดณݳԄ౪৥ұڐՍٙ઎ޠ᐀ԥ٦ኻՍҦၽձȃՍлජඬ ϟ૗ΩȄ ୆೪௒ݸၗԄαख़Ȃ٦ቅȂ೼έ࢑֐ཏک຀၏Ρᆎཏࡿޠȶשȷܗȶл ᡞȷ྆܉Ȃ਴ҐณݳࣻৡٯԇںȉᝓੀٿᇴȂጃᄃԄԫȄѠ࢑Ȃ঒सเ࣐ ᚭ୞Ӓࠊޠ೪དྷȂ٦ቅȂڐ܅ԫϸҴޠᄙ༗Ȃܗ೩ґ҇൸࢑٦ኻఊᄡȄ ౪ҦϬԄࠊख़ȂשউѠп౪၍ȃࣦՎη૗དྷ჌ԄӤȶజȷ٦᜹᐀ԥ ՍҦՍл૗ΩޠȶлᡞȷȂՅйѻҐٙέ࢑Κᆎȶள㠈ᑀҴȷޠԇӶȄϛ ႇȂᏒᆔԄԫȂשউࠔ࢑ณݳདྷ჌ȃࣦՎη࡟ᜳ౪၍ȶڿۢϛᡑȷޠݎ ՚ȂԄե૗஋ᇴூα᐀ԥ٦ᆎՍҦၽձȃՍлජඬϟ૗ΩȂໍՅᗚѠഇ ႇѻٿᇅȶу޲ȷ࡛Ҵକ࢛ᆎԇӶαޠഀᛯȉӱ࣐፞Ԅȶၽձȷȃȶජඬȷ ೼ᆎ྆܉ȂѻޠཏోȂϛҔ࢑Ѭᔗᘫ឵ܼȶᡑ୞ȷጓᛠȂՅᇅȶڿۢϛ ᡑȷΚဏࣻᄈЇ༞ȉᜳၿѻ࢑჌ٴ٩ලӼ኉ȞAristotleȂङ 384-322 B.C.ȟ

ܛᇰ೩ޠΚᆎȶϛ୞ϟ୞޲ȷ68ȉ୆ٻϛดȂ٦ቅȂଷߩשউ२ུᔯຝ ȶᡑ୞ȷᇅȶϛᡑ୞ȷΡ޲ܛ឵ܼޠཏဏጓᛠȂՅഥ૗஋ึ౫ѻউ܅ԫ ܛ֖౫яٿޠᄈЇᄙ༗Ȃ঩ٿѬ࢑ȶΚൠᇳཽȷȂ֐ࠍѻউᄃӶณݳΚକ ᎍңܼӤΚঐȶשȷ྆܉69_Ȅ ஆܼࠊٿܛ፤Ȃ୆ٻȶՍҦၽձȃՍлජඬȷϟ֥ဏȂጃᄃѠӤȶள 㠈ᑀҴȷޠ֥ဏڂӬȂկࠔᜳᇅȶڿۢϛᡑȷޠ֥ဏӔԇȂ٦ቅȂשউ ൸ூ२ུᚅۢࠊٿܛᇴȶשȷޠڎᆎཏࡿȂՅლၑױѻউ׾࣐ȈΚࡿȶள 㠈л৛ϟ૗ΩȷȂѫΚࠍࡿȶڿۢϛᡑϟԇӶȷȄ൸ԫՅّȂཏࡿȶள㠈 л৛ϟ૗ΩȷޠܛᒞȶשȷȂҦܼ҇໹৥౫ڐ஋ூα࢑ȶл৛ȷޠϲోȂ ܛп֊ٻᇴ࢑ᑀҴȂࠔέϛ૗ᇰ࣐ѻ࢑Κᆎȶڿۢϛᡑȷޠݎ՚Ȅࣻᄈ ՅّȂཏࡿȶڿۢϛᡑϟԇӶȷޠܛᒞȶשȷȂӱ࣐ુнᡑ୞ጓᛠܛోឹ ޠᄃ፵Ȃܛпᖄцשউᇰ࣐ѻ࢑ȶள㠈ޠȷ70Ȃկέಥفณݳ൸ѻ࡛Ҵ ٦ᆎџױਕȶу޲ȷȃࣦՎ૗஋ആяȶ౵ϐȷޠȶл৛ܓȷȞsovereignty / dominativenessȟϲోȄ ೪Ԅαख़Ȃ٦ቅȂӒࠊܛණȶשȷޠΡᆎཏࡿفഥ঻ঐ؂࣐ஆҐޠ ୱᚡȂӶစႇ२ུᚅۢڐཏᒞޠ྆܉၍ᇴϟࡤȂ߰ٻூ၏ΡᆎȶשȷဏȂ 68 ܛᒞȶϛ୞ϟ୞޲ȷȂϛ༊Ӷ྆܉α࢑ณݳ౪၍ޠȂՅйӶٲᄃαη࢑ᜳпདྷ჌ޠȄӱ࣐स ٸٴ٩ලӼ኉ޠΡঅᡓᒯقಜȂȶϛ୞ȷᇅȶ୞ȷΞ࢑܅ԫҮࣾޠΚᄈ྆܉ȄՅйȂשউԄ եདྷ჌Κঐȶϛ୞ȷϟޑȂഥดᗚ૗џȶ௱୞ȷڐуٲޑՅٻѻউၽ୞ںȉଷߩ೼၈ܛᇴޠ ȶϛ୞ȷȂѻޠཏဏᇅդఁܛ्វึޠົ຺୞ȃᓘࣻᄈϟܛᒞȶϛ୞ȷࣻӤȄඳّϟȂѻூ ्ᇰۢзࣩ࿳ຬޠȶ୞ȷȂѬ࢑ΚᆎГࣻȂՅڐܛᒞȶϛ୞ȷȂࠍ࢑ңпખଷࡼ፤޲ᄈܼ၏ᆎ ГࣻޠஉۢȂп߰ᡘұȶϜၿȷϟϲోȄ 69 _{୆ٻ࢑௄դఁޠȶጣକܓޫȷ೼ΚᢏࡧҴൠٿࣽȂ௒ݸܗ೩Ҕ࢑ԄԫȄٯйȂپԄૢसစڑȃ} ΞՎȮϜ፤ȯȂଭᄈڐᆝϜ௒ᄃη෇୉ႇ࢛ٳЇࡧᇅᒲҔȄϛႇȂ೼࢑ҐНί࿾ܛ஡௥ଇޠ ୱᚡȂӱԫйኸᔥဋȂᓎࡤӕ፤Ȅ 70 _{֕ܒӒҢ෇Ӷ၍មȮܿစȯܛᒞȶϛܿȷޠཏဏਣȂᒲݚȶڿۢϛᡑȷȃȶள㠈ϛᡑȷΡঐᢏ} ܉ӶڐϲోαޠҐ፵ৰ౵Ȅуᇰ࣐ȶڿۢϛᡑȷ࢑ݗᅘޠȃԬஜޠȃஉ຀ޠȂՅȶҘ㠈ϛᡑȷ ࠔ࢑ࣁዒޠȃ഻Ңޠȃณ՟ޠȇၐُ֕ܒȂȮϜ୾লᏱѭȯȞѯіȈήҖȂ1996ȟȈ78Ȅ֕ܒ ӒҢޠ፤ᇴȂӼЎԥֆܼ᠟޲Π၍ҐНԫ೏ϟܛп्ϸᒲȶள㠈ȷᇅȶڿۢȞϛᡑȟȷΡဏ ޠཏԠȄ

ծо֖౫я܅ԫ҂՘ٯӗޠᄙ༗Ȅ೼η൸࢑ᇴȈ८ᄈȶள㠈л৛ȷȃȶڿ ۢϛᡑȷΡဏܛ೤ۢޠȶשȷ྆܉Ȃϑစءԥ्҇൷ூѻউژۼ፣࢑፣ ޠஆᙄȃ׼ܗ፣Щ፣؂࣐਴Ґޠ๏਱ȂՅ࢑Ѡпϱ೩ѻউ܅ԫϸրԚҴȄ ࿌ดȂӶСளᇮມޠٻңαȂԄݏ्஡ȶள㠈ȷ౪၍ԚȶϛᡑȷޠཏࡧȂ ٦ቅȂࡿӪȶள㠈л৛ȷޠܛᒞȶשȷȂϬѠτ౲ຝڐڏറȶϛᡑȷϟဏȄ ᙜԫϟࢉȂשউѠпࣽژΚૢܗױܛᒞȶשȷȂ၍ձ֥ԥ፞ԄȶளȷȃȶΚȷȃ ȶлȷȃȶ৛ȷ๊ཏဏޠ྆܉71ȄϛႇȂᖄٻԄԫᒋ೾ӵױȶள㠈ȷᇴ࣐ȶϛ ᡑȷȂӶԫܛ፤ޠȶשȷȂٸด๙ϛཏࡿѻ࢑ΚᆎҘሊڿۢԇӶޠлᡞȄ ดՅȂ୆ٻጃԄࠊख़Ȃդఁစ፤ᄈܼ၏Ρཏࡿޠȶשȷ྆܉Ȃᗚ࢑ Κ྆ђп״ցܗ֐؛Ȃࠍѻέ࢑ஆܼϨቅၿ౪ںȉܗ޲Ȃդఁဒ޲ژۼ ࢑ԥ঻ٳٲᄃαޠึ౫ȂดࡤϘ୉яԄ೩ޠ፤ۢںȉ

ȞΡȟӲᔗȶᄃࣻȷ፟ᚡޠᢏࡧϟΡȈȶ୆ӫᇴȷ

ࠊЖȮᚖߢ֥စȯܛᇴȂᡘұդఁ֐࢛ۢᆎȶڿۢϛᡑȷޠȶлᡞȷȂ Յл஼ҢڽᡞІڐᄻԚ्ષ——ϥចȂࣲ࣐ȶณשȷȃ׼ܗȶߩȞԥȟשȷȄ ၏Κл஼Ȃ঩࢑ஆܼϲᢏȃᓘࡧ72ȂՅึ౫Ңڽ౫ຬഎӶᡑ౵ȂڐϜరณ ڿۢй૗઎ҔՍձл৛ޠϲోȂҼ֊ѻউࣲ࣐ȶณளȷȃΞՎഎ࢑ȶशȷ73_Ȃ Յ࿌ดη؂ϛ૗ױȶу޲ȷ᐀࣐ϐԥȄӱԫȂҢڽᡞІڐᄻԚ्ષȂᇅ ཏࡿȶளΚл৛ϟ૗ΩȷܗȶڿۢϛᡑϟԇӶȷޠܛᒞȶשȷȂϛ፤Ӷڐ ਴Ґܓ፵ȃᗚ࢑ӶڐਰЗཏోαȂٯࣲ܅ԫႃЇȂ࢑п҇໹޼ۢڐ࣐ȶณ שȷȃ׼ܗȶߩȞԥȟשȷȄ 71 _{፝୥ُԈഐᆡΚȃϜ؇ϰȃҞ࠳ஷѳॣጢ໲ȂȮᗀ৵ݎࢸࡧདྷಒ 5 ڣȆ㚷ఁࡧདྷ˵ȯȈ59Ȅ} 72

፝୥ُ James Giles, “The No-Self Theory: Hume, Buddhism, and Personal Identity,” Philosophy

East & West, Vol.43, No.2, (April 1993): 197.

73 _{ၐُȮᚖߢ֥စȯڣಒΡȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 2 ьȂॳ 7 ίʂ8 αȇȮᚖߢ֥စȯڣಒήȂȮτҔ}

ᙡȯಒ 2 ьȂॳ 22 αȄѫ፝୥ُ Mark Siderits, Buddhism as Philosophy: An Introduction, (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2007): 39-40.

ߢ֥စఁޠ፤ᘟȃпІڐܛٻңޠ፤౪РԓȂϬ࣐ᓹᐚܛܜಞȄپ ԄȲᢏݳࠣȳᇴၿȈ सש࢑ϥജȂש֊࣐Ңྟȇसש౵ϥജȂࠍߩϥജࣻȄसณԥש ޲ȂեூԥשܛȉྟשȃשܛࢉȂӫூณשහȄ74 ᓹᐚϟܛпԄԫߓұȂΞ࢑ӱ࣐уޠܛᒞȶשȷȂՎЎࡿޠ࢑٦ᆎڿۢϛ ᡑޠлᡞȇϛႇȂ౫ُȶϥജȷࠔ࢑ҢྟณளϟޑȂܛпΡ޲ᄃӶณݳ ࣻৡٯԇȄ ดࠍȂ୆೪ѠпഇႇᢏᄇȃࡧᆱՅூޤڐ௒ޠϥജ࢑ȶȞԥȟשȷȂ ٦ቅȂࠊٿܛᒞȶڿۢϛᡑȷΞՎȶளΚл৛ȷޠȶשȷ྆܉Ȃᡘด҇ ໹२ུۢဏȄୱᚡ࢑२ུᚅۢڐဏޠȶשȷȂࠔέϛ࢑֏΢ܛᇰۢȃ׼ܗ ፤ኴܛӔ೩ޠӤΚ྆܉ȄࣻЇӵȂԄݏᇰ࣐֥ԥȶளΚл৛ȷΞՎȶڿ ۢϛᡑȷϟဏޠȶשȷጃᄃԇӶȂկ٦έ࢑ᚕ໡ϥജޠѫΚᆎົ๙ԇӶ ᡞȂࠍשউ८ᄈл஼ጃԥढ़౵ܼϥജޠȶשȷ፤ਣȂଷΠѠၦ᏶ᙥޠȶϥ ജȷΞՎȶϳ਴ȷ೼ᆎᇰᜌ၇റϟѵȂᜳၿᗚԥڐуٸᐄџ޼ۢ٦ኻޠ ȶשȷጃᄃԇӶ༞ȉܗ޲ࣻЇӵᇰ࣐ѻ࢑φຏ੪ԥȉඳّϟȂ౵ܼϥജ ՅԇӶޠȶשȷȂѻޠԇԥ઎ᄃܓȂέژۼ्ࡪኻђпᜍᡜںȉ঒स਴Ґ రณРݳѠ՘——࿌ดȂȶઢޠఃұȷଷѵ——٦ቅȂשউέ࣐եΚۢூ ्ᒶᐆȶࣻ߭ȷѻ࢑ԇӶޠȂՅϛᒶᐆȶࣻ߭ȷ਴Ґ൸ءԥ٦ኻޠݎ՚ȉ ᎍঅԫርȂٸᐄ૗஋ኊᄃޠ࿌ࠊစᡜȂη೩Ϙ࢑ࣻᄈᛨ࿌ޠᇰޤᄙ࡚Ȋ 74 _{ၐُȮϜ፤ȯڣಒήȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 30 ьȂॳ 23 ίȄԫѵȂԄӤ֕Ԯ໚ӒҢܛࡿяȂᅖណ} ೼ڎঐ⃴ႷޠҒࡤѰȂҼ֊ȶӫூณשහȷȂᇅ౫ԇజҐޠНဏৰրၷτȂܛпڐϜሴԥঅ ூݨཏϟ೏ȇၐُ֕Ԯ໚ȂȮᓹᐚϜ፤ޠলᏱ၍᠟ȯȞѯіȈᇄᢋ୧ଡ଼Ȃ1999ȟȈ318-320Ȅѫ ፝୥ُ㿻ࢼखήȃ䩧שഌҔ۸ጢ佾ȂȮȶᓹᐚޫ䎫ȆϜ䎫ᤦःفȷрڣȆజᅖڸ㟂ྲϜ፤ҐႷ ঩ڑȯȞݎٶȈή㠿Ȃ1988ȟȈ122-123Ȅ

ЖНϜ፤ᜍȶϥജȷܛԚϟҢڽᡞءԥȶשȷȂӱՅηءԥȶשܛȷȂڐ ᆝϜ౪ҦȂᜳၿϛ࢑ഌϸෛஆܼ೼ኻޠޤᜌᏱҴൠ༞ȉ

1ȃȶณשȷȃȶԥשȷΞՎȶߩשߩณשȷ๊፤Ѭ࢑ࡿӪ

ȶᄃࣻȷޠݳߟ

ᄈܼࠊථȲᢏݳࠣȳޠ⃴ႷȂӢᙡ၍មѻޠཏԠਣȂ೼ኻᇴၿȈ ࠊΚ⃴݃ȶ΢ณשȷఁȂԪљ⃴݃ȶݳณשȷఁȇҼ࢑ȶҢȷȃȶݳȷ ΡޫηȄߒ⃴έΡȈαљખ֊ജשȂίљખᚕജשȄȌȌ75 ೼၈ࡿяȶ΢ȷȞܗȶಁҢȷȟȃȶݳȷΡ᜹ԇԥ޲ೄϛȶณשȷȂໍՅߓ ұᓹᐚࡈᇴȶณשȷȂΞ࢑ཏӶᡘึ΢ȃݳࣲ࢑ȶҐܓޫஜȷޠΚϹݳ ޫࡧདྷȄ ϛႇȂୱᚡᗚԄࠊख़Ȃस௄ޤᜌᏱِ࡚ٿࣽȂѬ࢑᏶ᙥȶϥចȷ೼ ᜹ٙЗ၇റȃпІȶϳ਴ȷ೼ٳᇰᜌձңޠᢏݳ޲Ȃуܛ޼ۢޠȶΚϹ ݳޫȷࡧདྷȂᜳၿ઎࢑ΚঐณѠᛅᅹޠᇰޤܛூ༞ȉ ҔԄࠊ࿾ܛ፤Ȃ८ᄈзࣩ࿳ຬޠΚϹҢڽᡞȂ঩Ґ൸࢑ٸᐄуউܛ ૗᏶ᙥޠᇰޤᐡ૗ȂՅࡤ৥໡፞Ԅϸրȃڦࣻޠᇰᜌࣁ୞ȂϘூп൸ڐ ޤُܛІޠᄈຬџ፤ᘟ࢛ٲ࢛౪ጃᄃԄԫȂ׼ܗٯߩ઎࢑٦ኻȄϛႇȂ ௄םαᏱِ࡚ٿᇴȂࡋᢏ࢑֐઎ԥ჌уՍϐܛᇰۢޠ٦ૢȶٲᄃȷ Ȟmetaphysical factȟںȉШᄀԫϜτԥѠᅹȄӤኻӵȂࠌ൸ȶϥចȷՅ ّȂ֊ٻϥចҢྟՅȶ࢑ณளȷΞՎȶ࢑शȷȂΞጃᄃѠп౫ࠊޣᢏҭ࿞ ᇅࡧસூޤȂկ࢑Ȃשউ૗֐ᐄԫᇰۢ೼ΚܛᒞȶٲᄃȷȞepistemological factȟȂ൸࢑઎ᄃՅϛຏӿޠҢڽϟ௒ںȉឌԄԥ΢ᒒಂࣽژ੖ҀှዃȂ ᜳၿϛη࢑᏶຀уޠᇰޤᐡ૗Յூп઎Ϲᢏُ٦ٳ਷਷ԄҢޠ࠳ዃෂຬ 75 ၐُȮϜᢏ፤౶ȯڣಒΥȂȮτҔᙡȯಒ 42 ьȂॳ 125 αȄ