台灣產長腳蛛科蜘蛛(蛛形綱：蜘蛛目)之分類研究(銀腹蛛屬除外)

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(1)國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文. 台灣產長腳蛛科蜘蛛(蛛形綱：蜘蛛目) 之分類研究(銀腹蛛屬除外) A Taxonomic study on the Family Tetragnathidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of Taiwan (Except for Genus Leucauge). 研究生：蔡旻昇 Ming-Sheng Tsai. 指導教授 : 陳世煌博士 Shyh-Hwang Chen. 中華民國一百零二年五月.

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(3) 誌謝從對蜘蛛世界完全不了解到完成這本碩論，我想藉此文表達我對許多人的感謝。首先，感謝我的指導教授-陳世煌博士，謝謝老師引領我熟悉蜘蛛及生態的奇妙世界，並在研究期間給予我許多很棒的建議與指導，以及論文完稿前一次又一次費心地修改; 同時也感謝兩位口委陳順其老師及徐堉峰老師百忙之中細心審閱論文初稿，並提供許多寶貴的意見，使本論文更趨於周延。再來我想感謝我的父母，一路走來都給予我全力的支持與鼓勵，讓我無後顧之憂做我有興趣的研究，謝謝爸媽，我完成了! 謝謝實驗室的學長姐: 典諺、珞璿、嘉容、明哲及宸瑜，在論文研究的期間與我討論及採集並給予許多不錯的建議; 謝謝文俊學長的指導，雖然人不在台北也時時給予關心及鼓勵; 謝謝俊志幫了很多忙，在撰寫過程中有個伴一起努力讓我更有動力支撐下去; 謝謝 BASS 帶我進入攝影的世界，也給我許多這方面的資訊; 謝謝系壘的大家讓我研究疲憊時還有個發洩的場所，期望以後還能跟大家一起在球場上揮灑汗水; 謝謝許多志同道合的大哥大姊: 大尾哥、竹子姊及 Suede 哥讓我在野外認識了更多美妙的事物; 謝謝小頭三年來的陪伴，雖然沒能繼續走下去，但我擁有許多美好的回憶，希望妳能完成妳的夢想; 感謝好友.

(4) 咚咚，有你這最無話不談的朋友，碩班生活多了許多樂趣; 謝謝三重高中的同事及學生們，讓我找到人生的方向，我會繼續努力朝夢想邁進; 謝謝 BuBu 和 ChaCha，雖然妳們只會吃、睡和搗蛋，但是有你們的陪伴，讓我覺得很幸福; 最後謝謝小孟在碩班最後半年走進我的世界，有妳的陪伴及鼓勵，讓我擁有更多勇氣面對自己的未來，謝謝妳! 謹將本論文獻給以上我所感謝的師長、親友與家人。.

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(6) 目錄目錄 ............................................................................................................i 圖目次.........................................................................................................v 附錄目次.....................................................................................................x 中文摘要................................................................................................... xi Abstract ................................................................................................... xiii 壹、緒論.....................................................................................................1 貳、材料與方法 ........................................................................................9 一、研究材料......................................................................................9 二、形態鑑定研究方法....................................................................14 參、結果...................................................................................................16 Family Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866 長腳蛛科 .........................18 Subfamily Metinae Simon, 1984 后蛛亞科 .............................20 Genus Diphya Nicolet, 1849 雙勝蛛屬..................................22 Diphya taiwanica Tanikawa, 1995 臺灣雙勝蛛 ...............23 Genus Dolichognatha O. P.-Cambridge, 1869 長螯蛛屬 .......27 Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991 喜蔭長螯蛛 28 Genus Menosira Chikuni, 1955 麥蛛屬 ................................33 Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955 美麗麥蛛........................34 i.

(7) Genus Meta C. L. Koch, 1836 后蛛屬 ..................................38 Meta alishanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 阿里山后蛛 ......40 Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 檜林后蛛 ...........42 Meta laisheshanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 來社山后蛛 .45 Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa, 1994 黑背后蛛 ...................47 Meta taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 台灣后蛛 ..............50 Meta wuluensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 霧鹿后蛛 ..............54 Subfamily Tetragnathinae Menge, 1866 長腳蛛亞科 ...............57 Genus Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804 長腳蛛屬 .......................58 Tetragnatha caudicula (Karsch, 1879) 尖尾長腳蛛 .........63 Tetragnatha ceylonica Cambridge, 1869 錫蘭長腳蛛 ......68 Tetragnatha chauliodus (Thorell, 1890) 細長腳蛛 ...........75 Tetragnatha esakii Okuma, 1988 江崎長腳蛛 ..................80 Tetragnatha hiroshii Okuma, 1988 長沼氏長腳蛛 ...........84 Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890) 爪哇長腳蛛..............88 Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma, 1959 方網長腳蛛 ..............93 Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841 大長腳蛛 .....97 Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, 1895 日本長腳蛛..........103 Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826) 華麗長腳蛛 ........... 110 ii.

(8) Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878 前齒長腳蛛 ....... 116 Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879 綠鱗長腳蛛 ...........122 Subfamily Leucauginae White, 1841 銀腹蛛亞科..................127 Genus Mesida Kulczyn'ski, 1911 天星蛛屬........................130 Mesida gemmea (Hasselt, 1882) 裝飾天星蛛 .................132 Mesida taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 台灣天星蛛.....136 Mesida yini Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003 印氏天星蛛. ......139 Genus Metleucauge Levi, 1980 長蹠蛛屬 ..........................144 Metleucauge chikunii Tanikawa,1992 褐腹長蹠蛛 ........146 Metleucauge davidi (Schenkel, 1963) 高山長蹠蛛 ........151 Metleucauge kompirensis (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906) 金比羅長蹠蛛 ....................................................................155 Genus Okileucauge Tanikawa, 2001 沖繩蛛屬...................159 Okileucauge sasakii Tanikawa, 2001 佐佐木沖繩蛛......160 Genus Opadometa Archer, 1951 隨蛛屬 .............................164 Opadometa grata (Guérin, 1838) 喜隨蛛 .......................165 Genus Tylorida Simon, 1894 高腹蛛屬 ..............................168 Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) 條紋高腹蛛 ..................170 Tylorida tianlin Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003 田林高腹蛛..175 iii.

(9) Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877) 橫帶高腹蛛 ..............180 肆、參考文獻.........................................................................................185 伍、結論.................................................................................................205. iv.

(10) 圖目次 Figure 1. External features of family Tetragnathidae. ............................207 Figure 2. Copulatory organs of family Tetragnathidae. ..........................208 Figure 3. Different types of female vulva of genus Tetragnatha.. .........209 Figure 4. Male cheliceral teeth of Tetragnatha.......................................210 Figure 5. Male palpal organ. ................................................................... 211 Figure 6. Diphya taiwanica Tanikawa, 1995 ..........................................212 Figure 7. Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991, Female .............213 Figure 8. Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991, Male ................214 Figure 9. Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955, Female ................................215 Figure 10. Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955, Male ..................................216 Figure 11. Meta alishanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Male ....................217 Figure 12. Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female..................218 Figure 13. Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Male .....................219 Figure 14. Meta laisheshanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female ...........220 Figure 15. Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa,1994, Male .............................221 Figure 16. Meta taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female .....................222 Figure 17. Meta taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Male ........................223 Figure 18 Meta wuluensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female. .....................224 Figure 19. Tetragnatha caudicula (Karsch, 1879), Female ....................225 Figure 20. Tetragnatha caudicula (Karsch, 1879), Male .......................226 Figure 21. Tetragnatha ceylonica Cambridge, 1869, Female ................227 Figure 22. Tetragnatha ceylonica Cambridge, 1869, Male ....................228 Figure 23. Tetragnatha chauliodus (Thorell, 1890), Female .................229 Figure 24. Tetragnatha chauliodus (Thorell, 1890), Male .....................230 v.

(11) Figure 25. Tetragnatha esakii Okuma, 1988, Female ............................231 Figure 26. Tetragnatha esakii Okuma, 1988, Male ................................232 Figure 27. Tetragnatha hiroshii Okuma, 1988, Female .........................233 Figure 28. Tetragnatha hiroshii Okuma, 1988, Male .............................234 Figure 29. Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890), Female ........................235 Figure 30. Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890), Male ............................236 Figure 31. Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma, 1959, Female .........................237 Figure 32. Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma, 1959, Male .............................238 Figure 33. Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, Female ...........239 Figure 34. Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, Male ..............240 Figure 35. Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, 1895, Female ......................241 Figure 36. Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, 1895, Male ..........................242 Figure 37. Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), Female .......................243 Figure 38. Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), Male ...........................244 Figure 39. Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878, Female ....................245 Figure 40. Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878, Male .......................246 Figure 41. Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879, Female.......................247 Figure 42. Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879, Male ..........................248 Figure 43. Mesida gemmea (Hasselt, 1882). Female .............................249 Figure 44. Mesida gemmea (Hasselt, 1882). Male .................................250 Figure 45. Mesida taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female .................251 Figure 46. Mesida yini Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003. Female ...................252 Figure 47. Mesida yini Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003. Male .......................253 Figure 48. Metleucauge chikunii Tanikawa,1992, Female .....................254 Figure 49. Metleucauge chikunii Tanikawa,1992, Male ........................255 vi.

(12) Figure 50. Metleucauge davidi (Schenkel, 1963), Female .....................256 Figure 51. Metleucauge davidi (Schenkel, 1963), Male.........................257 Figure 52. Metleucauge kompirensis (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906), Female .......................................................................................................258 Figure 53. Metleucauge kompirensis (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906), Male .......................................................................................................259 Figure 54. Okileucauge sasakii Tanikawa, 2001 ....................................260 Figure 55. Opadometa grata (Guérin, 1838), Female ............................261 Figure 56. Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877), Female...............................262 Figure 57. Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877), Male ..................................263 Figure 58. Tylorida tianlin Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003, Female .............264 Figure 59. Tylorida tianlin Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003, Male .................265 Figure 60. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877), Female ...........................266 Figure 61. Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877), Male...............................267 Figure 62. Collecting locations of Diphya taiwanica Tanikawa, 1995 in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................268 Figure 63. Collecting locations of Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991 in Taiwan. .............................................................................269 Figure 64. Collecting locations of Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955 in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................270 Figure 65. Collecting locations of Meta spp. in Taiwan. ........................271 Figure 66. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha caudicula (Karsch, 1879) in Taiwan. ......................................................................................272 Figure 67. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha ceylonica Cambridge, 1869 in Taiwan. .............................................................................273 vii.

(13) Figure 68. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha chauliodus (Thorell, 1890) in Taiwan. ......................................................................................274 Figure 69. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha esakii Okuma, 1988 in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................275 Figure 70. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha hiroshii Okuma, 1988 in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................276 Figure 71. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890) in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................277 Figure 72. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma, 1959 in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................278 Figure 73. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841 in Taiwan. .............................................................................279 Figure 74. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, 1895 in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................280 Figure 75. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826) in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................281 Figure 76. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878 in Taiwan. ......................................................................................282 Figure 77. Collecting locations of Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879 in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................283 Figure 78. Collecting locations of Mesida spp. in Taiwan. ....................284 Figure 79. Collecting locations of Metleucauge spp. in Taiwan. ...........285 Figure 80. Collecting locations of Okileucauge sasakii Tanikawa, 2001 in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................286 Figure 81. Collecting location of Opadometa grata (Guérin, 1838) in viii.

(14) Taiwan. ..........................................................................................287 Figure 82. Collecting locations of Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................288 Figure 83. Collecting locations of Tylorida tianlin Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003 in Taiwan. .............................................................................289 Figure 84. Collecting locations of Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877) in Taiwan. ..........................................................................................290. ix.

(15) 附錄目次 Appendix 1. Collecting locations in Chinese and English .....................291 Appendix 2. A revised checklist of family Tetragnathidae from Taiwan (except for genus Leucauge) .........................................................297 Appendix 3. Color plates of some tetragnathid spiders from Taiwan ....300. x.

(16) 中文摘要長腳蛛科(Tetragnathidae)為蛛形綱蜘蛛目的第十大科。在台灣常見於灌叢、林地及田間等潮溼的地方。台灣的長腳蛛分屬於長腳蛛亞科，后蛛亞科和銀腹蛛亞科三亞科，其中長腳蛛亞科的成員，螯肢相當發達，具有成排的大齒; 雌蛛無外雌器與受精管等器官; 雄蛛觸肢器的杯葉狹長，與副杯葉之間形成關節。后蛛亞科的雌蛛外雌器骨化程度較強，受精囊骨化; 雄蛛觸肢器的脛節或杯葉基部有突起，插入器與引導器分離。銀腹蛛亞科的雌蛛骨化程度弱，受精囊呈薄壁狀; 雄蛛的亞盾板較小，插入器被引導器包覆。台灣的長腳蛛科研究，目前只有零星的調查記錄與物種描述，尚未進行完整的分類研究。本研究在台灣及鄰近島嶼進行調查，以徒手或掃網等方式進行採集，並以 70%的酒精固定保存製成標本，進行物種辨識與型質測量。調查結果台灣的長腳蛛科蜘蛛除了銀腹蛛屬外，共有后蛛亞科 4 屬 9 種，長腳蛛亞科 1 屬 12 種，以及銀腹蛛亞科 5 屬 11 種，其中美麗麥蛛 Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955、黑背后蛛 Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa, 1994、印氏天星蛛 Mesida yini Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003、佐佐木沖繩蛛 Okileucauge sasakii Tanikawa, 2001、喜隨蛛 Opadometa grata (Guérin, 1838) 和田林高腹蛛 Tylorida tianlin Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003 等 6 種為台灣首次記錄； xi.

(17) 而 Meta alishanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 阿里山后蛛，Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 檜林后蛛，Meta laisheshanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 來社山后蛛，Meta taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 台灣后蛛，Meta wuluensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 霧鹿后蛛和 Mesida taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 台灣天星蛛等共 6 種為新種。排除種 Tetragnatha gracilis (Bryant, 1923)及疑問種 Tetragnatha nepaeformis Doleschall, 1859 各一種。. 關鍵詞: 蜘蛛目、長腳蛛科、新紀錄種、新種、台灣。. xii.

(18) Abstract In terms of diversity, Tetragnathidae is recognized as one of the top ten family of Araneae in the world. They are widely distributed over paddy fields, shrubs, and woodland, where soil is usually damp in Taiwan. A total of 3 subfamilies, 7 genera and 32 species (genus Leucauge included) of tetragnathids had been recorded in Taiwan. Members of the Tetragnathinae have a pair of prominent chelicerae, and complex teeth. Females lack a prominent epigynum and fertilization tubes, whereas males have a long and narrow cymbium, from which are connected with paracymbium by a joint. Members of the Metinae possess a strongly sclerotized epigynum and spermatheca in females; palpal tibia with an apophysis, and embolus and conductor separated in male. Members of the Leucaginae prossess a slightly sclerotized epigynum, thin-walled spermatheca, embolus of palpus enwrapped by conductor. At present, there is no complete taxonomic study on tetragnathid spiders in Taiwan, with only some sporadic reports available on newly recorded species and new species. This study will provide a comprehensive species documentation and geographical distribution in Taiwan. I collected specimens with bare hands or sweeping nets from Taiwan and adjacent islands. Specimens will be preserved in 70% alcohol and used for identification and measurements. As a result of present revison, there are three subfamies,10 genera and 32 species of Tatragnathidae (except for genus Leucauge) found in Taiwan. Six species, Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955, Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa, 1994, Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa, 1994, Mesida yini Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003, Okileucauge sasakii xiii.

(19) Tanikawa, 2001, Opadometa grata (Guérin, 1838) and Tylorida tianlin Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003 are newly recorded in Taiwan. Six species, Meta alishanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Meta laisheshanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Meta taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. and Meta wuluensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. and Mesida taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. are new to science. Tetragnatha gracilis (Bryant, 1923) is excluded from the spider fauna of Taiwan, and T. nepaeformis Doleschall, 1859 is remained doubtful. Key words: Araneae, Tetragnathidae, new species, new record, Taiwan.. xiv.

(20) 壹、緒論蜘蛛屬於節肢動物門 (Arthropoda)，蛛形綱 (Arachnida)，蜘蛛目 (Araneae)。目前已知種類共計有 112科，3898屬，43678種 (Platnick, 2013)，而長腳蛛科(Tetragnathidae)為蛛形綱蜘蛛目的第十大科，中國大陸又稱為肖蛸科，為世界廣泛分布的蜘蛛，目前記錄有 47屬，957 種 (Platnick, 2013)。根據 Coddington 和 Levi (1991)的系統演化研究結果顯示目前的長腳蛛科的分類地位為：蛛形綱 (Arachnida) 蜘蛛目 (Araneae) 後紡亞目 (Suborder Opisthothelae) 新蛛下目 (Infraorder Araneomorphae) 新篩疣類 (Neocribellatae) 新蛛類 (Araneoclada) 完全性域類 (Entelegynae) 圓蛛總科 (Araneoidea) 長腳蛛科 (Tetragnathidae). 長腳蛛科蜘蛛絕大部分屬於結網性的蜘蛛，主要棲息在農田、林間、草叢、溪流和沼澤等潮濕的地區。通常結水平或稍微傾斜的圓網， 1.

(21) 與圓蛛科 (Araneidae)蜘蛛所結的圓網相似，但不具網心，稱為空心圓網，蜘蛛則以倒立的方式吊掛在網的中心，而通常以前兩對步足向前伸直的姿勢等待獵物。而目前已知粗螯蛛屬 (Pachygnatha)與鋸螯蛛屬 (Dyschiriognatha)蜘蛛至少在成蛛階段是不結網的，生活在植物的下部接近地表附近 (Zhu et al., 2003)。長腳蛛科最早是由 Menge在1886年建立 (Levi, 1986)，但法國蜘蛛學家 Simon(1892)把長腳蛛各屬分別歸類在金蛛科 (Argiopidae)下的長腳蛛亞科(Tetragnathinae)與絡新婦蛛亞科 (Nephilinae)之中。在 Roewer (1942)的蜘蛛名錄中則把長腳蛛亞科作為獨立的科，且將后蛛類 (metines)和絡新婦蛛類 (nephilines)作為亞科並放在圓蛛科 (Araneidae)之下。Kaston (1948)以腿節上聽毛的存在、螫肢上的突起 (boss)消失或退化、及巨大的螫肢等特徵，將長腳蛛科的各屬從圓蛛科中分別出來 (Levi, 1986)，但后蛛屬 (Meta)仍被保留於圓蛛科中。 Comstock (1940)以胃外溝 (epigastric furrows)之彎曲或平直，將金蛛科下的長腳蛛分成長腳蛛亞科 (Tetragnathinae)和后蛛亞科 (Metinae)。Bonnet (1956, 1957, 1958, 1959)將長腳蛛科各屬歸於金蛛科。Locket et al. (1974)將歐洲產后蛛屬歸於長腳蛛科。Levi (1980)將北美的長腳蛛畫分為后蛛亞科和長腳蛛亞科，但仍歸在圓蛛科中，同時指出絡新婦蛛屬可能隸屬於一個獨立的亞群 (subgroup)或亞科。 2.

(22) Brignoli (1983)將長腳蛛處理為后蛛科 (Metidae)及長腳蛛科 (Tetragnathidae)二個類群，並把絡新婦蛛亞科歸於圓蛛科。Levi et al. (1986)認為圓網是一個原始的特徵，因此不再把圓蛛科和長腳蛛科合併。Davies (1988)以檢索表的形式將長腳蛛科分為六個亞科，包含: 長腳蛛亞科 (Tetragnathinae)、坊螯蛛亞科 (Phonognathinae)、長螯蛛亞科 (Dolichognathinae)、銀腹蛛亞科 (Leucauginae)、后蛛亞科 (Metinae)和絡新婦蛛亞科 (Nephilinae)。Coddington (1990)依據圓蛛總科 (Araneoidea)15個類群雄性觸肢器的特徵，利用支序分析 (cladistics)的原理與方法，以四個可能的共衍徵 (synapomorphies): 具有后蛛類觸肢(Metine palp)、副杯葉 (Paracymbium)的形狀、盾板精導管呈Z字形 (switchback)和中突 (median apophysis)消失等，支持長腳蛛科為單系群。Hormiga et al. (1995)選用60個特徵，包含蜘蛛的行為、蛛網和絲疣的特徵，結果同樣支持長腳蛛科為單系群，並支持[長腳蛛亞科+絡新婦蛛亞科]為單系群，且認為后蛛亞科為並系群 (paraphyletic)。建議將銀腹蛛屬從后蛛亞科中獨立出來，成為銀腹蛛亞科 (Leucaugine)。Griswold et al. (1998)選用93個特徵，包含雄蛛生殖構造、附肢和絲疣等特徵及包括結網等其他行為，對圓蛛總科中的 12科，31屬的蜘蛛進行支序分析，結果以引導器包圍插入器、插入器 -盾片膜 (embolus-tegulum membrane)的存在、及中突消失等共衍徵， 3.

(23) 支持長腳蛛科為單系群，包含長腳蛛亞科、后蛛亞科及絡新婦蛛亞科等三亞科，而銀腹蛛屬 (Leucauge)、后蛛屬 (Meta)、長腳蛛屬 (Tetragnatha)及骨螯蛛屬 (Glenognatha)則被歸在長腳蛛亞科之內。 Tanikawa (2001)以20個形態特徵，認為銀腹蛛屬 (Leucauge) 的姊妹群為[沖繩蛛屬 (Okileucauge) + 高腹蛛屬 (Tylorida) + 天星蛛屬 (Mesida)]。Zhu et al. (2003)利用46種特徵對中國大陸長腳蛛科的20屬蜘蛛作支序分析，將中國大陸產的長腳蛛科蜘蛛分為6個亞科:桂齊蛛亞科 (Guizygiellinae)，包括:桂齊蛛屬 (Guizygiella); 后蛛亞科 (Metinae)，包括:麥蛛屬 (Menosira)、后蛛屬 (Meta)、南寧蛛屬 (Nanningia)、滇銀鱗蛛屬 (Dianleucauge)和雙勝蛛屬 (Diphya);絡新婦蛛亞科 (Nephilinae)，包括:裂腹蛛屬 (Herennia)、絡新婦蛛屬 (Nephila)和近絡新婦蛛屬 (Nephilengys); 長腳蛛亞科 (Tetragnathinae)，包括: 長腳蛛屬 (Tetragnatha)、粗螯蛛屬 (Pachygnatha);銀腹蛛亞科 (Leucauginae)，包括: 臥龍蛛屬 (Wolongia)、長蹠蛛屬 (Metleucauge)、高腹蛛屬 (Tylorida)、波斑蛛屬 (Orsinome)、隨蛛屬 (Opadometa)、銀腹蛛屬 (Leucauge)、天星蛛屬 (Mesida)和沖繩蛛屬(Okileucauge); 鋸螯蛛亞科 (Dyschiriognathinae)，包括: 鋸螯蛛屬(Dyschiriognatha)。Kuntner (2006) 選取32個屬，197個特徵，對絡新婦蛛類群進行支序分析，結果支持 4.

(24) 絡新婦蛛類群為金蛛科的姊妹群，因此將絡新婦蛛的類群獨立為絡新婦科。而本研究之分類系統則採用Zhu et al. (2003) 所提出的系統。臺灣地區的長腳蛛科研究歷史，始於日據時期，最早的記錄是日本人 Nakajima (1921) 於台北新公園 (現址：台北市二二八紀念公園) 蜘蛛名錄中記載了銀腹蛛屬的肩斑銀腹蛛 (Leucauge blanda L. Koch, 1878)以及長腳蛛屬的前齒長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878)。Kayashima (1932) 於《臺灣演習林動物目錄》記錄日本長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha japonica Bösenberg et Strand, 1906)，而Okuma (1983) 已將此物種處理為 Tetragnatha maxillosa (Thorell, 1895)的同物異名。Saito (1933) 記述爪哇長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha javana Thorell, 1890a) 與脈斑銀腹蛛 (Lecauge venusta Walckenaer, 1841)。Saito (1933)的脈斑銀腹蛛僅有身體背面的外形圖，未描繪外雌器和觸肢的構造，而目前已知僅分布於美洲地區美國到巴拿馬 (Platnick, 2012; Zhu et al., 2003)，Song et al. (1999)已將其分布於台灣視為一疑問種。Yaginuma (1941)記錄銀長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha gracilis Bryant, 1923)。Kayashima (1943)首次描繪了大銀腹蛛 (Lecauge magnifica Yaginuma, 1954)，但僅有外觀的圖片，無學名。Lee (1964)在《台灣的蜘蛛》一書中，共記錄四屬十種長腳蛛科蜘蛛，分別是銀腹蛛屬的肩斑銀腹蛛、大銀腹蛛和脈斑銀腹蛛; 高腹蛛屬的條紋高腹蛛 (Tylorida striata Thorell, 5.

(25) 1877); 長腳蛛屬的前齒長腳蛛、日本長腳蛛、綠鱗長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879)和爪哇長腳蛛;以及長蹠蛛屬的眼鏡長蹠蛛 (Meta yunohamensis Böesenberg et Strand, 1906)和金比羅長蹠蛛 (Meta kompirensis Böesenberg et Strand, 1906)。而當時 Lee(1964) 將長蹠蛛屬歸類在金蛛科 (Araneidae)下，Yaginuma (1955)將金比羅長蹠蛛改屬至Metleucauge，Chen et Huang (1999)證實眼鏡長蹠蛛為褐腹長蹠蛛(Metleucauge chikunii Tanikawa, 1992)之誤判，故目前已從名錄中除名。之後，Okuma (1968a) 記錄了華麗長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha nitens Audouin, 1826)。Chu et Okuma (1970)首次記錄台灣的尖尾銀腹蛛 (Leucauge decorata Blackwall, 1864)、錫蘭長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha ceylonica Cambridge, 1869)、大長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841)、臺灣長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha nepaeformis Doleschall, 1859)。Yoshida (1978)首次記錄橫帶高腹蛛 (Tylorida ventralis Thorell, 1877)。Okuma (1988)描述台灣的長沼氏長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha hiroshii Okuma, 1988)的雄蛛及江崎長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha esakii Okuma, 1988) 兩新種，並記錄了方網長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma, 1959)與細長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha chauliodus Thorell, 1890b)。Tanikawa (1992)首次記錄褐腹長蹠蛛 (Metleucauge chikunii Tanikawa, 1992)，並在1995 年 (Tanikawa, 1995)描述新種的台灣雙勝蛛 (Diphya taiwanica 6.

(26) Tanikawa, 1995)，但缺乏雄蛛的記錄。Chen (1996)首次記錄台灣的端斑銀腹蛛 (Leucauge termisticta Song et Zhu, 1992)與尖尾長腳蛛 (Tetragnatha caudicula Karsch, 1879)，但端斑銀腹蛛後來經Zhu et al. (2003)，修訂為方格銀腹蛛 (Leucauge tessellata Thorell, 1887)的異名。Tanikawa et Chang (1997)首次記錄高山長蹠蛛 (Metleucauge davidi Schenkel, 1963)。Tso et Tanikawa (2000)首次記錄雪銀腹蛛 (Leucauge argentina Hasselt, 1882)、方格銀腹蛛與裝飾天星蛛 (Mesida gemmea Hasselt, 1882)。Zhu et al. (2003)認為大銀腹蛛可能為西里銀腹蛛 (Leucauge celebesiana Walckenaer, 1841)的同物異名。Chang et Tso (2004)首次記錄喜蔭長螯蛛 (Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991)。Yoshida (2009)發表了一種新記錄種與新種的銀腹蛛，分別是劉氏銀腹蛛 (Leucauge liui Zhu et al., 2003)與臺灣銀腹蛛 (Leucauge taiwanica Yoshida, 2009)，並正式將大銀腹蛛處理為西里銀腹蛛之異名。此外，Liu (2009)未發表資料也描述三種新記錄銀腹蛛分別是十字銀腹蛛(Leucauge crucinota Böesenberg et Strand, 1906)、小肩斑銀腹蛛 (Leucauge subblanda Böesenberg et Strand, 1906)及武陵銀腹蛛 (Leucauge wulingensis Song et Zhu, 1992)且將脈斑銀腹蛛處理為排除種。所以臺灣目前已知的長腳蛛科蜘蛛共有三亞科7屬32種(包含銀腹蛛屬)，其三亞科分別是長腳蛛亞科 (Tetragnathinae)、后蛛亞科 7.

(27) (Metinae)以及銀腹蛛亞科 (Leucauginae)。長腳蛛亞科的蜘蛛其螯肢相當發達，具有成排的大齒; 雌蛛無生殖溝、外雌器與受精管等器官; 雄蛛觸肢器的杯葉狹長，與副杯葉之間形成關節。后蛛亞科的雌蛛外雌器骨化程度較強，受精囊骨化; 雄蛛的觸肢脛節或杯葉基部有突起，副杯葉分叉，亞盾板大，插入器與引導器分離。銀腹蛛亞科的雌蛛骨化程度弱，受精囊呈薄壁狀; 雄蛛的亞盾板較小，位於盾板的內側，插入器被引導器包覆 (Zhu et al. , 2003)。長腳蛛科在中國目前記錄有20屬119種 (Zhu et al., 2003)，而日本有 11屬44種 (Tanikawa, 2007)，台灣目前記錄則有7屬32種(包含銀腹蛛屬)。但根據平時的野外採集及實驗室保存的標本，均發現許多前人文獻中未記錄的種類或單性種未被發表的性別，以及一些尚待處理的疑問種。因此本研究主要整理前人文獻，檢視個人採集及實驗室標本，對台灣的長腳蛛科種類進行訂正，包含描述各物種之形態特徵並根據台灣標本重新繪圖與測量。. 8.

(28) 貳、材料與方法一、研究材料： (一)、生活習性: 本研究所使用的新鮮材料，主要參考館藏的採集紀錄及相關文獻後，至全臺灣各地採集 (附錄一)。長腳蛛科蜘蛛在台灣平地至高海拔山區皆可發現他們的蹤跡，主要生活在草叢、灌叢、樹林間、水田、溪流等比較潮濕的地方。絕大部分的物種通常會結水平或稍微傾斜的空心圓網。但也有少數例外，長螯蛛屬的蜘蛛會利用砂礫等碎屑來建造巢室，而成熟的粗螯蛛屬蜘蛛則不結網，生活在植物根部近地表的地方。採集時以掃網及徒手兩方法並進，採集到的蜘蛛利用空底片盒帶回實驗室，再以70%的酒精固定保存製成標本，存放於國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系標本館 (NTNUB-Ar )。除了新鮮材料，並檢視師大生命科學系館藏蜘蛛標本. (二)、形態特徵: 長腳蛛科的身體可區分為頭胸部 (cephalothorax)與腹部 (abdomen)兩部分，兩者以腹柄 (pedicel)相連結。. 9.

(29) (1) 頭胸部頭胸部具有幾丁質的外骨骼，背面為背甲 (carapace)，腹面則為胸板(sternum)。背甲跟胸板中間著生口器及六對附肢。第一對為螯肢 (chelicera); 第二對為觸肢 (Palpal); 第三至第六對則為步足 (leg)，共有四對。背甲的前端為頭區 (cephalic region)，後端為胸區 (thoracic region)，頭區與胸區由頸溝 (cervical grooves)做為分界，胸區中央凹陷的地方稱為中窩 (fovea)，中窩的兩側具有放射溝 (radial furrows)。頭區前端具有八枚單眼，前四眼排為一列，稱為前眼列 (anterior eye row, AER)，前眼列的中間兩眼稱為前中眼 (anterior median eye, AME)，側邊左右兩眼稱為前側眼 (anterior lateral eye, ALE); 後四眼排為一列，稱為後眼列 (posterior eye row, PER)，後眼列的中間兩眼稱為後中眼 (posterior median eye, PME)，側邊左右兩眼稱為後側眼 (posterior lateral eye, PLE); 前後中眼所圍成的區域稱為中眼域 (median ocular area, MOA); 前中眼下緣至背甲前緣之間的區域稱為額 (clypeus)。螯肢 (chelicera)上具有毒牙 (fang)，毒牙平時收在牙溝內 (fang furrows)，牙溝前後有許多鋸齒突起，前側稱為前牙堤齒 (promarginal teeth); 後側稱為後牙堤齒 (retromarginal teeth)，牙堤齒的排列、數目與形態均可做為分類的依據。長腳蛛亞科的蜘蛛(包含長腳蛛屬與粗 10.

(30) 螯蛛屬)螯肢明顯增大，具有複雜的牙堤齒，雄蛛的螯肢前緣具有婚距 (nuptial spur)，功能是與雌蛛交配時能卡握住雌蛛的螯肢，以便固定交配時的姿勢; 有時在毒牙基部的背側或腹側中央具有尖突 (excrescence)，可能也跟交配有關。觸肢 (palp)是頭胸部的第二對附肢，由基節 (coxa)、轉節 (trochanter)、腿節 (femur)、膝節 (patella)、脛節 (tibia)和跗節 (tarsus) 六節組成，成熟雄蛛的觸肢跗節膨大為觸肢器 (palpus)，基節向內側擴展增大形成的葉片狀構造為顎葉 (maxilla 或 endite)，下唇 (labium)位於胸板的正前方。而四對步足皆由七節構成，由基部依序分別為基節 (coxa)、轉節 (trochanter)、腿節 (femur)、膝節 (patella)、脛節 (tibia)、蹠節 (metatarsus)和跗節 (tarsus)。步足相對長度以足式 (leg formula)來表示，一般長腳蛛科蜘蛛的足式為: I > II > III > IV。部分的長腳蛛科蜘蛛如天星蛛屬 (Mesida)、隨蛛屬 (Opadometa)與高腹蛛屬 (Tylorida)其第四對步足的腿節基部會有成列的聽毛 (trichobothria)。. 11.

(31) (2) 腹部 (abdomen) 長腳蛛科蜘蛛的腹部形狀變化大，常呈圓柱形、卵圓形或球形，大部分的種類其腹部背面有銀白色的魚鱗斑，及具有分支的深色縱線。而腹部上方通常還有一些成對凹陷的筋點 (sigilla)，是肌肉附著的地方。腹部腹面前方有一條胃外溝 (epigastric furrows)，兩側為書肺 (book lungs)之開口，稱為書肺氣門 (booklung slit)。生殖孔 (genital opening)位於胃外溝的前方，而成熟的雌蛛其生殖孔的前方通常呈現角質化 (sclerotized)的構造，稱為外雌器 (epigynum); 而雄蛛雖也有生殖孔，但因腹部缺乏交配器官，也無角質化的現象，因此不明顯。腹部末端有三對絲疣 (spinneret)，分別為前側絲疣 (anterior lateral spinneret, ALS)、後中絲疣 (posterior median spinneret, PMS)以及後側絲疣 (posterior lateral spinneret, PLS)，而前中絲疣 (anterior median spinneret, AMS)退化成絲疣前方一個舌狀結構，稱為舌狀體 (colulus); 絲疣的後面有一個肛丘 (anal tubercle)。. 12.

(32) (3) 生殖器官生殖構造為鑑別蜘蛛種類的重要依據。長腳蛛科蜘蛛雌雄生殖構造如下。. 雌性生殖構造: 雌蛛外部的生殖構造為外雌器 (epigynum)，其外部多有角質化或幾丁質形成的構造。但長腳蛛亞科的蜘蛛缺乏外雌器的構造，生殖區 (gential zone)僅由無角質化的生殖蓋 (genital cover)包覆，且某些物種的生殖蓋形狀非常相似，例如:日本長腳蛛及大長腳其生殖蓋之長寬比很接近，並不適合做為分類的依據。外雌器外面或腹面具有成對的交配孔 (copulatory opening)，經由交配管 (copulatory duct)連接至受精囊 (spermatheca)，可暫時儲存精子，不同物種具一至三個不等的腔室 (chambers I, II, III)，受精囊另一端連接受精管 (fertilization duct)，可將精子送至子宮與陰道交會處與卵子結合，子宮左右兩邊各接一條輸卵管，分別通向一邊的卵巢。此外，部分長腳蛛屬及 Agriognatha屬蜘蛛在生殖區中間具有後囊(posterior sac)，但後者其構造較發達具有儲精功能 (Dimitrov et al., 2007)。. 13.

(33) 雄性生殖構造: 雄性的腹部消化道下方有一對精巢 (testes)，精子經輸精管運輸至儲精囊。因雄蛛的腹部無交配器官，故雄蛛在交配前會先織一個精網，用以承接生殖孔產生出的精液，再藉由觸肢器上的引導器與插入器末端吸取精子，將精子轉移至觸肢器上。雄性觸肢由兩部分組成，杯葉 (cymbium)與生殖球 (genital bulb)，杯葉背面上緣具跗節器 (tarsal organ)，外側基部有大小不等、分叉或不分叉的突起稱為副杯葉 (paracymbium)，而生殖球包含了引導器 (conductor)、插入器 (embolus)、精導管 (sperm duct)、小盾板 (subtegulum)及盾板 (tegulum) 等構造，而高腹蛛屬雄蛛其引導器具導片 (guiding lamella)。. 二、形態鑑定研究方法 : 比對雌、雄蜘蛛身體外部及生殖器官等各項形態，利用細剪將雄蛛左觸肢器的轉節處剪下，標本於解剖顯微鏡 (Leica Wild M3Z )下觀察觸肢器各部份骨片的詳細構造，並進行不同角度的繪圖工作; 而觀察雌蛛時，會先將外雌器或生殖區的外部形態繪圖完成後，再將外雌器或生殖區以細剪剪下，在10%KOH溶液加熱處理，溶解蛋白質等雜質後，觀察幾丁質的受精囊 (spermatheca)與受精管 (fertilization duct) 等內部生殖構造。而身體外部各部形態，如眼區 (eye area)、背甲 14.

(34) (carapace)、腹部 (abdomen)、下唇 (labium)、下顎 (endite)、胸板 (sternum)、牙堤齒 (marginal teeth)、步足 (leg)等，加以繪圖、測量並描述，顏色的描述主要依據浸泡在酒精中的標本顏色，並以野外所觀察的結果協助活體的描述。標本於解剖顯微鏡下藉由目鏡測微器進行測量工作，測量單位為公釐 (mm)，精確至小數點第二位，其形質包含：體長 (背甲長 + 腹部長); 背甲長 (頭胸部前緣至後緣最長處之距離); 背甲寬 (背甲最寬處之距離); 腹長 (腹部最前緣至肛丘末端之距離，不包含絲疣的長度); 腹寬 (腹部最寬處之距離)、步足長為步足腿節 (femur)、膝節 (patella)+脛節 (tibia)、蹠節 (metatarsus) 與跗節 (tarsus)長度之和，雄蛛觸肢長為腿節 (femur)、膝節 (patella)、脛節 (tibia)與杯葉 (cymbium)長度之和。雌蛛則為腿節、膝節、脛節與跗節長度之和。眼徑為各眼角膜之最長直徑。中眼域 (median ocular area, MOA)為前中眼與後中眼所圍成的區域，中眼域長 (length of MOA, MOA-L)為前中眼前緣至後中眼後緣的距離; 中眼域前寬 (anterior width of MOA, MOA-AW)為兩顆前中眼外緣間的距離; 中眼域後寬 (posterior width of MOA, MOA-PW)為兩顆後中眼外緣間的距離。額 (clypeus)高為前中眼下緣至背甲前緣最凹處之距離。. 15.

(35) 參、結果本論文共報告臺灣產長腳蛛科(不含銀腹蛛屬)共 3 亞科 10 屬 32 種 (附錄二)，包含后蛛亞科 (Metinae): 雙勝蛛屬 (Diphiya)、長螯蛛屬 (Dolichognatha)、麥蛛屬 (Menosira)各 1 種、后蛛屬 (Meta) 6 種; 長腳蛛亞科 (Tatragnthinae): 長腳蛛屬 (Tetragnatha)12 種; 銀腹蛛亞科 (Leucauginae): 天星蛛屬 (Mesida) 3 種、長蹠蛛屬 (Metleucauge) 3 種、沖繩蛛屬 (Okileucauge) 1 種、隨蛛屬 (Opadometa) 1 種、高腹蛛屬 (Tylorida) 3 種。其中有館藏標本者 32 種，僅文獻記錄者 2 種。長腳蛛科的新記錄屬為麥蛛屬 (Menosira)、后蛛屬 (Meta)和隨蛛屬 (Opadometa)三屬; 新記錄種 6 種，分別為美麗麥蛛 (Menosira ornata)、黑背后蛛 (Meta nigridosalis)、印氏天星蛛 (Mesida yini)、佐佐木沖繩蛛 (Okileucauge sasakii)、喜隨蛛 (Opadometa grata)、田林高腹蛛 (Tylorida tianlin); 新種 6 種，分別為 Meta wuluensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 霧鹿后蛛, Meta taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 台灣后蛛, Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 檜林后蛛, Meta laisheshanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 來社山后蛛, Meta alishanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 阿里山后蛛和 Mesida taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 台灣天星蛛。另外，Tetragnatha 16.

(36) gracilis (Bryant, 1923) 因分布地區侷限在美洲地區，且之後無任何採集紀錄，故本論文將其物種列為排除種; Tetragnatha nepaeformis Doleschall, 1859 僅分布於印尼，其他地區未分布 (Platnick, 2013)，台灣地區自 Chu et Okuma (1970)首次記錄後，後續也無任何可信的採集紀錄，且本人曾嘗試找尋模式標本以供比對但無所獲，故將此物種列為疑問種。台灣地區長腳蛛科(不含銀腹蛛屬)共 32 種，現依其形態分類處理如後:. 17.

(37) Family Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866 長腳蛛科. Type genus: Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804a. Diagnosis. Body sizes varied according to species from 3.12 to 19.40. Carapace length longer than width, light brown to dark brown. Eight eyes arranged in two recurved rows; each eye with black margins. Leg I longest, leg III shortest, leg formula: 1-2-4-3. Basal femur IV of some genera, i.e. genera Leucauge, Mesida, Opadometa and Tylorida, with many trichobothria. Shape of abdomen varied by different genera, i.g. abdomen of genus Tetragnatha long cylindrical shaped, genus Diphya pear-shaped, most members of genera Metleucauge, Mesida, Menosira and Tylorida with oval-shaped abdomen, most members of genus Meta with globular abdomen, abdomen of genus Dolichognatha with four mound-shaped processes, and abdomen of genus Opadometa strongly extended forward. This study will follow the classification scheme of Zhu et al. (2003). Three subfamilies of the Tetragnathidae are included in Taiwan: Metinae, Tetragnathinae and Leucauginae.. 18.

(38) Key to subfamilies of the family Tetragnathidae from Taiwan.. 1. Chelicerae prominent armed with complex teeth; female lacking a prominent epigynum and fertilization tube; males with a long and narrow cymbium....................................Tetragnathinae (長腳蛛亞科) Chelicerae not prominent; female having a prominent epigynum and fertilization tube; cymbium not elongated and widened in middle.......2 2. Epigynum slightly sclerotized and spermatheca thin-walled; embolus enwrapped by conductor............................Leucauginae (銀腹蛛亞科) Both epigynum and spermatheca strongly sclerotized; embolus and conductor separated……...................................…Metinae (后蛛亞科). 19.

(39) Subfamily Metinae Simon, 1984 后蛛亞科. Type genus: Meta C. L. Koch, 1836. Diagnosis. Members of Metinae possess a strongly sclerotized epigynum and spermatheca in females; palpal tibia with an apophysis or cymbial basal process; embolus and conductor of palpus separated in males.. Note. Nine species in four genera are known from Taiwan.. 20.

(40) Key to genera of subfamily Metinae from Taiwan.. 1. Dorsum of abdomen with four mound-shaped processes; sternum with some dark markings……………......…..…Dolichognatha (長螯蛛屬) Abdomen smooth; sternum without any marking…….....................…2 2. Abdomen pear-shaped; AME the smallest; paracymbium of male palpus not forked; retrolateral side of cymbium with a spinous cornute process; conductor separated from embolus. ......…Diphya (雙勝蛛屬) Abdomen not pear-shaped; AME not the smallest; paracymbium forked; retrolateral side of cymbium without a spinous process; conductor close to embolus..…..………….…..................................…3 3. Abdomen long oval-shaped; abdomen of female with a median white stripe on dorsum; with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth on both sexes; epigynum sloped in central...................Menosira (麥蛛屬) With 2 - 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth in female; epigynum lip-shaped, with a median septum...…...….................…Meta (后蛛屬). 21.

(41) Genus Diphya Nicolet, 1849 雙勝蛛屬. Type species: Diphya macrophthalma Nicolet, 1849. Diagnosis. The external appearance and size of genus Diphya most resemble those of Dolichognatha. Genus Diphya having the smallest anterior median eyes; dorsum of abdomen without any mound-shaped process; tegulum globular in shape, sperm ducts inconspicuous through the tegulum; cymbium bearing a cornute process, and conductor sparated from embolus in male palpus. In contrast, genus Dolichogantha having its posterior median eyes smallest; dorsum of abdomen having four mound-shaped processes; male palpus narrow, with its sperm ducts winding and visible through tegulum, cymbium without a cornute process.. Note. Currently 12 species in the genus Diphya are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and only one species is found in Taiwan.. 22.

(42) Diphya taiwanica Tanikawa, 1995 臺灣雙勝蛛 (Figs. 5A-G,61) Diphya taiwanica Tanikawa, 1995: 105, f. 14-16; Song, Zhu et Chen, 1999: 213, f. 119N; Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003: 58, f. 24A-C.. Specimens examined. NANTOU COUNTY: LENAI, Tunyuan, alt. 1800 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 32129), 2-I-2007, Ya-Hui LIN leg.; LENAI, Yunhai. alt. 1900 m, 1 male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 50662, 50663), 28-III-2009, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 5 females (NTNUB-Ar 52163-52167), 18-IV-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 4 males (NTNUB-Ar 62448-62451), 21-XI-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. HUALIEN COUNTY: HSIULIN, Kueilin, alt. 2100 m, 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 32170, 30171), 31-XII-2006, Ya-Hui LIN leg.; HSIULIN, Kueilin, alt. 2100 m, 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 32201, 32204), 7-II-2007, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSIULIN, Kueilin, alt. 2100 m, 2 females and 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 32212, 32213, 32288), 8-II-2007, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.. Diagnosis. Diphya taiwanica resembles D. qianica by the shape of epigynum, but can be distinguished from the latter by having a wider median septum; abdomen dark brown on both sides.. 23.

(43) Description. Female (NTNUB-Ar 32070). Total length 3.60: cephalothorax length 1.60, width 1.12; abdomen length 2.00, width 1.64. Length / width of carapace = 1.43 in ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 7: 11: 14: 14. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.51: 0.18: 0.35. Clypeus height 0.18. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 1.40 (0.39, 0.18, 0.31, 0.52), leg I 5.15 (1.40, 1.65, 1.27, 0.83), leg II 4.57 (1.27, 1.46, 1.14, 0.70), leg III 2.60 (0.70, 0.89, 0.64, 1.08), leg IV 3.56 (1.14, 1.21, 0.76, 0.45). Carapace brown, with a median light band behind ocular region. Cervical grooves and radial furrows inconspicuous, upper edge of thoracic groove arc-shaped. Both eye rows slightly recurved. AMEs smallest, and eyes with huge black margins. Chelicerae brown, length 0.80, with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Labium, maxillae and sternum brown. Leg light brown, surface of those covered with some black spines. legs I and II with many pectinate spines from tibia to metatarsus (Fig. 5B). Leg formula: 1-2-4-3. Abdomen pear-shaped, both sides dark brown, dorsum light brown covered with patches of silver freckles anteriorly, some indistinct brown transverse bars posteriorly and two pairs of sigillae. Epigynum mushroom-shaped, bordered with dark brown color. Spermatheca sclerotized,with two semiopaque cystic structures.. 24.

(44) Male (NTNUB-Ar 32288). Total length 3.12; cephalothorax length 1.52, width 1.16; abdomen length 1.60, width 1.16, length / width of carapace = 1.31 in ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 3: 5: 6: 6. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.47: 0.17: 0.33. Clypeus height 0.15. Chelicera length 0.80. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 1.29 (0.39, 0.18, 0.28, 0.44), leg I 5.02 (1.46, 1.78, 1.14, 0.64), leg II 4.32 (1.14, 1.46, 1.08, 0.64), leg III 2.23 (0.57, 0.70, 0.64, 0.32), leg IV 3.19 (0.89, 1.02, 0.83, 0.45). Male similar to female in body markings and eye arrangement, but slightly smaller and having darker carapace.Chelicerae brown, with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Labium, maxillae and sternum dark brown. Legs light brown, covered with some black spines; metatarsi I and II with some thick and short spines arranged in a row. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3. Tegulum of male palpus globular, cymbium with a cornute process, conductor separated from embolus.. Variations. Measurements for 5 females followed by those of 5 males (mean ± SD in parentheses): Body length 3.44 - 3.80 (3.58 ± 0.14), 3.12 - 3.80 (3.36 ± 0.27). Carapace length 1.44 - 1.64 (1.53 ± 0.09), 1.48 - 1.92 (1.66 ± 0.18); width 1.12 - 1.36 (1.22 ± 0.09), 1.16 - 1.40 (1.24 ± 0.09). Abdomen length 1.96 - 2.16 (2.06 ± 0.10), 1.56 - 1.88 (1.70 ± 0.13); width 1.60 - 2.40 (1.84 ± 0.33), 1.12 - 1.48 (1.25 ± 0.14).. 25.

(45) Distribution. Taiwan. Remarks. Only females of Diphya taiwanica were described by Tanikawa (1995). The male of D. taiwanica is described for the first time. Diphya taiwanica is distributed in the high altitude mountain areas of Taiwan. Mature males were found from November to March.. 26.

(46) Genus Dolichognatha O. P.-Cambridge, 1869 長螯蛛屬. Type species: Dolichognatha nietneri O. P.-Cambridge, 1869. Diagnosis. The external appearance and size of genus Dolichognatha most resemble those of Diphya. Genus Dolichognatha having the smallest posterior median eyes, close each other but not contacted. Dorsum of abdomen with four mound-shaped processes, sternum with some dark markings, male palpal organ narrow, with its sperm ducts winding and visible through the tegulum. In contrast, genus Diphya having its anterior median eyes smallest , two posterior median eyes not close each other, dorsum of abdomen without mound-shaped process, sternum without markings. Tegulum of genus Diphya globular and cymbium bearing a cornute process.. Note. Totally 29 species of genus Dolichognatha are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and only one species is recorded from Taiwan.. 27.

(47) Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991 喜蔭長螯蛛 (Figs. 6A-F, 7A-D, 62) Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991: 38, f. 1-10; Chang et Tso, 2004: 31, f. 19-22; Tanikawa, 2007: 96, f. 318-319, 772-773;Tanikawa, 2009: 406, f. 9-10.. Specimens examined. KEELUNG CITY: ANLE, Hsishih Reservoir, alt. 100 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 13680), 11-VII-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. NEW TAIPEI CITY: HSINTIEN, Yinghotung, alt. 100 m, 1 male and 6 females (NTNUB-Ar 13250-13256), 25-I-1999, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Feitsui Reservoir, alt. 170 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 6994), 8-IV-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Hsiaochukeng, alt. 350 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 46558), 30-IV-2008, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; WULAI, Paochingkung, alt. 550 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 60767), 23-XI-2010, Wen-Jean HUANG leg. NANTOU COUNTY: LENAI, Wushe, alt. 1145 m, 2 males and 4 females (NTNUB-Ar 11481-11486), 28-VIII-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; LENAI, Huisun forest farm, alt. 700 m, 4 females (NTNUB-Ar 22563-22566), 2-II-2004, Wen-Jean HUANG leg. CHIAYI COUNTY: ALISHAN, Fengshan, alt. 700 m, 7 females (NTNUB-Ar 5743-5749), 15-II-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAINAN CITY: PAIHO, Kuantzeling, alt. 350 m, 2 males and 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 12778-12782), 28-IX-1996, Wen-Jean HUANG leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 11207), 1-I-1998, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 3 males and 5 females (NTNUB-Ar 35138-35145), 9-II-2006, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 28.

(48) TANEI, Choumalai, alt. 50 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 11013), 29-VIII-2001, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; NANHUA, Nanhua Reservoir, alt. 550 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 26976), 12-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. ILAN COUNTY: TOUCHENG, Dali, alt. 100 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 21719), 12-VIII-1996, Wen-Jean HUANG leg.; CHIAOCHI, Paoma Trail, alt. 300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 639), 13-V-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAITUNG COUNTY: TUNGHO, Tungho Farm, alt. 400 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 22359), 24-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.. Diagnosis. Dolichognatha umbrophila resembles D. raveni (Smith, 2008) in having processes on dorsum of abdomen , but can be distinguished from the latter (characters in parentheses) by having two (one) pairs of mound-shaped processes, and cephalic region parallel (not parallel) in both sides.. 29.

(49) Description. Female (NTNUB-Ar 12502). Total length 4.20: cephalothorax length 1.97, width 1.27; abdomen length 2.23, width 1.91. Length / width of carapace = 1.55 in ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 4: 6: 5: 6. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.41: 0.36: 0.21. Clypeus height 0.05. Chelicera length 0.89. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 1.57 (0.49, 0.23, 0.31, 0.54), leg I 7.06 (2.23, 2.54, 1.59, 0.70), leg II 5.59 (1.84, 1.97, 1.21, 0.57), leg III 2.92 (0.95, 0.95, 0.64, 0.38), leg IV 3.69 (1.40, 1.08, 0.76, 0.45). Carapace light brown, both sides of carapace with brown stripes. Cephalic region dark and elongate, parallel in both sides with an unapparent midline. Cervical grooves and radial furrows conspicuous, thoracic groove radial shaped. Both eye rows slightly recurved, and eyes with black margins. Chelicerae brown, with 3 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth. Labium and maxillae brown. Sternum light brown, with some dark markings. Legs light brown, surface covered with some spines. Legs III and IV with some annular dark markings. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3. Dorsum of abdomen with four mound-shaped processes, center with one pair of sigillae. Upper edge of epigynum M-shaped, spermatheca crutch-shaped.. 30.

(50) Male (NTNUB-Ar 6994). Total length 4.20: cephalothorax length 2.29, width 1.40; abdomen length 1.91, width 1.65, length / width of carapace = 1.64 in ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 6: 4: 5: 6. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.41: 0.39: 0.21. Clypeus height 0.08. Chelicera length 1.34. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 1.66 (0.62, 0.21, 0.26, 0.57), leg I 10.30 (3.24, 3.69, 2.48, 0.89), leg II 7.25 (2.42, 2.54, 1.59, 0.70), leg III 3.43 (1.27, 1.14, 0.70, 0.32), leg IV 3.82 (1.40, 1.34, 0.70, 0.38). Male similar to female in coloration, body markings, eye arrangement and body size. Chelicerae brown, with 2 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth. Male palpus slender, with a cymbial basal process, surface of paracymbium bearing with some fine hairs. Sperm ducts winding and visible through tegulum; conductor milky in color, originated from upper portion of tegulum.. Variations. Measurements for 5 females followed by those of 4 males (mean ± SD in parentheses): Body length 3.88 - 4.96 (4.31 ± 0.40), 3.43 - 4.20 (3.96 ± 0.35). Carapace length 1.71 - 2.04 (1.95 ± 0.13), 1.78 - 2.29 (2.11 ± 0.23); width 1.08 - 1.27 (1.21 ± 0.09), 0.95 - 1.40 (1.24 ± 0.20). Abdomen length 2.16 - 2.93 (2.37 ± 0.32), 1.65 - 1.97 (1.84 ± 0.14); width 1.91 - 2.93 (2.12 ± 0.45), 1.34 - 1.65 (1.49 ± 0.15).. 31.

(51) Distribution. Taiwan, Japan.. Remarks. Dolichognatha umbrophila is a small-sized spider of the family Tetragnathidae in Taiwan and distributed mainly in plains, low or middle altitude mountains throughout the entire island. They build their retreats by silks, gravel, or soil grains under woods or grasses.. 32.

(52) Genus Menosira Chikuni, 1955 麥蛛屬. Type species: Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955. Diagnosis. Male palpus of genus Menosira is similar to genera Metellina and Meta, but differs in having the following combination of characters: abdomen of genus Menosira long oval-shaped; dorsum of abdomen in female with some white stripes; 4 retromarginal teeth in both sexes; female epigynum swelled in center; base of cymbium with three processes; top of embolus likes a nail.. Note. Only one species of genus Menosira is known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and one species M. ornata, is recorded in Taiwan.. 33.

(53) Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955 美麗麥蛛 (Figs. 8A-F, 9A-E, 63) Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955: 31, f. 2A-H, pl. 4; Namkung, Paik et Yoon, 1972: 93, f. 12; Yaginuma, 1986: 129, f. 69.1; Chikuni, 1989: 92, f. 9; Kim, Kim et Lee, 1999: 51, f. 7, 32, 54; Namkung, 2002: 227, f. 18.14a-c; Kim et Cho, 2002: 317, f. 859-864; Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003: 60, f. 25A-I, pl. IIE-H; Namkung, 2003: 229, f. 18.14a-c; Tanikawa, 2007c: 96, f. 320-321, 774-775; Kim, Kim et Lee, 2008: 36, f. 7, 32, 32.1-2; Tanikawa, 2009: 406, f. 11-12; Marusik et Kovblyuk, 2011: 235, f. 34.21.. Specimens examined. HSINCHU COUNTY: WUFENG, Kuanwu, alt. 2000 m, 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 49084, 49096), 12-X-2010, Ming-Sheng TSAI leg. NANTOU COUNTY: LENAI, Tunyuan-Yunhai, alt. 2300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 52696), 25-IX-2010, Tien-Yen YANG leg.; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 52993), 16-X-2010, Tien-Yen YANG leg.. Diagnosis: Abdomen of female Menosira ornata with some white stripes on dorsum. Epigynum with a trace of X-shaped marking, central swelled, paracymbium of male palpus large and tri-forked.. 34.

(54) Description. Female (NTNUB-Ar 49096). Total length 7.25: cephalothorax length 2.80, width 2.04; abdomen length 4.45, width 2.48. Length / width of carapace = 1.38 in the ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 1: 1: 1: 1. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.44: 0.41: 0.44. Clypeus height 0.15. Chelicera length 1.40. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 3.76 (1.20, 0.36, 0.92, 1.28); leg I 19.99 (5.08, 6.61, 6.15, 2.15); leg II 14.61 (4.00, 5.08, 4.15, 1.38); leg III 7.53 (2.61, 2.46, 1.69, 0.77); leg IV 10.92 (3.38, 3.85, 2.77, 0.92). Carapace light brown, with a dark marking from ocular region to rear of carapace, forepart of marking with three forks, and both sides of carapace with an undulated brown stripe. Cervical grooves and radial furrows conspicuous. Both eye rows recurved, and eyes with black margins. Chelicerae dark brown, with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Labium, maxillae brown and sternum light brown. Leg segments light brown, surface of those covered with many long spines, and the spines below the legs especially long. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3. Abdomen long oval shaped, and mid-line of dorsum with some vary sized white stripes. Epigynum brown, with a trace of X-shaped marking, central swelled; vulva with two pairs of sclerotized spermatheca.. 35.

(55) Male (NTNUB-Ar 52696). Total length 6.17: cephalothorax length 2.86, width 1.72; abdomen length 3.31, width 1.34, length / width of carapace = 1.67 in the ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 1: 1: 1: 1. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.41: 0.41: 0.41. Clypeus height 0.15. Chelicera length 1.34. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 2.60 (1.08, 0.32, 0.48, 0.72); leg I 21.99 (5.54, 7.23, 6.92, 2.30); leg II 16.30 (4.46, 5.69, 4.61, 1.54); leg III 7.99 (2.61, 2.61, 2.00, 0.77); leg IV 12.00 (3.69, 4.00, 3.23, 1.08). Male similar to female in coloration, and arrangement of eyes, external features and formula, but the dorsum of abdomen without white stripes, and body size smaller than female. Chelicerae brown, with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Labium, maxillae brown and sternum light brown. Paracymbium of male palpus huge, base of cymbium with three processes, top of embolus likes a nail.. Variations. Measurements for 3 females (mean ± SD in parentheses): Body length 7.06 - 7.19 (7.10 ± 0.07). Carapace length 2.61 - 2.80 (2.71 ± 0.10); width 1.91 - 2.04 (1.97 ± 0.06). Abdomen length 4.45; width 1.97 - 2.54 (2.33 ± 0.31).. 36.

(56) Distribution. China, Korea, Japan and Taiwan (new record).. Remarks. Menosira ornata is a newly recorded species in Taiwan. It is distributed in mountains above 2,000 m. Mature males were found in September.. 37.

(57) Genus Meta C. L. Koch, 1836 后蛛屬. Type species: Aranea menardii Latreille, 1804a. Diagnosis. Genus Meta resembles genera Metleucauge and Meteillina, but differs in having a globular abdomen in most members, copulatory openings located at rear end of epigynum, instead of at center of epigynum of the latter genera. Spermatheca well sclerotized; conductor and embolus of male palpus well sclerotized; base of cymbium with different shaped processes.. Note. Totally 34 species of genus Meta are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and 6 species are recorded in Taiwan.. 38.

(58) Key to species of genus Meta from Taiwan. 1. Male…….…………………………………………..…………………2 Female….…………………………………………………………..…5 2. Tip of cymbium not forked………...……M. nigridorsalis (黑背后蛛) Tip of cymbium forked………...............................................………..3 3. Base of cymbium bearing a process, with a bumpy upper edge............. ...............………...…................M. alishanensis sp. nov. (阿里山后蛛) Base of cymbium bearing a process, upper edge not bumpy...............4 4. Base of cymbium with two different sized chubby processes. ......................................................M. kueilinensis sp. nov. (檜林后蛛) Base of cymbium with a clavate process................................................ .........................................................M. taiwanica sp. nov. (台灣后蛛) 5. Median septum of epigynum thick, two pairs of spermathecae.............. ...............……….............…M. laisheshanensis sp. nov. (來社山后蛛) Median septum of epigynum thin, one pair of spermathecae ......……6 6. Both spermathecae close or in contact…………...…..…………...…..7 Both spermathecae widely separated...................................................... ..........................................................M. taiwanica sp. nov. (台灣后蛛) 7. Median septum becoming narrow gradually toward genital groove, and a Y-shape sclerotized plate on both sides.......................................... ..........................................................M. wuluensis sp. nov. (霧鹿后蛛) Top of median septum of epigynum thinner most, and sclerotized plate on both sides not Y-shaped.M. kueilinensis sp. nov. (檜林后蛛) 39.

(59) Meta alishanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 阿里山后蛛 (Figs. 10A-E, 64) Type series. Holotype: male (NTNUB-Ar 26391), Alishan, ALISHAN, CHIAYI COUNTY, alt. 2200 m, 9-VIII-2004, Wen-Jean HUANG leg.. Diagnosis. Meta alishanensis sp. nov. is most similar to M. taiwanica sp. nov. by the external appearance, but can be distinguished from the latter by having the base of cymbium bearing a process, with a bumpy upper edge, and a nearby another small tubercular apophysis, instead of bearing a clavate process of the latter.. Description. Male (holotype). Total length 4.80: cephalothorax length 2.40, width 1.60; abdomen length 2.40, width 1.80. Length / width of carapace = 1.50 in the ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 1: 1: 1: 1. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.41: 0.49: 0.54. Clypeus height 0.13. Chelicera length 1.56. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 2.56 (0.72, 0.28, 0.28, 1.28), leg I 12.77 (3.39, 4.77, 3.08, 1.23), leg II 8.91 (2.61, 3.53, 1.85, 0.92), leg III 4=5.84 (2.00, 1.69, 1.38, 0.77), leg IV 7.24 (2.31, 2.31, 1.85, 0.77). Carapace light brown; cephalic region with an unclear midline, with a pair of minute dents on both sides. Cervical grooves conspicuous, but radial furrows not clear; thoracic groove radiate. Both 40.

(60) eye rows slightly recurved; eyes with black margins, and a brown banded stripe behind PLEs. Chelicerae brown, with 1 promarginal tooth and 4 retromarginal teeth. Labium, maxillae and sternum brown. Legs light brown, each segment covered with few short spines, with few black spots on femur and tibia and more than three dark annulations on tibia and metatarsus. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3. Abdomen oval-shaped, dorsum with a white triangular marking in front, with a pair of white markings on both sides of central and posterior region, and with some lateral folds in behind. Tibia with two thick hairs, different in length. Tip of cymbium forked, paracymbium ivory-white, covered with some thin hairs; base of cymbium bearing a process, and with a bumpy upper edge, and a nearby another small tubercular apophysis. Shape of conductor as shown in Figs 10B and C.. Distribution. Taiwan. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality Alishan, Taiwan, where the new species was discovered.. Remarks. Up to the present, Meta alishanensis sp. nov. can only be found at the type locality in Chiayi county.. 41.

(61) Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 檜林后蛛 (Figs. 11A-E, 12A-D, 64) Type series. Holotype: male (NTNUB-Ar 32034), Kueilin, HSIULIN, HUALIEN COUNTY, alt. 2150 m, 14-IX-2006, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. Paratype: 3 males and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 32036-32039), 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 32286, 32287), data same as in holotype.. Diagnosis. Meta kueilinensis sp. nov. is most similar to M. taiwanica sp. nov. by the external appearance, but can be distinguished from the latter by having the female epigynum with an oval-shaped hollow area in center to which divided in middle by a median septum, and vulva with two spermathecae tightly in contact to form a circle; the male palpus with two different sized chubby processes on base of cymbium.. Description. Male (holotype). Total length 5.20: cephalothorax length 2.60, width 1.88; abdomen length 2.60, width 2.08, length / width of carapace = 1. 38 in the ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 1: 1: 1: 1. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.36: 0.44: 0.44. Clypeus height 0.15. Chelicera length 1.64. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 3.16 (0.76, 0.36, 0.32, 1.72), leg I 15.80 (4.40, 5.50, 4.30, 1.60), leg II 11.40 (3.50, 3.80, 2.90, 1.20), leg III 6.80 (2.30, 2.00, 1.70, 0.80), leg IV 9.10 (3.00, 2.80, 42.

(62) 2.40, 0.90). Carapace light brown, with irregular brown stripes on both sides. Cephalic region with an unapparent midline, both sides of that with a pair of little dents. Cervical grooves conspicuous but radial furrows inconspicuous, thoracic groove radiate. Both eye rows slightly recurved, eyes with black margins, behind PLEs with a brown banded stripe. Chelicerae dark brown, with 1 promarginal teeth and 3 retromarginal teeth. Labium, maxillae dark brown and sternum brown. Leg segments brown, except for femura which are light brown, each of those covered with few short spines, surface of femura and tibiae covered with some black spots, tibia and metatarsi with more than three dark annulations. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3. Abdomen globular, central abdomen with an unapparent midline, posterior abdomen with some lateral folds. Tip of cymbium forked; paracymbium ivory-white, covered with some thin hairs; base of cymbium with two different sized chubby processes; shape of conductor as shown in Figs. 12A and B.. Female (one paratype, NTNUB-Ar 32287). Total length 7.20: cephalothorax length 2.88, width 1.96; abdomen length 4.32, width 3.92. Length / width of carapace = 1.47 in the ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 1: 1: 1: 1. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.44: 0.49: 0.52. Clypeus height 0.26. Chelicera length 1.60. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 3.24 (0.96, 0.32, 0.68, 1.28), leg I 12.10 (3.50, 4.20, 3.00, 1.40), leg II 9.30 (2.70, 3.30, 2.20, 1.10), leg III 5.60 (1.80, 1.70, 1.30, 0.80), leg IV 7.70 (2.50, 2.50, 1.80, 0.90). Female similar to male in coloration, body markings, eye 43.

(63) arrangement, leg formula and features, but with a larger body size. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and 4 retromarginal teeth. Epigynum lip-shaped, central epigynum with an oval-shaped hollow area, which divided in middle by a median septum, top of median septum thinner, vulva with two spermathecae which tightly in contact to form a circle.. Variations. Measurements for 4 males followed by those of 3 females (mean ± SD in parentheses): Body length 4.92 - 5.32 (5.11 ± 0.18), 7.20 - 7.60 (7.37 ± 0.21). Carapace length 2.36 - 2.60 (2.54 ± 0.12), 2.80 - 3.20 (2.96 ± 0.21); width 1.72 - 1.88 (1.83 ± 0.08), 1.96 - 2.20 (2.12 ± 0.14). Abdomen length 2.40 - 2.72 (2.57 ± 0.13), 4.32 - 4.52 (4.41 ± 0.10); width 1.96 - 2.16 (2.08 ± 0.09), 3.92 - 4.32 (4.08 ± 0.21).. Distribution. Taiwan. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality Kueilin, Taiwan, where the new species was discovered.. Remarks. Up to the present, Meta kueilinensis sp. nov. can only be found at the type locality in Hualien county, where M. kueilinensis sp. nov. and M. taiwanica sp. nov. are distributed sympatrically. 44.

(64) Meta laisheshanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 來社山后蛛 (Figs. 13A-E, 64) Type series. Holotype: female (NTNUB-Ar 15459), Laisheshan, LAIYI, PINTUNG COUNTY, alt. 1854 m, 10-I-2003, Her-Ming CHANG leg.. Diagnosis. Meta laisheshanensis sp. nov. is most similar to M. taiwanica sp. nov. by external appearance, but differs in having a very thick median septum in female epigynum and having two pairs of spermatheca, instead of one pair of the latter.. Description. Female (holotype). Total length 6.60: cephalothorax length 2.40, width 1.84; abdomen length 4.20, width 3.88. Length / width of carapace = 1.30 in the ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 1: 1: 1: 1. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 1: 1: 1. Clypeus height 0.13. Chelicera length 1.20. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 2.76 (0.80, 0.28, 0.56, 1.12), leg I 10.92 (2.77, 4.00, 2.77, 1.38), leg II 8.29 (2.30, 2.92, 2.15, 0.92), leg III 4.77 (1.54, 1.38, 1.08, 0.77), leg IV 6.92 (2.46, 2.15, 1.54, 0.77). Carapace light brown, with thin brown stripes on both sides. Cephalic region with an unapparent midline. Cervical grooves conspicuous but radial furrows inconspicuous; thoracic groove radiate. Both eye rows slightly recurved; eyes with black margins, and a brown 45.

(65) banded stripe behind PLEs. Chelicerae dark brown, with 3 promarginal teeth and 4 retromarginal teeth. Labium, maxillae and sternum dark brown. Leg segments brown, except for femura light brown; surface of femur and tibia covered with some black spots, tibia and metatarsus with more than three dark annulations. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3. Abdomen globular, dorsum of abdomen with a gray arrowhead marking, a pair of sigillas in center , and with some lateral folds in behind. Epigynum lip-shaped, median septum thick, with two pairs of spermathecae, top of outside one spermatheca divided into two rooms.. Male. Unkown.. Distribution. Taiwan. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality Laisheshan, Taiwan, where the new species was discovered.. Remarks. Up to now, Meta laisheshanensis sp. nov. was only found at the type locatily, in the middle altitude of the Southern Central Mountain Range.. 46.

(66) Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa, 1994 黑背后蛛 (Figs. 14A-E, 64) Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa, 1994: 66, f. 1-10; Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003: 63, f. 26A-F, 27A-H, pl. IIIA-D; Tanikawa, 2007: 97, f. 323-324, 778-779; Tanikawa, 2009: 407, f. 15-16.. Specimens examined. HUALIEN COUNTY: FULI, Loshan, alt. 400 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 60968), 17-XII-2010, Wen-Jean HUANG leg.. Diagnosis. Meta nigridorsalis resembles M. wuluensis sp. nov. by the elongated abdomen, but can be distinguished from the latter by having a wavy abdomen on both sides, tip of cymbium of male palpus not forked, and base of cymbium with two equal sized furcate processes.. Description. Female (Not examined). Epigynum transversely elliptical in shape and slightly concaved anteriorly. Spermatheca connected with thick fertilization tubes. (See Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003). 47.

(67) Male (NTNUB-Ar 60968). Total length 6.00: cephalothorax length 2.80, width 1.92; abdomen length 3.20, width 1.76. Length / width of carapace = 1.46 in the ratio. Diameter of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 1: 1: 1: 1. MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW: 0.54: 0.44: 0.39. Clypeus height 0.03. Chelicera length 1.60. Measurements of palpus and legs: palpus 2.20 (0.64, 0.28, 0.48, 0.80); leg I 13.06 (3.69, 4.61, 3.38, 1.38), leg II 10.14 (2.92, 3.53, 2.61, 1.08), leg III 4.93 (1.69, 1.54, 1.08, 0.62), leg IV 6.76 (2.15, 2.46, 1.38, 0.77). Carapace light brown, both sides and posterior margin of carapace with wide brown stripes. Cephalic region with a blurred midline and a pair of spots on both sides of its midway. Cervical grooves and radial furrows conspicuous; thoracic groove ovate in shape. Bothr eye rows slightly recurved, eyes with small black margin. Chelicerae light brown, with 2 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Labium dark brown, maxillae and sternum brown. Legs brown and each leg segment present few black short spines, and present dark annulations on proximal, middle and distal end of each segment. Leg formula: 1-2-4-3. Abdomen black, lighter anteriorly, elliptical shape, and wavy on both sides, dorsum of abdomen with 3 to 4 pairs of sigillae and posterior edge of that with some lateral folds. Top of cymbium blunt without fork, paracymbium ivory-white, covered with some thin hairs, base of cymbium with two equal sized furcate processes, conductor hook-shaped.. 48.

(68) Distribution. China, Japan and Taiwan (new record).. Remarks. Tanikawa (1994) indicated that the generic status of M. nigridorsalis is not clear, because features of abdomen and palpal organ are similar to those members of genus Metellina. However, Tanikawa placed it in genus Meta based on following features: chelicera with 4 retromarginal teeth; epigynum with copulatory openings on posterior end; and male palpus rather sclerotized. Unfortunately, only one male specimen was available for the present study. I follow the opinion of Tanikawa (1994), keeping M. nigridorsalis in genus Meta.. 49.