暫留區環境熱舒適要求之實測調查; A Field Survey on Thermal Comfort in Transitional Spaces

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(1)中國醫藥大學碩士論文編號：DOSH-0211 暫留區環境熱舒適要求之實測調查 A Field Survey on Thermal Comfort in Transitional Spaces. 所別：職業安全與衛生學系碩士班指導教授：黃瑞隆. 博士. 學生：王聖慈 Wang, Sheng-Tzu 學號：9472011. 中. 華. 民. 國. 96. 年. 6. 月.

(2) 致謝先誠摯的感謝指導教授黃瑞隆博士，老師悉心的教導使我得以一窺熱舒適領域的深奧，不時的討論並指點我正確的方向，使我在研究所這二年中獲益匪淺。在論文審查的過程中，感謝口試委員陳振菶老師、林子平老師以及鄭明仁老師的不吝指教，使得論文架構以及內容缺失得以補充完整。感謝賴俊雄老師、王文忻老師、廖宏章老師、趙克平老師、蔡詩偉老師、張大元老師、許文信老師、林文海老師以及陳強琛老師在課堂上的授業解惑，提升其他專業領域的學習視野。兩年裡的日子，實驗室裡共同的生活點滴，學術上的討論、言不及義的閒扯、趕作業的革命情感，感謝眾位學長姐、同學、學弟妹的共同砥礪，你們的陪伴讓兩年的研究生活變得絢麗多彩。感謝昭明、瑞宏學長以及研究室學妹嫻真、茹涵、婉珩、家蓁、家伃、彥伶、玉潔、玉婷在研究上的支持與協助，感謝乃榕同學、系辦公室的雯倩、以及碩士班同學的幫忙與鼓勵，恭喜我們順利走過這兩年。以此文獻給我摯愛的雙親以及所有幫助過我的人，並致上最高的敬意與謝意。. i.

(3) 摘要當人們進出暫留區時會感受到明顯的溫度變化，暫留區的定義是指人們通常停留不超過一小時的場所，例如：郵局、銀行…等。目前的 ASHRAE STANDARD 55 對於暫留區的室內舒適度並無明確的建議，是以本研究採現場實驗法，以幫助了解暫留區的舒適度，以及暫留區與長期停留區間的舒適度差別。本研究同時採用環境量測與問卷調查兩種方式，在一家顧客服務處進行實驗，受測對象為該服務處的員工顧客。有效問卷總共蒐集到 800 份，當中 213 份是員工，587 份是顧客。本研究結果顯示：中性溫度：員工為 27.1℃ET*，顧客為 26.6℃ET*；喜好溫度：員工為 25.6℃ET*，顧客為 24.7℃ET*。相較於員工，顧客的中性溫度與喜好溫度皆較低，顯示顧客想要有較涼爽的環境。80%熱接受舒適範圍：員工為 24.0~27.9℃ET*，顧客為 24.4~28.8℃ET*。相較於 ASHRAE STANDARD 55 夏季空調環境的 80%熱接受舒適範圍，員工有相同的熱接受範圍，顧客則有較高的接受上限。關鍵字：熱舒適、暫留區、現場實測. ii.

(4) ABSTRACT People experience suddenly step changes in temperature while entering transitional spaces from hot outdoor, such as post offices, banks, etc. People often stay in transitional space less than one hour that there is no change to make them in thermally stable stay. Up to now, the habit thermal comfort standard, which is best on thermally stable model such as ASHRAE STANDARD 55 have not any suggestion for thermal space based on ASHRAE STANDARD 55. We therefore applied a field survey to understand: (1) The thermal comfort in transitional spaces; (2) The differences of comfort between transitional and stable spaces. In this study both environment measurement and survey questionnaires were applied simultaneously in a customer service center to investigate the subjective thermal response and comfort perception of employees and customers. A total of 800 completed questionnaires were collected, 213 from employees and 587 from customers. The result shows that employees and customers had the neutral temperature occurred at 27.1℃ET* and 25.6℃ET*. The preferred temperature for employees and customers were at 25.6℃ET* and 24.7℃ET*. Customers have neutral and preferred temperature lower than employees, suggesting that cooler environment. The range of 80% acceptability for employees and customers were 24.0~27.9℃ET* and 24.4~28.8℃ET*. Compared with the range of ASHRAE STANDARD 55 of the range for employees is similar to comfort range of ASHRAE STANDARD 55, while that for customers was shift to high temperature side.. Keyword: thermal comfort, transitional space, field survey iii.

(5) 目錄第一章緒論 ················································································ 1 第一節研究背景與目的 ········································································1 第二節暫留區的定義 ············································································2 第三節文獻探討····················································································4 第四節研究內容與流程 ········································································16. 第二章研究方法········································································ 20 第一節調查對象··················································································20 第二節儀器設備··················································································22 第三節衣著量與活動量介紹 ······························································28 第四節問卷內容··················································································30 第五節實驗步驟··················································································32. 第三章問卷與物測結果···························································· 39 第一節受測者基本資料整理 ······························································39 第二節衣著量整理 ··············································································41 第三節其他環境影響因子整理 ··························································42 第四節物測數據彙整 ··········································································44 第五節受測者的熱評估 ······································································45. iv.

(6) 第四章討論 ··············································································· 57 第一節熱敏感度與中性溫度 ······························································57 第二節喜好溫度··················································································61 第三節熱可接受範圍 ··········································································68 第四節最低不滿意率 ··········································································74 第五節與其他文獻比較 ······································································77. 第五章結論與建議···································································· 79 第一節結論··························································································79 第二節未來研究··················································································80. 參考文獻 ······················································································· 82. v.

(7) 表目錄表 1-1 中性溫度 ·······················································································15 表 2-1 ISO 7726 物理性測定所需儀器標準············································22 表 2-2 實驗儀器設備規格········································································26 表 2-3 各類服裝 clo 值·············································································29 表 2-4 人體在不同狀態下的新陳代謝率 ················································31 表 2-5 RP-462 問卷 ··················································································33 表 2-6 RP-921 問卷 ··················································································34 表 2-7 本研究問卷內容············································································36 表 3-1 員工受測者對其它環境因子投票數 ············································43 表 3-2 顧客受測者對其它環境因子投票數 ············································43 表 3-3 每次實驗的物理性環境參數························································48 表 3-4 熱感覺卡方齊一性檢定結果························································53 表 3-5 熱喜好卡方齊一性檢定結果························································55 表 3-6 熱接受卡方齊一性檢定結果························································55 表 4-1 員工對熱感覺投票數統計表························································57 表 4-2 顧客對熱感覺投票數統計表························································58 表 4-3 全體受測者對熱感覺投票數統計表 ············································59 表 4-4 敏感度公式與中性溫度整理表 ····················································61 vi.

(8) 表 4-5 員工受測者熱喜好統計表····························································62 表 4-6 顧客受測者熱喜好統計表····························································63 表 4-7 全體受測者熱喜好統計表····························································63 表 4-8 喜好溫度與公式整理表································································68 表 4-9 員工受測者熱接受統計表····························································69 表 4-10 顧客受測者熱接受統計表····························································60 表 4-11 全體受測者熱接受統計表 ····························································70 表 4-12 熱接受度分析之公式與範圍整理表 ············································71 表 4-13 熱接受度分析之公式與範圍整理表 ············································73 表 4-14 暫留區中性、喜好、熱接受溫度彙整表 ····································74. vii.

(9) 圖目錄圖 1-1 三種暫留區類型··············································································3 圖 1-2 PMV-PPD 關係圖··········································································10 圖 1-3 動態條件下冷熱刺激的不同反應 ················································12 圖 1-4 研究流程 ·······················································································19 圖 2-1 實驗建築物外貌············································································21 圖 2-2 顧客服務中心平面圖及測點擺放位置 ········································21 圖 2-3 其他熱舒適相關研究所使用的儀器設備 ····································24 圖 2-4 現場量測用之室內氣候採擷系統 ················································26 圖 2-5 實驗現場量儀器擺放情況····························································27 圖 2-6 員工填寫問卷情形········································································38 圖 2-7 顧客填寫問卷情形········································································38 圖 3-1 員工與顧客受測者年齡百分比分佈 ············································40 圖 3-2 員工與顧客受測者身高百分比分佈 ············································40 圖 3-3 員工與顧客受測者體重百分比分佈 ············································41 圖 3-4 員工與顧客受測者衣著量分佈情形 ··············································42 圖 3-5 員工受測者對其它環境因子反應分佈 ········································43 圖 3-6 顧客受測者對其它環境因子反應分佈 ········································44 圖 3-7 每次實驗室內外溫度分佈範圍 ····················································47. viii.

(10) 圖 3-8 每次實驗室內外溫度平均值分佈 ················································48 圖 3-9 每次實驗之員工問卷分佈····························································48 圖 3-10. 每次實驗之顧客問卷分佈··························································49. 圖 3-11 受測者熱感覺分佈百分比 ····························································49 圖 3-12 員工受測者熱喜好分佈百分比 ····················································50 圖 3-13 員工受測者熱接受投票分佈百分比 ············································51 圖 3-14 員工在每個溫度梯度下的熱感覺百分比 ····································52 圖 3-15 顧客在每個溫度梯度下的熱感覺百分比 ····································52 圖 3-16 員工在每個溫度梯度下的熱喜好百分比 ····································54 圖 3-17 顧客在每個溫度梯度下的熱喜好百分比 ····································54 圖 3-18 員工在每個溫度梯度下的熱接受百分比 ····································56 圖 3-19 顧客在每個溫度梯度下的熱接受百分比 ····································56 圖 4-1 員工的熱敏感與中性溫度分析 ····················································59 圖 4-2 顧客的熱敏感與中性溫度分析 ····················································59 圖 4-3 全體的熱敏感與中性溫度分析 ····················································60 圖 4-4 員工、顧客與全體受測者 PMV 與中性溫度分析······················60 圖 4-5 員工熱喜好迴歸曲線圖································································64 圖 4-6 顧客熱喜好迴歸曲線圖································································64 圖 4-7 全體受測者熱喜好迴歸曲線圖 ····················································65. ix.

(11) 圖 4-8 員工熱喜好與 ET*分析圖 ····························································66 圖 4-9 顧客熱喜好與 ET*分析圖 ····························································66 圖 4-10 全體受測者熱喜好與 ET*分析圖 ················································67 圖 4-11 員工熱可接受範圍直接評估分析 ················································70 圖 4-12 顧客熱可接受範圍直接評估分析 ················································71 圖 4-13 全體受測者熱可接受範圍直接評估分析 ····································71 圖 4-14 員工熱可接受範圍間接評估分析 ················································72 圖 4-15 顧客熱可接受範圍間接評估分析 ················································73 圖 4-16 全體受測者熱可接受範圍間接評估分析 ····································73 圖 4-17 員工熱可接受範圍評估分析························································74 圖 4-18 顧客熱可接受範圍評估分析························································75 圖 4-19 全體受測者熱可接受範圍評估分析 ············································75 圖 4-20 員工 TSV 與 PPD 關係圖·····························································76 圖 4-21 顧客 TSV 與 PPD 關係圖·····························································76 圖 4-22 全體受測者 TSV 與 PPD 關係圖 ·················································77. x.

(12) 第一章緒論第一節研究背景與目的隨著現代科技與建築技術的進步，如何創造更加舒適、健康與節能的室內環境，已成為建築及室內環境設計的要發展方向，室內環境和人體熱舒適(Thermal comfort)的議題，也越來越受到人們的關心與重視。室內環境與人體熱舒適影響的研究以 1919 年美國冷凍空調工程協會 (ASHRAE)(1) 在匹茲堡實驗室中的研究做為開端。在二十年代初期 (2) ， Houghton 和 Yaglou 引進了有效溫度指標，由於該指數將溫度、溼度和舒適性聯合起來，成了冷凍空調技師與環境工程師有用的工具。在 Pierce 實驗室工作的 Winslow 等人把對熱舒適愉快的主觀反應和生理學反應與環境條件聯合起來研究，發現在熱環境下的皮膚會排汗，皮膚的溼潤度對於舒適感是一個主要的因素。六十年代後期，人體熱舒適的發展在美國奠定了根基。美國冷凍空調工程協會在堪薩斯州立大學的環境實驗室曾進行了大量的研究和實驗，提供了舒適性相關的數據，這些數據成為丹麥工藝大學 Fanger(3)的人體熱舒適性方面的研究基礎。七十年代，研究者對於環境變量對人體散熱和人體熱感覺有了更進一步的認識。至此之後，在世界各地都發展了人體熱舒適要求的實驗研究工作。經過各種實驗研究，研究人員已在熱舒適領域得出了一些重要的結論，並制定了一系列有關人體熱舒適性的標準和指標，例如 ASHRAE STANDARD 55、ISO7730(4)等。舒適是人透過感覺器官獲得身體或精神上覺得愉悅的感覺，給人們提供舒適的室內環境是世界各地人體熱舒適研究人員的共目同標。但是到目前為止，在熱舒適方面所做的研究工作多大是由美國以及歐洲等一些西方國家發展較成熟。現在在世界各地所沿用的熱舒適標準例如 1.

(13) ASHRAE STANDARD 55 的使用並沒有考慮不同地區建築形式的不同、氣候的不同、種族的不同、人待在室內情況的不同等等因素。現在已有一些研究者對熱舒適標準的普遍適用性提出了質疑。他們認為建築形式、氣候、種族等等因素的差異可能造成世界各地人們在相同的熱環境中的熱感覺不同，對熱舒適性的要求也不同。所以在使用熱舒適標準的時候，需要因為各種不同原因，對熱舒適標準進行一些修正，因此有必要在各個地方發展當地的熱舒適性研究。當各地積極展開熱舒適研究時，從熱舒適本質來說，可分為穩態 (steady)和暫態(transient)。穩態觀點認為，熱舒適和熱感覺完全相同，也就是熱中性即代表舒適，當然空氣溼度和風速都必須維持在適當的水平。暫態觀點則認為熱舒適不能在穩態的條件下存在，只能在動態過程中出現。具體來說，舒適不是一種狀態，而是一種過程。目前國際上研究人體熱舒適性所採用的觀點大多為穩態觀點。但穩態和暫態觀點的討論持續的進行著，不同的研究學者，各持有不同的觀點。穩態觀點是從研究方法出發，其主要是透過實驗了解人的熱感覺，以實驗得到的熱感覺來衡量人體是否舒適。暫態觀點則是從時間、動態的角度出發，因為在概念上更注重過程和狀態之間的差別。本研究研究方向是短暫停留區的人體熱舒適，透過現場實測與統計分析了解暫留區人們的熱舒適要求條件是否與穩定區人們的熱舒適要求條件相同，確定暫留區人們對熱舒適的需求條件，找到他們的熱接受範圍、中性溫度與喜好溫度，並與穩態區人們的熱舒適需求做比較，區分暫態與穩暫環環境下人們對熱舒適區求的差別。. 第二節暫留區的定義暫留區是相對於長期停留而提出的概念，它和長期停留的區別在於時 2.

(14) 間上的差異。在現實生活中，有很多人們停留不會超過一小時的場所，例如：中小型商場、候車室、銀行、郵局等等。我們把具有這種特點的區域定義為短暫停留區。短暫停留區的第一項特質是時間上的限制，但是時間因素並不是其充要條件，還應該具有以下的必要條件： (1). 明顯的溫度場變化。人們從較高溫度的環境進入較低溫度環境，或從較低溫度的環境進入較高溫度的環境。目前研究重點都是針對於冬、夏季由室外進入比室外暖或涼的室內。. (2). 必需對人體而言是短暫停留的，例如對於教室裡的學生，如果學生在教室裡持續上課四至五個小時，那麼對於學生而言，教室的環境就不是短暫停留區；但如果學生只在裡面停留一個小時以內，便離開教室，那麼教室對學生而言就是短暫停留區。因此短暫停留區是一個相對的概念。暫留區分為三種類型，第一種類型為位於大樓內的過度空間，比如：. 旅館大廳、提供人們進進出出的門廊。第二類型亦被納入建築物本體或與建築物相連，例如：陽台、門廊，走廊(包括街道或騎樓)。第三類型為不與任何建築物連接的獨立個體，其構成的熱環境端看該建築物的設計方式。例如：涼亭、公車站等。圖 1-1 為暫留區與建築物本體之相對位置，白色空間為建築物本體，黑色部份為暫留區空間。. TYPE1. TYPE2. TYPE3. 圖 1-1 三種暫留區類型 3.

(15) 第三節文獻探討 (A). 人體在穩定環境的熱平衡人體透過攝取食物，從食物中攝取能量同時透過不同的模式產生熱. 量。為了使人體維持舒適的感覺以及生理上的需要，人體需要與周遭環境進行熱交換。從巨觀的角度來看，當人體內部產生熱量及人體與周遭環境進行熱交換等過程以達到熱平衡，使平衡維持在人體健康的狀態，此時人體的感受是最舒適的。不過要實現人體舒適僅僅追求人體與周遭環境的熱平衡是不夠的。例如當人體皮膚表面的汗液不能及時蒸發時，雖然人體與周遭環境達到熱平衡，人體也不會感到舒適。因此，想要更深入的研究人體熱舒適，要從人體與周圍環境的熱、溼交換過程開始，結合人體生理調節過程，研究人體對熱舒適環境的要求。大多數對人體與外界環境的熱交換模型以及測量人體熱感覺的方法是類似的，因為它們都是以傳統的熱傳學為基礎，並借助經驗公式來描述人體生理調節機製。人體是一個開放且複雜的系統，人體和外界環境存在著各種複雜的關係。但是從熱學的觀點而言，就是兩條路徑：產熱和散熱。從工程學的觀點來看，人體可以看作一個發熱機，人體的所做的功就是把食物的化學能轉化為外部功和熱量。人在體內產生熱量，又必須以和產熱同樣的速率散熱。Fanger 教授由此建立了著名的穩態傳熱模型，這個模型假定人體處於一個熱平衡狀態即淨得熱量為零。人體與其周遭環境之間的能量交換的基本熱力學過程可用下式描述： ΔS = M ± R ± C − E − W 式中， ΔS：人體的熱平衡差. 4. (1-1).

(16) M：人體代謝產熱量 R：穿著衣服的人體外表面與其周圍環境之間的輻射散熱量 C：穿著衣服的人體外表面與其周圍環境之間的對流散熱量 E：人體蒸發散熱量總合 W：人體所做的機械功如果 R、C 只考慮失熱，且人體處於熱平衡狀態時，ΔS=0，則式子(1-1) 可寫成： M − R − C − E −W = 0. (1-2). 公式(1-2)表示人體處於熱平衡狀態，Fanger 以此式為出發點，借鑒前人的實驗結果，又進行了大量的實驗，從得出公式(1-2)中各項數學關係式，建立了 Fanger 熱舒適方程。新陳代謝就是有機體生命活動產物的吸收、變化、儲存與排泄過程的總和。在人體能量交換的過程計算中，新陳代謝起著重要的做作。對單位面積的新陳代謝自由能產熱量 M 的估算乃是任何熱平衡物理分析方法的核心。在某些特定情況下，借助量測受試者的呼吸量和耗養量就可以精確的確定 M 值。但這並非任何場合都是可行的。較簡單的估計方式也是本研究所採用的方式為使用已發表的量測數據來估算代謝率。用來表示每單位表面積的代謝率單位為 met，體表面積 1.8 平方公尺的成年人靜坐時，新陳代謝率為 1met=58.2W/m2 。人體表面積的計算公式可由(1-3) 式表示： ADu = 0.202 × m 0.425 × h 0.72. (1-3). 式中，. ADu：人體表面積(m2) m：人體質量(kg). 5.

(17) h：人體高度(m) 溫度在絕對零度以上的一切物體都會發出熱輻射，除了良好的反射體或完全處於絕對零度以下的系統外，所有的物體都處於與其周遭環境進行的輻射能量交換。人體也不例外，無時無刻都在與周遭環境進行輻射換熱。人體對環境的正常輻射散熱無法直接感覺，但是當人坐在密閉功能很好的冷窗戶附近時，輻射散熱就變的很顯著，會覺得有寒風吹進來，稱之為輻射吹風感(radiation-draught)(7)。但就許多室內情況而言，周圍表面是處在相當均勻的溫度之下的，因此輻射環境可以令人滿意地用平均輻射溫度 Tr 加以描述。單位人體表面積的輻射損失 R(W/m2) 可利用. Stefan-Boltzmann(8)定律推導並用下式表示出： R = 3.4 × 10 −8 f cl [(t cl + 273) 4 − (t r + 273) 4 ]. (1-4). 式中，. fcl：衣著係數，即穿著衣服的外表面積和包裹住的體表面積比 tcl：服裝外表面溫度，℃ tr：環境的平均輻射溫度，℃ 所謂對流熱交換，係指流體流過固體表面所發生的熱量交換。由於產生流動的原因不同，對流熱交換可分為強制對流熱交換與自然對流熱交換兩大類。前者是由外部動力機器所造成，後著通常是由於流體內部的密度差所引起。兩種流動的成因不同，流體中的速度場也有差別所以換熱規律不一樣。對人體而言，人的表面溫度通常比環境空氣溫度高，在人的皮膚和服裝之間的空氣層是比較暖和的，這一區的暖空氣可能會隨著氣流流動而被帶走。在無氣流的情況下，暖空氣因為密度較低，自然浮力會使它上升然後由冷空氣取而代之。在這兩種情況下被人體加熱的空氣都會被排除而熱量也就隨之被帶走，這就形成了對流過程。. 6.

(18) 汗的產生和蒸發是人體最有效的溫度控制機制。皮膚的水份蒸發首先需要從液態變成氣態，蒸氣隨著氣流流動而離開皮膚。水蒸氣分子的擴散過程是一個傳遞過程，驅使介質傳遞的動力是水蒸氣在空氣裡的濃度梯度。水蒸氣的濃度梯度正比於皮膚表面與周圍空氣中的水蒸氣壓。因此溼潤皮膚蒸發熱損失方程式為： EMAX = he ( pssk − pa ). (1-5). 式中，. EMAX：蒸發熱損失(W/m2) he：蒸發熱係數(W/m2．102pa) pssk：蒸氣壓力(102pa) pa：周圍空氣中的水蒸氣分壓力(102pa) 體溫調節排汗的功能是一種在炎熱環境條件下防止體溫升高的控制方式。但在不需要體溫調節排汗的涼爽環境中，仍有水分從人體散出。其中一部份直接以小便、唾液、眼淚之類的液體排出。盡管排出量很大，但並不出現在熱平衡方程中，因為它是在與體溫溫度相同的情況下以液體形態散出，且其排出後並不具有冷卻的效果。這些水分的散失可以歸類為不易察覺的水分損失，這類水分損失主要有三種：水分通過皮膚的擴散、情緒性出汗和呼吸損失。Zollner 和 Brebner(8)等人曾經進行過一些試圖排除所有汗腺作用的測試工作，測試結果可以歸納為： Eis = 4.0 + 0.12( pssk − pa ) (1-6) 式中 Eis 是不易被察覺到的出汗熱損失。該式應用於 20×102< (pssk-pa). <50×102pa 的測試範圍。吸入肺部呼吸道裡的空氣既被加熱又被加溼，而這熱量並不在呼氣時完全散出。當空氣呼出時，在呼吸道裡起再生再生熱交換的作用，呼吸. 7.

(19) 道從呼出的空氣中回收顯熱和潛熱。盡管如此，還是會有淨呼吸熱損失，單位人體表面積的呼吸顯熱損失 Cres(W/m2)系由下式給出： Cres = 0.0014M (34 − Ta ). (1-7). 單位人體表面積的呼吸潛熱損失 Eres 取決於環境的水氣分壓力百帕，且為：. Eres = 0.0017 M (58.6 − pa ). (1-8). 人體與外界環境的熱交換與人體不同的生理反應區和行為反應區有著密切的關係。當裸體的人處於新有效溫度為 29~31℃環境中或穿著衣服的人(衣服熱阻係數為 0.6clo)靜坐在新有效溫度 23~27℃的環境中，這時身體沒有被加熱也沒有被冷卻，且人體的蒸發熱損失也沒有變化，在這個熱環境中人的感覺不冷也不熱，不需要自身的生理調節機能來保持人體正常的體溫，所以稱該溫度為中性溫度。人體對周圍環境的溫溼感覺是一個非常複雜的過程，人體與周圍環境不僅存在質量與熱量的熱力過程，而且存在人的主觀意識作用和客觀生理調節調整過程。在對人體熱舒適環境的研究中，需要考慮對周圍環境的客觀評估，如空氣溫度、溼度和風速皆需考量入內，也應考慮人對周圍環境的主觀評價。將二者相結合、量化才能客觀公正地得出人體對環境的要求，進而對生活中的熱環境提供改善的方法。在 PMV 以及 PPD 的部份，根據 ISO 7730 的定義，熱環境的舒適為「當人的下意識對所處的熱環境表示滿意時的狀況」。人體對熱環境感到滿意的基本條件，是人體與環境維持熱平衡。而人體與環境的熱平衡，，以及環境的參數包括受到人體的活動量（activity）和衣著量（clothing）溫度、平均輻射溫度（mean radiation temperature, MRT）、風速和濕度的影響。若能測得室內環境中的各項參數，則可根據 ISO 7730 計算出用來. 8.

(20) 表示室內熱環境舒適度的 PMV 與 PPD 指標. PMV 是建立在人體保持熱平衡的條件下，當人體保持熱平衡時，體內的新陳代謝熱會與人體的散熱量保持平衡。在一般熱環境中，人體主要是靠皮膚以及呼吸來調整體內溫度，以保持熱平衡。根據 Fanger 在 1972 年對 1300 個受測者的實驗結果，所得的 PMV 計算公式如下：. PMV＝（0.303e-0.036M＋0.028）×{（M－W）-3.05×10-3 × [5733-6.99 ×（M－W）－Pa]－0.42[（M－W）－58.15] ＋1.7×10-5M（5867－Pa）-0.0014M ×（34－ta）－3.96×10-8fcl. ×[（tcl＋273）4－（tr＋273）4]＋fclhc（tcl±ta）}. (1-9). 其中. tcl＝35.7－0.028 ×（M－W）－Icl×{3.96×10-8fcl ×[（tcl＋273）4－（tr＋273）4]＋fclhc（tcl－ta）}. (1-10). hc＝2.38 ×（tcl－ta）0.25 or hc＝12.1v0.5. (1-11). fcl＝1.00＋1.29Icl for Icl＜0≦0.78m2kW-1. (1-12). or fcl＝1.05＋0.645Icl for Icl＞0.78m2kW-1 ISO 7730 亦建議公式的適用範圍如下： -2＜PMV＜2 M＝46 W/m2 to 232 W/m2（0.8 met to 4 met） Icl＝0 m℃/W to 0.310 m℃/W（0 clo to 2 clo） Ta＝10℃ to 30℃ Tr＝10℃ to 40℃ Var＝0 m/s to 1 m/s Pa＝0 pa to 2700 pa RH＝30％ to 70％人體活動量隨著熱感覺投票值 Y 對熱負荷 L 的關係式為： 9. (1-13).

(21) Y = 0.302 exp ( −0.036 M ) + 0.028L. (1-14). 其中 Y 為平均熱感覺投票指標，也就是 Fanger 提出的預測平均熱感覺投票指標。. PMV 指標是預測群體的平均反應，但是每個人的感覺雖然在平均值附近，卻不一定相同，預測不滿意百分比指標用來表示對熱環境不滿意的百分比。PPD 可以定義為在某一個熱環境中，熱感覺投票值為-3、-2、. +2 與+3 的投票數占所有投票數的百分率。雖然在投票值為+1 或-1 時也有可能對該環境感到不滿意，但是 Gagge 等人通過實驗發現當該熱環境令人不滿意時，絕大多數人的投票值都為-3、-2、+2 與+3，因此我們可以不用考慮投票值為+1 或-1 時的情況。Fanger 教授通過整理大量的實驗數據，得到 PMV-PPD 關係式： PPD = 100 − 95 exp[−(0.03353PMV 4 + 0.2179 PMV 2 )]. (1-15). PMV-PPD 的變化曲線，如圖 1-2 所示。. PPD. 100. 10. 1. -3. -2. -1. 0. 1. PMV. 圖 1-2 PMV-PPD 關係圖. 10. 2. 3.

(22) 圖中曲線相對於 PMV 為零值是對稱的，此時不舒適程度為最小。按照 Fanger 的意見，這個最小值為 5%，換句話說，在二十個人當中只有一個人認為所處的熱環境是不舒服的。ISO 7730 對 PMV-PPD 指標的建議值為：PPD<10%，即 PMV 值在-0.5~+0.5 之間，相當於在人群中有 10%的人感覺不滿意。 (B) 動態能量平衡模式在日常生活中，如果只是單純追求熱舒適的意義，無論是廣義或狹義，表相或本質，都沒有任何意義。到目前為止，對於熱舒適的解釋並不一致。從根本上來說，可分為穩態(steady)與暫態(transient)兩種觀點。穩態觀點認為熱舒適和熱感覺完全相同，也就是說熱中性即是熱舒適。暫態觀點則認為熱舒適不能在穩態條件下存在，只能在動態過程中出現。更具體的說，舒適不是一個狀態，而是一種過程，與之相對的則是不舒適過程。舉例來說，當人體溫度低於熱中性溫度時，適度熱刺激會使人們產生舒適和愉快的反應。如果保持此時的環境溫度不做任何改變，以使人體溫度維持在中性溫度，則人的主觀熱感覺也將處於微涼到微熱的區間內。需要注意的是，從暫態觀點來看，這並不是「舒適」狀態，而只是無差別狀態(或熱中性狀態)。此後再將溫度升高或降低，人就會進入不舒適過程，最終覺得冷或熱。上述過程如圖 1-3 所示。從圖 1-3 中可以看出，在動態狀態可以有條件的使舒適與不舒適交替出現，換句話說也就是舒適與不舒適為互補的條件。沒有不舒適也就不會有舒適存在，不舒適是產生舒適的前提，也就是包含著對舒適的期望。同時舒適也是不舒適的前提，包含著對不舒適的排斥。舒適是忍受不舒適的解脫過程，它不能持久存在，只能轉化為另一個不舒適過程，或趨近於無差別的狀態。因此，從暫態觀點來看，認為在穩態中性熱環境下 11.