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論中、東歐國家的族群關係--融合或對立

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(18) .~'$~~~fu~~~~~r-OO$mj '~*~$m~-·~±z~~ft ~,l:J*~~Utltw.m~~~m-~. , ]JM~~;tt9J.lz:i&m ' m*~['i'l]~JE ' ~M. Jik-a1f~;ttfrj •. ~lt;Jf. =. ' 2000,. (~mi3i:~If-a{'F*lU'n. 's~t: li1¥JIIIIH:f::Ht&0~. 0. ,9t::st;lJH3". Ali, Razia and Lawrence Lifschultz eds., 1993, Why Bosnia? The writings on the Balkan War. Stony Creek: Pamphleteer's Press. Apinis, Peteris, 200 I, Latvia: The Land we Love. Riga: Preses Nams Corp.. Ausauskas, Arvydas, 2001, The Anti-Soviet Resistance in the Baltic States. Vilnius:. Akreta.. Brown, Michael E. ed., 1993, Ethnic Conflict and International Security. New Jersey:. J>rinceton University Press.. Crawford, Keith, 1996, East Central European Politics Today. Oxford: Manchester. University Press.. Cmobmja, Mihailo, 1996, The Yugoslavia Drama. London: McGill-Queen's University. Press.. Danforth, Loring M., 1995, The Macedonian Conflict. New Jersey: Princeton University. Press.. Davies, Norman, 1995, Europe: A Hitory. London: Oxford University Pess.. Fowkes, Ben, 1995, The rise and fall of communism in Eastern Europe. London:. Macmillan Press.. Holmes, Leslie, 1997, Post-Communism:An Introduction. London: Polity press.. Jundzis, TaJavs, 2001, The Baltic States at Historical Crossroads. Riga: Latvian Academy. of Sciences.. Smith, Anthony. 1986, The Ethnic Origins ofNations. London: Basil Blackwell.. Stavenhagen,Rodolfo, 1996, Ethnic Conflict and the Nation-State. London: Macmillan. Press..

(19) .t· •• ~a~ •• H.;~.4fi~. ~. F. ~. ,:=,'W!ltiiifl BBC (http://news.bbc.co.uk) Central Intelligence Agency (http://www.odci.gov/cia) Electionworld.org (http://www.electionworld.org) Le Monde diplomatique (http://mondediplo.com) RADIO FREE EUROPE (http://www.rferl.org) Thiesse, Anne-Marie, Iventing National Identity. (http://mondediplo.coml1999/06/05Ithiesse) United Nations (http://www.un.org) VOICE of America (http://www.voa.gov) (~ti. : *a!1f).

(20) The Ethnic Relations Between Central and. Eastern Europe: Merging or Opposing. Hung, Mao-Hsiung+ ABSTRACT In the end of the twentieth century, there are three important significances of Central and Eastern European countries in the post-cold war era: 1. The change of the political structure and political geography of Europe. Second, the historical experiences of the Central and Eastern European countries transited from socialism system to democracy and market economy. Third, strengthen the new thinking of the sovereignty. There are three types about the ethnic relations: 1. opposed type, 2. emerged type, 3. rational type in the post communism era, and also people can find some conclusions as follow: First, the economic development is the very important figure when we exam the ethnic elations in CEE countries; Second, Getting rid of the dorrninated by the communist party, to reback to "the family of Europe" is their naturally target. Third, the radical nationalism can go well forrnore. Last, Swissland is most successful model on the ethnic intergration and national identity building. Keywords: Central and Eastern Countries (CEEs), ethnic relations, post-communism, peaceful transition. +. Hung, Mao-Hsiung is the research fellow in the Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan..

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