戈巴契夫的政治改革: 理想與現實

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(9) (f.!:. ), Kommunist, No.8, May 1987, p. 8.. ft. 0. @. {iJ~~~4(~;j(.IIn~~.I!@t~. -- - - -. - ------•• - ••••.1~. .'u...... ". ''''IBI''''''''''-!III-'II''''';<n"tQ;1b&~i!"I~;;I;l'flll. liFWi~~~·f.H* .. ~ 1 ~!Hli~Hli!!i+K~~~g:~:gllli.g:~~ " r.LJ~~~~.m5:es~5#~~+¢g:~~ .~~ 1 1,. ~5~1f¢~~ 1:g]1~. ·~~5~.~~~~IE!~-fl,{~~.~~~~~~ ft. ".-1<fE111U " ~~~!!W~.g:!!!~~~. Intfl.[!]IrrJmW=4:1~~~f+l*g:f+lttl!WlIt-'-g:~~. \1\ ,. '~~$~~"4f2. W~~~+Kg:~~~~~~g:~~~~fr,,~~~~~~g:f+l~~~mWr.~J,,~~~r.~J~~~~g:r~f+l~ 0. 0. 0. J (demokratizatsiia) ~ r <-:!~ J ;~Hf$!~~~ ~~~+K~~g:.~.~I~•• "~~mWr~~fEt-'-g: •• Jog~ ••• ~l.~~~W~~~g:*.~~,,~~ mW~r~~~5g:!!!~"~mW~.4(~*~~J~tEmW~r~~#~f+l*~~~~~~~~~~~-*oJ~.~~~. "~~~+K~~~~~W$I$!H~~~~$$!~~~.".$!~!!W~~".~~~~."~~~~~~~~fr~~o. ~H~~~~~g:~"~~m~•• ~fr«.~"~l.H~~~~"~H~£~~~~~~~~~~W~o~ ~~~+Kg:.~~~"~*~mW~~~~5g:~~~.,,~~~~~~~~g:~.~.o~.g:~~~.[!]I~~~~.g: ~."~~~$~~~+K~.~~g:H~oW~~~~~~gg:mW"~~~+K~~~~~.~~~!!!~g:~.~~~~~. #~f+l*ItI:Jit)~~~~ 0 .~tI!l)E..~~~g:~. ~ tE~mW~~~g: r•• J 0 r ~f+l~ J ~lIIIg:mWfi.~~g:~~*~l~.~g:~. ~~~+K$Il~I)E. .. r ~~fMg~~f+l~~fMg~{(H~,* 1 ~ ~'*:~ ~~~.m5~~~~~g:~~~~*~".~~~~~oJ~~~~~~~+K.fMg~g:mW~~~~~.~g:~~o~~~+K W~~~tr~~~~~~g:IE!.mW~f+l~~~frg:rf+l~~.B.J °tE.~~1$!.~~~~~mWr~~~~~~5~~. ~~IIn~~~~ '$!~~~~~'~#~.~~.~~~f+lg:~m(~1iifj 0 J ® 1 $!~f+l~g:~~ " ~~~:!;K~~~+K~~~~~. ~-Ek¢I~#~g:~~~" ~1:::j 1 $!~g:~." ~~;!!!I:gI]#~lli!i_~ml~~:t!~~m(~ 0®f><~~+Kg:~f+l~~ ~ .[!]I~rtJ").\i!~~. ~. Ibid., p. 54.. Gorbachev, Perestroika i Novoe M yshlenie, p. 51.. @ Terry L. Thompson, ldeologyand Policy: The Political Uses ofDoctrine in the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), p. 163.. ~. Gorbachev, Perestroika i Novae Myshlenie, p. 101.. @ Pravda, January 30, 1987.. ®. ~. i§ Federal Institute for East European and Ineternational Studies, ed., The Soviet Union, 1986/1987 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989) , p. 2.. ~8JI<-tK~~$1lf~ .. m!~tl~ta:.

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(11) """'''''.... OJU,.'-'u'"'1',. I". ..I. ,!;>/~O"'V."U. "ll'UVUe. J. ...Ly:Jruerne,. ~$.~in~$;i. p. IZ.. r ~1!:!~~ J ~~~.~*H~~~tf. (generational change) ~~ ~ 1 ~~g:~. ~ Gail W. Lapidus, "Glasnost: Its MUltiple Roles in Gorbachev's Reform Strategy," The Fletcher Forum, Vol. 12, No.2, Summer 1988, pp. 271-275.. «~. r $l:t::*<$I J. A. Almond ) ~~~. ( G. Bingham Powell, Jr. ) g'~;l;t! ~. 0. ~8J.lil<+K--L1-1[1~~ ~ ~;;g:.~~-R!!I!. ~ ~\llHj1t->i<~~g:. ( Gabriel. -El ~ ~~~~~;;g'~1!:!~ -1[1 ~!t~~~. 0. ,.~~~~~~. ~BJfi:+K--L1-1[1~~ ~ ~l!lt~g:~~~;l;t! ~ i<~~~~~. 0. ~$~~g'~~o~~~~g'~~~~~~.g:~~~~~~~~~~m~~~~~o~~;;~~~~~~~~~g:l~ ~;l;t!. \. 0. 0. ,... I". I". I". 0. 0. I". ~~5~~. I". 0. 0. 0. I". 0. @. 0. 0. " #.tf-«.Wg'~Et " .!ilJ~t->4HImll::ttlg' " ~~::t:l(~1mll ~~#~~~~*~~lt:~~If:g:~.~4g. " ~~11~. 0. ::t:l(.W~4g.g:1t~ ~ ~~:g:m~ 1 im:nnK~~4g.~~ ~ ~~#~+ti~~~~1l><!iii1g: r fI~~4g.~ J @!!.#.Imll~:g:1!WH::l ~ '~f\lI~4g.~~~g'~:&: ~ r:rJ]~H!~~;l;t!~rF.lImll~~:t:::;;2g'~~1ME* W~5~:t::~:g:~~tf- " #.M1~~~I&;¥l~Imll~~IIlK:g: #.ifo:I$! r 1n![*ft-g:~1!:!~.~--L11t1~g:.. ~~tf ~ ~~(Rg:!R.rF.l~:ljS~~~~1><~~l!II:fg'~~ ~ ~~t->~~:t::trJmM1~;l;t! J ~.(r?tf-#g:~~g ~ ?n,!!)~:g:~~ ~ ~I$!~f\!lnnK~ r ijHil:;;2 ~~:;;2 "~~~!R.~ J :g:#.ifo: r g[~ J ~fl-:g:~ W~5 ~ ~~jl~II~~g:~!!!~¢:l!tl ~ *I$!W!W#.g:\tbtf- ~~#.I$! r ~1!:!g(1!.~ ~ ~~~~~~ 1><~~~~lt:~ .ifo:![:~!t~~g'+HIIlK*~ J @#.l*-@~:tK~5~~g: r ~~. J ~ ~m:l~~t-> 1 ~ r ~J[#~~ J (nomenklatura):g: ~~ ~ ~~jI(~#~~g:HnnK ~1i1nJ[#~~" jI(~--L1I$! 1 $::t:l(.lii'~~lt:~*g:fI~~~*~4g.~. ;~$~Et.!ilJ~t-> H'- ,. ~~ ,. H ~ ~g(1!. ~1!nr ~ ~ 1*I1~~~ft.ifo:![:g:\lII!llIllK~~ ~~~~;l;t! ~ #. I". #.-g:J!$' 1 $ll!teI " m~. ~. 0. ~~lI!g:.W " ~~.f-g:~.~4g. " ~~~$g:~-R "'(III~::t:l(~~ "~~f-.~~.~!!I!.g'fI~. Socialism: Theory and Practice (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1983) , pp. 170·171.. Burlatsky, The Modern State and Politics, p. 113.. pp.47·48.. @ Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach ( Taipei: Rainbow-Bridge Book, Co., 1977 ) ,. ®. Develo~d. •. ml.K~t(. 11. @ Philip G. Roeder, Soviet Political Dynamics: Development ofthe First Leninist Polity (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1988), pp. 215-216.. @ R. I. Kasolapov et at,. ~HJiK-!l<:Bi~~~fBl-.

(12)

(13) -~. ---. ......... ___ ......... VT. '-A ... .u.CI.Cl\,.lUH. I -r:!«llt) .. ]m(-\-lIIH:i 0. ,pure£gn roucy, ::summer IHtsb, pp. S,9.. -$:.* '~-R* "1iI.+H.~JlltiJ,l( ~l~ .. llI(n~-:B~~ ... @ Pravda,.prlI 24, 1985.. @ +&~1«. (. .~~~~~~~~+~~~~~~~~.g~.W~~~~~~*~~~~~~~o~ru~~W~AA*~~~~~~~~. 0. " ~~ 1 -F<J.8~~~. ~~~*HH1~~ (V. M. Chebrikov) g~~:itrllJl!l: ( Eduard Shevardnadze) -EHr!liS.~.~¢~P-:1~~. ~ ~~*'~~~ Y. K. Ligachev ) g*K:mIn'~ ( Nikolai Ryzhkov ) llf~tr«.W ~ 1mQ~~¢~fHK~$Illir~. "iJll(:g[f[i:llf ~ ~$Illir~rr&~ (Marshal Sokolov) g~~wt:ru~~ (Nikolai Baibakov) fgiji r ~~:t;:iIl~.". J (Gosplan) +t1{1!g~WHH1~ ( Nikolai Talyzin). ~1lf~r!liS.~ •.. ~~$IJl~O~~~~. tr«~$Illirrr&~~-El~~ ~ ~ruiK~In'~~ffit~®!!~lf:;~~~1fJ\~ ~ ~1n'~~~:g1l~~*,~[f[~. ~tr«~"~ ~ ~$IllirH?1~*WH-~.~&~~ii\t~t$!~~~~ ~ ~7i§~~.~~~ ,,~~~~~~ru~~+t1~~~~llImH~~. ~ (G. Romanov) ~ ~ r l!!lH'*~:l;!tI J ~~-EH ~ W~~tr«~$1llir " ~+\:tfgiji*HH1~9)tl~\lI!I!l~~*,~$~"M+t1{1!g~a~~~ ( N. A. Tikhonov) ~tIll*~& ~ -EH*K~In'~~iji " 1 ~~~~~.W.~"<JI!tI~~HH1* ( V. V. Grishin) ~ ~W 1-F<J.8. ( Boris Eltsin). "~~*Kl1+~-t<i~-l<\ ~ ~ru.fif.K~Wtr«~$Illir:lfi~. ~ ~~IlI~~~fgJ:!:i~*~~.~. 1 $1IIllW~~~~~ ( Lev Zaikov). 0. 0. 0. W.*Kl1+. ~ -¥1~~~~-<$1IIllW~. <J.8~~~~. '" nJif:~Bt~~J:!:i~.Wi:lr-t<~~~. ~+11~~~+\:t~~~+e:.$:jmr~~.~ ~ ~WK$HIll~l1i:it~*+\:t:PJj~tr«~$Illir~.~~~ ~ ~~~-N~t$!fgijir!liS.~.~~. JU~. .• ~~. Wtr«.W~+qteI ~ ~~~ru~~W.*Ktr~"~tn8!~~~~~~~~ (Viktor Nikonov) ~ ~1 iji4g.~tr«.W. ~~tr«~$lllirgtr«.W~-N~ ~ ~ru~~-¥1W~~~.g*Kg~~.~$!iftr~~-t<~~~-<.~ii\t. ~-t<.~-N~~~ru~~~~~~$~"M+t1{1!g~~~~~~K~~I~+t1{1!gg~+t1{1!g~~~~~+*'~*K.tr~"~~~. $g~~$~~:jmr~"'~~~~J.8+~~~<g~g~.~"~1.Wo@W4~~~$~~-<.~ii\ttr~~IlI*~~r~4 0. J *1Dj[.~~+t1{1!gi!+t1{1!g ~ ~-EH~~:itrllJl!l:~~~~~~.~ ~ *~ru:;-<;I;!:lIIlI tJR{teI4 ~ ~1lI*~~~~¢4~~~1f:;:jmr~~ 1 ~.€R~~~ ··f$.1Dj[.~~+t1{1!gi!+t1{1!g~~." ~ W~i:lr~.i$ ~ ~tJR{~~ru.fif.K~~~~.~~IlI*~~~~~~$1IIllW:lfi. ~$Il!~tr~~t<-t<~BE "~111[!-N ~ ~1lI*~~.I~IH(11~ ~ ~~~i$-t<~+q~~~~.~ ~ ~~~~i~~~~&:l?i ,,~~~~. 1•. ~ ~tJR{~~~~~_. .. ~ 1 ~ ~ru~~*-<~W. :itrllJl!l: ~ ~~.~~&~.~~ "~W~*<~~iiit.m: ~ ~~+t1~~~t$!W.i$~(~~i!g.~$~H~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~t,ti~~~ $J:rn~(glm!~J:!:i*K• • W~.~ ,,~ru~~~~WJBE~P1~~-<~J:!:i~~. .5~*<~~4 ~ $iJ!;+t1~~~~ ··~11 ".i$W~*<4 "~~~~*~~~\lI!I!l~I<~-N~5.~+t1a~~ "1m+C:~~ .~.. i$~r-~~~if:~~~~1::1~ ~ Wi~~\11~~~I!!iI~.~ ··~111" ~~~+C:.HAAtr«$"~~ ~ ~tJR{~ru~~~~~~~~. ]m(-\-l11K •. I III. @ -li\I!5ill'l!!ltl1I.~.!tn;r:~\IIIII~-<.l\II;iIii· ~*,Donald R. Kelley, Soviet Politics from Brezhnev to Gorbachev (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1987), pp. 170-181 ··tii;;:r;+&~1«li1t* .1iI.+H.~iJ,I.. ~ruiKiK~llliile~~·· ~~~~..

(14) ~~\I&~ _~.~1P<~o~. .11+11~. 0. .11~ . 0. 0. (. 0. 0. «. ,,~. 'C. 1lSI. "~,. 0. 1~ <1(~1 lrn:::=l:rH=jmmllllrn:::'l(m ,,~:j:j(RIT~~ 11+-tJ~~~+<~ ~~~~ii.\:lii~$~l$ttf,f!-" f!-«~:1Qrog~~iilj~ + " .\:lii~II!rJ~~t;'~rm:~~~~~+K 1"~ir~f!-«~$rog~nmr::j:j(;tt+ 11-< " :InK f!-.~~mH~H~tl+K-&'~.\:l:i4iT~~!!l ".ijLl~~HJ iK+KWR:" 1 :j:j(~E?JW nR~lll-<~ ··.Ilf*Ji: ".'fir~+K ( D. Kunaev ) ~~:I:~*~~ V. V. Shcherbitskii) :InK~< w~nmr:~~W~mH~Wt!+KI1i~lti4g.~ .\:lii~f!-«~$~~nmr:~~~[l]~ml1(+gr~ W~$~~~~nw;~f§" ~:l$:iiI$!~. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. ... 0. 0. 0. ~~.~Wt!:B;!+K (Vasilii Kuznetsov ) ~~WE\t'~+K ( Boris Ponomarev) ".\:liilti~~~nmr:~£'(~llf!\n'+K (Nikolai Slyu nkov ) ~*~~+K ( Yurii Solovev) W~~-tJW-a-«~$~~~~nw;f!- " 1J(~~*.!iW+K ( P. N. Demichev) ~~:I:~II~ ( V. I. Dolgikh ) ~~mH~!W+K-&'~~~-< " :!nK~H=j-<~~fElfitP(~HJiK+K~~~~II!rJ~~~~nw;ii ~:j:j(=l:r-tJ+<.\:lii~~~f!-«tnthl~ ":InK~nmr:~~iilj~~~+< W-tJW~lUthlf!-" D(~ 1 -<~W~mH~!W+K-&'~ti:i4iT~ o.\:liilti 4iT~f!-«tnthl~DJ!!<~*.+K~~ (E.Razumovskii) ,.~~**"* (Anatolii Dobrynin) "~~~~+K (Vadim Medvedev ) ,. ~~+K~+K" ~~~.~+Kir~~*" ~ 1$[~lti4iT~f!-«tnthl~!@Z-P\$~" Ht~\n':ll;!;! ( Aleksandra Biriukova) o@ ~:j:j(II+-tJ+<f!-«~nmr:~f.ffi:<R" :InK~iilj~~~~~~~~+ .\:lii1l!rJ-33iif!-«~nw;~111lm~-tJ-< ( ±!11+'I(1<1i!~\+II-< ) "~~f!-«~nmr:~ 1 lm-tJ+-< ( ±! 11+'1(+<~~J'--,+~-<) WI 1+'1( +<1I!rJ-33~f!-«~nmr:f!- " ~lm<R-N,1(+~-<~1t¢~$J![ 1I!rJ~1"~lHl!~f!-«~nmr: .. :lnKf!-~!f§I~~.Lj 1 l+ll1WW.LjlHl!{nJ![II!rJ~f!-«~~~nmr: " ~*lHl!ffiX~lti~~t;'f!-«~nmr:~'~!IJ:l;\lI-< W~~ ~.~fB "*lHl!f!-«~nw;~lt-~~~[l]~ml'l( + 1~ ( .LjlHl!~'I(+11l~) ~~~;!;l:HlII@:lfiDJ!!< .. :lffi;~nJ~~~~I\Hrff~fj~~~ -< .. ~~[l~WE+K "~~\n'+Kl~$: (Admiral Sergei Gorshkov) ,,~~ItHJ~+K$t" !£~n1~.\:lii~-H-«~nmr: o*~" ~~{nJ![ 1I!rJf!-«~nmr:~.~~.*1\lI!J! ":InK~.LjlHl!lt{iilj~~~~l++< ~~ W~~~~f!-«~nmr:$J![f!- .. ~lm<R'Ngr+griiH=1~±!~" .~~~_H-<nmr: ( .LjlHl!-a-~.DJ!!<lm<R-Ngr+ 1iiiWl) ··lm<R-Nll+<1?i111~f!-«~nmr:*.fllI~{tEf.ffi:1[: ( .LjlHiJ~:Bi!hml!<lm<R-N 11+ ll?i I ) ··lm<R-N-tJI?iH=j~f!-«~nmr:*.fllI~5l!iH1-~ ( .LjlHl!ii±!~DJ!!<lm<R-N-tJl?ill) "D(~~\~±!~~f!-«~nw; .. *.fllI:InK ~+I!ltilllo@. __. .". _,_'_."'-~'.J. ..l\.".l_~~j ... ,l_...,.'I"""I" ...:I~.l'I~_"""'''''-. _.""' __ 4"\'--.I~t""""I'_."\-1...-1-I_.'J. 1. .tj-ft;)~ ....1Dnrrr~IIIDr'. 01. .:l:Kt!:-IKl>\.-N~~~~-E>!If~:!ii~* ~ \ti'~IE1~,\>{BJm:+K~.~.'J\!lJ 11l.{P..i:!ii.!(~ '-K!lffit:!ii!,l;\!' ~q!/«BJi!(+Kif1N~. 0. ~:j:j(ll+-tJ+<.lt:~" :j:j(_1tf~-<"~.~-;ij-j~iilj \ll!Ill.~~~iilj.filJ~ .. ~14tt~WE+K (Anatolii Lukianov) ~~~llf!\n' +K .. W 1~<-tJ~~~f!-«.thl~ ··~mn*~~+K~lti~i£f.ffi:~~~#;!+K (Dimitri T. Yazov) .. ffiX~lti~~1t«~~~~. ~ i~. ~.~~~~.~'*~.~~~:!ii~.~~o. ~ Ibid., pp. 177-178. @ Ibid., pp. 261-219. @ Ibid., pp. 219. ~.~~~:!iiii.:iIi·. •••.

(15) © Ibid.,. pp. 261.219.. @ Ibid., pp. 219. ~.&~t1:g,'~lii ~ .:j:j(f!-ll(MI-N~~~WJ;(~.I!iI!!:g,'~lt( ~ ~~~~~~~.~*~.~~.:g,'~.~~.. 0. 0. 0. 1. /E:'~tE!!IIt<l>{aJlilK+K:m~JIli;~m I af!1I!1l!i:g,'~~ .. Knii¥i:g,'1ti! ~ ~llIilI<l>{aJlilK+Ki}lN~. 0. 0. 0. @1Ejm.{\lB!ll~~. ~~ ~ W~:l:1(~¥!r~.K: ~ ~-!UF*1HI1. ' ~ , .-1<~~ 1 -nlf\. '1~:g1l-<.~~~ ~ ~~i:lr{IuI~~~.Hm.-R~HDllj( o~. 1H~~ttl~1£.~+H-iI!g ~ 't'<HJI(11<lli!UA~rrJ~.. 1H't'<8JI(11<"ttl. {luI£- ~ tffW~~mg~.1ml$'Rf*~~*~~l1l!l:11< (M. S. Solomentsev) ~ \H: 1W£-«1i111lL\7iii:tl*wt-* ~ :llllI~~~t-->~~W~~:gll:l:1(• •-R:!m.~.~ W~;g)~. ~~. ·~1lt$:~1KW-:!K~£-«~~mg~.~FciH~~~ ~ ~t~~l*l::a£-«~.{IuI ·~~§JR~In'11<~~~~iR11<~ttl~~~mg~. ~< <1:.tt~~111+[l1 ~ ~~{(4<~~H~£-«4I1{IuI. W~~mg~~~.~*I(11<~~.~[I:tlfi ~~..Lj. 0. ~:l:1(1nl!1@-<.~iH',}~ ~ ~~*1nl!~$lt~+H-iI!g~+H-iI!g1ml$'Rf*~~'1U~ ~ :m~11<i:lr~~-<~ ~ ~~rrJ~~~~. ~ 't'<8JI(11<~~~~:gn~-< ~ ~~~-!UF~l!!!!!:~iIJS~. .I'~$~_it~~. ~~:!m.m~ 1 ~~~~~~~~+H~~~~~ 0 -!UF~ r :!m. J 1;g)~~+~ ~ *1><~flE~~:JItl<~g(~iWI~~~ (Samuel P. 0 :~Hi\i~ r :!m• .r,ii::HI;g~~~. ' 1:::1;1;l1 , l~~~{!!II~$'~t(~~if .. ~1H;n~:gll~if .. #{IuI~::a~1fi§:tti~. 0. J@. Huntington ) ~~I: ~~. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. I J.l:i. "~*,The New York Times, June 27,. 0. ~~@:£-«~~.p:.::!§ .. ~~~~~:!m.~~m~~~~... r *1nl!~$lt$l$ J (Supreme Soviet) r ,ffo:~{IuI~ J ( Coun cil of Ministers) ~!§..Ljll!l!rr .. ~~~~~:!m.~l€l.p:.::~nH+H~~Ifi$ ~~~~-!UF 1 ~~{nBl~g~~~;I;l1 ~ {ilK:-!$~m~~ ~~~~-R~~i:lr~t-->~~-<nH~~~"~~~~~~~-!UF~~~o~~~~• • nH+H~~~~"~~~~~~.~-!UF~~ if '~~~~.~~~-N~ ~ W:!m• .p:.::!§fu-!UFIH~~:IlII:JllllK !$W.~~~.p:.::j§ .. Wh111~.~~.p:.:: .. $-!UF~{IIlII~~. ~:!m.~1li1i1E1111I .. ~~~~~~.~~.nH+H~~ .. !$~t"~~~ ( ~:JItl<~ ) -N~ .. ~-!UFfL-~\H:~:IlII:J£iR .. :jmI~ .. ~l~~ ~1:::1;1;l1,ffo:lL~~$~ ~ ~~~~t:-ltll~\H:iWI<R1:::1 .. ~~~{[IT~1:::1~-!UF~t:~~~ ~~ "l~~~1:::1~lLJ1in1H<-1nH1mIl~JIlI;!. .. l~~,ffo:lL ~.1:::1 ;I;l1,ffo:lL .. *-nlf\ ~-!UF~;I;l1..Lj ~ ~ -1:: 1 ~-R D(-!UF 1:::1;l;!1,ffo:lL1mIl~ 131<-1 nH JIlI;!::a .. IE1311:::1;1;l1,ffo:. fI!il-:l:H .~ lEW K: ~~~ fL-. <l#-llItJl;~~~PlltlllK.1l J -lB2:lIllll!(lIH(' ~II<~ ~ ~'l(liiit ~ iJl{l!I-tJ+<l#-lll~+m ~ Imr:. lLlI¢*JIlI;!~K:~~Wo @ .~* ~ r I. +KliStI~'illt ~ <l>{aJlilK+K~~~:g,'~~ ~ -K~.~}L~ll1fqta:g,'*~·· 1l$!if!iB!4'<aJlilK+KJjIl(.j!(Il!!!l:ttl.~H~1Ir ~ ~:gil~~H;tj~~llI~.~~}\;ij!(ll!ll-illt~~". 1987.. •. \t;:\. :g,'~ "11ll1il1jla!(R*~mit~~liiit:g,'l1!1:mit "111l$!<l>{aJlilK+K~ 1';::;J.l:iOl#-:t:*liiit~1(Ol#-:t:~liiit1;tl:j:j(.IifiH~:g,'l1!1:•• ~*,Jerry F. Hough,"'Gorbachev Consolid· ating Power," Problems of Communism, Vol. 36, July-August 1987, p. 30. SamuelP. Huntington, "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development and Politics,'" Comparative Politics, Vol. 3, No.3, April 1971, p. 316.. ~BJiK-tK~~$~fB}-"lW~i!lI$t(.

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