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無人車輛動態路徑模擬與控制之研究 廖建智、張ㄧ屏

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無人車輛動態路徑模擬與控制之研究 廖建智、張ㄧ屏

E-mail: [email protected]

摘 要

本研究之主旨為整合建構無人地面載具車輛之動態模擬方法 。論文使用物件導向動態模擬程式建立無人履帶型車輛牽引力 驅 動模型,供無人履帶型車輛之地面牽引力進行研究分析。依據不 同輸入之地面參數值與車速變化,進行無人履帶型車 輛設計與控 制參數對於車輛直行與轉向性能之影響模擬評估控制分析。使用 無人履帶型車輛加速度模組、無人履帶型車 輛爬坡性能模組與路 徑動態規劃模擬,能快速的預估無人車輛之行駛與操控性能。 不同表面特徵參數和車輛設計參數進 行比較,找到更好的性 能,以評估分析無人地面載具車輛所需之性能的規格,包括加速 時間、爬坡性能和動態迴轉半徑

。由動態路徑模組進行了測試不 同的汽車速度在繞錐測試和變換車道測試。結果顯示實際路徑與 預定路徑幾乎一致,響 應特性良好,可以減少無人地面載具車輛 發展的時間。 防撞雷達和其他傳感器,包括車速,衛星定位系統(GPS), 三 軸加速規和影像紀錄器於不同的車輛駕駛條件,建立個別數據 擷取系統資料的融合。收集之數據根據不同的駕駛加速和減 速條 件,可用於未來的無人地面載具車輛和適應性巡航控制(ACC) 系統的驗證數據庫。該雷達測量數據和分析過程中 制定了許多設 定條件,車輛涉及許多技術,將用於研究和開發最新的無人地面 載具車輛控制器。

關鍵詞 : 履帶無人車輛驅動轉向動態模擬、履帶型車輛加速度與 爬坡性能分析、無人車路徑動態規劃模擬、無人車感測系 統資料 綜整

目錄

封面內頁 簽名頁 博碩士論文暨電子檔案上網授權書...iii 中文摘要...iv

ABSTRACT...vi 誌謝...viii 目錄...ix 圖目 錄...xii 表目錄...xviii 符號說明...xix 第一章緒 論...1 1.1 前言...1 1.2 文獻回顧...2 1.2.1 無人車輛障礙 防撞與閃躲之文獻...2 1.2.2 無人車輛傳感器數據融合方法之文獻...7 1.2.3 無人車輛路徑控制相關文

獻...11 1.3 研究動機...13 1.4 本文架構...14 第二章無人履帶車輛動態 性能模擬...16 2.1 履帶型車輛地面牽引力驅動模型建立...16 2.2 履帶型車輛爬坡性能模型建

立...21 2.3 履帶型車輛加速性能模型建立...23 2.4 履帶型車輛左右輪速差轉向模型建立...26 2.5 路徑動態規畫模型建立...29 2.6 量測儀器與資料綜整...33 2.6.1 量測儀

器...34 2.6.2 資料綜整...38 第三章結果與討論...42 3.1 履帶型車 輛地面牽引力驅動模擬...42 3.1.1 坡度變化模擬...42 3.1.2 履帶寬度變化模

擬...46 3.1.3 車重變化模擬...49 3.2 履帶型車輛爬坡性能模擬...53 3.2.1 車速 變化模擬...53 3.2.2 坡度變化模擬...54 3.3 履帶型車輛加速性能模擬...54 3.4 履帶型車輛左右輪速差轉向模擬...58 3.5 路徑動態規劃模擬...61 3.5.1 連續繞錐測試模 擬...62 3.5.2 變換車道操控(Double Lane Change, DLC)模擬77 3.6 量測資料綜整...91 3.6.1 雷達原始訊號...91 3.6.2 GPS 原始訊號...93 3.6.3 訊號處理...94 3.6.3.1 直線測試...94 3.6.3.2 個別加減速測試...96 3.6.3.3 變換車道(Double Lane Change, DLC)測試...97 第四章結論與建議...100 4.1 結論...100 4.2 建議事項與未來研 究項目...101 參考文獻...103

參考文獻

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Automation and Systems, 2008. ICCAS 2008. International Conference on 14-17 Oct. pp. 843 –846, 2008.

[3] Y. Jihyu , C.D. Crane ”LADAR based obstacle detection in an urban environment and its application in the DARPA Urban challenge Control,”Automation and Systems, 2008. ICCAS 2008. International Conference on 14-17 Oct. pp. 581 –585, 2008.

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[6] Z. Jun , J . Changying ”Multi-sensor Fusion in Navigation of Autonomous Vehicle,”China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House Vol. 33 pp. 5, 2002.

[7] J.Y. An , G.L. Wen , Y.Z. Lu , Z.F. Ou , Z. Chen ”用於車輛自主 導航的多傳感器數據融合方法,”Vol. 31 No.7 (2009/07) pp .640-645, 2009.

[8] L. Guo , M. Zhang , Y. Wang , G. Liu “Environmental Perception of Mobile Robot,” Information Acquisition, 2006 IEEE International Conference on 20-23 Aug. pp. 348 - 352, 2006.

[9] J. Llinas , D.L. Hall “An introduction to multi-sensor data fusion,”Circuits and Systems, 1998. ISCAS '98. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Vol. 6, 31 May-3 June pp. 537 - 540 Vol. 6 , 1998.

[10] L. Feng , D. Hailian , W. Zhanfeng , X. Tao “The Study of the Fusion Estimation and the Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Multi-speed Sensor,” Computer Science and Information Engineering, 2009 WRI World Congress on Vol. 7, March 31 2009-April 2 pp. 176 - 180, 2009.

[11] G. V. Raffo , G. K. Gomes , J. E. N.Rico , C. R. Kelber ”A Predictive Controller for Autonomous Vehicle Path Tracking,” Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on Vol. 10, Issue 1, March pp. 92 –102, 2009.

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[14] J. Tian , M. Gao , E. Lu “Dynamic Collision Avoidance Path Planning for Mobile Robot Based on Multi-sensor Data Fusion by Support Vector Machine,”Mechatronics and Automation, 2007. ICMA 2007. International Conference on 5-8 Aug. pp. 2779 - 2783, 2007.

[15] J. W. Wong, “Theory of Ground Vehicle,”John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978.

[16] M. G. Bekker, “Theory of Land Locomotion,”University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1956.

[17] M. G. Bekker, “Off-the-Road Locomotion,” University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1960.

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參考文獻

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