一、中文摘要 本研究探討臺語語音韻律分析與印歐 語系英語語音韻律分析之比較。首先探討 臺語語音及音調系統結構，以此為基準分 析臺語語音韻律結構。秉諸臺語研究專家 之著述文獻為參考，針對臺語語音分佈情 形、音調品質、以及重音規則、詳盡分析 討論。研究論述分為兩個主要部份: (A) 語 音及語調分析，(B) 語音韻律結構分析。 語音分析涵蓋子音、母音、音量度計分析、 以及音節結構分析。接著對音調之描述、 音調對比、及音調架構、做深入分析。語 音韻律結構分析部份，音律格框(Metrical Grid)分析原理採 Hogg 等(1987)對印歐 語系語言韻律分析所用之 PRA (節拍轉換 原 則 Principle of Rhythmical Alternation) 、 TGA ( 語 境 格 框 線 形 Text-to-Grid Alignment)規則訂定。運用 PRA( 節 拍 轉 換 原 則 Principle of Rhythmical Alternation)、TGA(語境格框 線形 Text-to-Grid Alignment)原理分析 臺語語音音律，歸納出下列規則：(1)臺語 語音韻律及音步結構(TMFC)、(2)複合字重 音規則(CSR)、(3)核心重音規則(NSR)、(4) 臺語主重音規則(TMSR)、(5)抑揚頓措倒轉 規則(IRR)。根據格框線形規則(TGA)與節 奏轉換選擇規則(PRA)原理運用於分析臺 語韻律規則，提出下列臺語語音韻律規
則：(1) PRA Rule 1 - 節拍增加(BA)、(2) PRA Rule 2 - 節拍移動(BM)、(3) TGA Rule 1 - 半節拍線形規則(DA)、(4) TGA Rule 2 - 臺語重音規則(TMSR)。基於上述原理與 擬提出的規則對臺語語音韻律分析與印歐 語系英語語音韻律分析之異同作比較。 (關鍵詞：臺語語音、英語語音、語音、音 調、重音、語音韻律結構) Abstr act
This study attempts to compare the similarities and differences of the metrical structures of the Taiwanese dialect and the Indo-European languages such as English, and in the process to establish the metrical analysis system of the Taiwanese dialect. The Taiwanese segmentals and suprasegmentals (tone) for metrical structure analysis are examined first. By exploiting the researches done by a variety of researchers, the distribution of segmental, tonal quality, and the pattern of stress are analyzed. The study is divided into two major parts: (A) the analysis of segmentals and tones, (B) metrical structure analysis. The analysis of segmentals includes consonants, vowels, sonority scale, and
行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告
計畫編號：NSC89-2411-H006-032
執行期限：89 年 8 月 1 日至 90 年 7 月 31 日
主持人：吳菊霞 國立成功大學外國語文學系
syllable structure; the Taiwanese tonal description, tonal contrast, and its full tonal frame are discussed. The rules for metrical analysis of the Taiwanese dialect are formulized, namely, (1) Taiwanese Metrical Foot Construction (TMFC), (2) Compound Stress Rule (CSR), (3) Nuclear Stress Rule (NSR), (4) Taiwanese Main Stress Rule (TMSR), and (5) Iambic Reversal Rule (IRR). Based on the Text-to-Grid Alignment (TGA) rule and the Principle of Rhythmical Alternation (PRA) rule with application to the Taiwanese rhythmic pattern, the metrical rules are proposed, namely, (1) PRA Rule 1: Beat Addition (BA), (2) PRA Rule 2: Beat Movement (BM), (3) TGA Rule 1: Demibeat Alignment (DA), and (4) TGA Rule 2: The TMSR. Based on the above proposed metrical theories and rules, the similarities and differences of the metrical structures of the Taiwanese dialect and the Indo-European languages such as English are examined.
(Keywor ds: Metrical phonology, Taiwanese
dialect, English, phonetics, phonology, stress, tone)
二、緣由與目的
I. 研究計畫之緣由
Taiwanese, one of the Chinese dialects, is the speech used by the majority of speakers on Taiwan beside the national language - mandarin or also called 'guoyu'. The term `Taiwanese` excludes Formosan that is the language of the mountain people on Taiwan who are of Malayan extraction (I.
Dyne 1962). While preserving some ancient features of the Chinese language, Taiwanese has a history of its own, resulting in peculiarities in its vocabulary and pronunciation as well as in its tonal system (Weingartner, 1970).
It is instructive to exploit the literature related to research of Taiwanese or Minnanyu to establish an objective phonetic system for the purpose of linguistic analysis. (1) The Consonants and Vowels system for the Taiwanese dialect (臺語子音與母音 系統)
Cheng (1987) and Minnan dialect dictionary (Xiamen University, 1982), have discussed the phonetic system of the Taiwanese dialect, however, the phonetic system of the Taiwanese dialect will be re-examined, re-evaluated, and established in this study. The phoneme /d/ instead of /t/ appearing as the initial will be adopted, and empty consonant will be deleted from Cheng's model because /d/ sound rather than /t/ sound do exist as the initial of a syllable in utterances based on the discovery from the pronunciations of a variety of the Taiwanese native speakers as well as from Minnan dialect dictionary (1982). Furthermore, the symbol of empty consonant is unnecessarily required. Aspiration, which indeed is a kind of sound modification, is denoted by superscript 'h' instead of the normal letter 'h'.
(2) The Sonority Scale for the Taiwanese Dialect (臺語語音音量量表位階)
The definition of sonority presented by Ladefoged (1982:221) is: "The sonority of a sound is its loudness relative to that of other sounds with the same length, stress
and pitch.". Sonority is also in part to be correlated with degrees of obstruction of the airstream, it follows that high vowels are less sonorous than low vowels, that nasals are more sonorous than their corresponding oral stops, that voicing increases sonority, so voiced segmental are more sonorous than their voiceless counterparts, etc. (Hogg and McCully 1987:32). With such evidences, a sonority scale for the Taiwanese dialect will be proposed. The most sonorous elements are given the highest value and the least sonorous the lowest value.
(3) The Syllable Structure of the Taiwanese dialect (臺語語音音節結構) The syllable of the Taiwanese dialect is hierarchically composed of onset and rhyme. The onset is a consonant or empty. A nucleus and a coda form a rhyme. A nucleus can be a single vowel, a diphthong, e.g., /ia,io,ue,ua/, the combinations of a single vowel and ending vowel /i.u/, e.g., /ai, au,.../, or a triphthong, e.g., /iau, uai, uei/. A coda is either one or zero consonant. Under this particular process, the maximal structure will be CVVVC. Tones, which play an important role in meaning differentiation, appear above syllable at tonal prosodic level. There are seven tones in general in the Taiwanese dialect.
A rhyme is composed of nucleus and coda. In the Taiwanese dialect, the endings of rhyme can be (1) vocalic (N3 of nucleus) -i, -u, and their nasalization -in, -un, or (2) consonantal (coda) m, n, , p, t, k, h , -hn. Of them, voiceless obstruct -p, -t, -k, -h , -hn, which are also called lax endings, are for the conditions of abrupt tones. In addition, the glottal fricative /h/ can be
combined with /i, u/ to generate endings such as -ih, -uh, -ihn, -uhn which are also lax endings but the frequency of occurrence is quite low as estimate.
According to the maximal structure CVVVC, a Taiwanese template will be proposed. Based on the hypothesis postulated by Hogg and McCully (1987) that there is no division of the rhyme, another template can be proposed. And based on the maximal structure of syllable and the template proposed, the possible syllable structure patterns will be discussed.
(4) The Tones of the Taiwanese dialect (臺語語音聲調結構)
It is instructive to observe the tonal research by different authors to get an adequate and objective model to follow. According to Cheng (1987), the phonetic description of the Taiwanese tones in isolation will be listed for discussion.
Among all the studies relevant to tones done by different authors, neutral tone appears only in Cheng's study. Compared with the study of tones by Wang Yu-te, who used an 'electronic pitch writing device' to register his own voice while reciting tones in isolation. On the basis of pitch, length and abruptness, the Taiwanese dialect is distinguished as 8 tones. It is quite obvious that tones 2 and 6 are identical from the observation of Wang's study. This discovery is identical to all the other studies by other researchers.
(5) The Metrical Structure Analysis of the Taiwanese Dialect (臺語語音韻律結構 分析)
Taiwanese, like mandarin, is mainly monosyllabic. The stress pattern in the
Taiwanese dialect is typically end-prominent. Iambic stress patterns prevail over trochaic in the Taiwanese dialect. This kind of regular stress pattern is predominantly conditioned by tone quality rather than by vowel quality or the category of words. That is, all full-tone bearing morphemes carry stress, except those with abrupt tones (upper or lower), which typically end with -p, -t, -k, -h represented either by tonal number 4 or 8, or with tonal citation mark '|' on tone 8 but without any mark on tone 4. Unlike mandarin, the function words such as pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and classifiers in Taiwanese are full-tone elements which can carry stress. In this perspective, content words and function words make no differentiation in determination of stress. On the other hand, the grammatical entities such as particles like question particle 'bouh4 eg., 'ho3bouh4-good?, How are you?'; verb and adjective particle 'loh4', (eg., 'lai5 loh4 - be coming, gou3 loh4 - enough'), prefix like noun prefix 'ah4' in " ah4-jie3 'old sister' ", and prepositions like 'eih4 - of', regularly ending with abrupt tone, are stressless.
The major achievement of metrical phonology is based on the binary and hierarchical analysis to stress. Stress is predictable in the Taiwanese disyllabic or polysyllabic constructions composed of any lexical items regardless of content or function. Chan (1986:212-216) in his study of the stress system of Fuzhou reported that in Fuzhou and other southern Chinese dialects, the trochaic stress pattern is very rare or absent (Tso 1990:122). The Taiwanese dialect and Fuzhou are varieties
of the Min dialect, are much similar in pronunciations except for some lexical items. Like Fuzhou, Taiwanese also has the iambic stress pattern as the basic. However, based on the pronunciations of my own and my informant, we observe that Taiwanese also has trochaic stress pattern if and only if the rightmost syllable is abrupt tones which appears not very often at least as estimate. Research on tones in isolation is comparatively easy. But important details need to be ascertained by the adaptation of instruments. Based on instrumental investigation of tones by varieties of researchers and Weingartner, Weingartner concludes that
"...Agreement about the 'upper abrupt' is limited to the description: short and rising. Instrumental studies – which here alone seem to be reliable - agree on its beginning at level four and its ending at level two. ...The 'lower abrupt' is the most disputed tone. There is no general agreement on any feature. But for the great majority the tone moves in the upper half of the register and is thus almost like the 'upper abrupt'". (Weingartner, 1970:45-46)
The neutral tone, which is also called enclitic, is commonly considered as a tone with minimal stress. It occurs in a word or a phrase in the final position (Li, 1963:98), or is found before pause at the end of larger speech units (Weingartner, 1970:47). Chiu (1931) states that the enclitic tone as a great leveling agency "brings a syllable, no matter what its proper tone may be, to the same low falling, dying away tone". Any tone may become enclitic through loss of stress. So that we can get a conclusion that neutral
tone is short and weak which corresponds in particular to the upper abrupt tone. Y.T. Wang (1931) states that enclitic is found mostly with particles, as for pitch and length it ranges between the 'upper falling' and the 'upper abrupt'. This aspect also corresponds to what we transcribe for the tones of particles as upper abrupt tone (tone 4) in 6.1. The tonal study done by a crew in General Taiwanese propose that there are two kinds of distinguished neutral tone which are the proclitic and enclitic (Weingartner, 1970). When the stress falls on the penult and the ultima becomes enclitic (weak). This corresponds to what we propose in this paper that if the ending of a word, whether compound or phrase, is abrupt tones, the stress pattern will be trochaic. The line to recognize abrupt tones as full-tone bearing but neutral, which carry less stress, for the discussion of stress pattern will be used throughout this study. When the last syllable is stressed, definite changes take place in the penult.
Minnan sandhi is the most complicated of all Chinese dialects (Weingartner, 1970). In this study, the tone sandhi is discussed only in terms of sequences of the same tones. For example, the tone numbers for " chuan-ga 'expert' " are 1-1 in isolation, while the tone sandhi happens in penult in which the tone is changed to 7 when the end syllable is stressed in this context. Another example, the tone numbers for " ah-bah 'duck meat' " are 4-4 in isolation, but the tone for the penult is changed to 8 when the ultima is weak. Wang (1957) also provides an interesting illustration such as 5rioq 2rioq
rioq 'extremely weak' in which the basic tone in isolation is 1(without citation mark in Wang's example) but varies to 2 and 5 from right to left.
(6) The Taiwanese Metrical Structures (臺語語音韻律結構)
The metrical structure in the Taiwanese dialect is composed of five levels in general. From bottom level to top, the first level is Tonal Prosodic Level; the second is Syllable Level; the third Stress-Foot Formation level; the fourth Word Level; and the fifth Stress Assignment Level, which is cyclic. Of them, stress assignment needs more elaboration.
Taiwanese is mainly monosyllabic. In other word, every single character, content or function, is a syllable regardless of how many vowels there are in its nucleus, e.g., /hu3/ 'rich', /ai3/ 'love', /huei7/ 'sent', are one-syllable words respectively. From the analysis, four basic rules: (i) Taiwanese Metrical Foot Construction (ii) Compound Stress Rule (iii) Nuclear Stress Rule (iv) Taiwanese Main Stress Rule, and an optional (v) Iambic Reversal Rule, will be formulized for the construction of metrical structure.
(7) To Taiwanese Compound Stress Pattern (臺語複合字重音規則)
Tso (1990) states that "...the reason for the great demand of compounds may be due to a common phenomenon in Mandarin that one syllable may represent several monosyllabic words". Mandarin, which is recognized as the standard language of Chinese, is one of the Chinese dialects. All the Chinese dialects are based on the same written form with variants of pronunciation
system and some idiosyncratic lexical items. Therefore, the reason for the great demand of compounds, and the definition or construction of well-formed syntactic structure in Mandarin also holds true in Taiwanese. The definition of compounds provided by Li and Thompson (1981:46) is that
...All polysyllabic units that have certain properties of single words and that can be analyzed into two or more meaningful elements, or morphemes, even if these morphemes cannot occur independently in modern Mandarin."
The Taiwanese compounds will be examined in this study. The data will be extracted from A dictionary of southern Min (Taiwanese-English dictionary) (Embree ed., Taipei Language Institute, 1984), and Speak Taiwanese, Hokkien, Vol.1,2. (Taipei Language Institute, 1969). These compounds contain only the tone-bearing elements. That is, each element of the compounds forms a metrical foot. There are two major types of compounds: nominal and verbal compounds and other minor types of compounds in the Chinese language. The stress pattern of the two major types of compounds: nominal compounds and verbal compounds will be further examined.
Chan (1986) claims that the iambic stress pattern is the basic for both mandarin and Fuzhou disyllabic words composed of lexical morphemes, the trochaic pattern is derived through an optional stress rule (Tso, 1990:99). Tso (1990) examines the Mandarin stress p also states that iambic is the basic pattern for the disyllabic compounds in Mandarin which is identical
to what Chan claimed. Our observation on the stress patterns of the disyllabic nominal and verbal compounds in Taiwanese conforms to their conclusions that the iambic is the basic pattern, and that the optional iambic reversal rule changes the stress pattern to trochaic. Trochaic stress pattern is acceptable when the endings of compounds are abrupt tones. However, the iambic reversal rule is optional because the compounds that surface with trochaic pattern can also be pronounced with the iambic without making any semantic difference.With the application of the Taiwanese Main Stress Rule (TMSR), in which the stress is end-prominent, the polysyllabic words either trisyllables, eg., gi1-sut4-oan5 'technician', or quadri-syllables, eg., oa7-dong2-diun1-sin1 'activity center', also conform to the iambic stress pattern. However, tonal quality, in particular abrupt tones, plays an important role for the decision of the trochaic variant. For example, the stress pattern for "kiat4-hun1-sek4 'wedding ceremony'" is trochaic with the application of iambic reversal rule due to the ending syllable is an abrupt tone. From the above analysis, we notice that the iambic is the basic stress pattern for compounds regardless of the number of syllables that are involved.
Li and Thompson (1981) categorized two major kinds of verbal compounds in Mandarin: the parallel and the resultative verbal compounds, and other types of verbal compounds in particular the direction and the reduplication of monosyllabic volitional verb compounds. In addition to these two major types, Newhman (1971) discussed
another kind of verbal compounds: verb-object compounds. The parallel verbal compounds are the compounds with the second element a parallel with the first element. Both of the constituents are synonymous and can not invert nor take another element in between them (Li and Thompson, 1981).
(8) Metrical Grid (語音韻律格框) As examining the examples above concerning the Taiwanese tonal pattern process, the stress pattern for the Taiwanese is quite regular, that is the iambic with optional trochaic variant. Therefore, the grid-only pattern for the representation of rhythm would be preferred. This pattern presents a simple and clear capture of the rhythm in Taiwanese.
Liberman and Prince (1977) first developed the notion of the metrical grid as a representation for rhythm in English. According to them, the metrical grid is essential in the formulation of the rhythm rule, the rule that accounts for the stress shift in phrases like " thir'teen 'men ---> 'thirteen 'men ". The metrical evaluation of a stressed syllable can be made by comparing its "degree of stress" with that of the other syllables on the grid. The "degree of stress" of a given syllable is indicated by the height of the columns of the metrical beats on the grid. According to Selkirk, metrical grid is composed of rows and columns of beats. The bottom level of the grid consists of a row of demibeats. Any grid marks on a second level or above may be referred to as beats. The demibeats are viewed as weak stressed, the beats as the stressed. The stressed ones correspond to the beats at a
higher level. Therefore, the rhythmic representation of a construction is the alignment of beats and demibeats of syllables on a metrical grid. There are two kinds of rules in Selkirk's model: the Text-to-Grid Alignment (TGA) rule and the Principle of Rhythmical Alternation (PRA) rule. The rules from Tso's model (1990) for Mandarin can be equally well applied to Taiwanese rhythmic pattern, such as: PRA Rule 1: Beat Addition (BA); PRA Rule 2: Beat Movement (BM); and TGA Rule:2 the TMSR
II. 研究計畫之目的
This study attempts to compare the similarities and differences of the metrical structures of the Taiwanese dialect and the Indo-European languages such as English, and in the process to establish the metrical analysis system of the Taiwanese dialect. The Taiwanese segmentals and suprasegmentals (tone) for metrical structure analysis are examined first. By exploiting the researches done by a variety of researchers, the distribution of segmental, tonal quality, and the pattern of stress are analyzed. The study is divided into two major parts: (A) the analysis of segmentals and tones, (B) metrical structure analysis. The analysis of segmentals includes consonants, vowels, sonority scale, and syllable structure; the Taiwanese tonal description, tonal contrast, and its full tonal frame are discussed. The rules for metrical analysis of the Taiwanese dialect are formulized, namely, (1) Taiwanese Metrical Foot Construction (TMFC), (2) Compound Stress Rule (CSR), (3) Nuclear Stress Rule
(NSR), (4) Taiwanese Main Stress Rule (TMSR), and (5) Iambic Reversal Rule (IRR). Based on the Text-to-Grid Alignment (TGA) rule and the Principle of Rhythmical Alternation (PRA) rule with application to the Taiwanese rhythmic pattern, the metrical rules are proposed, namely, (1) PRA Rule 1: Beat Addition (BA), (2) PRA Rule 2: Beat Movement (BM), (3) TGA Rule 1: Demibeat Alignment (DA), and (4) TGA Rule 2: The TMSR. Based on the above proposed metrical theories and rules, the similarities and differences of the metrical structures of the Taiwanese dialect and the Indo-European languages such as English are examined. 本研究探討臺語語音韻律分析與印歐 語系英語語音韻律分析之比較。首先探討 臺語語音及音調系統結構，以此為基準分 析臺語語音韻律結構。秉諸臺語研究專家 之著述文獻為參考，針對臺語語音分佈情 形、音調品質、以及重音規則、詳盡分析 討論。研究論述分為兩個主要部份: (A)語 音及語調分析，(B)語音韻律結構分析。 語音分析涵蓋子音、母音、音量度計 分析、以及音節結構分析。接著對音調之 描述、音調對比、及音調架構、做深入分 析。語音韻律結構分析部份，音律格框 (Metrical Grid)分析原理採 Hogg 等(1987) 對 印歐 語 系 語 言 韻 律 分 析 所 用 之 PRA ( 節 拍 轉 換 原 則 Principle of Rhythmical Alternation)、TGA (語境格框線形 Text-to-Grid Alignment) 規 則 訂 定 。 運 用 PRA( 節 拍 轉 換 原 則 Principle of Rhythmical Alternation)、TGA(語境格框線 形 Text-to-Grid Alignment)原理分析臺語 語音音律，歸納出下列規則：(1)臺語語音 韻律及音步結構(TMFC)、(2)複合字重音 規則(CSR)、(3)核心重音規則(NSR)、(4) 臺語主重音規則(TMSR)、(5)抑揚頓措倒 轉規則(IRR)。根據格框線形規則(TGA)與 節奏轉換選擇規則(PRA)原理運用於分析 臺語韻律規則，提出下列臺語語音韻律規 則：(1) PRA Rule 1 - 節拍增加(BA)、(2) PRA Rule 2 - 節拍移動(BM)、(3) TGA Rule 1 - 半節拍線形規則(DA)、(4) TGA Rule 2 - 臺語重音規則(TMSR)。基於上述 原理與擬提出的規則對臺語語音韻律分析 與印歐語系英語語音韻律分析之異同作比 較。
III. 結果與討論
(1) To examine and establish the Consonants and Vowels system for the Taiwanese dialect (臺語子音與母音系統之 評估、分析與建立)
With references to Cheng (1987) and Minnan dialect dictionary (Xiamen University, 1982), the phonetic system of the Taiwanese dialect will be re-examined and re-evaluated in this study.
(2) To establish Sonority Scale for the Taiwanese Dialect (建立臺語語音音量量表 位階)
The definition of sonority presented by Ladefoged (1982:221) is: "The sonority of a sound is its loudness relative to that of other sounds with the same length, stress and pitch.". Sonority is also in part to be correlated with degrees of obstruction of the airstream, it follows that high vowels are less sonorous than low vowels, that nasals are more sonorous than their corresponding oral stops, that voicing increases sonority, so voiced segmental are more sonorous than their voiceless counterparts, etc. (Hogg and
McCully 1987:32). With such evidences, a sonority scale for the Taiwanese dialect will be proposed. The most sonorous elements are given the highest value and the least sonorous the lowest value.
(3) To discuss the Syllable Structure of the Taiwanese dialect (討論臺語語音音節 結構)
The syllable of the Taiwanese dialect is hierarchically composed of onset and rhyme. The onset is a consonant or empty. A nucleus and a coda form a rhyme. A nucleus can be a single vowel, a diphthong, e.g., /ia,io,ue,ua/, the combinations of a single vowel and ending vowel /i.u/, e.g., /ai, au,.../, or a triphthong, e.g., /iau, uai, uei/. A coda is either one or zero consonant. Under this particular process, the maximal structure will be CVVVC. Tones, which play an important role in meaning differentiation, appear above syllable at tonal prosodic level. There are seven tones in general in the Taiwanese dialect.
(4) To discuss the Tones of the Taiwanese dialect (討論臺語語音聲調結構)
It is instructive to observe the tonal research by different authors to get an adequate and objective model to follow. The phonetic description of the Taiwanese tones in isolation will be listed for discussion. Among all the studies relevant to tones done by different authors, neutral tone appears only in Cheng's study. On the basis of pitch, length and abruptness, the Taiwanese dialect is distinguished as 8 tones. It is quite obvious that tones 2 and 6 are identical from the observation of Wang's study. This discovery is identical to all the other studies by other researchers.
(5) To analyze the Metrical Structures of the Taiwanese Dialect (臺語語音韻律結構 分析)
In the metrical analysis, the Taiwanese stress pattern in disyllabic and polysyllabic (words represented by more than three characters) compounds as well as phrases are exploited based on the following points: (a) Stress (b) Stress, Abrupt Tone, and Neutral Tone (c) Stress and Tone Sandhi. (6) To establish the Taiwanese Metrical Structures (建立臺語語音韻律結構法則) The metrical structure in the Taiwanese dialect is composed of five levels in general. From bottom level to top, the first level is Tonal Prosodic Level; the second is Syllable Level; the third Stress-Foot Formation level; the fourth Word Level; and the fifth Stress Assignment Level, which is cyclic. Of them, stress assignment needs more elaboration. Based on the analysis, four basic rules: (i) Taiwanese Metrical Foot Construction (ii) Compound Stress Rule (iii) Nuclear Stress Rule (iv) Taiwanese Main Stress Rule, and an optional (v) Iambic Reversal Rule, will be formulized for the construction of metrical structure.
(7) To discuss Taiwanese Compound Stress Pattern (討論臺語複合字重音規則) Mandarin, which is recognized as the standard language of Chinese, is one of the Chinese dialects. All the Chinese dialects are based on the same written form with variants of pronunciation system and some idiosyncratic lexical items. Therefore, the reason for the great demand of compounds, and the definition or construction of well-formed syntactic structure in Mandarin also
holds true in Taiwanese.
The Taiwanese compounds will be examined in this study. The data will be extracted from A dictionary of southern Min (Taiwanese-English dictionary) (Embree ed., Taipei Language Institute, 1984), and Speak Taiwanese, Hokkien, Vol.1,2. (Taipei Language Institute, 1969). These compounds contain only the tone-bearing elements. That is, each element of the compounds forms a metrical foot. There are two major types of compounds: nominal and verbal compounds and other minor types of compounds in the Chinese language. The stress pattern of the two major types of compounds: (a) nominal compounds and (b) verbal compounds will be further examined. (8) To discuss Metrical Grid and to establish the Taiwanese Metrical Grid (討論 語音韻律格框並且建立臺語語音韻律格 框)
Liberman and Prince (1977) first developed the notion of the metrical grid as a representation for rhythm in English. According to them, the metrical grid is essential in the formulation of the rhythm rule, the rule that accounts for the
stress shift in phrases like " thir'teen 'men ---> 'thirteen 'men ". The metrical evaluation of a stressed syllable can be made by comparing its "degree of stress" with that of the other syllables on the grid. The "degree of stress" of a given syllable is indicated by the height of the columns of the metrical beats on the grid. According to Selkirk, metrical grid is composed of rows and columns of beats. The bottom level of the grid consists of a row of demibeats. Any grid marks on a second level or above may
be referred to as beats. The demibeats are viewed as weak stressed, the beats as the stressed. The stressed ones correspond to the beats at a higher level. Therefore, the rhythmic representation of a construction is the alignment of beats and demibeats of syllables on a metrical grid. There are two kinds of rules in Selkirk's model: the Text-to-Grid Alignment (TGA) rule and the Principle of Rhythmical Alternation (PRA) rule. The rules from Tso's model (1990) for Mandarin can be equally well applied to Taiwanese rhythmic pattern, such as: PRA Rule 1: Beat Addition (BA); PRA Rule 2: Beat Movement (BM); and TGA Rule:2 the TMSR. IV. 計畫成果自評 本研究探討臺語語音韻律分析與印歐 語系英語語音韻律分析之比較。預期完成 之工作項目及具體成果如下: 研究論述分為兩個主要部份: (A)語音 及語調分析，(B)語音韻律結構分析。 (A)語音及語調分析 首先探討臺語語音及音調系統結構， 以此為基準分析臺語語音韻律結構。秉諸 臺語研究專家之著述文獻為參考，針對臺 語語音分佈情形、音調品質、以及重音規 則、詳盡分析討論。語音分析涵蓋子音、 母音、音量度計分析、以及音節結構分析。 接著對音調之描述、音調對比、及音調架 構、做深入分析。 (B)語音韻律結構分析 語音韻律結構分析部份，音律格框 (Metrical Grid)分析原理採 Hogg 等(1987) 對 印歐 語 系 語 言 韻 律 分 析 所 用 之 PRA ( 節 拍 轉 換 原 則 Principle of Rhythmical
Alternation)、TGA (語境格框線形 Text-to-Grid Alignment)規則訂定。 運用 PRA(節拍轉換原則 Principle of Rhythmical Alternation)、TGA(語境格框線 形 Text-to-Grid Alignment)原理分析臺語 語音音律，歸納出下列規則：(1)臺語語音 韻律及音步結構(TMFC)、(2)複合字重音 規則(CSR)、(3)核心重音規則(NSR)、(4) 臺語主重音規則(TMSR)、(5)抑揚頓措倒 轉規則(IRR)。根據格框線形規則(TGA)與 節奏轉換選擇規則(PRA)原理運用於分析 臺語韻律規則，提出下列臺語語音韻律規 則：(1) PRA Rule 1 - 節拍增加(BA)、(2) PRA Rule 2 - 節拍移動(BM)、(3) TGA Rule 1 - 半節拍線形規則(DA)、(4) TGA Rule 2 - 臺語重音規則(TMSR)。基於上述 原理與擬提出的規則對臺語語音韻律分析 與印歐語系英語語音韻律分析之異同作比 較。 本研究計畫部份成果已在九十年六月 二十四日第十屆國際漢語語言學研討會 (IACL-10 & NACCL-13)發表，June 22-24, 2001. Irvine, University of California. 論文 題目為：Metrical Phonology: A case study of the Taiwanese dialect.
V. 重要參考文獻
Cheng, Robert L. (1987). Analysis and study of Taiwanese readings for Mandarin speakers. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd. Chi, John Shen-chung, S.J. (1968). Chinese
Nominalization. DC: Georgetown University master thesis.
Embree, Bernard L.M. ed. (1984). A dictionary of southern Min (Taiwanese-English dictionary). Taipei: Taipei Language Institute.
Hogg, Richard & McCully, C.B. (1987).
Metrical phonology: a coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Li, C. & Thompson, S. (1981). Mandarin
Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. CA: University of California, Berkeley.
Minnan dialect dictionary. (1982). Graduate School of Dialect Research Program. Hokkien: Hsiamen University.
Newhman, Richard. (1971). About Chinese. Taipei Language Institute. (1969). Speak Taiwanese, Hokkien, Vol.1,2. Taipei: Taipei Language Institute.
Tso Yang, Wei-fung. (1990). A metrical analysis of Mandarin stress. DC: Georgetown University Dissertation. Weingartner, Fredric F. (1970). Tones in
Taiwanese: an instrumental investigation. Taipei: Ching Hua Press.
APPENDIX I: Cor pus (台語語料)
The following corpus (1200 lexical entries) are extracted from “Chien Ming Taiyu” or “Simple Taiwanese” compiled by Lin Yan-min. (簡明台語字典. 1992. 林央敏編著. 台灣： 前衛出版社。)
The data are classified into 11 categories, based on the following patterns: V(70), VV(101), VVV(16), VC(126), VVC(30), CV(168), CVV(232), CVVV(84), CVC(225), CVVC(142), CVVVC(6), specified in this study.
I. V 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 押 a. Mortgage 2 壓 a. Press 3 鴉 a. Crow 4 仔 a. Particle 5 亞 a Inferior 6 阿 a Particle 7 啊 a Ah 8 的 eˇ Mine 9 個 eˇ Unit 10 挨 e Jostle 11 矮 eˋ Short 12 噎 e. Choke 13 會 e_ Able 14 隘 e. Pass 15 廈 e_ Mansion 16 意 i^ Meaning 17 以 iˋ Excluding 18 伊 i She 19 衣 i Clothes 20 依 i according to 21 醫 i Doctor 22 她 i She 23 漪 i Ripple 24 繄 i 25 憶 i_ Recall 26 易 i_ Easy 27 益 i Benefit 28 億 i Billion 29 譯 i Translate 30 異 i^ Different
31 毅 i Firm 32 逸 i Relaxed 33 繹 i Deduction 34 弈 i Chess 35 溢 i overflow 36 蜴 i_ Lizard 37 已 iˋ already 38 乙 i the second 39 倚 iˋ lean on 40 椅 iˋ Chair 41 遺 i remain 42 移 iˇ Move 43 宜 iˇ suitable 44 姨 iˇ Aunt 45 有 u Have 46 嗚 u_ particle 47 於 u At 48 淤 u bruise 49 于 uˇ Chinese surname 50 余 uˇ I 51 愉 uˇ delight 52 榆 uˇ Elm 53 逾 uˇ Over 54 愈 uˇ Over 55 雨 uˋ Rain 56 羽 uˋ feather 57 宇 uˋ universe 58 禹 uˋ 59 與 uˋ involved 60 預 u_ reserved 61 譽 u_ reputation 62 禦 u_ defense 63 御 u_ Royal 64 烏 o Dark 65 黑 o Black 66 喔 o Oops 67 嗚 o Alas 68 污 o Dirt 69 惡 o^ Evil 70 奧 oˋ profound
II. VV 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 哀 ai Sad 2 唉 ai Alas 3 哎 ai Ah 4 愛 ai^ Love 5 藹 ai^ amiable 6 靄 ai^ Haze 7 噯 ai^ Oh 8 璦 ai ^ 9 嬡 ai ^ your daughter 10 僾 ai^ 11 曖 ai^ ambiguous 12 凹 au concave 13 歐 au chinese surname 14 甌 au Cup 15 鷗 au Gull 16 謳 au Sing 17 毆 au Beat 18 熰 au Stew 19 喉 auˇ Throat 20 敖 auˇ 21 嗷 auˇ Breed 22 遨 auˇ Stroll 23 懊 au^ regretful 24 後 au_ Behind 25 后 au_ empress 26 爺 iaˇ grandfather 27 耶 iaˇ Jesus 28 椰 iaˇ coconut 29 蛾 iaˇ Moth 30 亦 ia^ Too 31 也 ia^ Too 32 饜 ia^ Tired 33 厭 ia^ Hate 34 驛 ia^ Taxi 35 呀 ia^ Ah 36 抑 ia^ Or 37 野 iaˋ Wild 38 冶 iaˋ develop 39 夜 ia. Night 40 頁 ia. Page
41 役 ia. Service 42 挹 ia. Spread 43 悠 iu Free 44 幽 iu Deep 45 優 iu excellent 46 憂 iu Worry 47 由 iuˇ Cause 48 油 iuˇ Oil 49 郵 iuˇ Mail 50 遊 iuˇ travel 51 游 iuˇ Swim 52 尤 iuˇ outstanding 53 猶 iuˇ Still 54 魷 iuˇ Squid 55 幼 iu^ young 56 有 iuˋ Have 57 酉 iuˋ time period 58 友 iuˋ Friend 59 又 iu_ Again 60 右 iu_ Right 61 佑 iu_ Bless 62 祐 iu_ Bless 63 柚 iu_ grapefruit 64 鈾 iu_ uranium 65 釉 iu_ Glaze 66 誘 iu_ Guide 67 彙 ue branch 68 喂 ueˇ Hey 69 鞋 ueˇ Shoe 70 汙 ue^ Dirty 71 渭 ue^ infect 72 挖 ueˋ dig 73 矮 ueˋ short 74 萎 ui wither 75 委 ui commission 76 餒 ui discouraging 77 威 ui powerful 78 為 uiˇ for 79 圍 uiˇ surround 80 違 uiˇ violate 81 緯 uiˇ latitude 82 韋 uiˇ Chinese surname 83 幃 uiˇ curtain
84 唯 uiˇ only 85 維 uiˇ keep 86 惟 uiˇ only 87 危 uiˇ danger 88 諱 uiˇ taboo 89 尉 ui ^ junior officer 90 慰 ui^ comfort 91 偽 ui ^ false 92 餵 ui^ feed 93 畏 ui^ fear 94 位 ui_ seat 95 胃 ui_ stomach 96 蝟 ui_ hedgehog 97 謂 ui_ call 98 衛 ui_ defend
99 魏 ui_ Chinese surname
100 巍 ui_ towering 101 繪 ui_ draw III. VVV 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 么 iau one 2 吆 iau call
3 夭 iau die young
4 妖 iau demon
5 邀 iau invite
6 要 iau demand
7 腰 iau waist
8 謠 iauˇ ballad
9 堯 iauˇ Chinese surname
10 搖 iauˇ shake 11 耀 iau_ shine 12 曜 iau_ shine 13 躍 iau_ jump 14 歪 uai askew 15 偎 uaiˋ lean 16 倭 uaiˋ short
IV. VC 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 庵 am nunnery 2 掩 am hide 3 諳 am know well 4 痷 am 5 腤 am dark 6 醃 am pickle 7 暗 am^ dark 8 黯 am^ dim 9 闇 am^ dim 10 晏 am^ night 11 奄 amˋ cicadas 12 壓 ap. press 13 盒 ap. box 14 握 ap. grasp 15 安 an safe 16 按 an press 17 氨 an ammonia 18 銨 an ammonium 19 侒 an 20 鞍 an saddle 21 緩 an_ slow 22 沃 ak. pour 23 渥 ak. pour 24 齷 ak. dirty 25 淵 en deep pool 26 嫣 en bright red 27 妍 en handsome 28 嫣 en handsome 29 焉 en particle 30 煙 en smoke 31 胭 en rouge 32 姻 en marriage 33 延 enˇ prolong 34 筵 enˇ feast 35 緣 enˇ fate 36 沿 enˇ along 37 鉛 enˇ lead 38 宴 en^ feast 39 燕 en^ swallow 40 演 enˋ perform
41 偃 enˋ throw down 42 翼 et. fan 43 焰 en_ flame 44 音 im sound 45 陰 im overcast 46 恩 im gratitude 47 淹 im drown 48 湮 im bury 49 姻 im marriage 50 淫 im obscene 51 廕 im^ bless 52 蔭 im^ shade 53 飲 imˇ drink 54 揖 ip. bow 55 因 in cause 56 恩 in gratitude 57 茵 in greenery 58 縈 in surround 59 尹 in they 60 殷 in ardent 61 慇 in eager 62 寅 inˇ time period 63 盈 inˇ full 64 蠅 inˇ fly 65 印 in^ print 66 孕 in^ pregnant 67 應 in^ response 68 引 inˋ lead 69 允 inˋ permission 70 一 it . one 71 壹 it. one
72 乙 it. the second
73 逸 it. relaxed 74 翼 it. wing 75 腋 ik. armpit 76 液 ik. liquid 77 譯 ik. translate 78 繹 ik. deduction 79 肄 ik. in 80 軼 ik. anecdote 81 佚 ik. lost 82 詣 ik. attainments 83 益 ik. benefit
84 溢 ik. overflow 85 縊 ik. hang 86 鎰 ik. 87 艗 ik. 88 羿 ik. 89 易 ik. easy 90 蜴 ik. lizard 91 疫 ik. epidemic 92 役 ik. service 93 逸 ik. relaxed 94 毅 ik. firm 95 浴 ik. bath 96 億 ik. billion 97 憶 ik. recall 98 翳 ik.
99 份 ik. measure word
100 戈 ik. weapon 101 曳 ik. shake 102 摀 om muffle 103 惡 ok. evil 104 屋 ok. house 105 喔 ok. oops 106 噁 ok. ill-feeling 107 沃 ok. fertile 108 齷 ok. dirty 109 恩 un gratitude 110 溫 un warm 111 塭 un swamp 12 唱 un sing 113 炆 un slow 114 勻 unˇ even 115 耘 unˇ plow 116 云 unˇ say 117 芸 unˇ 118 沄 unˇ 119 韞 un^ 120 蘊 un^ contain 121 殞 unˋ die 122 鬱 ut heavyhearted 123 尉 ut. 124 熨 ut. iron 125 運 un_ luck 126 韻 un_ rhyme
V. VVC 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 捱 aiNˋ slap 2 偝 aiN carry 3 贏 iaNˇ win 4 營 iaNˇ camp 5 迎 iaNˇ welcome 6 影 iaNˋ shadow 7 閹 iam castrate 8 鹽 iamˇ salt 9 掩 iamˋ bury 10 炎 iam_ hot 11 豔 iam_ gorgeous
12 葉 iap. Chinese surname
13 晚 uaN^ late 14 碗 uaNˋ bowl 15 換 uaN_ change 16 彎 uan curve 17 灣 uan gulf 18 宛 uan winding
19 鴛 uan mandarin duck
20 冤 uan injustice 21 完 uanˇ end 22 玩 uan play 23 丸 uan ball 24 圓 uan complete 25 怨 uan^ resentment 26 婉 uanˋ gentle 27 閱 uat. read 28 悅 uat. joy 29 躍 uat. jump 30 越 uat. cross VI. CV 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 巴 ba Chinese surname 2 疤 ba scar 3 笆 ba basketry 4 吧 ba particle 5 爸 ba father
6 把 ba stem 7 琶 baˇ a plucked string instrument with a fretted fingerboard 8 罷 ba^ cease 9 豹 ba^ leopard 10 壩 ba^ dam 11 霸 ba^ overlord 12 飽 baˋ full 13 百 ba. hundred 14 叭 ba. trumpet 15 飛 be fly 16 杷 beˇ loquat 17 爬 beˇ crawl 18 扒 beˇ dig up 19 耙 beˇ harrow 20 幣 beˋ currency 21 蔽 beˋ shelter 22 粑 beˋ bundle 23 跁 be. climb 24 擘 be. peel 25 焙 be_ bake
26 背 be_ learn by heart
27 篳 bi whistle 28 卑 bi low 29 埤 bi reservoir 30 碑 bi stone tablet 31 啡 bi coffee 32 脾 biˇ spleen 33 秘 bi^ secret 34 臂 bi^ arm 35 蔽 bi^ shelter 36 愎 bi^ obstinate 37 弼 bi^ 38 辟 bi^ restore 39 庇 bi^ shelter 40 痺 bi^ paralysis 41 鄙 bi^ mean 42 閉 bi^ close 43 比 biˋ compare 44 匕 biˋ dagger 45 妣 biˋ deceased mother 46 必 biˋ must
47 敝 biˋ self
48 鱉 bi. soft-shelled turtle
49 避 bi. avoid 50 備 bi_ prepare 51 枇 bi_ loquat 52 埔 bo grave yard 53 晡 bo afternoon 54 蒲 boˇ cattail 55 布 bo^ cloth
56 佈 bo^ stage setting
57 怖 bo^ horrible
58 傅 bo^ Chinese surname
59 播 bo^ sow 60 脯 boˋ dried meat 61 補 boˋ mend 62 捕 boˋ catch 63 浦 boˋ pump 64 斧 boˋ ax 65 釜 boˋ caldron 66 腐 boˋ rotten 67 輔 boˋ assist 68 哺 bo_ feed 69 捕 bo_ catcher 70 部 bo_ department 71 埠 bo_ port 72 鋪 bo_ pave 73 舖 bo_ shop 74 莩 bu 75 餑 buˋ full 76 孚 bu_ hatch 77 孵 bu_ hatch 78 婦 bu_ woman 79 礁 da submerged rock 80 焦 da charred 81 罩 da^ cover 82 答 daˋ answer 83 搭 da. put up 84 踏 da. step on 85 遢 da. place 86 粘 da. paste 87 貼 da. paste 88 霎 da. a moment 89 大 da_ big
90 茶 deˇ tea 91 題 deˇ title 92 蹄 deˇ hoof 93 塊 de^ piece 94 帝 de^ emperor 95 置 de^ occupy 96 地 de^ floor 97 短 deˋ short 98 底 deˋ bottom 99 抵 deˋ diˇ mortgage
100 弟 de_ young brother
101 第 de_ qualifying grade
102 袋 de_ bag 103 豬 di pig 104 知 di know 105 底 diˇ where 106 池 diˇ pond 107 遲 diˇ late 108 馳 diˇ famous 109 除 diˇ exclude 110 鋤 diˇ hoe 111 弛 diˇ slacken 112 苔 diˇ moss 113 箸 di_ chopstick
114 弟 di_ young brother
115 治 di_ cure 116 痔 di_ hemorrhoids 117 稚 di_ childish 118 遞 di_ deliver 119 都 do city 120 圖 doˇ map 121 屠 doˇ slaughter 122 徒 doˇ bandit 123 途 doˇ road 124 塗 doˇ paint 125 渚 do^ dye 126 妒 do^ jealous 127 堵 doˋ obstruction 128 侏 du pygmy 129 誅 du kill 130 蛛 du spider 131 豬 du pig 132 嘟 du warped
133 抒 du push 134 株 du measure word 135 除 duˇ unless 136 廚 duˇ kitchen 137 櫥 duˇ closet 138 躊 duˇ hesitate 139 滯 du^ stagnant 140 拄 duˋ prop 141 抵 duˋ offset 142 盹 du. doze 143 篤 du. 144 詆 du_ angry 145 鉸 ga scissors 146 膠 ga tar 147 佳 ga excellent 148 加 ga addition 149 笳 ga bag 150 茄 ga 151 枷 ga prison 152 較 ga^ compare 153 駕 ga^ drive 154 稼 ga^ farm 155 教 ga^ teach 156 假 gaˋ day off 157 絞 gaˋ twist 158 咖 ga. coffee 159 恰 ga. desirable 160 洽 ga. desirable 161 胛 ga. shoulders 162 給 ga. give 163 鉀 ga. potassium
164 甲 ga. number one
165 叫 ga. shout 166 架 ga. set up 167 咬 ga_ bite 168 咳 ga_ cough VII. CVV 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 排 baiˇ line 2 牌 baiˇ card 3 拜 bai^ worship
4 擺 baiˋ put
5 跛 baiˋ lame
6 敗 bai_ fail
7 包 bau wrap
8 鮑 bauˇ Chinese surname
9 苞 bauˇ bud 10 豹 bau^ leopard 11 報 bau^ report 12 壁 bia. wall 13 避 bia. avoid 14 弊 bia. cheat 15 蔽 bia. hide 16 彪 biu shining 17 飆 biu whirlwind 18 簸 buaˋ winnow 19 撥 bua. stir 20 缽 bua. bowl 21 跋 bua. trek 22 飛 bue fly 23 杯 bue cup 24 碑 bue tablet 25 陪 bueˇ accompany 26 賠 bueˇ repay 27 輩 bue^ generation 28 貝 bue^ shell 29 拔 bue. pluck 30 八 bue. eight 31 背 bue_ back 32 倍 bue_ times
33 痱 bui prickly heat
34 肥 buiˇ fat 35 吠 bui_ bark 36 呆 dai fool 37 台 daiˇ stage 38 檯 daiˇ table 39 抬 daiˇ raise 40 帶 dai^ bring 41 戴 dai^ wear 42 代 dai_ generation 43 大 dai_ big 44 兜 dau pockel 45 投 dauˇ throw 46 鬥 dau^ fight
47 斗 dauˋ measure 48 逗 dau_ tease 49 脰 dau neck 50 爹 dia dad 51 籌 diuˇ prepare 52 綢 diuˇ silk 53 肘 diu^ elbow 54 丟 diu. throw 55 稻 diu_ rice 56 大 dua_ big 57 題 dueˇ title 58 蹄 dueˇ foot 59 地 due_ earth
60 第 due_ number order
61 堆 dui pile 62 追 dui chase 63 搥 duiˇ beat 64 對 dui^ right 65 兌 dui^ cash 66 隊 dui_ team 67 該 gai should 68 骸 gai skeleton 69 皆 gai all 70 蓋 gai^ build 71 改 gaiˋ correct 72 解 gaiˋ solve 73 鉤 gau enough 74 溝 gau ditch 75 交 gau interact 76 夠 gau^ enough 77 猴 gauˇ monkey 78 較 gau^ compare 79 狗 gauˋ dog 80 九 gauˋ nine 81 垢 gauˋ dirty 82 厚 gau_ thick 83 寄 gia^ mail 84 崎 gia_ rugged 85 鳩 giu turtledove 86 赳 giu valiant 87 球 giuˇ ball 88 救 giu^ rescue 89 糾 giu^ entangle
90 疚 giu^ remorse
91 九 giuˋ nine
92 舊 giu_ old
93 舅 giu_ uncle
94 歌 gua song
95 柯 gua Chinese surname
96 卦 gua^ hang 97 寡 guaˋ alone 98 購 guaˋ buy 99 割 gua. cut 100 街 gue street 101 瓜 gue melon 102 過 gue^ cross
103 郭 gueˋ Chinese surname
104 截 gue. section 105 規 gui rule 106 龜 gui turtle 107 歸 gui return 108 桂 gui^ osmanthus 109 季 gui^ season 110 貴 gui^ expensive 111 瑰 gui^ rose 112 鬼 guiˋ ghost 113 詭 guiˋ trick 114 跪 gui_ kneel 115 孩 hai^ child 116 械 hai^ machine 117 海 haiˋ sea 118 嗨 haiˋ hi
119 亥 hai_ time period
120 侯 hauˇ marquis 121 孝 hau^ filial 122 候 hau_ wait 123 效 hau_ effect 124 校 hau_ school 125 后 hau_ empress
126 遐 hia over there
127 或 hia^ or 128 瓦 hia. tile 129 蟻 hia. ant 130 額 hia. forehead 131 曉 hio^ dawn 132 休 hiu rest
133 裘 hiuˇ coat 134 朽 hiuˋ rotten 135 樺 huaˇ birch 136 華 huaˇ magnificent 137 化 hua^ change 138 譁 hua^ noise 139 花 hue flower 140 回 hueˇ return 141 貨 hue^ goods 142 歲 hue^ year 143 伙 hueˋ meals 144 火 hueˋ fire 145 血 hue. blood 146 會 hue_ able 147 妃 hui concubine 148 危 huiˇ danger 149 廢 hui^ abolish 150 匪 huiˋ ganster 151 惠 hui_ kind 152 慨 kai^ generous 153 凱 kaiˋ victory 154 扣 kau^ detain 155 哭 kau^ cry 156 口 kauˋ mouth 157 叩 kau. kowtow 158 騎 kiaˇ ride 159 卻 kio. but 160 蚯 kiu earthworm 161 誇 kua brag 162 闊 kua. wide 163 盔 kue helmet 164 魁 kue chief 165 溪 kue creek 166 詼 kue funny 167 瘸 kueˇ lamp 168 缺 kue. lack 169 客 kue. guest 170 契 kue. contract 171 梨 laiˇ pear 172 來 laiˇ come 173 內 lai_ inside 174 樓 lauˇ tower 175 留 lauˇ stay
176 流 lauˇ flow
177 劉 lauˇ Chinese surname
178 漏 lau^ leak
179 老 lauˋ old
180 掠 lia. catch
181 溜 liu slide
182 捋 lua. comb
183 賴 lua_ Chinese surname
184 犁 lueˇ plow 185 笠 lueˇ hat 186 淚 lui_ tear 187 埋 maiˇ bury 188 甭 mai^ don’t 189 眛 mai_ ambiguous 190 矛 mauˇ spear
191 卯 mauˋ time period
192 貌 mau_ look 193 名 miaˇ name 194 命 mia_ life 195 幪 mua cover 196 麻 muaˇ paralysis 197 鰻 muaˇ eel 198 滿 muaˋ full 199 瞞 mua_ conceal 200 梅 muiˇ plum 201 玫 muiˇ rose 202 每 muiˋ each 203 惱 nauˋ worry 204 娘 niaˇ mother 205 領 niaˋ get 206 兩 niuˋ two 207 餒 nueˋ discouraged 208 派 pai^ send 209 炮 pau^ firecrack 210 泡 pau^ soak 211 癖 piaˇ habit 212 避 pia. avoid 213 破 pua^ broken 214 剖 pua^ cut 215 潑 pua. split 216 皮 pueˇ skin 217 屁 pui^ fart 218 呸 puiˋ fie
219 我 quaˋ I 220 月 que. moon 221 鰓 sai gill 222 婿 sai^ son-in-law 223 賽 sai^ contest 224 駛 saiˋ drive 225 騷 sau disturb 226 賒 sia owe 227 寫 siaˋ write 228 社 sia_ society 229 修 siu repair 230 仇 siuˇ foe 231 秀 siu^ delicate 232 沙 sua sand VIII. CVVV 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 標 biau goal 2 表 biauˋ surface 3 婊 biauˋ prostitute 4 刁 diau cunning 5 凋 diau wither 6 鵰 diau eagle 7 彫 diau sculpture 8 貂 diau marten 9 調 diauˇ adujust 10 條 diauˇ loaf 11 朝 diauˇ court 12 吊 diau^ hang
13 眺 diauˋ look far
14 掉 diau_ drop 15 兆 diau_ 1,000,000,000,000 16 嬌 giau delicate 17 驕 giau proud 18 喬 giauˇ arbor 19 僑 giauˇ overseas 20 樵 giauˇ wood 21 繳 giauˋ pay 22 餃 giauˋ dumpling 23 徼 giau_ article 24 撬 giau_ pry
26 怪 guai^ strange 27 獪 guai sly 28 拐 guaiˋ abduct 29 柺 guaiˋ stick 30 赽 guai_ 31 撓 hiau 32 媱 hiauˇ 33 曉 hiauˋ dawn 34 遶 hiau. 35 懷 huai bosom 36 淮 huaiˇ 37 蹻 kiau 38 浀 kiau 39 竅 kiau^ aperture 40 巧 kiauˋ skillful 41 快 kuai^ quick 42 潦 liauˇ careless 43 嘍 liauˇ particle 44 了 liauˋ lose 45 瞭 liauˋ clear 46 料 liau_ material 47 繚 liau_ entangle
48 廖 liau_ Chinese surname
49 喵 miau mew 50 苗 miauˇ seed 51 瞄 miauˇ aim 52 渺 miauˋ tiny 53 妙 miau_ wonderful 54 糜 muaiˇ squander 55 妹 muai_ sister 56 貓 niau cat 57 標 piau label 58 漂 piau float 59 飄 piau float 60 嫖 piauˇ whoring 61 票 piau^ ticket 62 剽 piau^ rob 63 皺 qiauˇ ripple 64 抓 qiau^ catch 65 爪 qiauˋ claw 66 擾 qiauˋ bother 67 消 siau disappear 68 銷 siau sales
69 逍 siau carefree
70 宵 siau night
71 霄 siau sky
72 蕭 siau Chinese surname
73 簫 siau flute 74 賬 siau^ bill 75 少 siauˋ little 76 率 suaiˋ lead 77 庣 tiau 78 迢 tiau far 79 挑 tiau pick 80 窕 tiau graceful 81 跳 tiau^ jump 82 柱 tiau_ pole 83 錨 viauˇ anchor 84 渺 viauˋ distant IX. CVC 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 班 ban class 2 斑 ban spot 3 般 ban sort 4 頒 ban grant 5 扳 ban pull 6 瓶 banˇ bottle 7 版 banˋ print 8 八 bat. eight 9 辦 ban_ do 10 扮 ban_ play 11 縛 bak. tie 12 鞭 ben whip 13 邊 ben edge 14 編 ben weave 15 變 ben^ change 16 遍 ben^ everywhere 17 匾 benˋ board 18 別 bet. other 19 賓 bin guest 20 嬪 bin bridemaid 21 彬 bin refined 22 憑 binˇ lean on 23 貧 binˇ poor
24 鬢 bin^ temples
25 筆 bit. pen
26 畢 bit. complete
27 必 bit. must
28 奔 bun head for
29 糞 bun^ excrement 30 本 bunˋ original 31 畚 bunˋ dustpan 32 不 but. no 33 笨 bun_ stupid 34 啖 dam eat 35 擔 dam carry 36 曇 damˇ cloud 37 膽 damˋ gut 38 答 dap. answer 39 淡 dam light 40 丹 dan medicine 41 單 dan single
42 陳 danˇ Chinese surname
43 彈 danˇ play 44 但 dan^ but 45 等 danˋ wait 46 笛 dat. flute 47 達 dat. reach 48 觸 dak. touch
49 逐 dak. run after
50 篤 dak. firm 51 沉 dim^ sink 52 朕 dim_ I 53 珍 din value 54 津 din saliva 55 叮 din sting 56 塵 dinˇ dust 57 藤 dinˇ vine 58 鎮 din^ town 59 震 dinˋ quake 60 直 dit. straight 61 姪 dit. nephew 62 得 dit. get 63 秩 dit. order 64 咚 dom dong 65 頓 dom^ pause 66 噸 dom^ ton
67 敦 dun honest 68 墩 dun mound 69 蹲 dun squat 70 唇 dunˇ lip 71 噸 dun^ ton 72 屯 dun^ store 73 囤 dunˋ hoard 74 盾 dunˋ shield 75 突 dut. sudden 76 鈍 dun_ dull 77 遁 dun_ flee 78 燉 dun_ stew 79 甘 gam sweet 80 柑 gam tangerine 81 疳 gam disease 82 含 gamˇ contain 83 監 gamˇ prison 84 鑑 gamˇ reflect 85 箝 gamˋ control 86 感 gamˋ feel 87 蛤 gap. clam 88 鴿 gap. dove 89 間 gan space 90 乾 gan dry 91 艱 gan tough 92 干 gan interfere 93 竿 gan pole 94 橄 ganˇ olive 95 幹 gan^ do 96 奸 gan^ evil 97 結 gat. tie 98 角 gak. angle 99 覺 gak. sense 100 堅 gen firm 101 見 gen^ see 102 建 gen^ build 103 吉 get. luck 104 潔 get. clean 105 桔 get. tangerine 106 金 gim gold 107 禁 gim^ forbid 108 襟 gim bosom 109 錦 gimˋ brocade
110 急 gip. hurry 111 及 gip. reach 112 級 gip. level 113 汲 gip. draw 114 緊 ginˋ tight 115 謹 ginˋ serious 116 僅 ginˋ only 117 近 gin_ near 118 革 gik. leather 119 激 gik. stir 120 極 gik. extreme 121 劇 gik. drama 122 軍 gun army 123 群 gunˇ group 124 棍 gun^ stick 125 頸 gunˋ neck 126 滾 gunˋ roll 127 骨 gut. bone 128 滑 gut. slide 129 掘 gut. dig 130 郡 gun_ county 131 近 gun_ near 132 酣 ham drunk 133 幻 ham^ illusory 134 悍 hamˋ tough 135 合 hap. together 136 和 ham_ and 137 憾 ham_ shock 138 限 han_ limit 139 嚇 hat. threat 140 轄 hat. judiciary 141 掀 hen unveil 142 玄 henˇ mystery 143 弦 henˇ string 144 賢 henˇ wise 145 現 hen^ now 146 憾 henˋ sorry 147 穴 het. cave 148 血 het. blood 149 黑 het. black 150 熊 himˇ bear 151 興 hin prosper 152 暈 hinˇ faint
153 彼 hit. that 154 恨 hin_ hate 155 煙 hun smoke 156 昏 hun dusk 157 婚 hun wed 158 雲 hunˇ cloud 159 痕 hunˇ mark 160 魂 hunˇ soul 161 墳 hunˇ tomb 162 奮 hunˇ struggle 163 混 hunˋ chaotic 164 堪 kam bearable 165 龕 kam shrine 166 坎 kam bank 167 崁 kam hill 168 磕 kap. knock 169 嗑 kap. eat 170 殼 kak. shell 171 圈 ken ring 172 乾 kenˇ male 173 犬 kenˋ dog 174 遣 kenˋ send 175 坷 ket. unsmooth 176 欽 kim imperial
177 琴 kimˇ musical instrument
178 禽 kimˇ bird 179 吸 kip. sip 180 芹 kinˇ celery 181 乞 kit. beg 182 鱷 kok. crocodile 183 酷 kok. cruel 184 綑 kunˇ bind 185 坤 kun female 186 昆 kun insect 187 困 kun^ hard 188 墾 kunˋ cultivate 189 窟 kut. cave 190 籠 lam cage 191 南 lamˇ south 192 男 lamˇ male 193 攬 lamˋ pull 194 蘭 lan orchid 195 鱗 lanˇ scale
196 懶 lanˋ lazy 197 力 lat. force 198 六 lak. six 199 蓮 lenˇ lily 200 連 lenˇ connect 201 碾 len^ roll 202 輪 len^ wheel 203 列 let. row 204 林 limˇ forest 205 臨 limˇ arrival 206 立 lip. stand 207 鹿 lok. deer 208 駱 lok. camel 209 忍 lunˋ bear 210 閏 lun_ leap 211 憑 pin_ lean on 212 品 pinˋ quality 213 博 pok. broad 214 三 sam three 215 散 sam^ spread 216 仙 sen fairy 217 禪 senˇ Zen 218 煽 sen^ fan 219 設 set. set 220 心 sim heart
221 沈 simˋ Chinese surname
222 溼 sip. wet 223 新 sin new 224 失 sit. lose 225 孫 sun grandson X. CVVC 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 搬 buan move 2 半 buan^ half 3 剝 buat. peel
4 砧 diam chopping block
5 店 diam^ shop
6 踮 diam^ locate
7 點 diamˋ dot
8 恬 diam_ quiet
10 諜 diap. spy 11 端 duan end 12 斷 duan^ broken 13 緞 duan^ satin 14 鍛 duan^ forge 15 短 duanˋ short 16 奪 duat. rob 17 傳 duan_ pass 18 兼 giam double 19 鹼 giamˇ alkali 20 劍 giam^ sword 21 減 giamˋ minus 22 檢 giamˋ check 23 劫 giap. robbery 24 夾 giap. press 25 峽 giap. gorge 26 激 giak. excited 27 局 giok. situation 28 鞠 giok. bow 29 菊 giok. chrysanthemum 30 關 guan close 31 捐 guan donate 32 娟 guan beautiful 33 鵑 guan cuckoo 34 絹 guan silk 35 觀 guan view 36 冠 guan hat 37 棺 guan casket 38 慣 guan^ be used to 39 管 guanˋ control 40 館 guanˋ hall 41 決 guat. decide 42 訣 guat. farewell 43 縣 guan_ prefecture 44 嫌 hiamˇ suspicion 45 咸 hiamˇ all 46 險 hiamˋ risk 47 脅 hiap. threaten 48 協 hiap. assist 49 番 huan number 50 翻 huan turn 51 煩 huanˇ bother 52 繁 huanˇ numerous
53 礬 huanˇ vitriol 54 環 huanˇ ring 55 凡 huanˇ ordinary 56 幻 huan^ fancy 57 販 huan^ vendor 58 氾 huan^ flood 59 返 huanˋ return 60 法 huat. law 61 伐 huat. lumbering 62 乏 huat. lack 63 罰 huat. punish 64 患 huan_ suffer 65 犯 huan_ violate 66 範 huan_ model 67 謙 kiam modest 68 欠 kiam^ owe 69 儉 kiam_. thrifty 70 卻 kiok. but 71 怯 kiok. fear 72 寬 kuan wide 73 環 kuanˇ environment 74 權 kuanˇ right 75 勸 kuan^ advise 76 款 kuanˋ entertain 77 缺 kuat. shortage 78 拈 liam pick 79 連 liamˇ connection 80 黏 liamˇ sticky 81 簾 liamˇ curtain 82 粒 liap. grain 83 念 liam_ read 84 六 liok. six 85 陸 liok. land 86 略 liok. omit 87 亂 luan_ chaos 88 戀 luanˇ love
89 阮 luanˋ Chinese surname
90 盤 puanˇ plate
91 潑 puat. sprinkle
92 嚴 qiamˇ Chinese surname
93 業 qiap. occupation
94 驗 qiam_ test
96 玉 qiok. jade
97 原 quanˇ original
98 源 quanˇ source
99 元 quanˇ vigor
100 袁 quanˇ Chinese surname
101 員 quanˇ person 102 阮 quanˋ we 103 月 quat. moon 104 願 quan_ willing 105 蟬 siamˇ cicada 106 禪 siamˇ Zen 107 嬋 siamˇ lovely 108 滲 siam^ seep 109 閃 siamˋ dodge 110 洩 siap. leak 111 涉 siap. involve 112 俗 siok. cheap 113 肅 siok. serious 114 屬 siok. belong 115 蜀 siok. Sichuan 116 贖 siok. ransom 117 淑 siok. fair 118 續 siok. continue 119 宣 suan announce 120 旋 suan revolve 121 蒜 suan^ garlic 122 選 suanˋ choose 123 雪 suat. snow 124 說 suat. say 125 添 tiam add 126 忝 tiamˋ tired 127 疊 tiap. pile 128 貼 tiap. paste 129 帖 tiap. card 130 傳 tuanˇ spread 131 團 tuanˇ union 132 鍛 tuan^ forge 133 脫 tuat. strip 134 滿 vuanˋ full 135 婉 vuanˋ gentle 136 沒 vuat. wane 137 沫 vuat. vapor 138 茉 vuat. jasmine
139 染 ziamˋ dye 140 弱 ziok. weak 141 辱 ziok. insult 142 肉 ziok. meat XI. CVVVC 序號 台語 漢語拼音 英文 備註 1 稈 guaiN straw 2 赽 guaiN 3 觖 guaiN 4 傻 suaiNˇ foolish 5 檨 suaiNˇ 6 喧 suaiN- noisy
