宗教與迷信：早期羅馬帝國對秘密宗教的基本政策

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(8) ~ 0. -Kit!.*~. ~~+IlI~gr ~. 0. 0. 0. *~~~-S",*~1f. ~':1l~i'i-:l1!lg£,,.,\-,-. t;-~-<!I!:{~~~\t. 0. -. ~I@~-<S:,r(. -K$'t:'~~~Itf:W~t;-?F:l~. <I!!!. ......v'2m'!,\!,:::Iz!. _. ~~~.r;-·~~~-l\IIrS~~. ~ .. 1.~. ~. 1\. .m. o. -<. ( ~ ). .. ~~ Ethans Allen Andrews, ed., Harpers' Latin Dictio nary (New York: Harper, 1889) • religio ~ uperstitio 1\. ~\£ho. :~. :~. I $~S~~'. ~~. ~~~I\. '. \l1$~. Mary O'Neil,"Superstition,"in The Encyclopedia of Reli gion, ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan Publish ing Company, 1987), p. 163.,. \l1··~$\(I:(s~~~4'\<?~. 189-196. ~ *-a-.\',(~~. "*.\',(.;it;r. r :ft.~~~ J. lq~m. nn. 58-62. Franz Cumont ~~~~~S:ft{~~~~-:l1. ;;r:;~ pp.. *~~~~~"*~~.~S~~·~~~-a-~~·t;-~~"*. ~ ~S~-¢ , ~ -K $J ~ • t;-~~ Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (A. D. 100-400) (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984); C. Frend, The Rise of Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), Parts 1 and 2; :it~ri!"tf!S~~ - t; ~~ R. E. Lerner, S. Meacham, and E. M. Burns, eds., Western Civilizations (New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988, 11th ed.), pp. 214-228. :~ gr .. ~ 4\" Ramsay MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 62-73. :~ I-!:\" Helmut Koester, Introduction to the New Testament, vol. 1: History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenis tic Age, 2nd edition (New York & Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1995), p. 191. ~?'~{~ mystery religions !lJl=t-\lr.r~. :~. ~. -\I~~~~~ ··Iil\-~~.r;-*fSlI.~i~H~~S$\(I"*tdt~ . • .mr~~~''''If~. ~.r;--<S~1:P~I\!l!I$"~!I!:{~:;.:! ~ ~~:f,l;~*,,*S'\',(~~-\I~~~tf. ~ ~~~, i1t~, ~-£tIn' $~,"' ~S~{~-\I~~ ~ ~~!IlI!~~~,,.,;r. ~.r;-*fSlI~~.*~S.~~~~.#*.~WS~ • • ~~. ~o~~ • • S$\(I"**~~.-~~.*~r*~J~r~~J~.. (esprit de corJ5). Sh:llf,,* 0 ~.r;--<~~ r 1!~~ J i1:'4IIi r ~~ J S*~~~ - ~-a-* I\!l!I~S;r~~~~~«~S~~~~~~~S~~$~~~o.~~ ~~.~S~~i1:~:l}i: r ~~ J ~i\IIi? 0 ~~ r ~~~ J ~ r ~~ J I@~ ~~~~- • • ~$"~S~~-~~.r;-~.S.~-~~td~·#. ;r~~s$'!~. *,,*S-\I~~ - ~~~~.r;-~.~I\-~ - ~~~, "¥,*S~~'4IIi$"'~:£ ~ - 1!!I.(t;-~~~~t:!!~~ - ~~~~~ r '!ti~ J ' r ~~~ J o~.r; '~~-l\IIri1:~~1'.!t~-\I~~i\IIi?"~i;f~$\(I!!!:t- - $\l!::-:,r(~~o:ft.-\I~~ - If~. ~o. -:ir.&«$*,~ tl:;.:!~~ - ~-\I~~.'!!J:£~$.l-8'i\IIi?~ - rk'~~~:ft. -\I~~S~~i;f~~ - ~~¢{!II1~~-\I~~td.!l£1Il":~$'!~.lf~S~~~. r -\I~~J ,,., 1*$ -. ~~~.r;-td~~~*~~+$'!~'~~~S~i'i-~l-8'~~~:ft .{'~~S"$'-:ir - ~~In!\~.~*:!? 0 ~.r;-~~~.~h.t:1S~:KI\~ ~ - ~·~lis~ii\-,- - ~~~W*,~I*,,*-\I~~~I!If{~~ - S~t;-~ ~~~~o1'.!t~:ft.*~~I!If~.t;-~-~~~r~~J~I@-If~ ~ I ~.~~\-'-S*~-:t«~ 0 lii~I!If{'*~t;-S-\I~~ - td~{!II1~t;-~~ ~~S~~·.~-~.W1'.!t~~~S~.~.¥~$-S~~~~. .r;-S~t:!~.o*~Ii~-~.r;-~~-l\IIr~:ft.*~:£.S~~~~~ a~~.·~~~~~~Std~~:KI\~~-If~I~~\~S~~~. -. ____ < ___. t;-~~t;-''''~:i~S~~.a-~. r~J,r~J~.~$~~~~o~~~~*~~~S.~t:!E~. i'i·i'i~~~~~:ft.*~ • • *r*~J~r~~J~~-.~~. \-'- • !lJl=t~# .:. • ..7.

(9) ....... ..J "~.J. o. - . . . . . -., '-". l\!...(S' Q. .. ,,-. r ~~-l!r.~ J I. .. r~\'i[*~J,r:t:-.J,r~.J.~o. <. ••. *.. 'I~" Alan Watson, The State, Law and Religions: Pagan Rome (Athens & London: The University of Georgia Press, 1992), pp. 5-10. ..y •• ~~ Hugh Last, "The Study of 'Persecution,' Journal of Roman Studies 27 (937), p. 84. J. H. W. G. Liebschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1979), 11. _~\'i[S~~o~ • • • • ~~·,*~~~~~M~.*E. ~~.~~*~~a·~~k~~~~*~~ • • • •. ~~~S. '~.S-l!\1~~~· .*'~:£~SS~~~.:;\!.~1i .\i":t:~~~~{Il1\""'~~. o.::*t:. ~~tll :t:~. mystery religions ~ mystery cults ~~~\'i[1!\1~ • .~ • • r~\'i[.~J~~~~*<.~ • • ~~~o Mystery religions +a~~.(!'II~:t:-~~¥-S~<R • o.::~-:!i~~ • ~m:j r :t:-~~¥- J ~1!\1~.-'1-K~~~~_. ~.~.~~~.~~~~~~S • • S*·.~ • • *~_S~~. :~. ~ :~. p. 6.. ~~+\II~~&T. 11H~,.~~. :~. :~. :~. :~. :~. I. I. \. \. \. \. ~""""---r""''''''~"\ I·. .\'............. ~ ... --. -. , ..... ;;r:;~ pp. 189-196. ~ t:-a-,~~ •• ,*.~~~. ""1:\. r ~~1!\1~ J. 1987), pp. 58-62. Franz Cumont ~~l.~~S~-t~iHr.~'±l. *. ~~1!r.~\!iI,(G\:l\!"'(~~.~.~:t:-. ~~;j.~;j-'1~=l£~ 0. ~S-l!r.~~~. , ~~e?~.. ~,.~:;::t:-.';(-\r-.~~Stl~. ;;r:; I ~ -K ~ ~ The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism (New York: Dover Publications, 1956), p. 28. :~ I \I1"~11 $.ll?S• • ~~{,*I(;I,.~~ (Publius Aelius Aristides, 117-180 CE) ~-tt\as~~.fli[....w-~~·~~;gW~~~*~·~. ~. ••. 0. 0. I€'~~~ ~ .• ~~ Panathenaic Oration, 45-48 (in the Loeb Classical Library, ~ ~mt$ LCL) ~~S~~~ ~~.,(.~~ (Origen, c. 185-c. 254 cm ~~~~;g~:!?"", ~ -< ~~11r.*_ • ~~~~!JI .• ~~ Against Celsus, 6.22 (in the Ante-Nicene Fathers, ~ ~mt$ ANF) &T •. Suetonius, Divus Augustus, 31 (LCL). 10!4" Suetonius, Tiberius, 36. 'I~" Tacitus, Annals, 85 (LCL); Josephus, Jewish Autiq uities, 18. 3, 4-5 (LCL). ..y •• Tacitus, Histories, 5. 4-5 (LCL). -< .. Josephus, Against Apion, 2.7, 11-13: \:I!§'~~.fli[ Ramsay MacMullen and Eugene N. Lane, eds.,. Paganism and Christianity. 100-425 C.E.: A Sourcebook (Minneapo lis: Fortress Press, 1992) ~ ~mt$ PC, pp. 157-160. ~ .. Simeon L. Guterman ~~~*~ *sr;gWS:!?~:;rll(l ~~:i'~*,.$' .• ~t4: Religious Toleration and Persecu tion in Ancient Rome (London: Aiglon Press, Ltd., 1951).. ~. Claudius, 25. 0. ( ~ ). t>!::*~~.1!:1. • ~~II~ • •';(-K':£~S. :~ 110" Suetonius ~~iIl(*~.I!:1~~~~"'(\k"*t:.;",.~~~. S!!. ~~...(~~~"~··~~Divus. ~_$~r.~~a~.$:!~~~. .. 1il\-,!i'f.IIIf;'*S1\k"~~1!r.*S~*~t~. I. 1\ •• ~~ Luther H. Martin, Hellenistic Religions: An Intro duction (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press,. :~ ~ .. Alan Watson, The State, Law and Religion: Pagan Rome. pp. 58-62. :~ I 0" Helmut Koester, Introduction to the New Testament, vol. 1, pp. 156-159. :~ I I .. \k"t:....w-~~·I><~1t~S-l!r.~:t:.~~ • ~~ Frederick C. Grant, ed., Hellenistic Religions: the Age of Syncretism (Indianapolis & New York: The Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc., 1953), pp. xi-xxxix.. :~. -K"t!.:t!l.

(10) ·Kt!.~. ~~+\lI~~IDili. ;€~,*;l!!~:tii~r~~~~~~~~. \II -<. \0. 0. \. ( ~ ). ~J$~.~_;;;~.*~~~I111\*1§![.~*~~~.~~. 0. Pagamism in the Roman Empire, pp. 71-72, 95-98. .. ~~~~-¥:t~~:\ft~~~~~~'!1$~~ • ~~\\ '$J.lY.-S:~{,* Apuleius $ (~~~) (Metamorphoses) (~~~ (~ (The Golden Ass) ) ~~~~-;l+\. ~U¢~ilt-S?~ ~~). \. ~~ .~.* Lucius ffii~~~?~;€~~ \ 1SI~*,. ~~ ~~·~-<~~*~·~~.+.M*~.·~.*~~~ ~-¥:t~~*ID.-<_~W*~~D~~~~~~~~~.. f1. Garland Publishing, Inc., 1993). ~*~~~E"'t~$~-4tl ._,~. , - •• J. ".~ T t;' Tn"~~=n '~l1npro;:titio' and the Perse. ~~~ • l;;-~'1I\1!I Apuleius. J1etamorphoses, 11 (LCL). III ~ .. Pauasnias, Description of Greece, 10. 32. 8f. (Pc). :~ ID 0 .. Diodorus Siculus, 1. 25. 1 (LCL); Franz Cumont. Orien tal Religions in Roman Paganism, pp. 88-89. :~ ID \ .. ~~ Tran tam Tinh, "Sarapis and Isis'" in Jewish and Christian Seif- Definition, vol. 3: Self-Definition in the Greco-Roman World, eds. Ben F. Meyer and E. P. Sanders (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1982), ppl05 107; Luther H. Martin, Hellenistic Religions: An Intro duction, pp. 72-79.. :~. :~ III-Y. :~ 11\ \l1"*,~~l\!s:~lil\-ili~~ 1 Clement, 1. 1 (LCL). :~ "I ID .. Pliny, Letters, 10. 96 (LCL). :~ 1I11-l:j .. t1r~"i~~~:;j.$:!,':og.g,(:¢:~ The Epistles of Ignatius ~ ~ The Martyrdom of Polycarp, :\!Iir~* LCL. :~ "l'\~ .. ~-'iJ\ll\!l{lI5-~~-4tl'i!?$(.~~~~-;l+\$~eI(. ~~ ~~$~ \ $ ~:~ • *,'1I\1!I Arnalda Domigliano, "Roman Religion: The Imperial Period," in The Encyclopedia of Religion. vol. 12, esp. p. 467. .. Ramsay MacMullen l-!:{if$~-£· ~irr::~~~#il:i:~ r ~. {lIH~~~~ ··lil\-ili~IIII\*1§![~4M~HI5-~$~*~~. .~\~~-~~~~~~$.+~ • • ~~~.~.*~ 1III\-taIt\*~*,~~-<$~I5-~~¥. ~I:l\!lE':l.r~"*,tl~~-<~l;;-~. ~~$·~~~~~~~~_~~~~~$E~-<·~~.. 1\ I-l:j ··~~~-¥:t~~;;;-¥llf·. ~~ •• ~ PC, pp. 153-156. ;~ 1\ \ •• *,~ Hugh Last,"The Study of 'Persecution,''' p. 88. 1\ 1\ .. Tacitus, Histories, 4. 54. ;~ 1\ III •• Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 30. 13 (LCL). :~ \ \ ID .. Franz Cumont, Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, p. 81; Helmut Koester, Introduction to the New Testa ment, vol. 1, p. 364.. :~. \. •• ~ .•~;;;~~IIII\_~~.. 0. +-~ . ~-e~IIII\:\l!r-< Tibullus (c. 54 - 19 BCE ) .'1-/$ :\l!r~l;;-~ .• ~ Tibullus, 1. 3. 23-32 (LCL) ~ ~:\l!r-< Propertius (50-c. 15 BCE) ~~fR{'$1\~",!,,=-<~~~~-¥ • !tF~~';"\:if~$'i!?$(. ; ~ Propertius, 2. 33a ~a)o~~~-¥~~~~. :t~*~~. So. :~ \ \ ,\~ .. Dio Cassius, 50. 2. 4 (LCL). 1\ -Y .. Franz Cumont, Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, p. 83. ;~ 1\ -< .. Ibid., p. 82. :~ 1\ ~ .. ~Iil\-ili~l\!s:~~~$~~~~· l;;-*,~ John Ferguson, The Religions of the Roman Empire (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1970), pp. 224-233.. Ferguson, The Religions of the Roman Empire, pp.. :~ 11\ 0 .. Athenagoras, A Plea for the Christians, ch. 3 (CNF>. :~ 11\ \ .. Suetonius. Nero, 16 (LCL). .. Tacitus, Annals, 15. 44 (LCL).. ID II ... :~ 1111\. ;t.!;\.

(11) l1\ q. .. LUl..ILU:::', rlIllIQ.t;:), ~IJ_. ":l":l. \.L..,.,-,.L....r/_. .... -..., ................ ,. .i.i~. --. Garland Publishing, Inc., 1993). ~~:t.r.~If-Ii.['~JWJ(:i':tt41l ~'!SI ~ \;;'~ L. F. Janssen, l! 'Superstitio' and the Perse cution of the Christian," ¥.::t,{ ~tui:~. esp. pp. 79-81.. ·~Iti. :~ gr 1\ .. John Ferguson, The Religions of the Roman Empire, pp. 26-31. gr 11\ •• ~ \ J: ~:&'Ii~ ~ *-9 Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( ~~. :~ gr ~ .. G. E. M. de Ste. Croix ~i~*-lli~*~~~~$L\~~~·~$t. ~. A.. The Ecclesiasttical History, 4. 8. 9 ~ ~ ~l\t!IWl:~{t!(. N. Sherwin - White ~ G. E. M. de Ste.. ~~~·~~~~If-~~~~~~~4\.~~~K~.$. Dionysius of Halicarnassus. -\O~~Ii.['-:\r~) .~:\lf~~ .• ~~. Eusebius,. IWl: I ..... -< .. ~*:f~~~S~~:i'~*~~~~~~ ~. (LCU.. ~ .~ WJ(. ~~~~Df;olf-~~~~~r~~J~~~~~~~~~~. 2. 19. 3-5 (LCL). :~ gr gr .. ~~ ~ -'-I~~-\lit'~~IID'~-\><:t~*-!!f~~~S:&'~l'$ ~ \;;'~ ~ R. E. Witt, Isis in the Graeco-Roman World (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971), pp. 223 237. :~ gr Iol:\ .. -\lit'~~ 11til't:&'~~ ~ \;;'~ \ *,~4f Friederich Solmsen, Isis among the Greeks and Romans (Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 68-75. :~ gr ,\~ .• -:'.*~~-'-I.:&,:\:!~+ ~ \ ~~tik- ~~-mr!\J~~~:&'~ ~ ~ ~ ~If-~~~~~Df;~~~*~~~~ •• WJ( Pliny, Letters, 10. 96. 1-2. :~ gr.y .. Ibid., 10. 97. 1. ~ ~.*-!!f~~~~{,*~~1l$~ {Eusebius of Caesarea, c. 260 - c. 340 CE):&''*'t\1l ~ il!"iIII\~'tm ~~ NlI -:. It:\ Jl.1t:\ ~*~ ~ (Caius Minucius Fundanus) ~ ~~.e?~*~~" r*~ J ~~ ~ \;;'.~;,:!. :~ gr. O~~~~~~.:i'.~\;;'_~.~~~ • • ;,:!o~ • •. \ I. ( ~ ). ~ 0 r iltK~WJ( J (public opinion) ~~It?'~ \ l\t!~~ ~ ~ ~~._~~\ • • *~:i'Ii.~.~o~.:i'r.K~ WJ( J tik-~*,~ ~ r '~Ii~~ J :i'1\f!tI~~$" WJ(~ ~t~ "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted ?" in Church and State in the Early Church, esp. pp. 24-35. Iol:\ 0 .. ~4:&,-K~\;;,~4f L. F. Janssen, "'Superstitio' and the Persecution of the Christian. '" :~ Iol:\ I .. Livy, 4. 30. 9-11 (LCL). Iol:\ \ \ .. Ibid., 5. 16. 8-11. :~ Iol:\ 11\ •• Ibid., 6. 41. 1-12. :~ Iol:\ gr .. ~4f Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, tr. Christopher Woodall (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 195 209. :~Iol:\ Iol:\ .. -\lit'~~~{1~~~.~:i'~l'$ ~ \;;'~ I *'~~ Alan Watson, The State, Law and Religion: Pagan Rome, pp. 10-13. :~ Iol:\ .\~ .• Tacitus, Histories, 4. 53. :~ Iol:\.y .. John Ferguson, The Religions of the Roman Empire, pp. 40-43. :~ Iol:\ -< .. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, 1. 117; 2. 72; De Legibus, 2. 8. 19; De Inventione, 2. 22. 66; 2. 149 (LCL). .. Columella, De Re Rustica, 1. 8. 6 (LCL). 0 .. Tacitus, Annals, 12. 65. :~ Iol:\ ~. :~ ,\~. 1!~~~~~" *-lf~Iii.'~fiI~~fH~{I~~:i'~"*.~. ,~ii;r:t,{ ~ Everett Ferguson, ed., Church and State in the Early Church, vol. VII (New York: & London:. -Kit!_*i ~~+\lI*,~gr:f.

(12) ... \11 ... -K"tl.:l!i. ~~+\lI~~gr.w. -l!1:~_~~" *.w.~*I'II~~~-l!I:~S~*~~~. 4t-K$-1;::~~~ ~ -trt4t!if~.lf~~~~~~~I+t!li:~~~1;::aJ. ~ ilF4;.!;~ ~ ~.~,*,_~.~ ID?. :~ ~. \. 304.. \ II. ( ~ ). \;;,'*'4f. "ID?~;;;:; Anthony Meredith, "Later Philosophy," pp. 298. Claude Nicolet, "The Citizen; The Political Man," in The Romans, ed. Andrea Giardina (Chicago: The U niver sity of Chicago Press, 1993); Anthony Meredith, "Later Philosophy," in The Roman World, eds. J. Boardman. J. Griffin, and O. Murray (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).. ;~~O "~~.~~~$'~~~~~~~tI{~-\I£'$'~~<~t~ ~. Roman Religion, p. 199 .. :~ 'I( I .. Franz Cumont, Oriental Religions in Roman Pagan :~ ·I( ~ .. Dio Cassius, 52. 36. 2.. ism, pp. 46-51. :~ 'l( -< .. Justin Martyr, AfXJlogy, 12 (ANF).. :~ .$ ~ .. J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in. Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, 2. 589-660. :~ 'I( \ I. :~'I(. 0. .. ~ ~ ~ ( Bacchus) ? aJ" ~ \i!t ~ ~ ~ S !4;l «\< ~ ~ (Dionysius) ~ ~~~~~~~-l!I:~~"I;( ~ ~1><'*'~. ~4'~~ii; 186 *i\i'.~:;t~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~*~!iI\t-K~~. r ~-l!I:~ J ' r I+~~ J. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4t~.~*~~~~~. 0. Livy, 39. 8-19. 'I( gr .. '*'~ Frederick C. Grant, Hellenistic Religions: The Age of Syncretism, pp. 146-147. -m~ I ~.~$'.~ M. P. Speidel ~~~~~~~~4!1(.~ ~ 1i'~~~.~$J. :~ 'I(. 0. Tacitus, Annals, 11. 15.. r. \;;' '*'. L_ ... l. ~d17. tr1"~#:~~ LCL.. .L ... .1.. I.... I)..u. ~'.dn. \ttl;. :~~ II .. Marcus Aurelius, 1. 6 (LC£). ~\i!t~S1;:: Orion; '*'~~ Mithras-Orion: Greek Hero and :~ ~ 11\ .. Ibid., 11.3. Roman Army Gods (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1980). ~*!iI\t$' :~ ~ gr .. Justin, AfXJlogy, 46. David Ulansey *~~~,~~~¢.mr4!l(.~!$::,~ ~ ~-tr~~~ :~~ ~ .. Seneca, Epistle, 95. 47-50 (LCL). • ~-<.mr~ ~ ~4 I ~~S ~~·~-tlU (astral immortal :~ ~ .\( .. Ibid., 90. 3. ity) S ~:{t ; ~ '*'~ ~ :£ #: The Origins of the Mithraic :~ ~ ~ •. Tertullian, AfXJlogy. 46 (ANF). Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). 1~#I\1+ :~ ~ -< .. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, 1.4; 1. 117.' t!li:~11D?\;;,~~,*,~ :~ ~ ~ .. Cicero, De Divinatione, 2. 132-133. ~ .. ~ ~ ~ -'1 ~ ~ ~ ~ $' -tr ~ 4t 1!t $: ~« ~ ~ Franz :~ -< 0" Plutarch, De Su~rstitjone, 168-171 (LC£). Cumont, Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, pp. :~-< I "~1W!iI\t~~S#:tlg.~ I ~ (~'i\:?~~~.::.I-K) (Alexander 135-161: John Ferguson, The Religions of the Roman the False Prophet), ~~ I ~~~i!!\ 15:I$~1;::$'$lii"~~.::.I Empire, pp. 47-52: Luther H. Martin, Hellenistic Reli -K~.~~~<~.~~~C~*~~ • • ~~S~~~ gions: An Introduction, p. 118. 1>< ~ ~~Ilt*~~~.\ii'~ ~ ~~U<{if~~:i{~1!~~$'~*:J :~ 'I( 'I( ••. ... Y.

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