《大智度論》菩薩思想之研究

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(1)南. 華. 大. 學. 宗教學研究所碩士論文. 《大智度論》菩薩思想之研究 A Study on the Thought of Bodhisattva in the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra. 研究生：楊淑妹（釋圓伽）指導教授：黃國清博士. 中華民國一○二年六月二十一日.

(2) ᄔ!!ा ġ ġ ġ ġ ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㗗⇅㛇⣏Ḁ䘬ᷕ奨⿅゛ἄ⑩炻䁢˪㐑姞凔劍㲊伭囄䴻˫䘬㲐慳㚠ˤ䓙㕤˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⁭㚱㻊嬗㛔炻⮵ᷕ⚳ἃ㔁侴妨炻⎗ẍ婒㗗⼙枧㶙怈䘬ᶨ悐婾℠ˤ℞ᷕ炻斄㕤厑啑䘬婾徘炻㤝䁢寸⭴⺋㲃ˤ厑啑忻䁢⣏Ḁ⿅゛䘬䈡刚炻晾䃞 ⛐⇅㛇ἃ㔁冯悐㳦ἃ㔁炻⶚䴻↢䎦ˬ厑啑˭䘬嵛嶉Ḯ炻䃞侴炻℞℠䭬Ṣ䈑ᷣ天㗗 ẍ慳⮲䁢ẋ堐炻⽆℞忶⍣䃉慷㛔䓇ᷕ㇨⯽䎦䘬䧖䧖䃉䓷埴炻⇣∫↢厑啑ᷳ↢䛦ˣ ➭劎⋻䳽䘬䱦䤆ˤ厑啑⌛㗗徥㯪奢ぇ䘬㚱ね炻劍⓷℞側⼴㗗㚱叿Ṩ湤≃慷㍐≽ 叿炻ỽẍ䔞朊⮵䛦䓇䧖䧖䘬劎従炻⌣㛒㚦徨⣙㯪ἃ忻ᷳ㰢⽫烎忁㗗厑啑䘬䃉䚉⣏ ず䘬⭡⍿≃炻ẍ⍲℞㇨℟㚱䓂㶙䘬凔劍㘢ㄏ炻⚈㬌炻ᶵ㚫冯⎴㧋㗗橼嫱䨢⿏䘬倚倆Ḁᷳ⍾ℍ㴭㥫ˤ⛐婾ᷕ炻⣏Ḁ婾侭⮵婒ᶨ↯㚱悐䘬厑啑奨Ṏ㚱ᶨ䔒䘬婵婾ˤ䃞侴炻厑啑⿅゛炻᷎ᶵ㗗⣏ˣ⮷Ḁ䘬⮵䩳ˤ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㛔幓䘬䳬䷼炻Ṏ⏓㓅ḴḀ 䘬⮎嶸奨烊℞㇨⯽䎦䘬厑啑䱦䤆㗗⏓⭡ḴḀ䘬崭崲ˤ⤪婾ᷕ䧙ˬ䃉䓇㱽⽵˭傥㓅 ḴḀ䘬㘢冯㕟炻䃞侴炻℞⇑憵㘢ㄏ㚱䔘ˤ倚倆埴侭ᷣ天㗗奨⚃媎㱽䘬䓇㹭⿏烊厑啑㚜ẍᶵ䓇ᶵ㹭䁢奨⮇䘬⮵尉炻䓙㬌奨埴㶙⺋⹎ᶵ⎴侴㚱ⶖ⇍ˤ厑啑晾ᶵ叿㕤媠㱽炻Ṏᶵ⍾ℍ㴭㥫炻ẍ⼿䃉䓇㱽⽵⼴炻ἄ䁢ᶵỷ㴭㥫䘬厑啑⇑Ṿᷳ⮎嶸忻ˤ˪⣏ 㘢⹎婾˫䓙凔劍䨢䘬⿅゛屓䨧℞ᷕ炻侴㚜ẍ䧵㤝䘬ℕ㲊伭囄埴厑啑⽿㤕烊℞ず㘢⻀栀炻䁢⊾⮶佌徟侴念⬠ᶨ↯㱽炻ẍ凔劍䁢⮶炻侴傥⤪⮎䞍ᶨ↯㱽炻䔞䁢⣏䛦ᷳ ᶲ椾炻ᶨ↯埴侭ᷳ℠䭬ˤġ ġ 斄挝娆烉厑啑ˣ婒ᶨ↯㚱悐ˣ䃉䓇㱽⽵ˣℕ㲊伭囄ˣ凔劍㲊伭囄ġ. I.

(3) Abstract The Great Treatise on the Perfection of Wisdom炷Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra, ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫炸belongs to the category of writings on Mahāyāna Buddhism, and which is a commentary on the Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom.炷 ˪⣏⑩凔劍䴻˫炸 Since only the Chinese version exists, it has been an important influence on Chinese Buddhism. In this Treatiseġ the presentation of the bodhisattva is broad and elaborate. Although the concept of the bodhisattva is found in Early Buddhism and Sectarian Buddhism, it focuses thereon the Gautama Buddha, describingġ his glorious achievements in previous lives and characterizing the bodhisattva as one possessed with superior forbearance and courageous spirit. According to the scholar Har Dayal, the meaning of bodhisattva is: “one who is devoted or attached to bodhi.” Many might wonder what encourages the bodhisattva and how does he summon the determination to keep on going? Even when faced with the various sorts of suffering in this world, he (or she) never loses the conviction needed to become a Buddha. The answer given is great compassion and profound wisdom, determining a path that does not enter a solitary Nirvana but seeks the benefit of all sentient beings.. The concept of Bodhisattva is not a point of antagonism between Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna. The organization of the Treatise involves śrāvakayāna practices such as “anutpattika-dharmakṣānti” 炷the certainty of the non-arising of dharmas, 䃉䓇㱽⽵炸 which is achieved by advanced bodhisattvas on the seventh ground (bhūmi). In this stage, the knowledge (jñāna) of a bodhisattva and the knowledge of śrāvaka are one and the same knowledge, but the latter lack skillful wisdom, great compassion, and the vows of the bodhisattva, looking instead toward Nirvana. There are differences between the concept of Bodhisattva in mahāyāna and sārvastivāda炷婒ᶨ↯㚱悐炸 literatures. The Treatise considers bodhisattvas to be in possession of a wisdom capable of eliminating more afflictions than that of the śrāvakayāna. The point of view between them is different. Mahāyāna’s proposition is “nothing having been created nothing can be destroyed”, as contrasted with the doctrine of impermanence advocated by śrāvakayāna. The Treatise demonstrates that the spirit of Bodhisattva is II.

(4) nom-attachment for all phenomena, nor entry into Nirvana. The Bodhisattva persists on the path to help beings until realization of Buddhahood.. Keywords: bodhisattva, sārvastivāda, anutpattika-dharma-kṣānti, six perfect wisdom. III. prajñāpāramitā,.

(5) 䚖㫉䫔ᶨ䪈䵺婾............................................................................................................. 1 䫔ᶨ䭨䞼䨞≽㨇冯䚖䘬 .................................................................................. 1 䫔Ḵ䭨䞼䨞㕡㱽冯䞼䨞䎮婾 .......................................................................... 2 ᶨˣ婆妨㔯䌣㱽 ....................................................................................... 2 Ḵˣ佑䎮↮㜸㱽 ....................................................................................... 4 䫔ᶱ䭨䔞ẋ䞼䨞ㆸ㝄⚆栏 .............................................................................. 5 ᶨˣ悐㳦冯⇅㛇⣏Ḁ䘬厑啑⿅゛............................................................. 5 Ḵˣ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬䚠斄㔯䌣冯厑啑⿅゛⓷柴 ....................................... 7 ᶱˣ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ἄ侭冯侣嬗⓷柴 ......................................................10 䫔⚃䭨婾㔯㝞㥳冯㤪天 .................................................................................14 䫔Ḵ䪈厑啑⿅゛ᷳ㸸㳩冯廱嬲 .............................................................................16 䫔ᶨ䭨厑啑䘬婆佑 ........................................................................................16 䫔Ḵ䭨㛔䓇婯冯厑啑⿅゛䘬崟㸸 .................................................................20 ᶨˣ㛔䓇婯 ..............................................................................................20 Ḵˣ⎚⮎䘬姀庱 ......................................................................................22 ᶱˣ䅫䅰ἃ㌰姀 ......................................................................................23 䫔ᶱ䭨悐㳦ἃ㔁䘬厑啑奨 .............................................................................25 ᶨˣ婒ᶨ↯㚱悐䘬厑啑婾 .......................................................................26 Ḵˣ厑啑䘬㲊伭囄⣂埴 ...........................................................................30 䫔⚃䭨 ˪凔劍䴻˫䘬厑啑奨 .........................................................................33 䫔ᶱ䪈!˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⮵ˬ婒ᶨ↯㚱悐˭厑啑奨ᷳ婾姽 ......................................38 䫔ᶨ䭨!厑啑ᷳ佑䓴冯⋨↮ .............................................................................38 ᶨˣ旧㮀㙯䘬厑啑佑 ...............................................................................38 Ḵˣ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬厑啑佑 .....................................................................40 䫔Ḵ䭨!˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫姽婾旧㮀㙯ᷳ厑啑佑 ..................................................42 ᶨˣ䧖ᶱ⋩Ḵ䚠⚈䶋 ...............................................................................42 Ḵˣ㲊伭囄⣂埴 ......................................................................................44 ᶱˣἃ↢ᶾᷳ㗪㛇...................................................................................46 ⚃ˣ㚱䃉⋩㕡ἃᷳ婒 ...............................................................................48 䫔⚃䪈 ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䃉䓇㱽⽵ᷳシ佑⍲℞ᾖ嫱 ..................................................51 䫔ᶨ䭨旧㮀忼䢐䘬ˬ⽵˭ .............................................................................51 ᶨˣ⽵䘬シ佑 ..........................................................................................53 Ḵˣ⚃┬㟡䘬⽵ỵ...................................................................................55 IV.

(6) 䫔Ḵ䭨 ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬䃉䓇㱽⽵ .................................................................59 ᶨˣ䃉䓇㱽⽵䘬シ佑 ...............................................................................60 Ḵˣ䃉䓇㱽⽵䘬ᾖ埴ỵ㫉 .......................................................................63 䫔Ḽ䪈 ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫厑啑䘬⮎嶸⽟埴ʇʇℕ㲊伭囄 ..........................................70 䫔ᶨ䭨 ℕ㲊伭囄ᷳ㸸㳩冯シ佑 .....................................................................71 䫔Ḵ䭨 ℕ㲊伭囄䘬⽟䚖 .................................................................................73 ᶨˣⶫ㕥㲊伭囄 ......................................................................................73 炷ᶨ炸ⶫ㕥䘬≇⽟ ...........................................................................74 炷Ḵ炸屉㕥冯㱽㕥 ...........................................................................76 炷ᶱ炸㚱䚠ⶫ㕥冯䃉䚠ⶫ㕥............................................................78 Ḵˣ㊩ㆺ㲊伭囄 ......................................................................................79 炷ᶨ炸ㆺ䘬シ佑 ...............................................................................79 炷Ḵ炸㊩ㆺ䘬≇⽟ ...........................................................................81 炷ᶱ炸⋩┬埴...................................................................................82 ᶱˣ⽵彙㲊伭囄 ......................................................................................85 炷ᶨ炸ỽ媪ˬ䓇⽵˭ˣ ˬ㱽⽵˭ ........................................................87 炷Ḵ炸⽵彙䘬≇⽟⇑䙲 ...................................................................89 ⚃ˣ䱦忚㲊伭囄 ......................................................................................90 炷ᶨ炸䱦忚䘬シ佑 ...........................................................................91 炷Ḵ炸䱦忚冯䱦忚㲊伭囄 ...............................................................92 Ḽˣ䥒㲊伭囄 ..........................................................................................94 炷ᶨ炸䥒䘬シ佑 ...............................................................................94 炷Ḵ炸ᾖ⭂䘬⇵㕡ὧ .......................................................................96 炷ᶱ炸䥒冯䥒㲊伭囄 .......................................................................98 ℕˣ凔劍㲊伭囄 .................................................................................... 100 炷ᶨ炸凔劍㲊伭囄䘬シ佑 ............................................................. 101 炷Ḵ炸凔劍㲊伭囄ᷳ≇⽟ ............................................................. 104 炷ᶱ炸凔劍㲊伭囄冯㕡ὧ ............................................................. 106 炷⚃炸ℕ⹎䚠㓅 ............................................................................. 109 䫔ℕ䪈䳸婾.......................................................................................................... 111 ⍫侫㔯䌣 ............................................................................................................... 115. V.

(7) ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ ಃ΋࿯ġ ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬ġ 1. ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㗗˪㐑姞凔劍㲊伭囄䴻˫ 䘬㲐慳㚠炻㗗Ⱄ㕤⇅㛇⣏Ḁ䘬ᷕ奨⿅゛ἄ⑩ˤ䓙㕤˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⁭㚱㻊嬗㛔炻⮵ᷕ⚳ἃ㔁侴妨炻⎗ẍ婒㗗⼙枧㶙怈䘬ᶨ悐婾℠炻㬌婾䓙凔劍䨢䘬⿅゛屓䨧℞ᷕ炻侴㚜ẍ䧵㤝⮎嶸䘬ン⹎朊⮵ᶾ攻䘬䧖䧖䄑゙冯䖃劎ˤ℞ᷕ斄㕤厑啑䘬婾徘炻ℏ⭡䚠䔞䘬寸⭴⌂暄炻晾䃞⛐䚖⇵⬠䓴 2. ᷕ㍊妶厑啑䘬䚠斄⿏嬘柴炻⎗ẍ婒䁢㔠ᶵ⮹炻䃞侴憅⮵˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㛔幓䘬厑 3. 啑䞼䨞ㆸ㝄炻⇯⯂ᶵ⣂夳ˤ 忁ḇ㗗䫮侭゛天ẍ㬌婾℠䁢㍊妶⮵尉炻⽆ᷕ㍀䘤⣏ Ḁ厑啑⿅゛䘬䱦䤆ˤ. ⽆⍇⥳ἃ㔁⇘悐㳦ἃ㔁ẍ⍲⇅㛇⣏Ḁ炻厑啑䧖⫸喲做℞ᷕ炻℞㺼嬲㗗ᶨ忋临䘤⯽䘬忶䦳烊䓙㚨㖑䘬慳徎厑啑ᷳ㛔䓇㓭ḳ䁢㟡㸸炻ᾖ埴侭䁢⇑䙲ṾṢ䘬䛇⮎₡ ῤ徸㻠塓⻟⊾冯偗⭂ˤ厑啑埴㚜㗗⣏Ḁἃ㔁䘬䈡刚炻㕤ᶾ攻ᷕ炻℞䧵㤝忚⍾䘬ン ⹎炻➭劎⋻䳽ᷳ埴炻㗗⤪ỽ傥忼⇘䘬烎⛐˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫墉炻厑啑䘬㤪⾝⎗ẍ婒㗗 ℟橼侴⺋㲃䘬炻⎗ẍ⃰⽆˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⌟ 4˨⇅⑩ᷕ厑啑慳婾䫔ℓ˩䚳↢炻℞㇨⼘栗厑啑䘬䱦䤆炻冯倚倆埴侭㚱㇨ⶖ䔘ˤ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫➢㛔ᶲᷣ天㗗䩳嵛㕤ᷕ奨⿅゛䘬婾徘炻晾䃞⛐䎮婾ᶲ炻㍉⍾⏎⭂䘬⒚⬠婾䎮烊䃞侴⛐⮎嶸ᶲ炻冒㚱叿㖶䡢 ᶼ䧵㤝䘬埴㊩ン⹎ˤ劍傥䓙⮎晃䘬䞼嬨㔯㛔ᷕ炻㡛䎮↢厑啑ᷣ天䘬奨⾝冯⮎嶸䘬㕡㱽炻⮵㕤ᾖ埴啵⚾⽭⭂㚱叿㊯⺽㕡憅䘬⣏䓐ˤ 1 2. 3. ẍᶳ䯉䧙˪⣏⑩凔劍䴻˫ˤ 冯ˬ厑啑˭䚠斄䘬㔯䌣烉(1) Har Dayal, The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, 1932. (2) The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism, edited and introduced by Leslie S. Kawamura, 1997. (3)楁ⶅ⬅晬䶐廗炻 ˪厑啑奨˫ 炻1986ˤ(4)䞛ⶅ㴟㶐炻 ˨厑啑⿅゛̯㸸㳩̬⯙̧̅˩ ˪⌘⹎⬠ ἃ㔁⬠䞼䨞˫䫔 1 ⌟ 1 嘇炻1952ˤ(5)大佑晬䶐炻 ˪⣏Ḁ厑啑忻̯䞼䨞˫ 炻1968ˤ(6)⸚㼇漵䤍叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻 ˨厑啑⿅゛䘬崟㸸冯攳⯽˩ 炻 ˪厑㍸㧡˫䫔 342-344 㛇炻1981ˤ(7)䤆㜿昮㶐叿炻姙㲳 ᷣ嬗炻 ˪厑啑⿅゛䘬䞼䨞˫˪ᶾ䓴ἃ⬠⎵叿嬗⎊ 65˫ 炻1984ˤ(8)㛱㛔⋻㳚炻 ˨厑啑̯婆佑˩ 炻 ˪⇵ 䓘よ⬠⌂⢓枴⢥䲨⾝ ἃ㔁㔯⊾⬠婾普˫ 炻1991ˤ(9)㛱㛔⋻㳚炻 ˪厑啑—ͰΛΰͷ̯ͣ̌͊㍊㯪˫ 炻 1993ˤ(10)⍂奨㱽ⷓ炻 ˪㶙奨⺋埴䘬厑啑忻˫ 炻2006ˤ 冯˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㛔幓䚠斄䘬厑啑㍊妶烉(1)ᶱ㝅⃭せ炻 ˨ ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫̬婒͍̠̌厑啑̧̬̥̅˩ 炻 ˪⌘⹎ἃ㔁⬠䞼䨞˫䫔Ḵ⌟ᶨ嘇炻1953ˤ(2) ᶱ⍳慷枮炻 ˨⣏㘢⹎婾̯厑啑奨——厑啑奨̯䧖˦ 䚠˩炻 ˪檀Ⲷ䚜忻⌂⢓怬㙮姀⾝婾普烉͜Ϋ΁⬠ἃ㔁⬠婾普˫ 炻1987ˤ(3)㛱㛔⋻㳚˨㓿⢆厑啑˩ ˪͜Ϋ΁⿅゛̬̋̒͌Ṣ攻奨˫ 炻1991ˤ(4)哋佑㔴炻 ˨⣏⑩凔劍䴻冯⣏㘢⹎婾ᷕ䘬厑啑˩炻 ˪ἃ 㔁冯ᷕ⚳㔯⊾⚳晃⬠埻㚫嬘婾㔯普˫ 炻1995ˤ 1.

(8) 㛔㔯䘬㥳⿅炻䓙䷙⎹䘬㗪攻䘤⯽ᶲ叿䛤炻㫚⃰䝕妋⍇⥳ἃ㔁ᷕ㚨⇅ˬ厑啑˭ 婆䘬↢䎦⍲㇨ẋ堐䘬シ佑䁢ỽ烎⽆℞崟㸸冯㺼嬲䘬㍊妶炻忚侴炻⛐悐㳦ἃ㔁ᷕ婾 ⷓᾹ⮵厑啑奨㚱䧖䧖䘬妶婾炻℞ᷕ⯌ẍ婒ᶨ↯㚱悐䘬奨溆ἄ䁢ᷣ天婾徘䘬⮵尉烊 ⇘Ḯ⇅㛇⣏Ḁ凔劍䴻℠ᷕ㇨⏰䎦䘬厑啑奨炻⇯⍰㚱ᶵ⎴䘬㧋尴ˤ劍⃰⮵ˬ厑啑˭ ↢䎦䘬㔜ᾳ㬟⎚傰䴉ἄᶨ沍䝘䘬娙炻ㆾ姙⮵㕤Ḯ妋⎴㧋㗗Ⱄ㕤⇅㛇⣏Ḁ䴻℠ᷳᶨ 䘬˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬厑啑⿅゛炻⇯傥㚱㚜㶭㤂䘬娵嬀ˤ⎴㗪炻⍫侫䎦ẋ⬠侭Ᾱ䘬⬠ 埻䞼䨞炻啱䓙䩳➢㕤⇵Ṣ䘬䧖䧖䞼䨞ㆸ㝄ᷳᶲ炻傥㍸ὃ䫮侭㚜⬴㔜䘬䚠斄妲〗炻 ⮵䎮婾ᷳ↮㜸冯㔁䎮ᶲ䘬娵嬀悥㚱卓⣏䘬⸓≑炻᷎䴻䓙䞼嬨˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫炻㍊䳊冯娵嬀厑啑㇨℟㚱䘬䈡刚炻㚨䳪ⶴ㛃㗗傥⬠佺厑啑ˬ冒⇑⇑Ṿ˭䘬䱦䤆炻⼨ἃ忻 ᶲ怩忚ˤ. ಃΒ࿯ġ ࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬ᆶࣴ‫ز‬౛ፕġ. ᶨˣ婆妨㔯䌣㱽㛔㔯ᷣ天䞼䨞䘬㕡㱽㗗ẍ⿅゛䞼䨞䁢ᷣ炻婆妨㔯䌣䁢庼䘬㕡⺷Ἦἄ㍊妶ˤ⛐ 婾㔯ᷕ忳䓐⇘婆妨㔯䌣㱽䘬悐↮炻ᷣ天憅⮵ᶨṃ䈡㬲䘬ἃ㔁埻婆炻⚈䁢ἃ䴻婆妨㗗Ⱄ㕤⢾Ἦ婆炻⛐㚠⮓㕡朊ⷠⷠ㚫ἧ䓐枛嬗娆炻劍傥怬⍇℞㡝㔯䘬⍇Ἦ⫿佑炻⇯ 傥㖶䘥⬫⛐忁㭝㔯傰ᷕ㇨ẋ堐䘬ᷣ天シ佑炻侴㚱㗪忁㧋䘬枛嬗娆炻᷎䃉㱽䚜㍍嬗 ㆸᷕ㔯炻忁ᾅ䔁Ḯ⍇婆䘬䈡㬲⿏炻侴㗪攻ᶨᷭ炻ḇ⌛ㆸ䁢䁢Ṣ䅇䞍䘬ἃ⬠忂䓐婆妨炻⤪⎴ˬ厑啑˭ ˣ ˬ厑㍸˭ ˣ ˬ凔劍㲊伭囄˭ ˣ ˬ旧杆嵳农˭䫱䫱㗗Ⱄ㕤ἃ㔁䈡㚱䘬埻婆ˤ劍ẍ䎦ẋἃ⬠䞼䨞Ἦ䚳炻ˬ婆妨㔯䌣㕡㱽˭℟㚱Ṩ湤㧋䘬シ佑␊烎䁢ỽ⬫ ⛐ἃ⬠䞼䨞ᷕ塓夾䁢慵天䘬ᶨ䑘烎啱䓙役ẋ⬠侭Ᾱ䘬婒㖶炻⮵㬌傥㚱㚜㶙ᶨⰌ䘬娵嬀ˤ. ỽ媪㔯䌣烎㒂⬠侭㍸↢䘬妋慳烉 ˬᶨᾳẍ姀抬㚱シ佑䘬婆妨ㆾ㔯⫿䁢ᷣ䘬䈑橼炻⯌℞㗗⎌ẋ䘬炻⎗⎓ ˮ㔯䌣˯ˤɃɃ㔯䌣䞼䨞䘬₡ῤˣシ佑␴慵天⿏炻㬋 4. ⤥⯙⛐⬫慵夾⍇尴炻≃㯪性⃵℞检⬠䥹䘬娖慳ˤ˭ Ṏ⤪⬠侭⏛㰅懆婒㖶炻㔯䌣. 4. 檀㖶忻炻˨㻓婯ἃ㔁㔯䌣⍲℞䞼䨞˩ 炻˪ἃ㔁⚾㚠棐棐妲˫䫔 10 / 11 㛇炻1997 ⸜ 6 / 9 㚰炻枩 81, 2.

(9) ⬠㕡㱽㗗ᶨ䧖⭊奨䱦䤆䘬堐䎦ˤ侴䎦ẋἃ⬠䞼䨞䘬暋斄炻䔞㍐婆㔯䁢䫔ᶨˤ῀劍 ㆹᾹ天⮵ἃ⬠⺋朊⛘ἄ䫔ᶨ䶂䘬䞼䨞炻德忶㡝ˣ⶜⇑ˣ啷ˣ㻊ˣ㖍⸦䧖⎌℠婆㔯炻 5. ⎗⮵ἃ㔁⛐⌘⹎␴⛐ᷕ⚳䘬䘤⯽炻⛐⸛朊ᶲἄᶨ⬴㔜䘬Ḯ妋ˤ 劍℟㚱⣂䧖䘬婆妨䞍嬀炻傥⮵㕤⍇℠␴嬗㛔忚埴㭼⮵冯㟉⊀炻ẍ⍲⮵⍇℠ἄ侣嬗䫱炻侴忁ṃ悥Ⱄ 㕤㭼庫则懭ˣ⚘暋䘬ⶍἄˤ⤪⎴⽆ É Lamotte ⮵˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㇨ἄ䘬嬗㲐ᷕ炻⎗ ẍ䚳夳℞℟㚱㶙⍂䘬ἃ℠婆㔯傥≃ˤ. 㒂⬠侭㜿捖⚳䘬婒㖶炻䎦ẋἃ㔁䞼䨞䘬䈡刚㗗⺢䩳⛐婆妨⬠炷philology炸冯㬟⎚㔯䌣⬠炷textual-historical criticism炸䘬㕡㱽ᶲ炻䚜㍍⽆㡝ˣ⶜ˣ㻊ˣ啷ˣᷕ Ṇ婆妨䘬⍇⥳㔯䌣炻ẍ⍲℞Ṿ䘬侫⎌屯㕁炷䠹娬㔯䈑炸炻忚埴㔯㛔炷䴻℠炸䘬㟉 ⊀妋嬨炻ẍ慵⺢ἃ㔁㔁佑冯㔁㳦䘬䘤⯽⎚ˤ⛐大㕡⬠侭Ᾱ㕤忁㕡朊䘬䞼䨞ᶲ⎗ẍ 婒㗗㚱䚠䔞寸䡑䘬ㆸ㝄炻ḇ嬻℞Ṿ⚳⭞嶇忚炻⽆㖍㛔⣂ỵ⬠侭⋻崲䘬⬠埻堐䎦ᷕ ⎗䔍夳ᶨ㔹ˤὅ⫼⒚炷Edward Conze炸↮㜸炻㲐妋˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬㱽⚳⬠侭 É Lamotte 㬠栆㕤㱽㭼⬠㳦炻㬌⬠㳦ẍ婆妨⬠ˣ㔯䌣⬠䞼䨞䁢➢䢶炻䳸⎰⒚⬠ˣ䣦㚫⬠ˣ㮹㕷娴䫱㕡㱽炻娎⚾⺢㥳㚜䁢⬴㔜䘬ἃ㔁⚾⁷ˤ⮵ É Lamotte 侴妨炻婆妨㔯䌣⬠㕡㱽᷎ᶵ军㕤␴ἃ㔁ᷕ䘬ˬ⚃ὅ˭⍇⇯堅䨩炻⚈䁢㔯䌣䘬妋㖶炷ὅ婆炸晾䃞ᶵ⽭䃞 ᾅ晄嫱⼿䫔ᶨ佑媎炻Ữ⌣㗗℞⽭天㡅ẞˤ. 6. 䵄奨ᶲ徘炻忁℞⮎ḇ婒㖶Ḯ德忶㔯⫿䘬妋㖶炻⮳㯪℞⍇⥳䘬シ佑炻⤪㝄⥍┬ 忳䓐婆妨ⶍ℟炻⌛㚱≑㕤⛐㔯㛔妋嬨ᶲ䘬㬋䡢⿏ˤ䃞侴炻ẍ⍵朊Ἦ䚳炻㔯䌣㕡㱽冒㚱℞旸⇞⿏炻⤪⬠侭⏛㰅懆ἄ↢Ḯ娛䳘䘬↮㜸炻Ṿ娵䁢烉ˬ㔯䌣⬠➢㛔ᶲ㗗婆妨㔯⫿䘬⬠⓷炻⬫䘬ᷣ天㡅ẞ㗗婆㔯䞍嬀炻⎗ẍ婒㗗⃰Ḯ妋⫿朊シ⿅ᷳ⼴炻ὧ⎗ ẍ忚埴㴱⍲⿅゛䘬ℏ⭡炻㓭㔯䌣⬠㛔幓㗗ⶍ℟佑烊侴ⶍ℟㛔幓㗗ᷕ⿏䘬烊⬫㗗ᶨ 䧖㕡㱽炻傥䔷忂㔯⫿䁢㛔䘬䧖䧖⓷柴炻Ữᶵᶨ⭂冯⿅゛㚱斄忋烊㲐慳㗗㔯䌣⬠䘬 ⶍἄ炻侴ℏ⭡⇯䚜㍍䈥㴱佑䎮ᶲ䘬Ḯ妋炻Ữ⛐䎦⮎ᷕ炻Ṣ⼨⼨⮯ℑ侭㶟㵮崟Ἦ炻农ἄ↢拗婌䘬姽Ộ烊㔯䌣⬠㕡㱽⽭枰ὅ㒂䴻℠炻㰺㚱Ḯ䴻℠㔯⫿䘬ὅ㒂炻忁䧖䞼 7. 䨞ὧ䃉㱽崟ˤ˭ Ṿ㇨㍸↢Ḯ忁㧋ᷕ偗䘬䚳㱽炻栏⎵⿅佑炻⤪㝄ⶍ℟忳䓐⼿䔞炻. 5 6. 7. 82ˤ ⍫夳⏛㰅懆炻˪ἃ⬠䞼䨞㕡㱽婾˫炻枩 103, 107ˤ 㜿捖⚳炻˨⣂枛冯ṳℍ烉⊿伶䘬ἃ⬠婾徘˩ 炻 ˪䨢⿏冯䎦ẋ⿏˫ 炻⎘⊿烉䩳䵺㔯⊾炻1999 ⸜炻枩 160-162ˤ ⏛㰅懆炻˪ἃ⬠䞼䨞㕡㱽婾˫ 炻枩 111-114ˤ 3.

(10) 䃉朆㗗⮵℞側⼴䘬⿅゛妋㖶傥ⷞἮᶨ䧖庼≑䘬ἄ䓐炻Ữ⤪㝄ῷ慵Ḯ炻⾽㗗⎒⼺㕤㔯⫿ᶲ ⶍ⣓侴⶚炻侴⣙⌣Ḯἃ⬠䞼䨞䘬⮎岒シ佑ˤġ. Ḵˣ佑䎮↮㜸㱽 ᶲ朊婒㔯䌣⬠㗗ⶍ℟佑炻⇯䚠⮵⛘婒炻⒚⬠佑䎮ὧ㗗䚖䘬ˤ῀劍ㆹᾹ㈲ἃ⬠ 夾䁢ᶨ䧖⿅゛ᶨ䧖⒚⬠䘬娙炻⇯ἃ⬠䞼䨞Ụ᷶怬㗗ㅱẍ⒚⬠佑䎮䘬㈲㎉䁢慵ˤ䎮゛䘬䞼䨞炻冒䃞㗗天ẍ佑䎮冯㔯䌣ℤ侴㚱ᷳ烊Ữ῀劍⎒傥℟℞ᷕᶨ䧖㗪炻⇯⒚⬠ 8. ᶵ嵛㚫㭼㔯䌣ᶵ嵛忈ㆸ㚜⣏䘬仢溆ˤ 啱䓙ἃ⬠佑䎮䘬䞼䨞㕡㱽炻䃉朆㗗天彐㖶 ℞㟡㛔䘬忻䎮炻⮵䁢䄑゙㇨⚘べ侭侴妨炻ⶴ㛃傥⽆ἃ㱽䘬娵䞍ᷕ炻⮵䄑゙䘬⍣昌ˣ 䓇㬣劎ᷳ㬊〗㚱㇨≑䙲ˤ. ⮵㕤⿅゛䘬娖慳炻➢㛔ᶲㅱ䩳嵛㕤⮵㔯㛔妋嬨䘬䡢䔞⿏炻⽆㔯㛔ᷕ㇨⍿⇘䘬 ┇䘤炻ℵ忚ᶨ㬍⿅侫⬫㇨ⷞἮ䘬シ佑炻忁⎗ẍ婒㗗Ⱄ㕤⭊奨⿏䘬炻侴㰺㚱⣯䔘䘬夳妋炻⎒㗗⛐⮵㔯㛔忚埴娖慳㗪炻䫮侭娵䁢忁㗗ᶵ⎗ㆾ仢䘬➢䢶ˤ⎎⢾炻⬠侭∱ 䪹㔊㍸⇘烉ˬ䴻℠娖慳冯橼䲣䘬慵㥳␴∝忈ᷳ攻⊭⏓叿ᶵ⎗性⃵䘬䞃䚦炻ᶨ㕡㗗 ⶚㚱䘬⎌ẋ䴻℠炻忁㗗ᶨ䧖㔯㛔䘬旸⇞烊ᶨ㕡㗗⼴ẋ䘬⿅侫␴∝㕘炻忁暨天䨩䟜 ⁛䴙䘬⇞䲬炻Ḵ侭㗗⾶㧋婧␴ㆾ䳸⎰崟Ἦ䘬烎⎌ẋ⿅゛⭞ ⇘Ḯ忁ᶨ溆炻ỮṾᾹ 9. Ụ᷎᷶㰺㚱シ嬀⇘忁䧖䞃䚦ˤ˭ ㆾ姙⎗ẍ䎮妋⿅゛⭞Ᾱ⛐㇨㚱∝㕘㗪炻暋⃵㚫攳⯽↢⎎ᶨ䧖䚳㱽炻ḇ⎗傥㗗Ἦ冒㕤䞼䨞侭㛔幓䘬ᶵ⎴柀㚫烊ẍ㚜攳㓦䘬ン⹎゛天崘↢⁛䴙炻栗䣢↢䓇≽㚱≃䘬㳣帵⿅゛炻忁㗗⏎⎗ẍ婒㗗枮ㅱ㗪ẋ㼖㳩㇨暨ˤ 䃞侴炻⛐∝㕘ᷳ检炻㚜ㅱ晐㗪㩊夾炻性⃵㚱忶⹎娖慳ᷳ䔹ˤ. 㜙大㕡悥㚱⒚⬠⿅゛䘬䘤⯽炻⣂㔠Ṣ娵䁢大㕡⒚⬠⿅゛㚱庫寸⭴䘬㤪⾝冯䎮 10. 婾炻⻟婧䲣䴙⿏炻㓭⽆ḳ⿅゛䞼䨞侭炻⼨⼨⃰佺⼿ᶨṃ大㕡⒚⬠䘬➢㛔佑䎮ˤ 䃞侴炻䔊䪇㜙大㕡⿅゛ᶵ䚉䚠⎴炻傥ẍ⏠⍾Ṿ㕡䘬⃒溆Ἦ墄嵛冒⶙䘬ᶵ嵛炻忁⌛㗗㇒攟墄䞕ᷳ䓐ˤ䃞侴炻⿅゛⭞Ᾱ㚨慵天䘬㗗天㚱⬷奨䘬奺⹎炻ẍ⍲⮵䣦㚫斄㆟䘬傠备炻侴ᶵ㗗╖䲼⎒㗗⬠䨞⺷䘬䞼䨞炻⤪㬌㚨䳪⎒星ℍ㕤ˬ攱攨忈干˭䘬冒⬠⚘ 8. ⏛㰅懆炻˪ἃ⬠䞼䨞㕡㱽婾˫ 炻枩 113ˤ ∱䪹㔊炻 ˪娖慳冯⭂⎹ʇʇᷕ⚳⒚⬠䞼䨞㕡㱽ᷳ㍊䨞˫ 炻枩 53ˤ 10 ⏛㰅懆炻˪ἃ⬠䞼䨞㕡㱽婾˫ 炻枩 125ˤ 9. 4.

(11) ⠫炻䃉㱽㒜⯽⽫曰䘬⺋⹎冯⿅゛䘬∝㕘ˤ. 劍ẍ㛔㔯Ἦ䚳炻天⽆䘦⌟䘬˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷕ㡛䎮↢ˬ厑啑˭䘬䚠斄⿅゛炻ᷣ 天㗗ẍ㔯㛔䁢⮵尉䘬佑䎮娖慳ˤ䴻䓙㑘⮓忶䦳ᷕ炻晾䃞㗗叿慵⛐㔯㛔䘬⿅゛娖慳炻Ữ⤪ỽ⽆漸⣏䘬屯㕁ᷕ㉥䴚∅丕炻⍾⼿怑↯䘬ℏ⭡烎昌Ḯ㔯㛔ᷳ⢾炻怬枰天 ⍫侫役ẋ⬠侭Ᾱ䘬䚠斄叿徘炻䪁⛐⇵Ṣ䞼䨞ㆸ㝄䘬ⶐ䞛ᶲ炻ㆾ姙傥䚳⇘⇵㕡㚜怈䘬㘗尉炻䃞侴炻⎴㗪ḇ天㈱㑯ˣ⇌㕟℞娖慳䘬奺⹎炻侴忁ṃ悥㍸ὃḮ䫮侭慵天䘬 ⍫侫㕡⎹炻⤪㬌炻䃉朆㗗ⶴ㛃傥斉㖶㔯㛔ᷕ厑啑䘬䛇⮎シ佑ˤ. ಃΟ࿯ġ ྽жࣴ‫ز‬ԋ݀ӣ៝ġ. ᶨˣ悐㳦冯⇅㛇⣏Ḁ䘬厑啑⿅゛炷ᶨ炸⸚㼇漵䤍叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻˨厑啑⿅゛䘬崟㸸冯攳⯽˩. 11. 厑啑⎵䧙䘬崟㸸㗗䓙㕤ἃ旨慳⮲䘬㛔䓇婯炻⌛斄㕤⮎嶸冯㯪厑㍸炻ὅ㒂 Bharhut ⎌⟼䘬㪬㤗ᶲ䘬⇣㔯栗䣢炻夾厑啑ᶨ娆↢䎦㗗⛐大⃫⇵䫔ᶨᶾ䲨⇅ẍ⼴ ⇘大⃫⼴䫔Ḵᶾ䲨ᷳ攻ˤ⎎⢾⮵厑啑⎵䧙⇅崟㗪䘬シ佑䁢ỽ炻ẍ⍲厑啑⿅゛䓊䓇㕤悐㳦攻䘬ᶵ⎴娖慳ˤ䓙㕤厑啑⿅゛䘬⮶ℍ侴冰崟䘬⣏Ḁἃ㔁忳≽䓊䓇烊侴⣏Ḁ 䲣厑啑⿅゛↮䁢ℑ栆炻ᶨ㗗埴侭冒奢䘬厑啑烊⎎ᶨ㗗ἄ䁢ᾉẘ⮵尉䘬厑啑ˤ 12. 炷Ḵ炸䞛ⶅ㴟㶐炻˨厑啑⿅゛ߩ㸸㳩ߦ⯙޿ߡ˩. 忁䭯㔯䪈↮ㆸᶱᾳ⮷䭨烉炷1炸厑啑䘬シ佑烉ẍℕ暊␴慳ᷕᷳὅᷣ慳␴㊩㤕慳Ἦ↮㜸ȾBodhisattvaȿ炻᷎栗䣢↢⛐䴻㔯ᷕ㇨↢䎦䘬䚠斄傰䴉烊炷2炸厑啑⿅゛䘬䘤⯽忶䦳䘬⚆栏烊炷3炸厑啑⿅゛㸸㳩䘬㍐㷔ˤ㔜橼Ἦ婒炻叿慵⛐⇅㛇ἃ㔁䘬厑啑⿅゛䘬㍊妶炻⻟婧䘬㗗Ṣ攻䘬ἃ旨⍲℞ᾖ埴䘬℠䭬炻Ữ⮹妠⍲⣏Ḁ䴻℠䘬悐↮ˤ 11. 12. ⸚㼇漵䤍叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻˨厑啑⿅゛䘬崟㸸冯攳⯽˩炻㓞抬㕤烉˪厑㍸㧡˫䫔 342-344 㛇炻⎘ ᷕ烉厑㍸㧡↢䇰䣦炻1981 ⸜ˤ炷墄⃭婒㖶烉忁䭯⍇ἄ⮓㕤 1957 ⸜炻㓞抬㕤烉⭖㛔㬋⮲䶐炻˪ἃ 㔁̯㟡㛔䛇䎮ġ Ļġ ἃ㔁̬̋̒͌㟡㛔䛇䎮̯㬟⎚䘬媠⼊ン˫炻1974 ⸜炻枩 219-240ˤ炸䞛ⶅ㴟㶐炻˨厑啑⿅゛ߩ㸸㳩ߦ⯙޿ߡ˩ 炻 ˪⌘⹎⬠ἃ㔁⬠䞼䨞˫ 炻䫔 1 ⌟䫔 1 嘇炻1952 ⸜炻枩 146-152ˤ 5.

(12) 炷ᶱ炸⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ᷳ崟㸸冯攳⯽˫ ⽆⍇⥳ἃ㱽䘤⯽⇘⣏Ḁἃ㱽炻℞ᷣ天䘬≽≃炻⌘枮㱽ⷓ娵䁢㗗烉ˬἃ㴭㥫ẍ 13. ⼴炻ἃ⻇⫸⮵ἃ䘬㯠⿮㆟⾝˭ˤ ⽆㛔䓇ˣ嬔╣ˣ⚈䶋ᷕ攳⯽↢厑啑䘬桐尴炻⃭ 㺧䎮゛冯ᾉẘ䘬厑啑埴侭炻徸㻠ㆸ䁢⣏Ḁἃ㱽䘬慵天℠䭬ˤ婾叿ᷕ䘬䫔⋩䪈烉 ˨凔劍㲊伭囄㱽攨˩炻娛䳘ṳ䳡Ḯ凔劍䴻䘬䚠斄㔯䌣炻㍸ὃḮ慵天䘬㔯䌣Ἦ㸸炻᷎ᶼ 䴻䓙Ḯ妋ˬ凔劍˭䘬佑⏓炻ㇵ傥⮵˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㛔幓䘬䎮妋ᶲ㚜㖶䡢ˤ 炷⚃炸大佑晬䫱叿炻⌘㴟㱽ⷓ嬗炻˪⣏Ḁ厑啑忻ᷳ䞼䨞˫. 14. 䓙⣏Ḁἃ㔁䘬ㆸ䩳⸜ẋ攳⥳㍊妶崟炻㍍叿婾徘厑啑䘬↢䎦炻婒㖶⣏Ḁἃ㔁䘬 ㆸ䩳㗗厑啑↢䎦䁢慵天䘬⣹㨇ˤ䓙⣂ỵ⬠侭Ᾱ↮⇍㍊妶炻⽆㛔䓇ˣ嬔╣ᷕ㍊䨞℞ ㇨堐䎦↢䘬厑啑㸸㳩⿅゛炻ẍ⍲⣏Ḁ䴻℠ᷕ䘬厑啑奨炻⊭㊔凔劍䴻ˣᷕ奨ˣⓗ嬀ˣ 㶐⛇ˣ㱽厗ˣ厗♜ˣ⭮㔁䫱炻栗䣢Ḯ⣏Ḁἃ㱽䘬⏓圵⿏炻厑啑䱦䤆㕤℞ᷕ⯽䎦↢ ᶵ⎴䘬䈡刚ˤ 炷Ḽ炸㛱㛔⋻㳚炻˨㛔䓇厑啑ߩ⣏Ḁ⊾˩. 15. 㛔䓇厑啑炻ᶨ凔㇨䞍炻⌛㗗㊯慳徎ἃᷳ忶⍣幓㈽䓇䧖䧖┬ら嵋ᷕ炻℞㇨⯽䎦䘬⣏䃉䓷ˣ䁢㓹嬟䛦䓇䘬䱦䤆ˤ㔯ᷕ德忶⣏Ḁἃ℠ᷕ㇨⺽䓐㛔䓇婯ᷳ㩊妶烉Ḯ妋㛔䓇厑啑㇨℟㚱䘬䈡⽝烊⮵㕤Ṩ湤㧋䘬䓇㳣㕡⺷炻ㇵ䧙䁢䫎⎰⣏Ḁ厑啑䘬䎮⾝烊 ᷎ᶼ⎗ẍ㶭㤂䚳⇘㲊伭囄埴冯㛔䓇厑啑埴ᷳ攻ἄ↢㖶栗䘬䳸⎰ˤ 炷ℕ炸⍂奨㱽ⷓ炻˪㶙奨⺋埴䘬厑啑忻˫. 16. ἄ侭⮵˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷕ䘬ℕ㲊伭囄㚱娛䳘䘬婾䨞炻᷎ᶼ娛⺽⇅㛇⣏Ḁ䴻婾ᷳ 䚠斄䴻㔯䁢Ỹ嫱烊℞ᷕ˨妋僓忻冯厑啑忻˩ᶨ㔯婒㖶㬌Ḵ侭ᷳᾖ埴忻ℏ⭡炻ḴḀ 埴侭冯ἃ䘬䄑゙妋僓晾䃉ⶖ⇍炻Ữ℞⹎䃉慷䛦䓇冯⣏ず⽫⇯㚱⣏ⶖ⇍炻䃞厑啑埴侭暨天念⬠ᶨ↯㱽炻⏓㓅倚倆㱽炻Ữᷣ天ᶵ⍾嫱㴭㥫炻㚜䧵㤝ẍℕ⹎埴⊾⮶䛦䓇ˤ. 13 14 15. 16. ⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ᷳ崟㸸冯攳⯽˫ 炷冒⸷炸炻枩 3ˤ 大佑晬䫱⍇叿炻⌘㴟㱽ⷓ嬗炻˪⣏Ḁ厑啑忻ᷳ䞼䨞˫炻伶⚳烉㱽⌘⮢㔯㔁ᷕ⽫炻2009 ⸜ˤ 㛱㛔⋻㳚炻˨㛔䓇厑啑ߩ⣏Ḁ⊾˩炻㓞抬㕤烉㖍㛔ṷ㔁ቇળ䶐廗炻˪厑啑奛˫炻Ṕ悥烉⸛㦪⮢炻 1994 ⸜炻枩 15-27ˤ ⍂奨㱽ⷓ炻˪㶙奨⺋埴䘬厑啑忻˫炻⎘⊿烉ㄏ㖍嫃➪炻2006 ⸜ˤ 6.

(13) 17. 炷ᶫ炸䤆㜿昮㶐叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻˪厑啑⿅゛䘬䞼䨞˫ ġ ἄ侭⽆⋿⁛ˣ悐㳦㗪㛇炻ᶨ䚜⇘⇅㛇⣏Ḁ䴻℠烉˪凔劍䴻˫ˣ˪厗♜䴻˫ˣ ˪厑啑⛘䴻˫ˣ˪㡝䵚䴻˫ˣ˪ṩ䌳凔劍䴻˫ˣ˪厑啑䑼䎆㛔㤕䴻˫䫱炻㍊妶⎬ 悐䴻℠䘬厑啑⿅゛ˤ℞ᷕᷣ天ẍ㚱悐⮵厑啑䘬㔀徘Ἦ䚳炻ἄ侭憅⮵˪旧㮀忼䢐⣏ 18. 㮀⧮㱁婾˫ 炻㍸↢ᶨṃ奨⾝ᶲẍ⍲埻婆䘬妋慳炻㗗Ⱄ㕤䯉天⿏䘬婾徘ˤ 炷ℓ炸ぇ㭟㱽ⷓ炻˪悐㳦ἃ㔁˫. 19. ἄ侭㛔幓䱦䞼㕤悐㳦ἃ㔁炻⽆ 200 ⌟䘬˪⣏㮀⧮㱁婾˫ᷕ炻傥⣈↮㜸⎬ᾳ婾 ⷓᷳ攻䘬奨溆炻㶭㤂慸㶭⼤㬌䘬⿅゛ⶖ䔘ˤ⎬ᾳ悐㳦䩳➢㕤ᶵ⎴䘬ᾖ埴䎮婾炻侴䘤⯽↢⇍℟ᶨ㟤䘬ᾖ埴奨溆ˤ℞ᷕ䘬ᶨᾳ䪈䭨烉 ˨婾ⷓ䘬厑啑奨˩ 炻㟡㒂˪⣏㘢⹎ 婾˫⮵㚱悐厑啑䘬㈡⇌ᷕ炻ἄ侭婒㖶Ḯ㚱悐㇨㊩㚱䘬㟡㛔婾溆炻ẍ⍲忈ㆸℑ侭⮵ 厑啑奨㚱ᶵ⎴朊䚠冯䳸㝄䘬↮㜸婒㖶ˤ. ⛐忁ᶨ悐↮墉炻Ⱄ㕤悐㳦冯⇅㛇⣏Ḁ厑啑⿅゛䘬䚠斄㔯䌣炻⽆㗪攻䘬䘤⯽ᶲ Ἦ䚳炻⬠侭Ᾱ㇨婾徘冯嗽䎮䘬悐↮㚱烉炷1炸⽆㛔䓇ˣ嬔╣ẍἮ䘬㍊㸸炻悐㳦冯⇅ 㛇⣏Ḁ䘬䴻℠䘬攳⯽烊炷2炸娵䁢厑啑⿅゛䘬⮶ℍ炻䁢冰崟⣏Ḁἃ㔁䘬慵天⣹㨇烊炷3炸䚳⇘Ḯ⽆㟡㸸㳩⁛ᶳ䘬廱嬲冯ⶖ⇍炻侴㭷ᶨᾳ昶㭝悥℟㚱℞䈡刚ˤ䃞侴炻䫮侭娵䁢㭼庫ᶵ嵛䘬悐↮炻㗗⛐㕤悐㳦ἃ㔁㕡朊ˤ昌Ḯぇ㭟㱽ⷓᷳ叿ἄ⢾炻℞Ṿ 䭯ᷳ㔯䌣⮵悐㳦ἃ㔁䘬叿⡐᷎ᶵ⣂炻⼰栗䃞⛘炻⽆悐㳦㗪㛇军⇅㛇⣏Ḁ㗪㛇厑啑奨ᷳ攻䘬斄忋⿏炻㗗㧉䱲䘬ᶨ枩ˤ. Ḵˣ ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬䚠斄㔯䌣冯厑啑⿅゛⓷柴炷ᶨ炸K. Venkata Ramanan, Nāgārjuna’s Philosophy. 20. ἄ侭岲ㆸ⁛䴙䘬奨溆炻䚠ᾉ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ἄ侭䁢漵㧡烊⮵㕤 É. Lamotte ㍸. 17. 䤆㜿昮㶐叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻˪厑啑⿅゛䘬䞼䨞˫ 炻 ˪ᶾ䓴ἃ⬠⎵叿嬗⎊ 65˫ 炻⎘⊿烉厗⬯↢䇰䣦炻 1984 ⸜ˤ 18 ġ ẍᶳ䯉䧙˪⣏㮀⧮㱁婾˫ˤ 19 慳ぇ㭟炻 ˪悐㳦ἃ㔁䲣↿炷ᶲ䶐炸——⮎䚠䭯ˣ㤕㝄䭯˫ 炻2002 ⸜烊 ˪悐㳦ἃ㔁䲣↿炷ᷕ䶐炸—— ᾖ嫱䭯˫ 炻2010 ⸜烊 ˪悐㳦ἃ㔁䲣↿炷ᶳ䶐炸——媠悐婾ⷓ䘬⿅゛冯桐㟤˫ 炻⎘⊿烉㱽䓴↢䇰䣦炻 2006 ⸜ˤ 20 K. Venkata Ramanan, Nāgārjuna’s Philosophy , Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1993. 7.

(14) ↢㆟䔹朆漵㧡ᷳἄ䘬婾溆炻Ṿ᷎䃉㱽劇⎴ˤἄ侭ᷣ天斉㖶忁悐婾℞➢㛔䘬⒚⬠奨溆炻ⶴ㛃⏰䎦䴎嬨侭䘬㗗炻ḇ⤪⎴Ṿ㛔幓㇨娵嬀㬌婾㇨喲⏓䘬⿅゛炻㗗䁢⣏⭞㇨䅇〱䘬漵㧡ᷳ叿ἄ˪ᷕ奨婾枴˫␴˪⺣婵婾˫䘬冒䃞⺞Ỡ冯䘤⯽炻⤪㝄㗗忁㧋䘬娙炻⇯嵛ẍ嫱㖶⁛䴙奨溆䁢漵㧡ἄ⑩䘬䡢䔞⿏ˤ⚈㬌炻⛐忁㛔叿ἄ墉ˤἄ侭椾⃰ ṳ䳡漵㧡䓇⸛叿ἄ⍲℞⿅゛ẍ⍲悐㳦ᷕ䘬ᶨṃ奨溆烊⎴㗪炻㕤㚨⼴䘬ℑᾳ䪈䭨 ᷕ炻䯉天⛘ṳ䳡Ḯ怩⎹ㆸἃᷳ忻忶䦳ᷕ䘬厑啑炻⬴ℐ㕟昌䃉㖶冯屒ッ炻᷎廱⊾䁢㘢ㄏ␴ヰず炻㔀徘℞ᾖ埴䘬㕡㱽冯⋩⛘䘬ℏ⭡ˤ 21. 炷Ḵ炸ᶱ⍳慷枮炻˨⣏㘢⹎婾ߩ厑啑奨——厑啑奨ߩ⒳‫ޘ‬䚠˩. ↮ㆸℑᾳ悐ấἄ㍊妶烉ᶨˣ䓙˪⣏㮀⧮㱁婾˫㇨夳⇘䘬厑啑奨⾝␴⣏Ḁ䘬斄 Ὢ烊Ḵˣ⛐˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ˬ䦀⭮˭婒␴厑啑奨ˤἄ侭㕤䳸婆ᷕ婒㖶炻朊⮵䔞㗪㕘䘬厑啑奨炻ẍṢṢ悥傥ㆸ䁢厑啑䘬忁㧋䘬婒㱽炻ㆸ䁢⇢㽨㚱悐厑啑婾䘬攳⯽炻 ᷎⎗ẍ⽆˪⧮㱁婾˫䘬姀徘ᷕ侴䞍烊侴⛐䔞㗪䘬⿅㼖ᷕ炻䩳➢㕘䘬厑啑奨婒ˬ⮹ ≇⽟ㆸἃ˭ 炻冱↢⣏Ḁ䴻℠ᷕ䘬˪㱽厗䴻˫䁢ẋ堐ˤᷣ天ẍ㱽厗䴻䘬ˬᶨḀ⿅゛˭ ⏰栗℞ˬ䦀天˭婒䘬斄忋⿏炻⎎⢾婒㖶厑啑↿⎵䘬枮⸷⓷柴ˤ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷣ天 ẍ凔劍㘢ㄏ䁢℞奨溆炻⎴㗪ḇ栗䣢ᶱḀ㗗⮎㘢ㄏ䘬厑啑奨ˤ 22. 炷ᶱ炸ᶱ㝅⃭せ炻˨˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ߦ婒߆ࠇߚ厑啑ߦߟ޿ߡ˩. ἄ侭ẍ厑啑䘬婆佑ˣℏ⭡ˣ䓐ἳˣ↮栆ˣ䉨ン䫱Ḽᾳ䭬䔯炻ᶨᶨ⽆˪⣏㘢⹎ 婾˫ᷕ↿↢䚠斄䴻㔯㇨⛐䘬ỵ伖炻㚱⤪䵙䚖凔䘬㧁冱↢Ἦ炻嬻嬨侭⎗ẍ⮵厑啑㤪⾝⃰㚱ᶨᾳ⇅㬍䘬廒⹻ˤ㚨⼴㍸⇘˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬厑啑ẍ漵㧡䘬䨢奨䁢➢䢶炻晾䃞暊媠㇚婾炻Ữḇ⊭⏓䘤⽫℟嵛厑啑⋩⛘炻᷎ᶼ天ㆸ⯙䛦䓇炻⼿ᶨ↯䧖㘢ˤ 炷⚃炸㛱㛔⋻㳚炻˨㓿⢆ߩ厑啑˩. 23. 䎮゛ᷕ䘬厑啑炻ᶨ凔Ṣ㇨娵⎴䘬㚱ᶨ⭂䘬㧋⫸烊䃞侴⛐䎦⮎䓇㳣ᷕ炻⎗ẍ夳 ⇘䧖䧖㚱䧙ᷳ䁢ˬ⬠佺嶇ᶵᶲ䘬厑啑˭ˣˬ屯岒≋ⶖ䘬厑啑˭炻䚠庫ᷳᶳ炻塓䧙䁢ˬ㓿⢆厑啑˭ˤἄ侭ᷣ天⽆˪⋩ỷ㮀⧮㱁婾˫␴˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷕ炻冱⺽䴻㔯婒 21. ġ ᶱ⍳慷枮炻˨⣏㘢⹎婾ߩ厑啑奨——厑啑奨ߩ⒳‫ޘ‬䚠˩炻˪檀Ⲷ䚜忻⌂⢓怬㙮姀⾝婾普烉͜ Ϋ΁⬠ἃ㔁⬠婾普˫炻Ṕ悥烉㗍䥳䣦炻1987 ⸜炻枩 293-305ˤ 22 ġ ᶱ㝅⃭せ炻˨˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ߦ婒߆ࠇߚ厑啑ߦߟ޿ߡ˩炻˪⌘⹎⬠ἃ㔁⬠䞼䨞˫䫔 2 ⌟䫔 1 嘇炻1953 ⸜炻枩 322-325ˤ 23 ġ 㛱㛔⋻㳚炻˨㓿⢆厑啑˩炻˪ࠗࡦ࠼⿅゛ġ ߦ߅ߌࠆṢ攻奨烉㜙⊿⣏⬠⌘⹎⬠嫃⹏ 65 ␐⸜姀⾝婾普˫炻Ṕ悥烉⸛㦪⮢㚠⸿炻1964 ⸜炻枩 409-430ˤ 8.

(15) 㖶㓿⢆厑啑䘬シ佑炻᷎⽆˪ℓ⋫枴凔劍䴻˫ᷕ⺽↢炻ἄ侭娵䁢㭼庫㖶栗䘬奨溆炻晾䃞⛐㬌䴻㔯᷎ᷕ㰺㚱↢䎦ˬ㓿⢆厑啑˭䘬䡢↯⎵䧙炻Ữ㚱栆Ụシ㵝䘬㍷徘悐↮ˤ 侴䚠⮵㕤㬌炻䎮゛ᷕ䘬厑啑埴侭炻⤪ỽ➭⭂シ⽿烎⤪ỽ幓嗽暋⠫ᷕ侴ᶵ䓷ᶵㆤ烎 ℞啱䓙Ḯ妋ˬ㓿⢆厑啑˭䘬シ佑炻侴⼘栗↢䎮゛厑啑䘬シ㵝ˤġ 24. 炷Ḽ炸㬎䓘㴑⬠炻˪⣏㘢⹎婾ߩ䞼䨞˫ ġ ġ ἄ侭㕤䫔ᶨ䪈∫⭂Ḯ屓䨧㔜悐˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ᷣ柴炻ẍ⍲斉㖶㥳ㆸ℞ℏ⭡䘬 ᷕ⽫⿅゛烉䃉䓇㱽⽵ˣᶵỷ㴭㥫䘬⿅゛烊㍍叿⛐䫔Ḵ䪈ᷕ炻䁢Ḯ䡢⭂˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ 䘬ἄ侭炻⮯娚婾ἄ侭䘬䌐䈡⿅゛⽆㬌婾ᷕ㐀天↢Ἦ炻⮯⬫␴䛦㇨℔娵夾䁢漵㧡䛇 ἄ䘬婾㚠炻⤪˪ᷕ婾˫␴˪厑㍸屯䲏婾˫忚埴⮵䄏㭼庫炻Ἦ妶婾漵㧡叿侭婒炻㗗 ⏎ㆸ䩳炻⎴㗪㞍㖶㍊䨞伭Ṩ䘬≈䫮婒烊㍍叿⛐䫔ᶱ䪈炻䡢⭂塓夾䁢㗗˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ 䘬㟠⽫⿅゛炻⮯⬫␴冯˪⊿㛔㴭㥫䴻˫ᷳ攻䘬斄忋ᶲἮ㶙ℍ㍊妶ˤ 25. 炷ℕ炸悕⾈䓇㑘炻˨娎婾˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷕ䘬ˬ⮵婯侭˭ ˩ ġ 忁䭯㔯䪈䘬䚖䘬⛐㕤ṳ䳡 Paul Demiéville烉 ˨婾˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ἄ侭冯侣嬗˩ 炻忁ᶨ䭯ˬ㚠姽˭䘬ᶨṃ䚳㱽烊ἄ侭᷎ᶼ▿娎⽆˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㇨䚳⇘䘬ˬ⓷㚘˭䘬 ℏ⭡炻ḇ⯙㗗˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷕ炻幓↮ᶵ娛䘬ˬ⮵婯侭˭㇨㍸↢䘬⓷柴炻ẍ⍲婾ᷣ 冯⮵婯侭攻䘬ᶨṃḺ≽炻Ἦ㍐婾˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ˬ⮵婯侭˭䨞䪇㗗⾶㧋䘬Ṣ䈑ˤ 26. ㆾ姙⎗ẍ䓙ᶨ忋ᷚ䘬䘬↮⇍㱽佑ᷕ炻⼰⭡㖻嬻Ṣẍ䁢˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⎒㗗晐㨇䘬. 嫃䴻⓷䫼姀抬烊Ữ⎗ẍ䚳↢℞叿ἄ⿏岒㗗⛐㕤䷩䐋䘬佑攨↮⇍ẍ⍲⺋㲃婾䨞ˣ斉㖶ἃ㱽炻᷎傥⡆䙲ᾖ忻ˤ 27. 炷ᶫ炸哋佑㔴炻˨⣏⑩凔劍䴻冯⣏㘢⹎婾ᷕ䘬厑啑˩. 䓙˪⣏⑩䴻˫ᷕ㇨徘ᷳ厑啑炻㗗ᶨ䧖㯠怈嗽㕤攳䘤䉨ン䘬⽫㘢␴傠备烊˪⣏ 24. ġ 㬎䓘㴑⬠炻˪⣏㘢⹎婾ߩ䞼䨞˫炻㜙Ṕ烉Ⱉ╄㇧ἃ㚠㜿炻2005 ⸜ˤ 悕⾈䓇㑘炻˨娎婾˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷕ䘬ˬ⮵婯侭˭ ˩ 炻 ˪㬋奨˫䫔 2 㛇炻1997 ⸜炻枩 63-177ˤ 26 㒂℞㬠䲵㚱⋩枭炻娵䁢⮵婯侭烉ᶨˣ朆ⷠ䅇〱˪凔劍䴻˫ 烊Ḵˣᶨℵ⺽徘⍇⥳ἃ℠冯⣏Ḁἃ℠烊 ᶱˣ㇨䞍忻䘬ἃ㔁嬘柴ˣ⿅゛炻䚠䔞⺋㲃炻侴ᶼ㚱㓷扛䘬奨⮇≃烊⚃ˣ⣏Ḁ婾嬘ⷓ䘬⁦⎹烊 Ḽˣ㮀⧮㱁ⷓ䘬⿏㟤烊ℕˣ⣂㧋⊾䘬悐㳦桐尴烊ᶫˣ⮵⌘⹎㚱ᶨ⭂䦳⹎䘬Ḯ妋烊ℓˣ㚫⺽䓐婾ᷣ䘬䚳㱽Ἦ⍵⓷烊妶婾⓷柴炻㗗⎗侴㬊烊ḅˣ⎴ᶨ婾柴ᶨℵ慵央炻㗗⏎婾ᷣ㰺㚱婒㚵⮵婯侭烎⋩ˣ婾ᷣ㚫岒䔹⮵婯侭炻㚱㗪⎋㯋ᶵ庽ˤʇʇ悕⾈䓇㑘炻˨娎婾˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷕ䘬ˬ⮵婯侭˭ ˩ 炻˪㬋奨˫䫔 2 㛇炻枩 84-135ˤ 25. 27. 哋佑㔴炻˨⣏⑩凔劍䴻冯⣏㘢⹎婾ᷕ䘬厑啑˩炻˪ἃ㔁冯ᷕ⚳㔯⊾⚳晃⬠埻㚫嬘婾㔯普炷ᶲ 廗炸˫炻1995 ⸜炻枩 171-192ˤ 9.

(16) 㘢⹎婾˫娵䁢厑啑㗗ᶵ㕟ẍ⣏ず⽫ˣ㕡ὧ≃Ἦ攳䘤炻ᶵ㕟㚜㯪⊅⛘炻䃞ᶵ叿㕤⊅ ⛘ˤ忚侴婒㖶˪⣏⑩˫ᷕˬ⋩⛘˭䘬ℏ⭡炻冯˪㓦⃱˫冯˪⃱孂˫㭼庫ᷳᶳ炻℞ ⶖ䔘嗽ⓗ㚱˪⣏⑩˫↢䎦ˬ㶙⽫➭⚢˭炻˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⮵㬌Ṏ娛≈妋慳炻厑啑㚱 ⤪㗗䫱㶙⽫䚠炻㓭ᶵ⎗䩖䚉ˤἄ侭㊯↢ˬ厑啑˭㗗⣏⑩䲣凔劍䴻䘬㭵柴炻␴⁛䴙 ἃ㔁ᷳ攻㗗嗽㕤ᶨ䧖㹳㼌ˣ攳㉻䘬斄Ὢ炻⤪⣑⎘⬿⮯凔劍䴻℠⇌䁢忂㔁炻婒㖶Ḯ ℞ˬ屓ᷚ˭䘬≇傥ˤ. ⛐˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬䚠斄㔯䌣ẍ⍲䃎溆伖㕤ˬ厑啑˭䘬ᷣ柴ᶲ炻⽆⬠侭䘬婾徘 ᷕ⼿䞍烉炷1炸⮯˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫↿㕤ᷕ奨凔劍䲣䴙ᶳ侴斉徘℞⿅゛⍲厑啑奨溆ˤ 炷2炸斄㕤厑啑䘬↿⎵⓷柴炻ẍ⍲ẍ䵙䚖㧁冱婾ᷕ㇨↢䎦䘬厑啑烊炷3炸⮵㕤厑啑䧖栆ᷕ 䘬㓿⢆厑啑ᷳ㍷徘烊炷4炸ẍ䃉䓇㱽⽵冯ᶵỷ㴭㥫⿅゛䁢˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ᷕ⽫⿅゛烊炷5炸ẍ婾ᷣ冯⮵婯侭攻䘬ᶨṃḺ≽炻Ἦ㍐婾˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ˬ⮵婯侭˭䨞䪇㗗⾶㧋䘬Ṣ䈑ˤ 炷6炸⽆⮎嶸㕡朊Ḯ妋厑啑ᷳ㶙⽫➭⚢冯攳㓦䘬傠㆟炻℞␴⁛䴙ἃ㔁 ᷳ攻㗗嗽㕤㹳㼌ˣ攳㉻䘬斄Ὢˤ昌Ḯᶲ徘婾徘ᷳ⢾炻䫮侭娵䁢℞ᷕᶵ嵛ᷳ嗽炻⛐ 㕤˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㛔幓㇨斉䘤䘬厑啑⿅゛㕡朊炻ℏ⭡晾㚱ℙᶱḀ炻ỮṎ㚱ᶵℙ⣏Ḁ ᷳ嗽ˤẍ⼿䃉䓇㱽⽵ỵẍᶲ炻⇯㗗ⓗⰔ㕤⣏Ḁ䘬厑啑昶ỵˤ⚈侴炻㚱⽭天㚜忚ᶨ 㬍㍊妶倚倆埴侭冯厑啑埴侭⛐ᾖ忻ᶲ䘬ⶖ䔘冯↮㬏溆烊ẍ⍲怬䃉㱽⼰℟橼⛘䚳↢ ℞⮎嶸Ⰼ朊㇨堐䎦䘬⮎岒桐䭬炻⯌℞㗗⛐˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㛔幓䘬ℕ㲊伭囄埴䘬䱦䤆 ᷳ㍊䨞炻℞㇨⯽䎦䘬⹎䛦ᷳ⮎晃埴≽ˤ. ᶱˣ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ἄ侭冯侣嬗⓷柴炷ᶨ炸Paul Demiéville ᷳ婒ġ P. Demiéville 㑘徘˨婾˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ἄ侭冯侣嬗˩ᶨ㔯炻㗗⮵ ÉtienneġLamotte 28. 䫔ḴℲ嬗㛔㇨ἄ䘬㚠姽ˤ ⛐ἄ㚠姽ᷳ⢾炻怬堐忼ḮṾ⮵˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬䚳㱽炻 ᷎⮵䔞㗪˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬䚠斄䞼䨞ㆸ㝄炻ἄᶨṃ㍊妶ˤ⛐ P.ġDemiéville 䘬婾徘ᷕ炻䈡⇍㗗Ṿ娵䁢沑㐑伭Ṩ⛐侣嬗忶䦳ᷕ炻⮵嬗㔯䘬妋慳炻塓䶐ℍ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬㛔㔯ˤ ℵ侭炻P.ġ Demiéville ⮵㕤伭Ṩ䘬侣嬗ン⹎炻⌣㗗娵䁢伭Ṩ㗗⻀㱽侭炻Ṿ䘬 28. P. Demiéville ‘Review of Lamotte’s Traité’炻忁ᶨ䭯㚠姽↲⛐ Journal Asiatique, 238, 1950, p.375-395炻⼴Ἦẍ⍇㔯⼙⌘䘬㕡⺷炻㓞⛐˪㇜⭮⽖ἃ⬠婾㔯怠普˫炷1973炸炻嬗侭悕⾈䓇㗗䓐⼴ᶨ䧖䇰㛔ˤ㓞抬㕤烉悕⾈䓇㑘炻 ˨娎婾˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷕ䘬ˬ⮵婯侭˭ ˩ 炻 ˪㬋奨˫䫔 2 㛇炻1997 ⸜炻枩 68-83ˤ 10.

(17) 䚖䘬⛐ἧᷕ⚳嬨侭傥䎮妋ˣ橼㚫炻侴ᶵ㗗⛐侣嬗㈨埻ᶲ䘬䱦㸾ˤ⚈㬌炻⽆㬌侣嬗 ἄ⑩ᷕ炻㚫ẍ⓷䫼䘬㕡⺷↢䎦炻侴忁ṃ⓷䫼㗗嬨侭ᷳ婳㔁冯伭Ṩᷳ嫃妋炻忁Ụ᷶ シ㊯Ḯ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ˬ伭Ṩ≈䫮婒˭ ˤġ 炷Ḵ炸⸚㼇漵䤍ᷳ婒. 29. ⸚㼇漵䤍娵䁢㚱ṃ䭯᷎ⷭ朆漵㧡㇨ἄ炻侴㗗伭Ṩ⼴Ἦ㶣≈䘬炻劍ẍ㔜悐婾䘬 ℏ⭡Ἦ䚳炻Ṿ↮↢ᶱ䧖栆⇍烉ᶨˣ朆漵㧡㇨ἄ烊Ḵˣ㗗漵㧡䘬ἄ⑩烊ᶱˣ嶇晐⁛ 䴙䘬婒㱽炻夾䁢漵㧡㇨ἄˤ⸚㼇漵䤍⛐㬌㔯䪈ᷕ⁭冱↢漵㧡℞ᷕ䘬⚃悐叿ἄ烉1. ˪ᷕ奨婾枴˫炻2.˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫炻3.˪厑㍸屯慷婾˫炻4.˪⋩ỷ㮀⧮㱁婾˫ˤ⽆忁ṃ ἄ⑩ᷕ炻⍵㗈↢ἄ侭䘬⿅゛䘤⯽炻䓙䎮婾⊾徸㻠⮎晃⊾ˤ侴⸚㼇㔁㌰㚨⼴᷎婒㖶炻 ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫晾䃞㚱⼰⣏䭯ⷭ㗗漵㧡䘬ἄ⑩炻ỮṾ娵䁢㚱ṃ悐↮䡢⮎㗗⼴Ἦ㶣 ≈炻⎗傥㗗↢冒嬗侭沑㐑伭Ṩᷳㇳˤ 30. 炷ᶱ炸Étienne Lamotte ᷳ婒 ġ ⽆⛘䎮㙐㬟⎚䘬側㘗Ἦ䚳炻㍐㷔ἄ侭⣏䲬㗗⚃ᶾ䲨⇅炻㳣帵㕤大⊿⌘⹎炻᷎ 㚦䴻㬟屜曄䌳⚳ᷳ㗪㛇烊ἄ侭ㅱὪ婒ᶨ↯㚱悐⬠侭炻⎗傥▋⼴ℵ廱⎹⣏ḀˤṾ娵䁢ἄ侭⎴㗪堐䎦↢婒ᶨ↯㚱悐ᷳ⼊⺷冯⣏Ḁᾉẘᷳ䡢ᾉ炻侴⛐㬌Ḵ䧖奺⹎ᷳᶳ炻忚埴ἃ㱽ᷳ婾䨞ˤ℞㫉炻婾ᷕ⺽徘䘬⣏Ḁ䴻℠⸜ẋ炻᷎ᶵ㗗⁭⽆凔劍㔯䌣䌚⍾℞ 娖慳炻侴㗗忳䓐䔞㗪⶚㚱ᷳℐ悐⣏Ḁἃ℠烊娵䁢ἄ侭ㅱ↢㕤⇅㛇ᷕ奨婾侭ᷳ⼴炻侴ᶼᶵ⎗傥㗗㑘⮓˪ᷕ奨婾枴˫ᷳ漵㧡ˤ⽆嬗⟜䘬⛀昲ⶍἄἮ䚳炻⛐侣嬗䘬Ḵ⸜ 忶䦳ᷕ炻⍫冯㛔婾侣嬗ⶍἄᷳṢ㕇惴↯䡳㲐妋婒㖶炻᷎⎗傥ẍ㲐妋ᷳ⼊⺷炻≈ℍ 嬗㔯ᷳᷕ炻⎗傥╖䲼䘬ἄ䁢㔯⫿ᷳ⡆墄ˤ 䃞侴炻É. Lamotte 㕤㬌㚨⼴㇨㊩䘬䩳 ⟜ṵᶵ㖶䡢炻Ṏ㚦⮯㬌婾↿䁢漵㧡ᷳ叿ἄˤ 炷⚃炸≈喌䲼䪈ᷳ婒. 31. ἄ侭⽆ṳ䳡嬗侭沑㐑伭Ṩ䘬側㘗ᷕ炻娵䁢˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㖶栗⛘䔁ᶳ嬗侭伭Ṩ 䘬⼙⫸炻䓙㕤伭Ṩ㍍妠ˣᾉ⍿⣏Ḁ䘬䨢⿅゛㗗⛐大➇䘬䔷≺⚳炻侴ἄ↢㍐㷔炻ㆾ 姙˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬⍇㛔㗗⛐㬌⼿⇘䘬ˤ⎴㗪炻ἄ侭ḇ⎴シ É. Lamotte ㇨婒炻⚈㬌 ≈喌䲼䪈ẍ䁢炻˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⼰⎗傥㗗㝸大⊿⌘⹎䘬⬠侭Ἦ⇘大➇䘬潄勚⚳ㆾ℞. 29 30 31. ⸚㼇漵䤍叿炻岜栗恎嬗炻˨婾˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ἄ侭˩ 炻 ˪媎奨˫䫔 68 㛇炻1992 ⸜炻枩 85-121ˤ É. Lamotte炻悕⾈䓇嬗炻 ˨ ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷳἄ侭⍲℞侣嬗˩ 炻 ˪媎奨˫62 㛇炻1990 ⸜炻枩 97-179ˤ ≈喌䲼䪈炻 ˨ ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬ᶾ䓴˩ 炻㓞㕤烉㡞Ⱉ晬ᶨ䫱叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻 ˪凔劍⿅゛˫ 炻枩 161-197ˤ 11.

(18) Ṿ悥ⶪ⚳⭞炻㍉⍾˪⣏⑩凔劍䴻˫䘬姣慳㚠⼊⺷炻ẍ婒㖶⣏Ḁ䘬㔁佑㇨ἄㆸ䘬烊 ⛐恋㗪炻沑㐑伭Ṩḇ⍫冯㬌墥ἄˤ 炷Ḽ炸⌘枮㱽ⷓᷳ婒. 32. 憅⮵⬠侭Ᾱ岒䔹˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ἄ侭䘬䧖䧖⓷柴炻⌘枮㱽ⷓ徘↢㬌ᶨ㔯炻㔯䪈⽆ˬ婾℠䘬叿ἄ˭冯ˬ侣嬗˭ℑ㡅䶂䳊娛≈㩊嫱炻䘤䎦漵㧡忈婾䘬⎌婒㚜⣹⎰⎚ ⮎炻⏎⭂伭Ṩ⡆ᾖㆾ⍫冯忈婾䘬䳸婾ˤ⌘枮㱽ⷓ婒㖶炻䓙㕤⎌ẋ䘬嬗䴻炻㗗普橼 ḳ㤕烊⎋嬗ˣ䫮⍿炻⎬㚱℞Ṣˤ⮵㕤㚱ṃ⬠侭娵䁢䘬ˬ伭Ṩ≈䫮˭婒炻恋㗗⮵嬗䴻䦳⸷⣒忶昼敉Ḯˤ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷳ䫮⍿侭䁢₏⎉䫱炻嬗㛔䷙㚱⡆ᾖ炻ḇ㕟朆↢ 33. 冒伭Ṩㇳ䫮炻忁㗗⎗ẍ偗⭂䘬ˤ ℞㟡㒂䧖䧖䘬↮㜸⼴炻㚨䳪⭂婾ἄ侭㗗漵㧡炻㗗䃉⹠伖䔹䘬ˤ 炷ℕ炸匲ⲹ㛐⮵ˬᶱ↮昌Ḵ˭䘬婒㖶. 34. ἄ侭⽆₏⎉䘬˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⸷㔯ᷕ㍸↢⓷柴䘬㇨⛐ˤ⬠侭Ᾱ⮵婾㛔䘬⌟㔠⎬ 㚱ᶵ⎴䘬㍐㷔妋慳炻ἄ侭娵䁢⬠侭Ᾱ悥㗗㟡㒂冒⶙䘬䎮妋炻㈲ˬᶱ↮昌Ḵ炷ᶱ↮ ᷳ⼴昌⍣℞ᷕᷳḴ炸˭忁⎍娙䘬シ⿅炻ᶵ㗗ˬ⣏㘢⹎婾˭⍇㛔䘬ˬ⋩↮ᷳᶨ˭ 炻侴 35. 㗗妋慳䁢℞⮎㗗塓䚩䔍⇘⍇㛔䘬ˬᶱ↮ᷳᶨ˭ ˤ 䃞侴炻⮵㕤₏⎉㇨婒䘬ˬᶱ↮昌 Ḵ˭䘬シ佑炻劍徥㹗⇘℞ⷓ䇞忻⬱炻䓙侣嬗˪旧㮀㙯˫ᷕ⮵⫿㔠䘬姀抬炻⎗ẍ䚳 ⇘ℏ⭡᷎㰺㚱塓ˬ䚩䔍˭炻侴ᷣ天㗗枛䭨䘬⓷柴ˤ⛐㡝婆ᷕ炻ᶨᾳ椾䚏炷śloka炸㚱 32 ᾳ枛䭨炻ẍ枛䭨ἄ䁢姀抬婆妨Ἦ婒炻⌛ἧ⮵㕤㡝婆䘬䴻℠ḇἧ䓐ˬ妨˭ㆾ ˬ⫿˭炻䃞侴侣ㆸ㻊婆䘬娙炻㡝婆䘬ᶱ枛䭨䲬侣ㆸ㻊婆䘬ᶨ枛䭨炻㗗忁ᾳ㗪ẋ侣嬗䴻婾䘬䈡⽝ˤ 炷ᶫ炸㬎䓘㴑⬠ᷳ婒. 36. 斄㕤ἄ侭⓷柴炻℞≽㨇㗗⽆㩊妶㚱斄㥳ㆸˬ䃉䓇㱽⽵˭⍲ˬᶵỷ㴭㥫䘬⿅゛˭ ℏ⭡ᷕ䘬ˬ凔凇ᶱ㗏˭ᷕ㇨⺽䘤↢Ἦ䘬ˤ忚ᶨ㬍炻㭼䄏˪ᷕ婾˫冯忁ṃ奨⾝ᷳ攻 32 33. ⌘枮㱽ⷓ徘佑ˣ㗕ㄏ㱽ⷓ㔜䎮炻 ˪⣏㘢⹎婾ᷳἄ侭⍲℞侣嬗˫ 炻⎘⊿烉㱽䓴↢䇰䣦炻1992 ⸜ˤ ⌘枮㱽ⷓ徘佑ˣ㗕ㄏ㱽ⷓ㔜䎮炻˪⣏㘢⹎婾ᷳἄ侭⍲℞侣嬗˫ 炻枩 8ˤ. 34. 慳⣏䓘炷匲ⲹ㛐炸炻 ˨⣏㘢⹎婾ߩ侣嬗——ˬ⍇㛔˭‫ޔ‬ ˬ䔍㛔˭ߣˬᶱ↮昌Ḵ˭ߩシ␛ߦ敊ߒߡ˩ 炻 ˪⌘⹎⬠ἃ㔁⬠䞼䨞˫䫔 52 ⌟ 2 嘇炻2004 ⸜炻枩 201-203ˤ 35 ⮵㬌炻É. Lamotte 娵䁢沑㐑伭Ṩ⁭嬗↢⋩↮ᷳᶨ炻侴℞嬗㛔⁭ᶨ䘦⌟炻䲬ᶱ⋩Ḵ叔ᷕ⚳⫿ˤ伭 Ṩ⮯⍇㛔ᷳ䫔ᶨ⑩ℐ悐嬗↢炻侴⇒⍣䫔ᶨ⑩ẍᶳ媠⑩ᷳᶱ↮ᷳḴˤ——夳 É. Lamotte 叿炻悕⾈䓇嬗炻˨˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷳἄ侭⍲℞侣嬗˩ 炻枩 169ˤ 36 ġ 㬎䓘㴑⬠˪⣏㘢⹎婾ߩ䞼䨞˫ 炻㜙Ṕ烉Ⱉ╄㇧ἃ㚠㜿炻2005 ⸜ˤ 12.

(19) 䘬忋临⿏炻ẍ⍲⍇⥳ἃ℠␴忁ṃ奨⾝䘬⮵䩳⿏炻Ἦ妶婾⛐⣏㘢⹎婾ᷕ䘬䨢⿅゛䘬 37. 㚨℟䈡刚ᷳᶨ朊ˤ⎎⢾⺽徘˪厑㍸屯䲏婾˫ᷕ炻 ℞冯凔凇ᶱ㗏䚠斄忋䘬῰枴炻 Ἦ婒㖶℞ᷕ䘬⿅゛⏰䎦␴˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㗗ᶨ农䘬炻⚈㬌娵䁢ἄ侭䁢漵㧡䘬⎗傥⿏㗗檀䘬ˤġ. ġ ġ ġ ġ 䵄奨ᶲ徘炻䓙⬠侭Ᾱ⮵㕤ἄ侭⓷柴䘬侫⮇徥䨞ᷕ炻P.ġDemiéville 娵䁢㚱伭Ṩ 䘬≈䫮烊⸚㼇漵䤍娵䁢㚱ṃ䭯᷎ⷭ朆漵㧡㇨ἄ炻侴㗗伭Ṩ⼴Ἦ㶣≈䘬烊ÉįġLamotte ⻟婧ἄ侭㗗婒ᶨ↯㚱悐⬠侭炻⼴廱⎹⣏Ḁ炻㳣帵㕤大⊿⌘⹎炻Ữ㚨⼴䳸婾㗗⏎䁢漵㧡炻℞䩳⟜怬㗗㚱ṃ㧉䱲烊≈喌䲼䪈⇯娵䁢˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㖶栗⛘䔁ᶳ嬗侭伭Ṩ 䘬⼙⫸烊⌘枮㱽ⷓ⽆ˬ婾℠䘬叿ἄ˭冯ˬ侣嬗˭ℑ㡅䶂䳊娛≈㩊嫱炻䘤䎦漵㧡忈婾䘬⎌婒㚜⣹⎰⎚⮎炻⏎⭂伭Ṩ⡆ᾖㆾ⍫冯忈婾䘬䳸婾烊㬎䓘㴑⬠⇯ᷣ天䴻䓙婾㛔幓䘬⿅゛Ⰼ朊叿ㇳ炻㚨⼴㍉⍾⁛䴙婒㱽℞ἄ侭䁢漵㧡ˤ⎎⢾炻⮵ˬᶱ↮ᷳḴ˭ 䘬⓷柴炻⬠侭匲ⲹ㛐㍸↢Ḯᶵᶨ㧋䘬䚳㱽炻䓙℞㇨㓞普䘬嫱㒂ᷕ炻ᷣ天䘬⍇⚈㗗枛䭨䘬⓷柴ˤ. ẍᶲ炻⮵㕤ἄ侭⓷柴炻⎗ẍ夳⇘⬠侭Ᾱ⼤㬌ᷳ攻㇨㍸↢䘬⍵楩冯婾嫱炻ṾᾹ 懭䳘有怢⛘⮵ℐ婾ᷳ侫⮇冯↮㜸炻㚨⼴㇨⼿↢䘬䳸婾⎗ẍ婒ḇ㗗Ḻ㚱Ṍ普䘬ˤ䃞侴炻⽆ᶲ徘䘬䧖䧖婾溆Ἦ䚳炻ἄ侭㗗⏎䁢漵㧡炻⯂ᶵ傥⼿↢ᶨᾳ⭂婾ˤ䫮侭娵䁢劍ẍ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㛔幓䘬ℏ⭡Ἦ䚳炻㚱⼰⣂㗗忂㕤漵㧡䘬⿅゛炻侴㚱ṃ⿅゛䈡岒 ᷎ᶵ傥⽆嬗侭沑㐑伭Ṩ䘬叿ἄᷕ㶭㤂夳⇘䚠斄婾徘炻忁ㆾ姙ḇ㗗⇌㕟ἄ侭䁢漵㧡䘬⚈䳈ᷳᶨˤ昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻⎗ẍ䡢⭂䘬㗗炻˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㗗䓙沑㐑伭Ṩᷣ㊩炻᷎㚱 Ḽ䘦ỵẍᶲ忂㙱㱽佑侭䘬⋼≑炻㗗䛦⣂⚈䶋ᷳ倂⎰㇨ℙ⎴⬴ㆸ䘬侣嬗ἄ⑩炻侴⛐ 㬌婾ᷕ㇨⏰䎦䘬⮎嶸Ⰼ朊㗗㭼庫䧵㤝䘬炻劍冯ᶨ凔℔娵䁢漵㧡ᷳἄ䘬˪ᷕ婾˫ 炻 ℞↉ḳẍ怖䟜䘬婾徘㕡⺷炻㑘⮓桐㟤ℐ䃞ᶵ⎴炻⚈侴农ἧ⮵ἄ侭⓷柴䓊䓇䔹べˤ 䃞侴炻ὅ㒂⬠侭Ᾱ䘬䧖䧖奨溆ᷕ炻↮⇌冯㕟⭂炻⎗婒䛦婒䳃䳄炻卓堟ᶨ㗗ˤ. ġ. 37. ἄ侭㟡㒂䒄䓇㳍昮䛇⌂⢓ᷳ婒㖶烉ˬ⺽䓐㻊嬗␴大啷屯㕁㇨徘炻ẍ⍲㚰䧙˪⚃䘦婾㲐˫␴˪⻴ ≺厑啑㇨⓷䴻婾˫ℏ⭡˭炻ẍ㬌ἄ䁢漵㧡䛇ἄ䘬婾嫱ˤ——㬎䓘㴑⬠炻 ˪⣏㘢⹎婾̯䞼䨞˫ 炻枩 192ˤ 13.

(20) ಃѤ࿯ġ ፕЎࢎᄬᆶཷाġ 䫔ᶨ䪈婒㖶䞼䨞≽㨇ˣ䚖䘬冯㕡㱽炻ẍ⍲䔞ẋ㔯䌣ᷳ⚆栏ˤ㇨㑘⮓䘬㕡㱽㚱 ℑ䧖烉⮵ἃ㔁䘬䈡㬲䓐婆䘬↮㜸炻忁㗗ˬ婆妨㔯䌣㱽˭䘬忳䓐烊⎎ᶨ䧖㕡⺷炻⌛ 㗗㔯㛔㛔幓䘬娖慳炻㗗ˬ佑䎮↮㜸㱽˭䘬忳䓐ˤ⮵䔞ẋ䞼䨞㔯䌣䘬⚆栏悐↮炻⽆悐㳦⇘⇅㛇⣏Ḁẍ⍲˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫炻忁䔞ᷕ冯厑啑⿅゛㚱斄䘬䎦ẋ叿ἄ炻德忶吸普冯䞼嬨炻侴Ḯ妋䚖⇵⬠侭䘬䞼䨞ㆸ㝄ˤ⽆ᷕ炻㍸ὃ䫮侭⮵㬌嬘柴㚜㶙ᶨⰌ䘬娵嬀炻᷎ᶼ⎗ẍ䘤䎦⇘炻Ⱄ㕤㔯㛔㛔幓䘬厑啑嬘柴ᷳ斉徘ℏ⭡᷎ᶵ⣂炻⚈㬌炻㚱ṃ 悐↮怬傥㚱ℵἄ㍊妶䘬䨢攻ˤ. 䫔Ḵ䪈炻厑啑⿅゛ᷳ㸸㳩冯廱嬲ˤ⃰⽆ˬ厑啑˭ᶨ娆䘬㸸㳩ᶲ叿ㇳ炻⽆㡝㔯㛔幓Ἦ侫⮇℞シ佑烊ẍ⍲厑啑㕤ἃ㔁䴻℠ᷕ䘬↢䎦炻℞㇨喲啷䘬㤪⾝冯䈡岒炻ᷣ 天ẍ慳⮲䘬㛔䓇厑啑䁢ẋ堐ˤ≈ᶲ⎚⮎ᶲ䘬姀庱炻ẍ⍲ἃ⁛㔯⬠ᷕ㌰姀⿅゛䘬䓊䓇䫱炻⎗夾䁢厑啑⿅゛䘬㸸㳩ˤ⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻⽆ἃ㔁䘤⯽忶䦳ᷕ炻厑啑⿅゛ḇ嶇叿 ᶵ㕟⛘廱嬲ˤ⛐悐㳦ἃ㔁炻ᷣ天ẍ婒ᶨ↯㚱悐䘬厑啑婾䁢妶婾䘬⮵尉烊⇘Ḯ⇅㛇 ⣏Ḁ㗪㛇炻媠⣏Ḁ䴻℠ᷕ⎬㚱㇨ẋ堐䘬厑啑シ㵝炻Ữ䓙㕤˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䘬⿅゛冯 ˪凔劍䴻˫㚱⭮↯䘬斄Ὢ炻㇨ẍ⛐⇅㛇⣏Ḁ䴻℠悐↮炻ᷣ天ẍ˪凔劍䴻˫䁢㍊妶䘬⮵尉ˤ. 䫔ᶱ䪈㗗˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⮵ˬ婒ᶨ↯㚱悐˭厑啑奨ᷳ婾姽ˤ⛐˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⌟ 4˨慳⇅⑩ᷕ厑啑˩䘬ℏ⭡炻㚱⣏Ḁ婾ᷣ⮵㚱悐婾ᷣ徎㕫妨⯤⫸㇨叿䘬˨厑啑⑩˩ ㍸↢䧖䧖䘬婾暋ˤ䁢Ḯ䡢⭂⣏Ḁ婾侭㇨㍸↢䘬ℏ⭡㗗⏎䁢㚱悐䘬奨溆炻⚈㬌枰㈦ ⚆˪⣏㮀⧮㱁婾˫⍇Ἦ斄㕤厑啑䘬ℏ⭡↢嗽ˤ憅⮵㇨姽婾䘬悐↮炻⛐㕤⮵厑啑䘬䓴⭂ᷳⶖ䔘炻ẍ⍲℞Ṿ⸦ᾳ奨溆䘬ᶵ⎴ˤ⽆ᷕ炻⎗ẍḮ妋⇘㚱悐冯⣏Ḁ婾侭㇨䩳 ➢䘬⬠䎮ᶵ⎴炻攻㍍ḇ⼙枧⇘⮎嶸䘬ン⹎ˤ. 䫔⚃䪈˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫䃉䓇㱽⽵ᷳシ佑⍲℞ᾖ嫱ˤ椾⃰炻Ḯ妋ˬ⽵˭ᶨ娆㛔幓㇨ẋ堐䘬佑㵝烊᷎啱䓙㍊妶婒ᶨ↯㚱悐䘬ᾖ忻婾ᷕ斄㕤⚃┬㟡ᷕ䘬⽵ỵ炻゛天Ḯ 妋炻℞冯⣏Ḁᷳ䃉䓇㱽⽵ᷳⶖ䔘ỽ⛐ˤ㍍叿炻婒㖶厑啑⼿䃉䓇㱽⽵㗪炻⚈䁢㚱叿 ⣏ず⽫冯㕡ὧ≃䘬ᷳ㓗㊩炻㚜慵天䘬怬天㚱媠ἃ䘬⊠忚炻嬻厑啑ᶵ㚫⛐忁ᾳ昶㭝. 14.

(21) ℍ㴭㥫炻侴㚜傥䔁べ㼌䓇炻ⷠ⛐㕤䓇㬣ᷕ炻⹎⊾㚱ねˤ⚈㬌炻䃉䓇㱽⽵ỵ⎗媪㗗 ⋯㰱䘬㧆䲸炻傥忶ḴḀ⛘炻忁ḇ栗䣢↢炻䓙㕤倚倆埴侭䘬ず⽫ᶵ嵛冯仢⮹㕡ὧ㘢ㄏ炻⍕暊⽫↯炻㇨ẍ怠㑯嵋ℍ㴭㥫ˤ. 䫔Ḽ䪈˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫厑啑䘬⮎嶸⽟埴ʇʇℕ㲊伭囄ˤℕ㲊伭囄䁢⣏Ḁᷣ天䘬 ⮎嶸忻ˤ⽆˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫㛔幓㇨㔀徘䘬㭷ᶨᾳ㲊伭囄ἄ㍊妶炻᷎ᶼẍ凔劍㲊伭囄䁢慵炻⚈䁢℞ṾḼ⹎劍䃉凔劍炻⇯ᶵㆸ㲊伭囄ˤ⎗ẍ婒⛐㔜悐婾ᷕ炻凔劍㲊伭囄䁢ᷣ庠炻℞㇨⻟婧䘬凔劍䨢⿏㘢ㄏ炻⌛㗗⺽⮶㇨㚱䘬┬埴⼨厑㍸忻ᶲ⇵忚ˤ. 䫔ℕ䪈䳸婾悐↮炻ᷣ天↮㜸忁䭯婾㔯ᷕ㇨㍸↢䘬婾溆炻㗗⏎傥⮯˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ ᷕ㇨喲⏓䘬厑啑䱦䤆栗䘤↢Ἦ炻ẍ⍲厑啑冯倚倆埴侭⮵ᾖ忻䎮婾ᷳᶵ⎴奨溆䘬慸㶭炻ㇵ傥㖶䝕℞㇨⼙枧⛐ᾖ嫱㝄ỵᶲ䘬㖶栗ⶖ䔘烊ẍ⍲⛐忁䭯婾㔯ᷕ炻⎗傥怬㚱 ᶨṃ冯厑啑䚠斄ℏ⭡怬㛒㚦妠⍲炻⎗⼭㖍⼴⚈䶋炻䴻䓙䞼嬨㔯㛔ᷕ炻徸㻠䅇〱℞ 佑䎮䘬⏰䎦ˤ. 15.

(22) ಃΒക ๦ᙓࡘགྷϐྍࢬᆶᙯᡂ ġ ġ ġ ġ ˬ厑啑˭⎗ẍ婒㗗ẋ堐⣏Ḁἃ㔁䘬ᷣ天奺刚炻⛐⌘⹎ἃ㔁䘬㬟⎚ᶲ炻 ˬ厑啑˭ 奨⾝䘬↢䎦炻⯂ᶵ傥㍐⭂ᶨᾳ㖶䡢䘬㗪攻ˤ⛐⣏Ḁ䴻℠ẍ⢾䘬䴻婾ḇ㚱厑啑↢ 䎦炻᷎ⷠ婾⍲䧖䧖䘬厑啑忻炻㇨ẍ厑啑䳽朆⣏Ḁ㇨䌐㚱䘬ˤᶵ忶炻劍徥㹗⛐㖑㛇䘬⌘⹎㔁⍲侮恋㔁䘬㔯䌣ᷕ炻⛯㛒↢䎦厑啑忁ᾳ⫿ㆾảỽ⎴佑⫿炻㬌ᶨḳ⮎⎗ẍ ἧㆹᾹ㙓ᶼ㍐㕟炻厑啑㬌ᶨ㤪⾝䘬⍇⥳⼊⺷⬴ℐ䓊䓇㕤ἃ㔁䘬㝞㥳ᷳℏ炻℞崟㸸 38. 㛒⍿ảỽ⢾⛐䘬⼙枧ˤ 厑啑䘬⓷柴Ṏ⛐⎬悐㳦攻㚱㇨婾徘炻᷎䓊䓇冯攳⯽↢⎬ 冒䌐䈡䘬厑啑奨炻⣏Ḁἃ㔁⍲⭮㔁ᷕ䘬厑啑⿅゛⍲㔯⊾䘬⯽攳炻㭷ᶨ悐䴻℠悥⶚ 㶭㤂堐䎦⎬冒䌐䈡䘬厑啑䎮⾝⍲℟橼⼊尉炻劍婒厑啑℟㚱⸦᷶⯙⁷䴻℠䘬㔠慷恋 39. 湤⣂䘬ᶵ⎴䈡⽝炻忁⎍娙ᶨ溆ḇᶵ娯⻝ˤ ⚈㬌炻⃰⽆ˬ厑啑˭ᶨ娆ᷳ婆佑叿ㇳ炻德忶婆妨⬠䘬妋慳炻ẍ⍲䎦ẋ⬠侭Ᾱ䘬䞼䨞ㆸ㝄↮㜸炻侫⮇㬌婆䘬⣂㧋⿏烊℞㫉炻 Ḯ妋厑啑ᷳ㸸㳩冯攳⯽炻⽆⍇⥳㛔䓇婯军悐㳦ἃ㔁ᷫ军⇅㛇⣏Ḁ˪凔劍䴻˫ᷕ炻 ⛐ᶵ⎴㗪ẋ䘬攳㺼ᶳ炻忁䔞ᷕ厑啑奨⾝㗗⏎㚱叿斄忋⿏冯䚠Ḻ䘬⼙枧⿏烎忁ṃ㗗㬌䪈㫚ἄ㍊妶䘬ℏ⭡ˤ. ಃ΋࿯ġ ๦ᙓ‫ޑ‬ᇟကġ 厑啑䘬㡝婆ȾBodhisattvaȿ炻㗗ȾBodhiȿ␴ȾSattvaȿ䘬⎰ㆸ婆炻厑㍸ ȾBodhiȿ㗗ˬ奢ぇ˭䘬シ⿅炻㗗⽆≽娆Ⱦbudhȿ㇨埵䓇↢䘬⎵娆炻㚱ˬ攳ぇˣ 40. 奢ˣ忻ˣ⼿忻˭ᷳシˤ ᶨ凔㗗↮ㆸᶱ䧖厑㍸烉倚倆厑㍸ˣ䶋奢厑㍸ˣἃ厑㍸ˤ 斄㕤ȾSattvaȿ炻㗗≽娆Ⱦasȿ炷㚱炻⬀⛐炸䘬䎦⛐↮娆⼊Ⱦ sat ȿ≈㍍⯦娆 Ⱦtvaȿ炻⼊ㆸᶨ㉥尉⎵娆炻㗗ᶨᾳ⣂佑娆炻堐䣢ˬ⬀⛐˭ˣˬ㛔岒˭ˣˬ⽫˭ˣˬ䱦 41. 䤆˭ ˣ ˬ䓇␥˭ ˣ ˬ傂偶˭ ˣ ˬ櫤˭ ˣ ˬ櫼˭䫱䫱ᷳシ炻侴⛐㻊嬗ἃ℠ᷕ炻ᶨ凔嬗䁢ˬ䛦 38. 39 40. 41. A. L. Basham 㑘炻岜栗恎嬗炻 ˨厑啑㤪⾝䘬㺼嬲˩ 炻 ˪媎奨˫䫔 64 㛇炻1991 ⸜炻枩 63-64ˤ℞⍇ ἄ⮓㕤 1981 ⸜炻㓞抬㕤烉The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism, edited and introduced by Leslie S. Kawamura, p.19-59ˤ 㛱㛔⋻㳚炻˨厑啑ߩ婆佑˩炻˪⇵䓘よ⬠⌂⢓枴⢥姀⾝ ἃ㔁㔯⊾⬠婾普˫ 炻1991 ⸜炻枩 275ˤ ˪㡝␴⣏录℠˫ 炻枩 932烊⎎夳Ⱦbodhiȿ烉ȼperfect knowledge or wisdom, the illuminated or enlightened intellect’.ʇʇMonier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary炷䔍婆: MW.炸 p. 734,3. Ⱦsattvaȿ: ‘being , existence , entity , reality, true essence , nature , disposition of mind , character, spirit , mind, vital breath , life, embryo , fetus, a ghost , demon.’——MW. p. 1135,2. 16.

(23) 䓇˭ˣˬ㚱ね˭ˤ. 㒂⬠侭⸛ⶅ⼘䘬侫⮇炻⛐奢枛䘬˪⎱䤍〭シ˫ 炷sumaṅgalavilāsinī炸忁悐㲐慳 ˪攟悐˫䘬㚠ᷕ炻妋慳Ḯ厑啑䘬シ佑烉 ‫ ܌‬ᒏ ๦ ᙓ Ǵ ᆀ ࣁ ፣ ܴ ‫ ޑ‬Ԗ ௃ Ȑ paṇḍita-satta ȑ ǵ ς ᝺ ৴ ‫ ޑ‬Ԗ ௃ Ȑbujjhanaka-sattaȑ Ǵ‫ૅޣ܈‬ᚶ๱ჹ‫ܭ‬೏ᆀࣁ๦ග‫ޑ‬ѤᅿၰԖ୺๱Ȑsattaȑǵ ୲‫ۓ‬Ȑāsattaȑǵߕ๱‫ޑ‬ΓǴωࢂ๦ᙓǶ 42. ⶜⇑婆䘬Ⱦsattaȿ炻 ⚈䁢昌Ḯ㗗ˬ㚱ね˭䘬シ⿅ᷳ⢾炻ḇ㚱⽆Ⱦsañjȿ炷旬叿炸侴埵䓇䘬Ⱦsattaȿ炷➟叿炸䘬シ⿅炻劍⎰Ἕ忁ℑ侭䘬娙炻厑啑⌛㗗㚱叿ˬ䅙㛃厑 43. ㍸䘬Ṣ˭ᷳシ⏏ˤ 侴⛐㖑㛇㕤ἃ㔁㡝㔯㔯䌣ᷕ䘬䞼䨞炻⬠侭 H. Dayal ⮵Ⱦsattvaȿ ㍸↢䘬ᶫ䧖䘬妋慳烉ᶨˣ㛔岒炷essence炸烊Ḵˣ㚱ね炷living being炸烊ᶱˣ䱦䤆ˣ ⽫炷spirit, mind炸烊⚃ˣ傂偶炷embryo炸烊Ḽˣ㘢≃炷intelligence炸烊ℕˣ⣱䌣ˣ农 44. ≃㕤炷one who is devoted or attached to炸烊ᶫˣ≃慷ˣ≯㯋炷strength, courage炸ˤ ⚈㬌炻⎗ẍ婒厑啑㗗㊯徥㯪奢ぇ䘬≯⢓ˣ农≃㕤奢ぇ䘬㚱ねˤ. 憅⮵ H. Dayal ㇨㍸↢䘬䫔ℕ冯䫔ᶫ枭䘬妋慳Ἦ䚳炻Ṿ娵䁢⶜⇑婆Ⱦsattaȿ炻 ㆾ姙⎗ẍᶵ㗗㡝婆䘬Ⱦsattvaȿ炻侴㗗䚠䔞㕤Ⱦsañjȿ炷旬叿炸䘬忶⍣↮娆Ⱦsaktaȿ 45. 䘬妋慳炻㚱ˬ屒ッˣ专叿˭䫱ᷳシ炻ḇ㚱ˬシ⎹ˣ䌣幓㕤Ƀ˭ᷳシ炻 ⚈㬌炻H. Dayal 46. 侣嬗䁢ˬ⣱䌣ˣ农≃㕤厑㍸侭˭炷one who is devoted or attached to bodhi炸ˤ 侴⎴ 㗪炻Ṿ᷎娎⚾婒㖶炻劍㹗㸸军⶜⇑㔯㛔ᷕ炻⶜⇑婆Ⱦbodhisattaȿシ㊯ˬ奢ぇ䘬㚱ね˭ 炷a bodhi-being炸炻䃞侴炻Ⱦsattaȿ忁墉朆㊯ᶨ凔Ṣ炻侴㗗冯㡝婆Ⱦsatvanȿ㚱斄炻シ䁢ˬ㇘⢓ˣ≯⢓˭ˤ⚈㬌炻冯啷㔯䘬厑啑婆Ⱦbyaṅ chub sems dpaḥȿ䘬㚨⼴ᶨ⫿Ⱦdpaḥȿ䘬シ⿅㗗䫱⎴䘬ˤ⛐⶜⇑㔯ᷕ炻Ⱦsattaȿㅱ妋慳䁢劙≯䘬Ṣˣ⽫曰䘬≯⢓炷heroic being, spiritual warrior炸炻㗗Ⱄ㕤ᶨ䧖䁢䓇㳣侴≒≃ˣ⤖櫍䘬⬀. 42 43 44. 45. 46. ⶜⇑娆℠䘬妋慳烉1.➟叿䘬炻⚢➟䘬烊2.㚱ね炻䛦䓇ˤ——㯜慶⻀⃫炻 ˪ࡄ࡯࡝婆彆℠˫ 炻枩 287ˤ ⸛ⶅ⼘炻 ˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁṷ㔁ߩ䞼䨞 І˫ 炻㜙Ṕ烉㟒⺷㚫䣦㗍䥳䣦炻1992 ⸜炻枩 281ˤ Har Dayal The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, First published: London, 1932; Reprint: Delhi, 1999, pp. 4-8. Ⱦsaktaȿ: fixed or intent upon , directed towards , addicted or devoted to , fond of , engaged in , occupied with.ʇʇMW. p. 1132,3. Har Dayal, The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, p. 7. 17.

(24) 47. ⛐炻侴朆⎒㗗ẍ╖䲼䓇㳣䘬⬀⛐ˤ ⎎⢾炻ἄ侭娵䁢劍ȾSattvaȿ㊯䘬㗗ˬ㛔岒ˣ ⽫ㆾ傂偶˭䘬娙炻⇯㬌⏓シ㚫⮵ᷣ天ⶴ㯪㘢ㄏ侭忶㕤檀㶙炻Ữ⮵㕤⚻㺧䘬ἃ旨侴 48. 妨炻忁㧋⎵䧙㗗㭼庫怑䓐䘬ˤ 忁㧋䚳Ἦ炻H. Dayal ㅱ娚㗗娵䁢ẍ㛓⼴Ḵ枭䘬堐忼⽭㭼庫怑↯ˤ. ⬠侭㛱㛔⋻㳚㊯↢炻Ⱦsattvaȿ㗗廒徜㕤Ḽ䧖ㆾℕ䧖䘬䓇⬀柀➇炷Ḽ忻ˣℕ 49. 忻炸ᷕ䘬媠䤆ˣṢˣ≽䈑䫱炻㚨⇅炻␴㡝婆䘬Ⱦjantuȿ㗗⎴佑婆ˤ ⤪㛔䓇ᷕ㇨夳䘬厑啑炻ḇ⊭⏓叿旧ᾖ伭厑啑ẍ⍲ỷ㕤梻櫤ˣ⛘䋬ᶾ䓴ᷕ䘬厑啑炻⚈㬌⮯厑啑 50. 䓐ˬ㗗焍䘬⬀⛐˭ˣˬ 炷埴炸焍侭˭忁䧖堐忼㕡⺷庫䁢怑䔞ˤ ⎴㗪炻㛱㛔㮷⮵ Ⱦsattvaȿẍ墯⎰婆ᷳˬ㚱屉慳˭䘬↮㜸䳸㝄炻⎗ẍ䓊䓇㚱⸦䧖䘬シ佑烉ᶨˣẍ 厑㍸䁢冒⿏侭烊Ḵˣ℟㚱⼨厑㍸䘬⽫ˣ⽿⎹炷シ㦪炸侭烊ᶱˣ厑㍸㗗㼃⛐䘬怬㛒攳䘤侭烊⚃ˣ℟㚱厑㍸䘬䳈岒侭烊Ḽˣ℟㚱⼨厑㍸䘬䱦≃ˣ≯㯋侭烊ℕˣ℟㚱⼨ 51. 厑㍸䘬䡢⮎⿏侭烊ᶫˣ➟叿厑㍸侭ˤ 䵄奨ᷳ炻⇵ℕ枭冯 H. Dayal ㇨㍸↢䘬妋慳 ⣏农㗗䚠⎴䘬炻侴㚨⼴ᶨ枭䘬ˬ➟叿˭ᷳシ炻㛱㛔㍸↢ᶵ⎴䘬䚳㱽烉 ˬ晾䃞 H. Dayal 㟡㒂㡝婆䘬“sakta”㚱ˮ䌣幓˯ˣˮ℟㚱シ⽿˯䫱シ⿅炻嬗䁢ˮ䌣幓㕤厑㍸侭˯炻Ữ 52. ⁛䴙ᶲ嬗䁢ˮ➟叿侭˯⎗ẍ婒ㇵ㭼庫㬋䡢ˤ˭ 忁⎗ẍ婒㗗ˬ㚱ね˭㇨℟㚱ᷳね嬀ㆾ㚱ねッ䘬䓇␥䘬䈡⿏ˤ⤪⎴˪⣏㮀⧮㱁婾˫ᷕ㇨婒烉 ҂ளߓᑦӭᛥΟᙕΟ๦ගਔǴаቚ΢ཀ኷㚌ᒿ໩๦ගǴ፪ӛ๦ගǴᒃ߈๦ ගǴང኷๦ගǴ൧ख़๦ගǴ෰һ๦ගǴ‫؃‬᛾ట᛾ǴόᏮό৲Ǵ‫ܭ‬๦ගύǴ Јคኩ௭ǴࢂࡺӜࣁ๦ගᙓ∛Ƕ. 53. 㳩廱䓇㬣ᷕ䘬㚱ね炻⮵䓇␥≃䘬ねシ炻㗗➭⻟侴㖢䚃䘬ˤ⤪㝄⮯忁䧖ねシ㓡嬲㕡 ⎹䘬娙炻恋湤⮵Ṣ⯙㗗溻准ˣ㬉╄炻侴⮵㬋㱽ʇʇ䃉ᶲ厑㍸炻⌛㗗㚱ˬッ㱽ˣ㦪㱽ˣ㫋㱽ˣㅁ㱽˭ᷳ⽫Ḯˤ. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54. 54. Har Dayal, The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, p. 9. Har Dayal, The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, p. 8. Ⱦjantuȿ烉 ˬṢ炻䓇侭炻䓇栆炻䛦䓇˭——˪㡝␴⣏录℠˫ 炻枩 491ˤ 㛱㛔⋻㳚炻 ˨厑啑ߩ婆佑˩炻枩 277-278ˤ 㛱㛔⋻㳚炻˨厑啑ߩ婆佑˩炻枩 281-284ˤ 㛱㛔⋻㳚炻˨厑啑ߩ婆佑˩炻枩 284ˤ ˪⣏㮀⧮㱁婾˫⌟ 176炻T27, p. 887a-bˤ ⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻 ˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ᷳ崟㸸冯攳⯽˫ 炻枩 131ˤ 18.

(25) ⎎⢾炻㟡㒂䞛ⶅ㴟㶐䘬婾徘炻⽆ȾBodhiȿ␴Ⱦsattvaȿ䘬墯⎰娆䘬斄ὪἮ䚳厑啑䘬⿏㟤炻Ṿ婒㖶㚱ᶱ䧖シ佑烉ᶨˣἄ䁢㯪忻䘬厑啑炻Ḵˣ⶚䴻ぇ忻⤪ἃ䘬厑啑炻ᶱˣ⤪ˬ⚃⻀娻栀˭ᷳ佑䘬娻栀䘬厑啑ˤṾ娵䁢ẍ怑䓐㕤㯪忻ˣぇ忻ˣ娻栀䘬ᶱ䧖厑啑䘬⒒ᶨ䧖悥㗗⎗傥䘬ˤ侴厑啑䘬シ佑炻劍⽆婆妨⬠㕡朊Ἦ䚳炻㯪忻䘬厑啑䁢䫔ᶨ佑媎烊⽆ᾉẘ䘬㕡朊炻⇯娻栀䘬厑啑䁢䫔ᶨ佑媎烊䃞侴⯙⿅゛㕡朊炻 ➢㕤慳徎䈇⯤慳⮲䘬⮞屜䘬橼槿炻䁢冒奢奢Ṿˣ奢埴⚻㺧䘬厑啑炻ᶨ⭂㗗厑啑䘬 55. 䛇㬋シ佑ˤ 䫮侭ẍ䁢炻厑啑䘬䈡岒ㅱ娚㗗℟⁁忁ᶱ侭炻⽆⮳㯪⇘奢ぇᷫ军䘤栀䘬⇑Ṿ炻ẍ➭⭂侴䅙↯ᷳ⽫炻㰢シἧ冒⶙ㆸ䁢ᶨỵ厑啑ˤ. 䓙奢枛䘬㲐慳㚠ᷕ炻⎗ẍ䚳⇘厑啑㗗奢ぇ䘬㚱ねˣ䅙㛃㕤厑㍸䘬㚱ね炻ẍ⍲ 䴻䓙ᶲ徘⬠侭Ᾱ䘬↮㜸妋㖶炻H. Dayalˣ㛱㛔⋻㳚ˣ䞛ⶅ㴟㶐䫱炻⮵㕤厑啑⏓シ ᷳ夳妋ᶲ⣏农㗗ᶨ㧋䘬炻⎗ẍ婒厑啑㗗㯪炷䃉ᶲ炸厑㍸䘬㚱ね炻䃞㯪厑㍸䘬啑➝炻 56. 啑➝ℏ⏓䘬シ佑炻〘⤥堐䣢Ḯ㚱ね⮵㕤炷䃉ᶲ炸厑㍸䘬ン⹎ˤ 侴⮵㕤Ⱦsattvaȿ炻 ⍇⥳⶜⇑婆Ⱦsattaȿ⇯㚱叿ˬ➟叿ˣ旬叿˭ᷳシ炻⎗䚠䔞㕤㡝婆䘬Ⱦsaktaȿ炷⫿ 㟡Ⱦsañjȿ炸炻侴 H. Dayal ⌛侣嬗䁢ˬ⣱䌣ˣ农≃㕤˭ᷳシˤ⤪⛐˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ 57. ᷕ婒烉 ˬ҂ளՕၰǴЈང๱‫؃‬Ǵట‫ߓڗ‬ᑦӭᛥΟᙕΟ๦ගǴаࢂࡺӜࣁ๦ᙓǶ˭. 劍ẍッ叿ᷳ⽫炻㯪㕤厑㍸炻ḇ⎗媪㗗⼨ἃ忻ᶲᷳ慵天䘬≽≃Ἦ㸸ˤ⎎⢾炻⎗䚳⇘ ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⮵㕤厑啑⎍佑䘬妋慳⤪ᶳ烉 Ȩ๦ȩࣁ΋ӷǴȨගȩࣁ΋ӷǴࢂΒόӝ߾คᇟǹऩ‫ک‬ӝӜࣁȨ๦ගȩǴ છ‫ق‬ค΢ඵችǶȨᙓ∛ȩǴ‫܈‬Ӝ౲ғǴ‫ࢂ܈‬εЈǶࣁค΢ඵችࡺǴрεЈǴ 58. ӜࣁȨ๦ගᙓ∛ȩǶᜫటз౲ғՉค΢ၰǴࢂӜȨ๦ගᙓ∛ȩǶ ġ ġ 厑啑⛐⬠佺䘬⚈⛘ᷕ炻䁢㯪䃉ᶲ㘢ㄏ䘬䶋㓭炻枰䘤崟⣏⽫炻㗗㛔叿䧵㤝䘬埴≽≃炻䁢Ẍ䛦䓇暊劎⼿㦪䘬⇑Ṿ䱦䤆䘬⯽䎦ˤ䃞侴炻˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫ᷕ䘬厑啑㗗㛔叿ˬ凔劍˭ᷳ䃉➟⍾䘬䩳⟜炻厑啑晾㕤ᶾ攻ᷕ䘬㰚㰚䆇䆇炻ỮḮ妋ḳ䈑㛔岒ᶲ㰺㚱ⷠˣ ᶨˣ冒⛐⿏炻䎮ㅱᶵ⮵厑啑忁ᾳ⎵䚠䓊䓇➟叿炻侴㗗㛔幓⌛㗗㟑㟑⤪䓇ᷳ㚱ね㇨ ㅱ㚱⊌㯪忚⍾䘬䈡⿏ˤ⚈㬌炻䵄奨ᶲ徘炻ẍ⍲䎦ẋ⬠侭Ᾱ䘬䞼䨞ㆸ㝄炻⽆婆妨㔯. 55 56 57 58. 䞛ⶅ㴟㶐炻˨厑啑⿅゛ߩ㸸㳩ߦ⯙޿ߡ˩炻˪⌘⹎⬠ἃ㔁⬠䞼䨞˫䫔 1 ⌟䫔 1 嘇炻枩 147-148ˤ ⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻 ˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ᷳ崟㸸冯攳⯽˫ 炻枩 130ˤ ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⌟ 4炻T25, p. 91b-cˤ ˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⌟ 44炻T25, p. 380cˤ 19.

(26) 䌣ᷕ⎗ẍ䚳⇘䘬⎬䧖妋慳炻⎗ẍ婒厑啑⌛㗗ˬ徥㯪奢ぇ䘬㚱ね˭ ˣ ˬ农≃㕤奢ぇ䘬㚱ね˭ˤ侴晐叿㗪ẋˣ䑘⠫䘬嬲怟ᷳᷕ炻厑啑㇨⏰䎦䘬䧖䧖㧋尴炻㗗⸛↉侴㶙怈䘬ˤ䃞侴炻忁㧋䘬厑啑奨⾝炻⍰㗗⽆Ṩ湤㗪῁攳⥳䓊䓇䘬炻⮯㗗ᶳ㔯ᷕ㇨天㍊妶䘬ℏ⭡ˤ. ಃΒ࿯ġ ҁғፋᆶ๦ᙓࡘགྷ‫ޑ‬ଆྍġ 冒ἃℍ㹭⼴炻ἃ⻇⫸Ᾱ➢㕤⮵㕤ἃ旨䘬䶔㆟䘬⽫ね炻㔔⾝ἃᶨ䓇䘬䧖䧖埴 59. 嶉炻㚜⽆㬌䓇侴⁛婒⇘忶⍣䓇ᷕ䘬ᾖ埴ḳ帇ˤ 德忶ἃ旨⛐ㆸἃ⇵忶⍣䓇䘬姙⣂ ⺋⁛䘬㛔䓇㓭ḳ炻ᶵ⁭㈽䓇㕤Ṣ嵋炻䓂ㆾ℞Ṿ⣑䤆ㆾ≽䈑䫱⼊尉炻侴℞㇨埴䘬悥㗗䁢Ḯ⇑䙲℞Ṿ䘬㚱ね炻⚈㬌炻忁ḇ栗䣢↢ἃ冯旧伭㻊⻇⫸ᷳ攻䘬ⶖ⇍ᷳ嗽ˤ⛐ 忁⺋㲃䘬⁛婒ᷕ炻ᶨᶨㆸ䁢㳩⁛ᶾ攻䘬ˬ㛔䓇婯˭炻℞ᷕ㇨喲⏓叿厑啑䘬䘤⽫ˣ 䱦忚ᾖ埴炻ẍ⍲䁢㾇⹎㚱ね䘬⣏娻栀⽫炻ἃ䘬⣏ヰ⣏ず䘬桐䭬炻⌛㗗⛐⚈⛘ᷕ䁢 ⮳㯪㘢ㄏ冯奢ぇ䘬㚱ね炻䁢厑啑忻䘬匲♜㬟䦳ˤ. 60. 厑啑⿅゛䘬崟㸸炻怬⎗ẍ⽆⎚⮎䘬姀庱ᷕ䘤䎦炻⤪旧做䌳㗪ẋ䘬㐑Ⲿ㱽㓽炻 ẍ⍲⽆ Bharhut ⟼䘬晽⇣ᶲ炻㈦⇘Ḯ冯厑啑䚠斄䘬所㔯ˤ⎎⢾炻⽆慳⮲忶⍣ᾖ⬠ 厑啑忻㗪炻Ṏ㚦奒役ˣ䥖㊄䃉㔠䘦⋫叔䘬媠ἃ炻䔞᷎ᷕ忯ἃᷳ枸妨ˣ㌰姀炻⤪㬌䘬㌰姀⿅゛ḇ⮵⼴Ἦ䘬⣏Ḁἃ㔁㚱叿⼰㶙怈䘬⼙枧ˤ. ᶨˣ㛔䓇婯 ġ ġ ġ ġ ˬḅ↮㔁˭䁢㔁㱽䘬⍇⥳↮栆炻⼴Ἦ⍰㒜⃭䁢ˬ⋩Ḵ↮㔁˭炻℞ᷕ㔀ḳ䘬悐 ↮烉ˬ㛔ḳ˭ˣˬ㛔䓇˭ˣˬ嬔╣˭ˣˬ⚈䶋˭䫱炻悥冯ἃ⍲厑啑忻㚱斄炻侴ˬ㛔䓇˭ 61. 冯ˬ嬔╣˭䘬斄Ὢ⍰㚜⣏ˤ ᶨ凔⮯ἃ⻇⫸Ᾱ䘬⇵䓇㓭ḳ䧙䁢ˬ嬔╣˭ 炷avadāna炸炻 62. 㬌⌛┬⚈┬㝄䘬⚈㝄㤕⟙㓭ḳ炻㗗婒㖶䎦Ṳ῱⣏䘬Ṣ䈑ᶵ⎒㗗ㄹ啱䔞ᶾ≒≃⯙. 59 60 61 62. ⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ᷳ崟㸸冯攳⯽˫ 炻枩 12ˤ ⍫夳⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻 ˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ᷳ崟㸸冯攳⯽˫ 炻枩 13ˤ ⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ᷳ崟㸸冯攳⯽˫ 炻枩 113ˤ Ⱦavadānaȿ: n.ȼa great or glorious act , achievement ( object of a legend Buddh. )ȽʇʇMW. p. 20.

(27) 63. 傥ἄ做侴ㆸ炻ᷫ䓙㕤忶⍣ᶾ䧖䧖┬㤕䘬㝄⟙侴ㆸ⯙ˤ ⛐˪⣏㮀⧮㱁婾˫ᷕ⮵㛔䓇䘬妋慳烉ˬᒏፏ࿶ύǴ࠹ᇥၸѐ‫܌‬࿶ғ٣Ǵӵᅜǵജ฻ፏҁғ࿶ǶӵՕӢගஇ 64. ၲӭǴᇥϖԭҁғ٣฻Ƕ˭ ⍰炻˪䐄ụⷓ⛘婾˫婒烉 ˬ࠹ᇥШ൧ӧၸѐШǴ۶۶ 65. БϩǴऩԝऩғǴՉ๦ᙓՉǵՉᜤՉՉǴࢂӜҁғǶ˭ ⽆䴻℠䘬妋慳ᷕ炻婒㖶慳⮲忶⍣㚦䴻㈖㺼⣂㧋䘬奺刚炻ᶵ⁭⁭㗗Ṣ炻怬㚱⎬䧖䘬≽䈑幓炻㕤䓇㬣劎㴟ᷕ炻 ᶵ攻㕟⛘䴎ḰṾṢ⸓≑ˤ㛔䓇㓭ḳ℟橼⛘㔀徘厑啑䘬ᾖ埴炻⣏悐↮⎗ẍ䚳⇘℞ᷕ 厑啑㇨⯽䎦䘬ⶫ㕥冯⽵彙䘬埴䁢炻ẍ厑啑䔘㕤倚倆ˣ䶋奢䘬ぇ⠫炻㕤㗗炻⎒天䘤崟厑㍸⽫炻ᶵ婾℞㗪攻䘬攟怈ˣ忶䦳䘬则暋炻㚨䳪㗗ẍㆸἃ䁢䚖㧁ˤġ ġ. ὅ㒂⸚㼇漵䤍䘬䞼䨞栗䣢炻厑啑㗗㛔䓇婯⣏慷墥忈↢Ἦẍ⼴㇨塓忈↢Ἦ䘬⎵ 娆炻Ṿ婒㖶烉ˬ厑啑忁ᾳ⎵䧙䓐ẍ㊯慳⮲䎦ᶾẍ⍲ᷭ怈ẍἮ䃉慷䓇䃉慷ᶾᷕ炻䓇䁢⎬䧖ᶵ⎴䘬㚱ね炻ⷠ䘤娻天ㆸ⯙ἃ忻炻⛐忁䧖娻栀ᶳ炻ᾖ㇨㚱䘬暋埴劎埴炻䧵倂䃉慷䘬≇⽟ˤ㈲Ṿ夾䁢⽆ᷭ怈ẍἮ炻ᾖ冯㯪厑㍸炻⼿厑㍸ᶵ䚠忽側ᷳ埴䘬㚱ね炻 66. ⚈侴゛↢厑㍸啑➝ȾBodhisattvaȿ忁ᾳ⎵䧙ˤ˭ ㇨ẍ炻⎗ẍ㶭㤂䚳↢炻堐䎦厑啑⿅゛䘤⯽炻㚨℟橼䘬炻ㅱ娚㗗㛔䓇婯䘬普↢ˤ. ⛐㖑㛇䘬⶜⇑俾℠ᷕ炻⶚䴻↢䎦㚱厑啑忁ᾳ⎵䧙炻⽆⯤䥹俞䘬䴻℠ᷕ炻⎗ẍ 67. 夳⇘烉 ˬㆹ怬㛒ㆸ㬋奢ẍ⇵㗗厑啑㗪˭ 炻忁㧋䘬⭂✳⎍↢䎦ˤ䃞侴劍⮵ㅱ㕤㻊嬗 68. 䘬旧⏓䴻炻℞㇨堐忼䘬㕡⺷炻⤪˪ᷕ旧⏓䴻˫烉 ˬㆹ㛔㛒奢炻㬋䚉奢㗪˭ 炻ẍ⍲ 69. ˪暄旧⏓䴻˫烉ˬㆹㅞ⭧␥炻㛒ㆸ㬋奢㗪˭ 䫱炻⇯㰺㚱䚜㍍婒↢厑啑ᶨ婆炻⸚㼇漵䤍忚ᶨ㬍婒㖶烉 ˬ㛔Ἦ⯙㰺㚱⬫炷厑啑炸⏏ˤ㗗⼴ᶾἃ㔁⼺炻㘗ẘㆸἃ䘬慳⮲炻侴徥㹗⇘Ṿ䘬⇵䓇炻奢⼿Ṿ⼰῱⣏炻⌛㈲恋㭝㗪攻䘬Ṿ䔞ἄ㚱炷ㆾ㊩炻ㆾ㯪炸ἃ 70. 㘢䘬㚱ね炻厑啑忁ᾳ⎵娆⯙䓙㬌侴䓊䓇䘬⏏炰˭ ㆾ姙⎗ẍ婒⮵⶜⇑⯤㞗俞䘬⁛ ㊩侭侴妨炻ㆸἃẍ⇵䘬慳⮲炻⌛⎗婒䁢厑啑Ḯˤ⤪㬌炻⶜⇑䴻℠ᷕ䘬厑啑婆炻冒 99,2烊⎎夳˪㡝␴⣏录℠˫ 烉劙晬䘬埴䁢ˣ῱㤕烊㻊嬗ἄ烉䶋ˣ⚈䶋ˣ嬔╣ˣ嬔婆ˤ 炷枩 140炸 63 64 65 66 67. 68 69 70. 㯜慶⻀⃫叿炻楁⃱㚠悱䶐嬗䳬嬗炻˪ἃ㔁䘬䛇橻˫ 炻2002 ⸜炻枩 338ˤ ˪⣏㮀⧮㱁婾˫⌟ 126炻T27, p. 660aˤ ˪䐄ụⷓ⛘婾˫⌟ 25炻T30, p. 418cˤ ⸚㼇漵䤍叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻˨厑啑⿅゛䘬崟㸸冯攳⯽˩炻˪厑㍸㧡˫䫔 342 㛇炻1981 ⸜炻枩 16ˤ 䚠ㅱ悐 22, 26ˣᷕ悐 4, 26 䫱炻悥㚱忁㧋䘬⎍⫸ˤ——⸚㼇漵䤍叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻˨厑啑⿅゛䘬崟㸸冯攳⯽˩炻枩 16ˤ ˪ᷕ旧⏓䴻˫⌟ 56˨伭㐑䴻˩炻T1, p. 776aˤ ˪暄旧⏓䴻˫⌟ 12炻T2, p. 80bˤ ⸚㼇漵䤍叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻˨厑啑⿅゛䘬崟㸸冯攳⯽˩炻枩 16ˤ 21.

(28) 䃞㗗䁢⼴Ἦ㇨㶣ℍ䘬ˤ⌘枮㱽ⷓ㊯↢烉 ˬ㻊嬗䘬˪暄旧⏓䴻˫冯˪ᷕ旧⏓䴻˫ 炻㗗婒ᶨ↯㚱悐婎㛔ˤ⎗夳˪旧⏓˫⍇㔯炻㛔Ἦ㗗㰺㚱ˮ厑啑˯䘬烊婒ᶨ↯㚱悐㛔怬 ᾅ⬀⍇✳炻侴↮⇍婒悐⎬㳦䘬婎㛔炻炷怬㚱Ⱄ㕤⣏䛦悐㛓㳦䘬˪⡆⢡旧⏓䴻˫ 炸炻 71. 悥ẍ䔞㗪⁛婒䘬ˮ厑啑˯ 炻≈ℍ˪旧⏓䴻˫Ḯˤ˭ ⚈㬌炻旧⏓䴻℠ᷕ炻㚱ṃ⌛ᾅ 䔁⎌✳烊䃞ẍ忚⍾䘬⣏䛦悐侴妨炻厑啑䓐婆㔠㔠⎗夳炻⶚䃞呁ᶲ⣏Ḁ⿅゛䘬刚⼑ Ḯˤ. Ḵˣ⎚⮎䘬姀庱厑啑⿅゛䘤⯽䘬⣹㨇炻昌Ḯᶲ徘䁢ᶨ凔Ṣ㇨䅇䞍䘬ˬ㛔䓇˭ᷳ⢾炻ὅ㒂⬠侭 Ᾱ䘬侫㒂炻⛐大⃫⇵ᶱᶾ䲨炻⯂㚱旧做䌳䘬䫔ℓ㐑Ⲿ㱽㓽ᷕ䘬ᶨ㭝姀庱ˤ斄㕤旧做䌳ㆸ⯙ᶱ厑㍸炻ᶨ凔悥㍸⇘Ṿ军ụ俞炷Gaya炸⎹厑㍸㧡㛅俾ᶨḳˤBasham ㊯ ↢烉 ˬˮ↢⮳ᶱ厑㍸˯ 炻ὅ㒂 Bloch 䘬妋嬨炻➢⣰䇦炷Girnar炸㐑Ⲿ䘬所㔯䦵㚱ᶵ⎴炻㗗ἄ烉Ⱦayāya saṃbodhimȿ炻℞≽娆冯㡝㔯⫿㟡Ⱦyāȿ炷埴崜炸㚱斄烊军㕤℞ Ṿ䞛⇣ᷕ⇯冯㡝㔯䘬Ⱦniṣkramȿ炷↢䘤炸䚠忋ˤὅ℞侫嫱℞Ṿ䞛⇣䘬䳸㝄炻旧做䌳㛔Ṣ㇨⮓ㆾ㇨⎋徘䘬⍇㔯ᷕ炻冯ᶱ厑㍸㚱斄䘬≽娆㗗ὅ㒂Ⱦniṣkramȿ炻侴 72. 朆Ⱦyāȿˤ˭ 侴ˬ↢䘤˭ 炷go forth炸䘬⏓シ炻᷎ᶵ㗗㊯⇘忼ᶨᾳ㖶䡢䘬䚖䘬⛘炻旧做䌳Ṿẍ↢䘤⮳㯪ᶱ厑㍸炻Ữ⯂㛒忼㬌䚖䘬炻⤪⎴厑啑䘬栀⽫ᶨ凔炻⼨ㆸἃ忻 ᶲ⇵忚ˤ. ⎎⢾炻⬠侭⸚㼇漵䤍婒㖶炻⛐ Bharhut ⟼㪬㤗ᷕ炻㚱ˬ慳⮲ℍ偶˭忁㧋˪㛔 73. 䓇婯˫䘬晽⇣炻Ữ᷎㰺㚱厑啑ᶨ婆烊䃞侴炻⛐⇣㔯㕡朊↢䎦㚱厑啑ᶨ婆䘬炻彬 Ṳ㇨䞍忻䘬屯㕁ᷕ炻⎒㚱渧慶剹↢⛇炷Mathurā 墥炸䘬⣏厑啑⁷㞙㝬ᶳ悐䘬所㔯炻㖶栗↢䎦厑啑⫿㧋ˤ⚈㬌炻⽆⇣㔯␴䎦⬀ἃ℠䘬ℏ⭡ℑ㕡朊≈ẍ㩊妶炻厑啑忁ᶨ ⎵䧙䘬∝忈ᷫ军⺋䁢Ṣ䞍炻⣏㤪㗗⛐大⃫⇵䘬ᶨᶾ䲨⇅ẍ⼴⇘大⃫䫔ᶨᶾ䲨ᷕ叱 74. ᷳ攻ˤ 㐑Ⲿ㱽㓽冯 Bharhut ⟼䘬晽⇣炻㗗Ⱄ㕤⎚⮎䘬姀庱炻⽆ᷕ炻⎗ẍ夳⇘厑. 71 72 73. 74. ⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ᷳ崟㸸冯攳⯽˫ 炻枩 126ˤ A. L. Basham 㑘炻岜栗恎嬗炻˨厑啑㤪⾝䘬㺼嬲˩ 炻枩 70-72ˤ ⸚㼇漵䤍炻 ˪㛔䓇䴻栆ߩ⿅゛⎚䘬䞼䨞˫ 炻㜙Ṕ烉Ⱉ╄㇧ἃ㚠㜿炻1978 ⸜炻枩 58-61烊㡞Ⱉ晬ᶨ 䫱叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗˪凔劍⿅゛˫ 炻枩 37ˤ ⸚㼇漵䤍叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻˨厑啑⿅゛䘬崟㸸冯攳⯽˩炻˪厑㍸㧡˫䫔 342 㛇炻枩 17ˤ 22.

(29) 啑䘬奨⾝⶚䴻↢䎦Ḯˤ. ᶱˣ䅫䅰ἃ㌰姀 75. ㌰姀䘬㡝婆Ⱦvyākaraṇaȿ 炷⶜⇑婆Ⱦveyyākaraṇaȿ炸㛔Ἦ䁢ˬ婒㖶ˣ↮ ⇍ˣ妋䫼˭䘬シ⿅炻⛐⋩Ḵ↮㔁ᷕ炻䧙䁢ˬ姀婒˭䘬ˤ䐄ụ䲣婾℠炻ẍˬ栗Ḯ↮ 76. ⇍炻姀⇍㛒Ἦ˭Ḵ佑炻妋婒ˬ姀婒˭ ˤ ⎎⢾炻㟡㒂⸚㼇漵䤍䘬妋慳烉 ˬ㌰姀䘬⍇ 㔯Ⱦvyākaraṇaȿ炻⍇㛔㗗妋婒ˣ妋㖶䫱シ⿅炻⛐⌘⹎冒⎌ẍἮᶨ䚜㗗塓ἧ䓐Ἦ ẋ堐㔯㱽㕡朊ᷫ军婆妨䘬婒㖶ᷳ佑䘬ᶨᾳ䓐婆炻Ữ㬌⫿⇘Ḯἃ㔁ᷕ炻㚨㖑㗗塓ἧ 䓐⛐啱䓙ⷓ⼺ᷳ攻䘬⓷䫼㇨㥳ㆸ䘬妋䫼㚠⺷䘬俾℠ᷳシ佑ᶲ炻⍰㚜忚ᶨ㬍㚨⼴㺼嬲ㆸ塓廱䓐⛐妋㖶枸妨⻇⫸Ᾱ㛒Ἦ䘬␥忳忁ᶨⰌシ佑ᶲ䘬䓐婆炻⚈㬌⛐㻊嬗⯙ẍ 77. ˮ㌰Ḱ㛒Ἦ姀˯䘬シ佑侴㚨䳪嬗ㆸˮ㌰姀˯Ḯˤ˭ ẍ⍲⌘枮㱽ⷓ䘬妋慳烉ˬˮ姀婒˯炻㛔䁢䓂㶙䘬ˮ嫱⽟˯冯ˮ㔁婒˯䘬婒㖶ˤ䴻ⷓᾹ⁦⎹ἃ⽟䘬ⲯẘ烊⣏Ḁῷ 78. 慵㕤厑啑䘬㌰姀ἄἃ炻ḇ⎒㗗忁ᶨ䈡⿏䘬攳⯽ˤ˭ ⚈㬌炻㌰姀䘬シ佑㚱Ḯ䚠䔞 ⣏䘬廱嬲ˤ䈡⇍㗗⛐㍷⮓䌚⼿㌰姀䘬厑啑㗪炻⚈䁢ⷠ㚫堐䎦娚厑啑徥㯪厑㍸䘬㰢⽫炻℟㚱朆㭼⮳ⷠ䘬㰢⽫炻䳽朆ⷠṢ㇨傥⍲䘬䦳⹎炻㇨ẍ啱㬌㚜≈⻟婧厑啑䘬⮲ 屜炻忚侴㍐ⲯἃ旨䘬⮲屜Ḯˤ劍⽆˪ᾖ埴㛔崟䴻˫ᷳἃ⁛ᷕ炻Ṏ⎗ẍ䚳⇘斄㕤ἃ 䁢䪍⫸㌰姀䘬ᶨ㭝㍷徘烉 Օ֋ูηǺԟ㞊ࡕԭնǴ྽ளբՕǴӜញोЎȐᅇ‫ૈق‬ϘȑӵٰǷค‫܌‬๱Ƿ Կ੿Ƿ฻҅᝺ǴնӜ‫ߒݢ‬Ȑᅇ‫ࣁق‬፣ȑǴШࣚӜ؅ᷦȐᅇ‫ق‬৮ࣙ୯βȑǴ РӜқృǴ҆ӜነओǴ‫ۀ‬Ӝ့ӮǴηӜᛥ໦Ǵ٪‫ޣ‬ӜߓᜤǴѓय़‫׌‬ηǴӜ 79. ްճѷǴѰय़‫׌‬ηǴӜነປҞ⊕ೱǴ௲ϯϖᐜШΓǴࡋಥΜБǴ྽ӵ‫ך‬ΨǼ 侴⎴䴻ᷕṎ㔀徘䅫䅰㌰姀⼴䘬慳徎厑啑䘬ᾖ埴烉. 75. Ⱦvyākaraṇaȿ: n.ȼseparation , distinction ; explanation , detailed description; ( with Buddhists ) prediction , prophecyȽʇʇMW. p.1035,3.. 76. ˪䐄ụⷓ⛘婾˫⌟ 25烉 ˬḹỽ姀⇍烎媪㕤㗗ᷕ姀⇍⻇⫸␥忶⶚⼴䔞䓇䫱ḳ炻ㆾ⽑⭋婒⶚Ḯ佑䴻炻㗗⎵姀⇍ˤ˭(T30, p. 418c) 77 ⸚㼇漵䤍炻˪㛔䓇䴻栆ߩ⿅゛⎚䘬䞼䨞˫ 炻枩 68ˤ 78 ⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻˪⍇⥳ἃ㔁俾℠ᷳ普ㆸ˫ 炻枩 528-532ˤ 79 ˪ᾖ埴㛔崟䴻˫⌟ 1˨䎦嬲⑩˩ 炻T03, p. 462bˤ 23.

(30) ๦ᙓ༇धǴ࿶ᐕΟߓႶࣺնǴնࠟటᅰǴཏ໾΋ϪǴ፺ᙯคሞǴࣁ౲ғࡺǴ ‫⸹ي׫‬Ꭷ߁Ǵ߿౓ᆒ຾ǴຬⷢΐնǶૈϘ๦ᙓǴ‫ܭ‬ΐΜ΋նǴঅၰቺǵᏢ ՕཀǴՉϤࡋคཱུǴѲࡼǵ࡭‫י‬ǵ‫ה‬ଋǵᆒ຾ǵ΋ЈǵඵችǴ๓៾БߡǴ ཁൿ഻ៈǴ‫ػ‬Ꭶ౲ғǴӵຎ‫ه‬ηǴ‫܍‬٣ፏՕǴᑈቺคज़Ƕ. 80. ⽆㔯ᷕ炻䚳⇘厑啑䱦忚⛘ᾖ⬠ℕ⹎炻ẍ┬㪲㕡ὧˣ⚃䃉慷⽫ᷳ⇑Ṿ埴炻ẍ⍲ὃ梲㔔⣱媠ἃ䘬䳗䧵屯䲏ˤ厑啑⚈⛘炻⿺ẍ幓埴✪⊾䣢Ṣ炻埴⣏埴ˣ暋埴忻炻忁寰㗗 ᶨ凔↉⣓㇨䁢ᷳˤ侴⸛ⶅ⼘娵䁢炻⽆ἃ⁛㔯⬠ᷕ炻䈡⇍㗗ˬ䃞䅰ἃ㌰姀˭䘬⿅゛炻 81. 㗗⮶农厑啑奨⾝䓊䓇䘬ᶨᾳ天溆ˤ ⮵㌰姀䘬⁛婒炻Ṏ㍸↢ḮṾ䌐䈡䘬䚳㱽烉 ள‫ډ‬௤૶ࡕ‫ޑ‬ញ൧ǴࡐԾ᝺ӦոΚ‫؃‬๦ගǴঅՉϤ‫ݢ‬ᛥᇋǶдள‫ډ‬௤૶Ǵ ዴ‫ૈۓ‬ԋՕǴԶЪԾ‫ޕ‬ӵԜǶՠдᗋόࢂՕߒǴ೭ঁঅՉ‫ޣ‬όૈό‫ک‬҂ள 82. ௤૶‫ޑ‬Γуа୔ձǶҗ‫ܭ‬Ѹ໪଺р೭ᅿ୔ձǴӢԶ೷рȨ๦ᙓȩ೭ঁᇟຒǶ. 忁㗗⮵ᶨỵᾖ埴侭䘬䳽⮵娵⎗炻慳⮲䞍ᶾ攻屒ッ㫚㳩ᷳ⎗䓷炻Ṿ微㳩侴ᶲ炻ᾅ㊩ ᶨ↮㶭愺䘬冒奢炻䧵㤝ᾖ⬠炻⛐怬㛒ㆸἃỮ䡢⭂㚫ㆸἃ䘬奺刚ᷳᶳ炻⚈㬌炻岎冯 Ḯˬ厑啑˭忁㧋䈡㬲䘬䧙⎵ˤ. ὅ⸚㼇漵䤍㇨妨烉ˬ⤪㝄㌰姀⿅゛㰺㚱䓊䓇䘬娙炻⯙䃉㱽⃭↮堐䎦↢厑啑␴ 83. 倚倆㚱叿栗叿䘬ⶖ䔘ˤ⎗ẍ婒㌰姀⿅゛䘬䓊䓇␴⣏Ḁ䘬冰崟㗪攻䚠⎴ˤ˭ ⮵㕤㬌炻⸛ⶅ⼘娵䁢炻劍⮯㌰姀⿅゛冯⣏Ḁ䘬冰崟夾䁢⎴㗪䘬娙炻⤪㬌㍐ᷳ炻⸜ẋỤ ᷶⣒忶㘂Ḯṃ炻⚈䁢⮵㕤㛒Ἦ枸妨䘬姀⇍炻℞⮎㖑⶚⬀⛐㕤旧⏓䴻ᷕḮˤ⚈㬌炻 ⮯䅫䅰ἃ㌰姀䚳ㆸ㗗⽆旧⏓䴻ᷕ䘬姀⇍㇨⮶⺽↢Ἦ㗗㭼庫怑䔞䘬炻ㆾ姙⎗ẍ婒㗗 84. ↢䎦㕤悐㳦↮塪冯⣏Ḁ冰崟ᷳ攻ˤ ⽆䴻℠䘬㛔䶋悐ᷕ炻⶚䴻䚳⇘斄㕤慳徎厑啑䘬䧖䧖㛔䓇炻℞䱦忚ᶵㅰ侴呁ἃ㌰姀炻⚈侴⮶↢⣏Ḁ厑啑⿅゛䘬冰崟ˤ. 80 81 82. 83 84. ˪ᾖ埴㛔崟䴻˫⌟ 1˨䎦嬲⑩˩ 炻T03, p. 463aˤ ⸛ⶅ⼘炻 ˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ߩ䞼䨞 І˫ 炻枩 262ˤ ⸛ⶅ⼘炻 ˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁̯䞼䨞 І˫ 炻枩 272ˤ 炷⍫侫ᷕ㔯侣嬗夳㕤烉㡞Ⱉ晬ᶨ䫱叿炻姙㲳ᷣ嬗炻 ˨凔劍⿅゛˩ 炻枩 39炸 ⸚㼇漵䤍炻˪㛔䓇䴻栆⿅゛⎚䘬䞼䨞˫ 炻枩 69ˤ ⸛ⶅ⼘炻 ˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ߩ䞼䨞 І˫ 炻枩 268-269ˤ 24.

(31) ἃ⁛㔯⬠䘬厑啑奨⾝␴⣏Ḁ厑啑䘬奨⾝炻⛐⿅゛䘬䘤⯽昶㭝ᶲḇ㗗㚱斄Ὢ 85. 䘬ˤ 䃞䅰ἃ㌰姀炻⮵㕤慳⮲䘬㬟≓ᾖ埴炻㗗ᶨ斄挝⿏⣏ḳ炻⚈䁢䡢娵䃞䅰ἃ㌰姀㗪炻厑啑⌛⼿䃉䓇㱽⽵炻⤪˪⣒⫸䐆ㅱ㛔崟䴻˫ᷕ婒烉ˬ๦ᙓςள૶‫ق‬Ǵᅪှ 86. ఈЗǹᓅฅคགྷǴ஍ԶΕ‫ۓ‬Ǵߡ຺మృǴόଆ‫ ˭הݤ‬炻厑啑傥ˬᶵ崟㱽⽵˭⌛ 㗗ˬ䃉䓇㱽⽵˭炻忁㗗厑啑䘬䤆忂≃炻⮵㕤棺䙲㚱ね炻㚜傥䘤栀⼨ℕ嵋ᷕ炻晐シ傥⼨炻侴傥䃉䓷⛘⹎⊾㚱ねḮˤ. 㟡㒂ἃ⁛ℏ⭡䘬䧖䧖㍷徘炻慳⮲⛐⚈⛘ᾖ埴ᷕ炻⊌㯪厑㍸ˣ䧖媠┬㟡炻䳗≓ 䳗䓇炻ᶵ⾀⣙厑㍸炻傥呁ἃ㌰姀炻⬴ℐ⯽䎦Ḯᶨỵ厑啑埴侭䘬℠䭬炻忁㗗⛐⚈⛘ ᶲ㇨䌚⼿䘬偗⭂烊侴⇘Ḯ⣏Ḁ厑啑昶㭝炻⮵㕤ᾖ埴⮎嶸䘬⽟䚖㚱㚜娛䚉䘬婒㖶炻冯ᷳ⼴晐叿䔞㗪䑘⠫䘬嬲⊾炻厑啑⏰䎦㚜⣂䘬㧋尴炻侴⛐⎬䧖䴻℠ᷕ㚱叿ᶵ⎴䘬娖慳ˤ䃞侴炻ᶵ⎗⏎娵䘬炻斄㕤㌰姀䘬⁛婒冯⣏Ḁἃ㔁冰崟㗗㚱叿⭮ᶵ⎗↮䘬斄 Ὢ炻⎗ẍ婒㗗Ὣἧ⣏Ḁἃ㔁冰崟䘬≑䶋ˤ. ಃΟ࿯ġ ೽ࢴՕ௲‫ޑ‬๦ᙓᢀġ 厑啑⿅゛⚢䃞㗗⣏Ḁἃ㱽䘬ᷣ庠炻Ữ塓娵䁢㗗ẍ倚倆ἃ㱽䁢ᷣ䘬悐㳦ἃ㔁炻 87. ⮵㕤厑啑⿅゛䘬㍊妶炻䓂军㗗⮎嶸炻ḇ㚱䚠䔞寸⭴䘬ℏ⭡ˤ 劍⚆栏䔞㗪ἃ旨⛐ ᶾ㗪炻ἃ㱽ˣ₏⛀㛔Ἦ㗗␴⎰ᶨ␛䘬烊侴ἃ旨ℍ㹭⼴䘬䳸普䔞ᷕ炻䓙㕤⻇⫸Ᾱ⮵ 㕤ㆺ⼳⇞⭂䘬䚳㱽ᶵ⎴侴䓊䓇Ḯ↮塪炻↮䁢⣏䛦悐冯ᶲ⹏悐ℑ⣏㳦炻冒Ḵ悐↮⊾ ⼴炻⼴Ἦ⍰ᶨℵ䘬↮⊾炻⍰ᶱ悐ᷫ军⚃⣏悐ˤ䓙㕤⿅゛ˣ㔁佑ˣ⋨➇ᶲᷳᶵ⎴䫱 88. ⚈䳈炻㚨⼴⁛婒↮䁢⋩ℓ悐炻䃞㝅㛓↮⊾炻⎗傥⍰ᶵ⎒㗗⋩ℓ悐ˤ ⛐⤪㬌䳃暄䘬悐㳦↮塪ᷕ炻⮵㕤悐㳦䔘佑㚱姀抬侭炻ᶨ凔䁢Ṣ㇨䞍䘬㗗婒ᶨ↯㚱悐㇨⁛䘬˪䔘悐⬿廒婾˫炻侴℞ᷕ㚱婯⇘冯厑啑婾䚠斄䘬⓷柴烊⎎⢾炻妋慳˪䘤㘢婾˫䘬˪⣏ 㮀⧮㱁婾˫ 炻ḇ㗗Ⱄ㕤㚱悐䘬㟡㛔婾㚠炻ẍ媠⣂䭯ⷭ娛䚉䘬婒㖶斄㕤厑啑䘬䈡岒炻 ⎗ẍ婒㗗⛐悐㳦ᷕ⮵厑啑婾㚱㭼庫⬴㔜℟橼䘬㔀徘炻⚈㬌炻⛐㛔㔯忁ᶨ⮷䭨ᷕ炻 ⮯ẍ婒ᶨ↯㚱悐䘬厑啑婾䁢ᷣ天㍊妶䘬䭬⚵炻侴⎴㗪ḇ㚫㕩㴱℞Ṿ悐㳦䘬ᶨṃ䚠 85 86 87 88. ⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻˪⇅㛇⣏Ḁἃ㔁ᷳ崟㸸冯攳⯽˫ 炻枩 582ˤ ˪⣒⫸䐆ㅱ㛔崟䴻˫⌟ 1炻T03, p. 473aˤ 悕⾈䓇㑘炻˨慳⮲ᷳ崭崲⻴≺ḅ≓炷ᷳᶨ炸 ˩ 炻˪㬋奨˫䫔 21 㛇炻2002 ⸜炻枩 21-22ˤ ⌘枮㱽ⷓ炻˪⌘⹎ἃ㔁⿅゛⎚˫ 炻枩 38-40ˤ 25.