政治文化的涵義及其研究運用

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(2) · %*"9. !IIl~~ ~11~. sz4t)PUCjAit¥,lQZ;tll;#i$klki.iW;;;:;tttJ¥JKL)tJU. (M'.lA,X.t;.,. -a.•••. ri ¢\ .. ¢ , ,%;. '*Wf,iWl'J'!'$'iR?'#iM*"V .... ·,~ • • iWLi'F..~T".-·"'". ~. ~(gr. ~~~~~~~~~~*~~*l ~~~~~~~~~~~$. ... ,A3?1,::;UU;; ......'-pAs::;sx,&,. =.~~~~~~~~~~~~o~.~~~~t~ 0. 1 $!~.~~.$~~ ~ ~~:jnK~i!<{~~~~lII1~ti1~.j(~ltrI~~~~~iI£~ 0. ~-<~~~~~Sf!I.!@I~l:i~ ~. Verba)~~~~Mt... ~~ ••. !lUtlllB.$iit!.. ~~+~~~~.~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~~._~~~~~~~$~*~~~~~~~~~~~~.~ ~. '" ~~~mtEI.J(s.. ~.~~ffi • • ~~~~ee~~~m~~~~~~~~ • • "'*~~~~*4ti~~~~.*~f$~o ~~=~$~~~Sf!I.~~~4. r~~iX~I$!-tt!Jji:l~~S::.ttl:m!l1!!!~(empirical beliefs) ,. *Jll!Il:m~~ (expressive symbols) ,. ~~~l['!!(values)111-JNr1trx.!§~:m lll!UM*· ·t>Jfi~~~lt:~~-ll1:m~. ~ 1$!~~J!gj!:m#l.~.fit ~ Jji:l~ 1 $!~~t!*~1nj[~:mMl~ ~ ~~ 1 $!~t:~~i1i 0 ~t:~~. '". .. ~iX~~t!*~~~~t:~~l~~.N~~~~.~,.~~~~~~~~I$!~~~~$~~:mo~~~~t>J~rx.!§~~~~~~ ~~N~~~~~~~:m~~oJ§. (affective orientation). 9~~I!Ill!)g4NltiJ.E-~~l!. ~~~~~~.~tl*-l:H~~~li:lq~", ~ts~~~~~m. ,",. (primitive beliefs) 0 ~ 1 ~~~*~ {lJ~!lIlj(~~~~.~ '" ~~ "' ~J.E-~:;$~"' ~~$'9l*~$!:$i\:" :M~!I!1$I$.fJfi! 1 ~~$. ~$ll!)g~~~~~$~*~~iI£IHi~,~~I!I~$~I;{l'J~Mtl*.~ .. 41lI!1!?~~-g:l!fIm~~~(cognitive map) .. {lJ41lI!MI• • • ~$ ... ~~~l~lffi • • ~ .. ~.~~-<~~~~.oe-<~~.~~~I!I~m*~m~~ll!)g~~*~~*~~~ IW 0 ~~l~$ll!)g~~~~~*~ '" ~Mtl*1@ '" ~+<tl*l!l::!!::~ 0 41lI!:gl\ll!)g~S(~~~!jll;!!'ll?iffi~~~4 .. J.E-?:~U~~~ '" ~~~m1~ '" +<~,~m§J.E-1JtuI'" ~~MlN~~ 0. 0. 0. ~1&EI.Jl$~ll!l1 ~~~$.~~~~~ll!)g~. '" m~ffEi;l;ti~~N. l$lll!l€ '". ~$~.~-<"'.~~~$~*~~~.~.~~.~o. ~~~~~€.. $.:t!:mt.$l-<~~N~~ffi~~ffl!t$f ~~'ll? ~$~~~1. ... ~~~.~.~ol~~. ~$1«~~111$!ll!l€" t¢!~~~*ffit$~$.:t!::f}I~*,~~.", ~~!jll;!!:tK~-<ll;~;jI,QI;~ • • 0 ~l!l!i!:!i!:!~ 1 ~11n![~ '" ~~.!ii1~~tlllB.rm;~~~~~Im~.~1P-<!~~~-<~ , -<~~€~~t!!E:!!::. ~~~~~~~-<~~ttl~Ilm~1Illl~· ·&t~lEtll;j!. @>Lucian W. Pye and Sidney Verba (eds.), Political Culture and Political Development. N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1965..

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(16) .. T'. --~-"7"--~. •. ,i. t.4iii! i i i ;;=IOP?,I ; 22. .-tI~. ~ 11~. t '. 'At Hi 4 , j. _. 1~"A\:fii'.S~~~ 0. ut 14M4b. ~mjlf~~. au:e.t IJP"AU#22iJ U In: I. -1:1-11.. It<. $I. %::. 4';:;;;, liP ,.; AI ,,$. !I, -"'" .., _'-T. -tit::::. @It¢!.fa~~~(Jack Gray) ~:E ~ ~t¢!~:iKtlll!l!l.. ••~~.~~MB~.~~:m~~~.~€~.~~~.K.~~~:fii'.SSt¢!~.~~o.~~.~~~~l. ~1li~.~m;;Mli~~m'~:mt<~ll!!lH'f{. ~~a~. ~••~~*~.~~m~~~~tr~~~~~~~~~~~.~~:m~.If~~~~~~~~~~W.~.~:m~~ ~~~~_~:mS~-~Ift¢!~~~~~~~~~~~.~:mo®. _. t. -I _1_. ~--------------. ~~. ~ t. I~~I. ll;:_Jlf!:_ ! : : KIEl i ~. ~~ ~€~fiI(. Iii +H. '-". N. ,,-..... ®~~~. ffi'-". '-B«~. If.llhltl" ~ltlW~~1111[Ili!!. >. ~.~,-. ~.->-. ~. -... -~-. ,.. ~~~~.jJ;JB~~ - .~:a;!~~,,~~~:m~~ - iBk<~i!tP-:l11l\.{jffi~~~~fl!!::~~tl;:.~~~:m~~=~ •• ~il l;]i;. 1111.(. :~. \I!{I\. $R~. i. .u. \I!{I\. "'"":J:. ~~ ~~. 1 .u. "'"" ~~ ~~ ~. i. .u. "'"". ~~. ~* ~. -. ~. 11_. \I!{I\. ~. $R~. \I!{I\. 11. $R.pj ~. 1.. ~~ ~. ~ 1~ ~.pj. ~. @:Jack Gray, "Conclusion" in Archie Brovin and Jack Grl;lY (eds.) , Political Culture and Political Change in Communist States. N. Y.: Holmes Meier, 1977..

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(18) ;al{.. i. 4i. r $$. % 4 1. 3 ""4. ~-\1~. ~11~ . JJ4iA t4t.MQJShEX 14$ '422$($ 4$.2i" ;. t S £2. -H-1II1f_. ~1]. ).dd Ot:;. ~ ~ ~\Ht-;t .,"~. ,$. k ;;sa. ~~{?{~:g;;~1;.~~Wi. \ '. I'. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o. '. ~~*~~{i1 ~ ~~:lR1ll11H;:j. 1~~~~.:1~~ffa1 0. Q ,4.;; • ;;"... "LZ "". 4* *" lJC 41'" ~;.-,.~. <0. !1!'~~H~~~JiD4tII~f-~~··~~IIII~~t.H;:j ~ $~tiilI. ~.~.~ • • ~~.~~~.~H~~.~~.~~l~~~~l~~€~~~~l~.~~$~~o~~~~. ~jij~.. .~~~~~*~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~m~~~~~.~~~=~~~~~.~~~o. 0 @. • ~£!1«~ 1 *~~~~l\J$f.lt¥ ~ 11*~~~E~~~IR~~~~+t1.~,~.~~~", ~~~~~ 1$!~~$~~ !£1lI~tiiE ~ ~~!!~~$!:lirHt~~~~~M*,~~~~~(operational) ~~ ~ ~~ • • ~. 0 f-~~~ • •~~$IW~ m::~~1 ~1l$~~. "' ~~~* 0 1 ' .~~J!~-~~llBlttt~l1$4ii~m:: 1 ~~~ml~~~'U!!I1l~~~tmK~~~~!EIli* "' ~~fi~itI • • lR1i~~lI:itI.~ .~~*~~ 0 $:~*$$I2H~~!JlI!1~~ttt::~*~.~~i!I:~itI.~.~)gI~~*+t1~~.~ 0 @ ~~~H:I! CDavid C. Mc Clelland)ml~~ 1 $!~.~Il±{~~~tIIl~1n![~(need for achievement~$ n. achievement) ~~~~~itI • .w~-:1H« Ill€!!!:tCEverelt E. Hagen)~~.~~~;l;!l 0 ~~:H.l~$!itI.~W~~~ "' ~~-EE!~_tmK~4ii~~iI;~~~f!I: ~~~. ~~~~o9~~~~l~~~~~~~~4~~~itI.~~~"'~~~~~~~~~~iI;~W~~~~~~"'~1~. Duskheim). m::lilllll~~~. ~lX~-R~~-mlli!.~~~~~!JlI!1~~Ir*~~~~~'~J!ttt::~~$i1EI "' ~• •/'-l1 $!~~.IEIli*~'~J!lEIfk~j.trJlJ&!.il~Ul!lI~ (solidarity) ~:\Di1IIl*~~H~~.~i!I:~~.~:Illl1B(", ® ~. ~RI!lJ!:iI o:!l~"' ~E~CEmile. 8David C. McClelland, The Achieving Society. N. J.: D. van Nostrand, 1961. ®lEverett E. Hagen, On the Theory of Social Change: How Economic Development Begins. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1962. Division of Labor in Soecity. tr. by George Simpson. New York. McMillan Co" 1933. ~Emile Durkheim,. ".

(19) lli~(Danid Lerner)~~m1lmll r~~~~~~g-RJ. l~1?<~~:ttl~¢;~o. (empathy) ... ~ilJ~iW.m;~~~~~~iWit. .. .. @a,*,~$!e:1lmll~. .. ~~~~.~~~~~m;~~~~.~~~ .. *~_m~.~. ~. ~~l~~$~~$1?<~~~~~~"~~-R~m~ld,,~ra~~~~~~~~~~.~~~"~~"~~~~ ~~~.$!m;~~~~~*"~$!~~~l~~~. $~~.~~~=~1lmll~~~~"~~~~$~~~mo. ... 11J{tljJ~~.m:J:.Q;il;a~\!1l~~1I. 0". I ~~~ '" -Pl$JgI (S. M.. Lipset)JtmzH~~+tlM'. :cr: :elli~~~'h{~~ (Parsonian pattern variables) -:elli~~~iiEi.81~~i?<~J§ .. ~~JnI!~ii<~¢;~* • .. ra ~~ ~ gr ~~* ~ ~ .. ~ (til-) ~ 4n (diffuse) ~~ ~ (specific) ~ ~ ~ .. :ij ra~:li.~i1~¢; ~ (differentiation) I!: ~ .. ~]ii'~$Ifl@;;1!!~:l:i(agglutination)~¢;~~!:~ 0 (l'J) W-<.$~~ 1 ~-<li=l'!i1t': mj!(~~H<~-Pl (ascription) ~~-<~~~~.i!I- 0 OK) ~~m$l:$!J(rrll($lIW1!:ttl~(universalistic)~~-R '" iiimj!(lE[(!S!~!§lIIlf( 0 (J-..,) ~.$!J(rr~~ .~~W"~$!~~.~~~.1t-Pl~.~o~:ij.~~.:ij~ll(~~~~=~" • •~.'h{*~o :elli~*-<~~~~~~~~~~~~m~.~~~~~~~~"~~.~."~~~~iiEi • •~~$.~~~~ lEt-.+tlM ' $lIW1!~+tl~ .H~. ~.~~~gr~@;;1!!~~~.~"'*~~~~~$~~.~~~W~o~~~~~~c.,m~~~~~g~+tl~~~~. ~o.a~.~m~~$1?<~¢;W~.:l:i"~£KWW • • • "C*~~.~~~~~.~1?<~~~II"~W~$~.. "~.~~~~.~~~*I1J$lIW1!~~~~O~~!:~EE~~"~WH~~J§~~H-<~~~~~~~~."~~~ ~j§~~~~~~~o®. 0. --. W~lli.~~lli8J~4n*~ r<4~1?<~J 1." t1E~~~lll~J§-m:;i;~-<~~~tg~~ .. ~;;;:;IX~~. 111 ' l2::llilUlIHt~~$1?<~111J§-m:-~lli.~:InK~~~~~$~.. (Comittee on Comparative Politics of the Social Science Research Council)~~i&S" ,~~~$1?<~~~mfi~' tl.QilIS~Mtl!!lll~J§{[ 0 $~~$1?<~" tg~:ij j§-m:-m~~~~. <I. ~Danier Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1958.. ®>S. M. Lipset, The First New Nation. New York: Basic Books Inc., 1963. pp. 213, 228 etc.. ®lGabriel A. Almond and S. Verba, op. cit.,. ~$-F<~$m~~~I$~~ee.

(20) ''',<".-. "''''''''''4jIii(&$Q :W'.).¢pAlUJj. ~-\l~. .,(apt44. .g....... ;'24. ~ Il~. $4.Uh. $,;:::;;,,""""/'. 0. <11. --<IMi&i\.~ (partisanship) ~:t:~~l1I' ~~OO:I3~~~m' Zf~~-IlII~~~~-R.~&t$!tt~~. lim. i. @:. 1~ ~r< 8I~ ~{i:. :\EK~ .rg:~. ~:£;. Iar~. ~. >If!. iJtI!. ;t:~. N~ 1il!:1il!:~. !1I!1I:\EK. ~. .rg: ~. >If!. ~. I. J;': <\11. !1J. Jgj.. Gll':. = iJtl! I~. IiiRl. ~. i ~iiI. 'W;jJli!. ~;J;!::! ~>If!. Iar~~ i!:l.~ 1J:1~~. <\11 {i: ~ :£;~iii 1£:!.~. ~>If!~ t~ ~ ~. WJll!:. iHl!iIi ::!:~. ~. {If::! ~ ~. !. JlIJ!!1tlGll':. 1$Jfit(~. !lI;.iii.. Il!{~. Gll':~ .-~. l±i ~. li!!! >If!. 1]:i. ~. ~. ~. Il!{~. ~. ~!flK. -<{i:;J;!::!. ~iiI~ ~Jli!li1' ~~~. ~Il!{~. ;i;H-<j>Ilj. . lE~ns~. ~ ~. {If::! ~. mI!!mI!!mI!!. Iarlarlar. JlIJ!!f!::Ili!!!. tiE~>If! ~ ~. !lI;.ll!!I;!lI;.. ~. ~. ~. ~$J;':>If!. il!.lE~ ~~~1!Ill:: ~.I\l~ >If!>If!tiE~ ~~~~. I~~=. {i:. ~. .. iiiI-~ ~~ ~-<.\iI. iii!!!!!.. Jjg~~ ;J;!::!:\EK~. $~.. ~::!j:i!:l. ~.>If! :\EK$~. {i:~$l. 1iII~ ;!Ii 1 ~~~. III. !. !. ;:a. ® .w.m.:i!~~1!l!. iii~!lI;.. ~~li!!!. ~I~. :lil1*_. ~~r<. JliJ;':{i:. ~f!;~. \1l!l!JS:H. ~~~. I;. ru~.~r~~«~OO:~~~~J 1.~~~~~€~~~~~~~--<IM~~~~~~~'~~-IlII~~~tt~~~tt~ *l!!~.~ 0 ® .~~ (Walter A. Rosenbaum) $n~l!r~lIItt-<Ift;~:a:~~~«~~€ '" ~~I!;~~rmK~ , jC'tm(!fgj$. .. • 1W :ttl. .r->. ~ ~. -m. -@:. ~ ~. ..lJ. 1?< ~. ~. 1*. 'H1. .rg:. W!. W. Pre and S. Verba, op. cit.,. I§Walter A. Rosenbaum, Political Culture. New York: Praeger, 1975. p. 9.. ~Lucian.

(21) .a.f-*··®. ~~~B£'S~~. ~~~~m-~~-W!t~~~~*,*@!~~~~]§~mr<~~. 1 @~~@~~iWlll;l:tf,~"llr ~ ~.a.~.\If,C'-·~~~l~~~~~~~C'-·-K~.J.i ~ ~~~~H.~~~~m~. I \ I'. ~, ~1ffi~*,~IIIl~~~$K:W~1W •. {II!II~t:~~. ::r:. ~~Hf-K~··. .. 1tf.:'l~tI1I~_~, ta~I!'Uj!J!~lllIlIll;~~~ ~ ~. . ... f-]§*,lI~H~@~r-r. ... ~~. ~~@e.~~. .. ~a~~~•••. ~ru.~~~~~$.11\1f,.a~.~l:t~~.~~ •• ~*~~*~~.~o.~~~~~~.~~.~ •• m~* 0. 1.~~~Hf~~-W!t~~~~.~~~~~~~+~~-W!t~+. .~.~~~~~~~~.~~.~:w~.~~~~~~~~~%~~ lB~.&. .J.i~m~~*~~~~~~I~~~~~~~~~J. @~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~o~~@!~~~~~~~~~~~a~~'m.'m*.~~~W~W.~~~~. .. .. ~~~tI1I~~~~~~~. ~~~~.a.~~'$~*~*~.o~~-W!t~~~~~~~~~~~~~m~~~~~=r<~~~~r<~o. ~~~m~~m~~~l*~~~~.~I%~~~~~~J o®~-W!t~~W%~~~. ~W~~~~~~~~~~.l:t~~]§~~~~~~~~~%~~~~~~l"~.~~~~.~~~~*~~~~~. ~~~~~~~~~~~m~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~"~~~~.@!~~%~~~~~~~ 0. 0. .. ~~~~~~~~~.a~~~~~~.~~. ••. ~~~~~~~*.D~~~~~~~~~~~ •• ~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~-W!t~~~~~~~~~~~ 1ffi .. ~~-W!t~~~~~~l!!~¥~ ~ ~l:lllil~~~~~W~~~fEru ~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~D ~#~~~~~~~~m~.~.~~~~~~~~iWl~~~H~. <111. ®Lucian W. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics. Cambridge, Mass. : 1968. @R. Baur, A. Inkeles and C. Kluckhohn, How the Soviet Systems Work: Cultural, Psychological and Social Themes. 1956. Alex Inkeles and R. Baur, The Societ Citizen: Daily Life in Totalitarian Society. 1961. ~$-j?(~~~I3~~I:t~~BE.

(22) ,,",",'. ... ,. p,. NAt j. i $2 ¢. )l¥iQ.U i ;g;J:. Xl. 11-..... ,*-\1.. s: :;.;:. ~II~. J4l ;:U;s J " !" ,at @ii. ill S. . L. $ 41(1 iU;;4i. iiq::J.. 3.t! foR "". r<m. ~Nl~o~~~~~~~~~$~~~~~~~*~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r.~~~~~~. Brovin)~~~~ (J. Gray)4Illl~ r:fK+lJ!1~~~~~~~~~~~~J ~ ~J!lIlt;:l~~~.~~.,. :fK.iji:l~1l. ~~J' r.~~~.~.~~~m~~~J~o®~~~~~~~~•• ~~m~~~~o@. ill!lti(A.. :fKW~~~$!:fK+lJ!1I1ii!~~~~~~~~'" ~~.~~~~.~ii!!\1!~:li!l. 0 :g.~\lI!Il1~~~~mJ!<··~~~~+t1mI-lE~~~mJ!< *~ ••~~.~~"'~K~W~.~~~+t1~~.~.s~IIii!~-a.~'~~~'.~~-~mJ!<a:go.~~.,... ~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"'~~m*~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~.~oM~-~~~~~:fK+lJ!1. .,.. rDl*~~. (Richard Fagen) ~-¥-¥Ur!!~.~-R~~~+t:r\lJ~~~~.~~~~~-Rl!l~ - ~~~.~~~a~ .,. ~m\iK.\I!. ~.~~~~~~~~~.:fK+lJ!1~~~~o@ *~. 1~lR<~~ 1~K~~~ms~~~ll1}m~~ilmilll!ia~ - ~~MK. ·.,.~r+t:r\lJ~~~~~~~J -81.~~.~~~~~~.W8g.~~~~"'~~~~.M~o. ~~~(B. M. Richardson)~m*~mI. ~~J~~;:I~o~:g.ms~.~~~~~~.~~~Il!ia~~~~-~~~~~*~~*~mI~*$~~~~~H. 1~.~.~#;1(participant observation) .,. $~-l!qI~ti~~.,. iltt;Si.~{II9!~~~~. ~~~~~~~$~.,.~~:g.M~~~Il!ia~M~~~~-~W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"'.~~~ 0. :ni!!!ll~$~;!ij-~~11~'" ~. ~iPl~~~J!l!@*iItt;~~. .~~~-~~~;!ij~~~~~~~~~-~~~.~~$!~~~~-~~~~$~~*~~~*~~~~.-~~~. •• ~-.$~1l-~~~~$~~~-.~~~~~~~m-l!qIo. ~~~~~~~;!ij-~~~+~.~~M~-~~~.o~~~~~~~~~~.,.~~~~~~~~~-:g#;1~~~~. ~~"'~*.*~-. 1969.. ®Stephen White, Political Culture and Soviet Politics. St. Martin, 1979.. @)A. Broviri and Jack Gray, op. cit., pp. 257-8, 272.. 9Richard Fagen, The Transformation of Political Culture in Cuta. Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press,. ®Bradley M. Richarson, The Political Cultue of Japan. Berkeley, Cal.: California University Press, 1974. ®Donald J. Devine, The Political Culture of the United States. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1972..

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(24) . j. 12- X;kiQ 2.; $~ 4". J1! UUL a2M2"" {PZ,. J~ . .-\1~. .1. . -fHIIIt... 1. 0. j". ,A-U $'. ~~&t~!!!!. ¢ J. ># t fa. h 4#5. 4.J. ;. 44. 442p. r::jArJ~~~1«~J ® mW~m::.:;\t~~_.1i=. 44)9". .,..;;u;,J. j. ~_~'.~n,". <K. M1Sl!tt:&i$~f\IiI(~. .. :ij~~:ij~~-M. ~~\!l1«~:&i~~mW·· (lIt-) ;\t~-<Ili\~~~llll:~iUit .. ~i!t~~;\t~-<.~~ii\lllt~iii&t4l!:$J 0 (N) 1ii\~~&t.1B(1IDj( ~4aM1lEhliK:&i~;f;\;1 0 (JE:) -<lIf( 1¥\f§~ll!!JJ~~-R~~*i$*~.~~~ii*:&i~1lQ .. DR 1~f§~~~~~~~~.~. ~~o (~)-<lIf(~~~~IIDj(~~~-R .. ~~~~~~\lllt~~l~&t~~"~.~~~~~~~$ID~~o (~)Iii\~ .:&iMfl*!I~UillDj(~iDI[~:&i~fi" ~~~~*~ 1~· .. ~t4I~HIlK~ .. ~HIlKtr*~ 0 (ro)~_..LJ~{n![~\ni!1!!!H~4n~:&i~iI: 0 ii.~(D. J. Devine)~~~~~ (David Easton):&i.~Ml;;l~f,i;~.:&i~~l*. "Ili\:JI1l<~.~~~t:~Si.tl$~" .. mWl!!Mlil.:JI1l<~DII~~:&i~~1«~" +<1ll..LJ~*~33:~~{[]]-ml!!!l:~ ( Lockean. l*I~ r:Jl1l<~~~1«~J ~. liberal tradition):!fHilim-N::t: 0 (Evu Etzioni-Halevy):&i f1I2.~N~f1I2.. ~~~~~HIlKIi=~~&t~~"mWl*~.~i.tl:&i.o. ~~~~~~~m::.:~~1«~:&i~~l*.Ii=~~~m .. ~.~trl~*~~~~~o~~~~~~-R~~.~~~:&i ~iEl" ~mW=l*t!!E~~~r<~~:lh~DII 0 ~iIJ~ (Giuseppe ch. Palma) ~$n~m::.:..LJ~ r<4l1f(1«~J $~tr~t:!~:&if\lil(~ .. J!¢\lmt1~~~~~~~Ii=~llll:-$f!!~~1«~iEl,*:&i=~® ~J1iiIJli=f1I2.~ (Norman Nie)~Il:E:~a:&i¥\;f;\;1 .. *$~:JI1l<~-< lIf(~~~llll:~~_1El-t3lP:l£i~~ 0 ® lJ!I~~ll$~~~ 1 $!~4tli.tl~;;I··<4l1f(Wii\~$Ill~~i~~~~~ .. Wii\~~.~~~~~m~ .. ~{[]]~:l£i~$:il-R~1l!J!;!,~ "' ~1IDj«4l1f(lB(~1ft~ .. ~!!!~~Wl~llll: 0 ~-N "' ~~$lE:~~ 1 :k::mI~~ , , .~~.:il" ~i~. @Eva Etzioni-Halevy, Political Culture in Israel: Cleavage and Integration Among Israeli Jews. New York: Praeger, 1977. @Giuseppe di Palma, Apathy and Participation.' Mass Politics in Western Societies. New York: The Free Press, 1970. @S. Verba and Norman H. Nie, Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social E.quality. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. S. Verba, N. H. Nie and Joe--on Kim, "The Modes of Democratic Participation", in Harry Eckstein and Ted Robert Gurr (eds.),Comparative Politics, Series 2. Beverley Hills, CaL: Sage Pub., 1971. ®Neil J. Smelser, "Personality and the Explanation of Political Phenomenon at the Social System Level: A Meth odological Statement" Journal of Social Issues. 24-3 (1968),.

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