社會困境的泛文化研究：台灣與美國大學生的比較

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(1)rp.{,'J!ll.~fU. Chinese Journal of Psychology 1997, Vol. 39, No.1, 21-35. .§:86 , 39~ , 1M ' 21-35. ~.~~~~~~~~--~.ft~~ *.~~~.. Ff-. a~. }gj. i~. 5/<:~ Ji:iF7. t~. Jt. ~. b if'. it; A ~ ie" Ji liff jj;p,~. 4( liJf jj;=t 1fi7!!:tt~::f 1Pl:x: 1t T' S'J i:J f~ cW ~ req ':;i:aAOOtiJiii:1if III :lJl:BifB'J ft~~m0-~~~~~~~~~~::fft~fim~.lli~*'~-~OO ~~@A/m.~~cWft~ITm~H%O~X,aftWfi~~·*~jj; ~~i:J~~~tt~~~~::fft~OWOO~~~~~'h~W~~~~~ ~~::f~Z~7!!::i:J~~~R~~.~~~~·~~M~~~~'~1if ~&::fft~~~U~m;@~~~~wn~a~~~$~~~~'.~ ~!~~f'jLC!it:::tHg~lil~;!'J;::fft1'f1Tm 0 ~*, 'f!f);Dtill~ffli;$Wa J ~~ ~~aA~~.7!!:.~~=t1fi~*' ~~~ ~~~~~Da@A/$.=t.~OO' ~~'i:J~~~~~a~ .~::f.tt~req~~~~'ili7!!:·i:J.~aA~~~~·xm·m~~m ~~~~~~~;W~M~cW~$(IPl~)~~~~~W::f&~~~ ~0~~,~~~~~~arl.~:IJI:$ ~~R~~~~~~rn~ A,~#~~·~m· 'i:J.~~::fftW~M~tt~~~~. ~O*~jj;~~~'~~'~.~~J~ ~~~~SW'W~~ 'mtiflJi,it JeW' 11m A.fIJJtf J i'!j9t~F1U~::fftl'f ' E.=~2J1'f1J~Mi.~ .~~% *Uff~~{~~ i'!':JM**1f1gffil::flnJliJffli;~ft1'f1J 0,. ~.*:~~~~·~fl~£·~A/ •• ~A·~~~~~. ~~m~~m~~~~ft$~~A'® .@AW~ft~~~~~,~~m@A~. *~~~~~n~o. $~ff. ~. .m. *@A.*~~,~~~~~~~mft~~. T~mA~~~~~~. ·~~~~~~u~m~m*m.~ ~~~n$ofimffl~=M£*m. 1El61Z m~ ,0 ~ It ( public. *'~~@A~~~~e~~w~~O.~~. (Komorita & Parks, 1995) ~. fJf,]{)i~Tf~~Hardin ( 1968) p,~m¥iJas '0~±. ( prisoner's dilemma). ~~~~J. '.~~0~±~$~'. T~A. goods) •. W.1L5'i ~ ~. (resource dilemma). ~~·~~~~~attD~~~'~~~~. .=-fI£*~~:tl;rtTx~~m~1~. ~~~~&~~'.~0~±~~~.~~~. A 1El61Z ~ ~. 0. , {)iiJ~O : ~ (Dawes, McTavish, & Shaklee,. 1977) • *9~tHl~.9XllI'M~;rt (step-level). aS0. mfJf,]mT,m~:I~**~ffi~~~~~~. ~~:T. 1L~ ~. m~~~'W~~.AA~~~~~~mZN:. ~:tl;rt. lli.$$~7oB~. $~~~~m~~~. (Bornstein, & Rapoport, 1988)· (Brechner, 1977) ~. 0. 'IElm~~J~mm@A~~~W~nft. .~**~~~~.*.~~~m,*±~~. ff.9X~~~n,~~~~~~~~~~~n~. a.Mm'ffi~~AW~~~~~~~o ~.OO~~~4B'~W~~@A~T~. ~~~W·~~~~~~~W~~~~'@~. *~M~~~~mw~~.ft~ff~'-~~. m@A~ff~rr~~'ffi~~~~~wttm@ 21.

(2) 22. A~~mft~~~*~~o. r0~MJ~ffi~. 1988a). ~~*.~~~~~~~~.~~0~M·@. ~~*Il!~~~\!(j;. 0. ~W~N~ffft~~m~~~~~ff~'. *)(1~Tf!Wml. •• ~~~M~. ~~ffl~~.$·.~7tft •• ~~~T'~. ~1i1J~~. ~~.,m@A~m~m0~M·ffi~~@A. 1ili A ~ {'Ej 1f f~ fl ~ . 1ili fl'9 ~ .tt ~ Yamagishij;) Ben. ~E8ffft·~~ffi.~~~£±omw.~. W•• ~~~fi~W.~~~'A~~ffl.~ s"J ~ IZSI_~F~IZSI ~Jtf~ JJU A~- ~.~ fJl. • IZ9 jlt ®{,' ff ~ 1¥ p* 8x J§ (~77) #~ ~ 5:$ ~ mu (reinforcement schedule) s"J;fJ;'t 2 JJ! mft Wet .. ffi~~1itf~~ . !IlDft!JiJHJ;.ZBrechner ( 1977) JOfT. ~m~ffi~*~W~·~~~ •• ~~@A~. m~W~~Rm~$·~5l:~~~~*~~9. ~ffi.~·@~@A~~~·W.~~~mw. ~W~'~.W5l:~~mff~*~~~~.*. j~ • ~¥*~~. ~~ffi,~&~mff~~.5l:~.~~~~o. ~~~@A~~W~'R~ ®~.. r~m®~M.J~~~.·@~ffi~. A ~ 1'1' ~D ~ ~ . JliJ * * ~~ 19. ~ 0 ~ Mmm. 0. rW~ffi~J~~~-@0~W~'ffi~~~. 0. • ~~. ~~~W1iliA 1'8. ~~~~~~~~,m~~~~.ffi~~. ~7.~~.~m~~~~~~~~,U~.. t@mlj ~ ffi ~ft1J[ !® 1m ~ ffi ± ; jfu 7t*~ ffi !1f~!®® 1L ;fElI~H~ Wf! W 1~ • IZSIlIt ft 19. ~. ~r~~~m·~*~.J~Mtt·%~@A. ~~~~*'~~~7*~~~~~~~~~ -*~'~*~.~*~~ffiOO~~~.~~. 1988b). ,. fI}ill1~~W1~mm. 0. fl1'J ~ JOfT 1~ s"J :s'zJI~ tlj ~ 7t ~JliHIm AJOfT ~ • ® W•• ~W~~*W~ffiffi~~~*~.oW •• ®~'ffi~~~~~~~~fi~.ttffi~ ~. ~~~1'J~.1. -~'~*~ffl,ft&~m~ill&~W~@.. ~m~T'. rffi.WmN~Jm-~*~~ •. 0. {§~mt~s"J. J s"JBB fl· a r@A/. .:i:~. ft~~~~~AT,~m~~~fi~~~W~. •• w~~~m*.~~r~~WmN~Ja ~.~ ••• ~~~o~~.%~~.-*~ ~ZT&' r ~~~.**Jl.J lZSIat)~H,\¥}N*~ ~.~~ •• ~*~~;.®rffi~~.*. B~~~~·@~ ••• $~~@A~~~.. ~J~~~~~~~~~'*.~~~~¥}~. ~~~rr.~'ffi~A(~M~~B)~~~. ~'~~&~.*~~~~Aoffi~m~,~. 1~ 1ijJ: ~ ID: $.:± Hui, & Triandi Villareal, Asai, McCusker, & Hui. ' w±Wi[I]~ID:~Xi± 11m Aft11' ~l'm" pfTf~ 1U s"J ~*~ ~ */J\ , Wi~~~7t~JfiHttlAft1'F Jiffi,fj( ( .§;76) j;) li@~~®W~.ffi~~*.±~ ••W.'. ~~mff~*~~~.*8*·*~WmN~. ~ilillm~m~. •• ff~o~~~ (.§; 77) t~f~: ffi ~ ftJ N1* ~ El ~ ~ "5t ~ ffi ij! , j;) IlIi: 1§4 A fl'9 ~ &: )( ~ fil JliJ ~ {,,;@ ~ ~*. 2[~~·Wm·. ~*~~~·@A.~.m~~~ttft~~~. g~·5l:~~~~-~A~.~)(~m~7t. ~lt~. ~*a~~·~~~~fi~~.a~,~*=. ~~~m*~~~.*~~~·®H~~. ~~5l:W~mN%~.~o~~Wfl%.~·. .W~lHt~. ~~~~~~~fi~~~;@W@A~~'~. ~ •• $~~~~.W~~m'@A~m~~ 1'J~. tt~m~1'F1'J~~flJ. ~~5l:~*. (Dawes, 1975). 0. 0. 0. ~flJ~tEl~~*. . JliJ~1'F1'J~.~~. 0. .~1'F. *,~a~.rn5l:~~~~. *. 0. )(1~ (:it~~~. ,. ~W.'~*~ .:i:~)(1~Ts"J. .. ~pg~tt. . Ni. • • ;Wpg. *JEfl: ~ w± .1'J ~ ~. %~~~~fi~Mmm~~ftM~·~.~~. *~.A~ffim~*~m*~.~.*~~. ft~ftM~.~5l:~~ZW*'®~.~~~. w~w~mm~m·~~mff~~~.T. •• s"JflJ~· •. ~fi~o~~·~.~.ffi~$~.~~~7t. ~o. )iG~llI~.§~. §~~3i~o. b)ftr0~MJ~ffi~~~$·m5l:~~~. ~~~N~~*~~~~ID:.R~~OO~ lJtB"J fEi {f f~N ' Yamagishi ( 1986a, b) ~ .fl1, ,. ~~~~~&~~0~M'~Hffi5l:~~~~. a&~~W~NT·~mff~5l:~ft®W~.. A (Berman, Be & Triandis, 1986 ~ X tt 11m A :i: 1990) ffi lit ftJ. ~1JDft{'F1'J~s"J-@1:n~. 0. Yamagishi ( 1986a,. m.w~~·~~~ft~~(~~~~~~) 5l:W~~~. , 1l~*?fd1!H;!J;s"Jf!W~~a~ , ~. [I]~~ttffimff~5l:~~~~o.5l:~~.~. ~~7t~~~~~~.~-.~W~N~'~. ~~~~~~*ma~w~~**o~*~. mff~~~ffi~~5l:~.W~~~tt,IZSI~'. ~·mm~w~m~ffft~.~MID:5l:~~~. a.~WDn~W~N~.tt~~~·ffiH~. $~~~1'J~. ~~~·-~®.~~~~~.~~0~M·. ~w~*~,a.W~~T,~.tt~mff~. Yamagishi~uff:. ~-~®.~m~~~~~~.~.W~N·. A~~{'F. Yamagishi (1986a, b). :it ~ 7t •. Y~W~N~1itf~.~·~.ffi~$~~~~. NT ' ~~ttE ParksWVu ( 199. ~. ft 1'1' ~ il* ~ TN ~ ~ (Yamagishi,. 0. m~*5U~. 0.

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(13) ffr±.1EIJ:li¥Jlz:x1~liJf~-it~W~~*<'¥1:i¥J.t~~. ; #**&IIIRm* ~3U. '. uef~~~~. ~.?ji@~.w+~mm**1iff~ • • ~ ~j. 0. :t ,- tEHt-I;f1J ~ J i¥J ~. ,. 1!1fEue~~ft. 1IJ~i¥J~~~J~ ~ A B"J IDUt 1J:HlP 0. ~W '-@A;fIJ~J. ~*)c~ fB1E3}. !'J B"J tJlf m ' tE t:k: ~~~**&II1Rm. W '-@A;fIJ~J :12SI ~tEffd: Wi §g m :37~~a~ ( '-@ T1~§c;fIJ~~ tfJgJ~. 0. ~ijgfl. IIJ~B"J~~tEil ji=@IIJ~Li¥J. {@]A;fIJ~. J i¥J1IJ. 37~~i¥J~~~. tE ,- t§fJ;flJ~ J ;f1J ~Jt;!'t:1ili~ :;~~~~ ; tE. *. 6fT~~*ij~f~¥U. t 1711 ~ ~"EJ ~ ~ [t~~~~1!:f Iff~ f§fJ;f1J ~ i¥J. fJIDU!. 0. i**N1M1l@A. o. ~*1iff~B*Jl1. "J~{@]1:fi~~ ,. F1T~ ; 1.§.~D* i B"J *;f;& ;J\ 111 R. .:1J B"J il fFiT ~ wer & Kramer,. \. Z Fa~ tE 00 fj iif± **&II1Ri¥J* t §g m t:p i¥J il1'F JB"J1Ul1*~mi91i: ~j§~1tJ!'t~i¥J. 0 '~mfij\1{J(.jliJ, 3'ettJ.mJliJ!I~mm*,JIllJii'8. (. ,. .~J'II!.<,¥~$.*~.o~.~.,.*~~.:. ,. ~~~~ *1iff~ l~= : ~~*1iff. 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(15) Wd:irlE:Ij[sl:Jizx11:;1iff5l;-i::Jt"w~~*~~Sl:JJt'l!J(. igment accuracy: China,. rganizational Behavior 43: 145-171. of a sanctioning system. 'ersonality and Social. 35. CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF SOCIAL DILEMMA--. COMPARISON BETWEEN TAIWAN AND AMERICAN. STUDENTS. goal/expectation theory s. In E.J. Lawler (Ed.), Vol. 3, (pp. 51-87). JEAW-MEI CHEN. m the group as an :e rider problem in the. ofExperimenatl Social. 'f a sanctioning system . Social Psychology. 96015 1996if 8 J=j30 B 1997 if 4 J=j11 B 1997 if 10 J=j20 B 1997if 10 J=j20 B. MAAN-LING CHANG. TZONG-HUEY CHENG. National Cheng Chi University, Department of Psychology. This study aims to compare the cooperative behavior of Taiwan and American students in the social dilemma situation. The effects of sanction system and the player's degree of collectivism on cooperation are the foci of the study. It was found that for Taiwan subjects, either "high probability of inspection" or "high degree of punishment" can reduce incooperaitve behavior significantly, yet for American subjects, only "inspection probability known or not" factor has a significant main effect on cooperation. In respects to Collectivism/Individualism Scale, it was found that subjects from two cultures did not differ on total collective scores, but Taiwan subjects scored higher on collectivism toward spouses, parents, and relatives, and American subjects scored higher on colletivism toward colleagues/classmates and friends than their counterparts. This was proposed to be the main reason for the finding that Taiwan subjects were less cooperaive than American subjects in the present social dilemma situation. In addition, it was found that subjects with the motives to maximize "joint gain" cooperated the most, while "individual gain" and "relative gain" subjects cooperated less and did not differ from each other. General discussion from social identity perspective concluded this paper. Keywords: social dilemma, sanction system, collectivism/individualism, cross-cultural study..

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