新台灣之子的社會支持、自尊與生活滿意度之研究 陳美容、謝智玲
E-mail: [email protected]
摘 要
本研究的目的為：(1)瞭解新台灣之子的社會支持、自尊、生活滿意度之現況。(2)瞭解不同性別、年級、母親國籍的新台灣 之子其社會支持、自尊、生活滿意度的差異情形。(3)探討新台灣之子的社會支持、自尊、生活滿意度之關係。(4)探討新台 灣之子的社會支持對自尊及生活滿意度的預測力。本研究採問卷調查法，以「社會支持量表」、「自尊量表」、「多向度 學生生活滿意量表」為研究工具，並以台北縣、桃園縣、台中縣、南投縣、彰化縣、高雄市、屏東縣七個縣市，共二十二 所國民小學中高年級的新台灣之子共四百零八人為研究對象，進而以描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積 差相關、多元迴歸分析及階層迴歸分析等統計方法來考驗各項假設。研究結果如下： 一、新台灣之子的社會支持、自尊、
生活滿意情況良好。 二、新台灣之子的女生在社會支持的「同學支持」和生活滿意度上的「家庭滿意」、「學校滿意」上 的得分顯著高於男生。不同年級的新台灣之子在生活滿意度上的「家庭滿意」、「自我滿意」、「學校滿意」有顯著差異
。不同母親國籍的新台灣之子在社會支持的「學校支持」、「老師支持」、「同學支持」、「父母支持」有顯著差異。 三
、新台灣之子的社會支持、自尊與生活滿意度之間有顯著相關。 四、社會支持的「老師支持」、「同學支持」、「父母支 持」能有效預測新台灣之子自尊的「自我尊重」。社會支持的「同學支持」能有效預測新台灣之子自尊的「自我尊重」、
「自我價值」。 五、自尊的「自我尊重」「自我價值」能有效預測新台灣之子生活滿意度上的「家庭滿意」、「自我滿意
」、「學校滿意」。 六、社會支持對生活滿意產生直接效果，也會透過自尊對生活滿意產生間接效果。?自尊在社會支持 與生活滿意度間扮演著中介的角色。 關鍵字：社會支持、自尊、生活滿意度、新台灣之子
關鍵詞 : 社會支持、自尊、生活滿意度、新台灣之子
目錄
封面內頁 簽名頁 授權書---iii 中文摘 要---v 英文摘
要---vi 誌 謝---viii 目 錄---ix 圖目 錄---xi 表目 錄---xii 第一章 緒 論---1 第一節 研究動機與目 的---1 第二節 研究假
設---4 第三節 名詞釋 義---5 第四節 研究範圍及限 制---7 第二章 文獻探
討---8 第一節 社會支持的內涵與相關研
究---8 第二節 自尊理論的內涵與相關研究---19 第 三章 研究方法---27 第一節 研究架
構---27 第二節 研究對 象---29 第三節 研究工 具---31 第四節 實施程
序---40 第五節 正式研究所使用的統計方
法---41 第四章 研究結果與討論---42 第一節 調查樣本的結構分析---42 第二節 描述性統計分
析---48 第三節 不同性別、年級、母親國籍的新台灣之子社會支持、自 尊 與生活滿意度之差異分析--- 49 第四節 社會支持、自尊與生活滿意度之相關分 析---59 第五節 社會支持、自尊與生活滿意度之關係---62 第五章 討論、結論 與建議---73 第一節 討
論---73 第二節 結
論---84 第三節 建 議---87 參考文
獻---91 一、中文部 分---91 二、英文部 分---94 附
錄---104 附錄一、正式問 卷---104
參考文獻
參考文獻 一、中文部份 內政部統計處(2005)。九十四年第五週內政統計通報93年底外籍與大陸配偶人數統計。2005年2月3日，擷取自內 政部，統計處網站: http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/index.asp. 生命教育阻止自殺(2003年1月23日)。中國教育報，第7版。 白靜芳(2001)。農家 老人社會支持對其生活滿意度之影響研究。國立台灣大學農業推廣研究所碩士論文。 杜正勝(2004)。我國教育政策之現況與未來發展。
立法院教育及文化委員會第五屆第五會期報告。5月26日。 吳怡欣、張景媛(2000)。青少年與重要他人的情感關係和其自尊之相關研究 暨訪談內容分析。教育心理學報，32(1)，15-39。 吳清山(2004)。外籍新娘子女教育問題及其因應策略。師友月刊，441，6-12。 吳淑 敏(2000)。大專學生自尊、情緒智慧及成功期望之關係研究。教育研究(高師)，8，161-176。 李碧霞、陳靜敏(2005)。國小高年級學童身 體意象、自尊與身體活動之研究。醫護科技學刊，7(1)，43-55。 林惠雅(1998)。我們都是好朋友-談幼兒「同儕關係」的發展與建立。成 長幼教季刊，9(4)，30-34。 周仁尹(2004)。「新台灣之子」代溝現象對教育政策與學校行政之啟示。學校行政雙月刊，31，62-80。 胡全 威(2004)。「新」台灣人:外籍與大陸配偶相關議題初探，國家政策論壇季刊秋季號93.07，台北:國家政策研究基金會。 胡悅倫(1998)。社 會支持、作業難度對兒童壓力下生理反應之影響。國家科學委員會研究彙刊:人文及社會科學，8(2)，195-225。 高明珠(1999)。國小兒童 親子關係、內外控人格傾向、社會支持與其生活及學習適應相關之研究。國立台南師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。 孫效智(2001)。
生命教育的內涵與實施。哲學雜誌，5，4-31。 徐世琛、李美枝(2002)。少數族群之族群認同與個人整體自尊的關係:以卑南族青少年為 例。中華心理學刊，44(2)，263-278。 夏曉鵑(2000)。資本國際化下的國際婚姻-以台灣的「外籍新娘」現象為例。台灣社會研究季刊
，39，45-92。 夏曉鵑(2002)。流離尋岸----資本國際化下的「外籍新娘」現象。台北:台灣社會研究叢刊。 教育部統計處(2004)。外籍配 偶子女就讀國中小人數分析(九十三學年)。2005年2月27日，擷取自教育部，統計處網站: http://www.
edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/STATISTICS/EDU7220001/report/son_of_foreign/son_of_foreign_93.htm. 陳庭芸(2002)。澎湖地區國際 婚姻調適之研究:以印尼與越南新娘為例之比較。國立台灣師範大學地理學系碩士論文。 張明麗(2001)。單親兒童憂鬱與社會支持之研究
。中華技術學院學報，22，272-284。 張秀潁(2003)。新菁英世代:外籍配偶上學衝過文化隔閡。人間福報電子報，擷取自 http: //www.
wfdn. com. tw/9210/031026/news/102610 -1.htm. 曾肇文(1996)。國小學童學校壓力因應方式、社會支持與學校適應之相關研究。國立新 竹師範學院初等教育研究所碩士論文。 黃乃輝(2004)。弱勢族群的新神主牌?中國時報論壇，5月7日。 黃昌昇(2004)。人口、素質、競爭 力。台灣月刊，12，4-7。 傅瓊儀(2002)。以結構方程模式探討制握信念及社會支持在國中生壓力知覺的作用。教育心理學報，34(1)
，61-82。 楊幸怜(2003)。正視「新台灣之子」。扶幼e季刊，擷取自 http://www. ccf.org.tw/index/9210-127/03tbch/02.htm. 楊秋蘋(2004)
。台灣移民社會下的新台灣之子教育面面觀。台灣月刊，12，14-16。 葉在庭(2001)。青少年情緒調適、焦慮、社會支持及生活事件與自 殺意念的關係。中華輔導學報，10，151-178。 蔡嘉慧(1998)。國中生的社會支持、生活壓力與憂鬱傾向之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學 教育研究所碩士論文。 賴佳菁(1996)。被同儕拒絕、攻擊行為與兒童內外控信念、自尊之研究－以台中地區國小四、六年級為例。文化 大學兒童福利學系碩士論文。 薛承泰(2003)。「台灣地區婚姻的變遷與社會衝擊」，國家政策論壇季刊秋季號92.07，台北:國家政策研 究基金會 。 鐘重發(2004)。樂當老師更樂當貴人:談外籍配偶子女在班級中的輔導方法。國教天地，155，53-58。 鄭照順(1997)。高壓力 青少年所知覺的家庭、社會支持及其因應效能之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所博士論文。 謝智玲(2004)。新台灣之子知覺父母親 職型態、家長參與學校教育與其行為適應之研究。2004課程、教學與評量學術研討會，大葉大學。 二、英文部份 Alferi, S. M., Carver, C. S., Antoni, M. H., Weiss, S., & Duran, R. E. (2001). An exploratory study of social support, distress, and life disruption among low-income Hispanic women under treatment for early stage breast cancer.Health Psychology, 20(1), 41-46. Argyle, M. (1987). The Psychology of Happiness.
London:Routledge. Barkow, J. H. (1975). Prestige and culture: A biosocial interprettation, Current Anthropology, 16, 553-562. Baumeister, R.
F.(1993). Preface to Self-Esteem: The Puzzle of Low Self -Regard.Plenum. Bednar, R. L., Wells M. G., & Peterson S. R. (1989). Self-esteem:
Paradoxes and innovations in clinical theory and practice, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. Berrera, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support conceptts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 413-445. Bhattacharya, G. (2000). The school adjustment of south Asian immigrant children in the United States. Adolescence, 35, 77-85. Blake, S. M., Ledsky, R., Goodenow, C., & O
’Donnell L. (2001). Recency of immigration, substance use, and sexual bebavior among Massachu sets adolescents. Am J Public Health, 794-798.
Campbell, A., Comverse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life. New York:Russell Sage Foundation. Caplan, G. (1974).
Social support and community mental health: Lectures on Concept development.New York: Behavioral Publications. Capps, R. (2001). Hardship among children of immigrants:Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families. New Federalism:National Survey of America’s Families, Series B, No.B-29. Washing- ton, DC:The Urban Institude. Carpenter, J. S. (1997). Self-esteem and well-being among women with breast cancer and women in an age-matched comparison group. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 15, 59-60. Cassel, J. (1974). Psychosocial processes and "stress":Theoretical formulations. International Journal of Health Services, 4, 471-482. Cassel, J. (1976). The contribution of the social
environment to host resistance. American Journal of Epidemiology, 104, 107-123. Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stresses.
Psychoso- matic medicine, 38(5), 300-314. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order, Scribner, New York. Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedents of Self-esteem. Freeman. Curbow, B., & Somerfield, M. (1991). Use of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale with adult cancer patients. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 9(2), 113 -131. Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relations hips and adaptation to stress.
Advances in Personal Relationships, 1, 37-67. Deci, E. L., & Ryan R. M. (1995). Human agency: The basis for true self- esteem. In M. H., Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self- esteem (pp.31-50). Plenum, New York. Demaray, M. K., & Malecki, C. K. (2002). Critical levels of perceived social support associated with student adjustment. School Psychology Quarterly, 17, 213-241. Demaray, M. K., & Malecki, C. K. (2003). Perceptions of the frequency and importance of social support by students classified as bullies, victims, and bully/victims in an urban middle school.School Psychology Review, 32, 471-489. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective wellbeing. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542- 575. Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportun eities. Social indicators research, 31, 103-57. Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43. Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy.
Psychological Science, 7, 181–185. Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653 -663. Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas R., & Smith, H. (1999).Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276– 302. Dirksen, S. R. (1989). Perceived well-being in malignant melanoma surv ivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 16(3), 353-358. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity:Youth and crisis.New York:Norton. Frey, C. U., & Rothlisberger, C. (1996). Social support in healthy adolescen ts. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 17-31. Garnefski, N., & Diekstra, R. (1996). Perceived social support from family, school, and peers: Relationship with emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1657-1664. Gilman, R., Huebner, E. S., & Laughlin, J. (2000). A first study of the Multidimensional Students’Life Scale with adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 52, 135-160. Glick, J. E., & White, M. J. (2004). Post-secondary school participation of immigrant and native youth:the role of familial resources and educational expectatioins. Social Science Research, 33, 272-299. Greenspoon, P. J.,
& Saklofske, D. H. (1997). Validity and reliability of the Multidimensional Students? Life Satisfaction Scale with Canadian children. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 15, 138-155. Hare, B. R. (1977). Racial and socioeconomic variations in preadolescent area -specific and general self-esteem. International Journal of Intercu ltural Relations, 1, 31-51. Hare, B., & Castenell, L. (1985). No place to run, no place to
hide:Comparative status and future prospects of black boys.In M. B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, & W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings:The social affective development of black children (pp.201-214). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum. Harter, S. (1985). Manual for the Self-perception Profile for children (Denver, Co, University of Denver). Harter, S. (1988). Developmental processes in the construction of the self. In T.Yawley & J. Johanson (Eds.), Integrative Processes and Socializati on:Vol. 3. Early to Middle Childhood (Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum). Harter, S. (1993). Causes and Consequences of Low Self-esteem in Children and Adolescents. In R. F. Baumeister(Ed.), Self-Esteem: The Puzzle of Low Self-regard ( pp. 87-116).
Plenum. Helgeson, V. S., & Cohen, S. (1996). Social support and adjustment to cancer:Reconciling descriptive, correlational,and intervention research. Health Psychology, 15(2), 135-148. Hocoy, D. (1997). Apartheid, racism, and Black mental health in South Africa, and the role of racial identity. Unpublished doctoral disserta- tion, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canda. Huebner, E. S. (1991). Correlates of life satisfaction in children. School Psychology Quarterly, 6, 103-111. James , W. (1890). The principles of psychology .Volume: Vol.1. Henry Holt & Co New York.
Kaplan, H. (1975). The Self-Esteem Motive. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Self - Attitudes and Deviant Behavior (pp.10-31). Goodyear. Kao, G. (2000).
Psychological well-being and educational achievement among immigrant youth.In:Hernandez DJ(Ed.), Children of Immigrants:Health,Adjustment, and Public Assistance. Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 410-477. Katz, M. R., Rodin, G., & Devins, G. M. (1995). Self-esteem and cancer:Theory and research. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40(10), 608-615. Kriegler, J. A., & Bogat, G. A. (1985). A developmental analysis of children’s social support networks. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED264512). Larson, R. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55, 170–183. Leary, M. R., & Downs D. L. (1995). Interpersonal functions of the self- esteem motive:
The self-esteem system as a sociometer, Kernis M. H., (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem ( pp.123-144). Plenum, New York. Lepore, S. J.
(1997). Social-environmental influences on the chronic stress process. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Coping with chronic stress process. The Plenum series on stress and coping (pp.133-160). New York, USA:Plenum Press. Lewinsohn , P. M., Redner J. E., & Seeley, J. R. (1991). The relationship between life satisfaction and psychosocial variables: New perspectives. In F. Strack, M. Argyle , & N. Schwartz (Eds.), Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective(pp.141–169). New York:Pergamon Press Inc. Malecki, C. K., Demaray, M. K., & Elliott, S. N. (2000). The Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale.Northern Illinois University: DeKalb, IL. Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2002). Measuring perceived social support: Development of the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 1-18. Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K.
(2003). The role of social support in the lives of bullies, victims, and victims/bullies. In D. Espelage & S. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American Schools:A social ecological perspective on prevention and intervention.Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. May, R. (1983). The discovery of being, Norton, New York. McKeever, M., & Klineberg, S. L. (1999). Generational differences in attitudes and SES among Hispanics in Houston. Sociological Inquiry, 69, 33-50. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago:University of Chicago Press. Morrison, G. M., Laughlin, J., Miguel, M., San Smith S., & Widaman, K. (1997). Sources of support for school-related issues: Choices of Hispanic adolescents varying in migrant status.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 233-252. Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6, 10-19. Neto, F. (1993). The satisfaction with life scale:Psychometrics properties in an adolescent sample. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 22,
125 -134. Neugarten, B. L., Havighurst, R. J., & Tobin, S. S. (1961). The measurem ent of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 16, 134-143.
Patterson, K. L. (2002). African woman overcoming discriminateion: The effects of racial identity, social support, and self-esteem on life satisfa ction. The university of wisconsin-milwaukee. Pellham, B. W., & Swann, W. B. Jr. (1989). From self-conceptions to self- worth:On the sources and structure of global self- esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 672-680. Phillips, B. N. (1993). Educational and Psychological Perspectives on Stress in Students Teachers and Parents.Brandon VT: Clinical Psychology Publishing Company. Portes, A., Rumbaut, R.G. (2001).
Legacies:The story of immigrant second generation. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client -centered framework, McGraw-Hill, New York. Rosenberg, M. (1965).
Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press. Rosenberg , M. (1979). Conceiving the Self. Basic Books.
Rosenberg, M., & Simmons, R. G. (1971). Black and white self-esteem:school child.Washington, DC:American Sociological Association. Rowland, J. H. (1989). Interpersonal resources:social support.In J.C. Holland, & J. H. Rowland (Eds.), Handbook of Psychooncology (pp.58-71). New York:Oxford University Press. Russell, D., & Cutrona, C. (1984). Social Provisions Scale. Unpublished manuscript. Rutter, M. (1989).
Temperament: Conceptual issues and clinical implicat ions. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. Rothbart (Eds), Tempera ment in childhood (pp.463-479). Chichester: John Wiley. Sam, D. L. (2000). Psychological adapation of adolescents with immigrant backgrounds family values. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140(1), 5-25. Schroevers, M. J., Ranchor, A. V., & Sanderman, R. (2003). The role of social support and self-esteem in the presence and course of depressive symptoms:a comparison of cancer patients and individuals from the general population.Social Science &
Medicine, 57, 375-385. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5 –14. Smelser, N. J. (1989). Self-Esteem and Social Problems: An Introduction. In A. M. Andrew, N. J. Smelser, & J. Vasconcellos (Eds.), The Social Importance of Self-Esteem(pp.1-23). University of California Press. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological method- ology (pp.290-312). San Franc- isco:Jossey-Bass. Solomon, S., Greenberg J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews.
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 93-159. Tardy, C. H. (1985). Social support measurement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13 ,187-202. Tashakkori, A. (1993). Race,gender and pre-adolescent self structure:A test of construct specificity hypothesis.Personality and Individual Difference, 14, 591-598. Tesser, A. (1998). Toward a Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model of Social Behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 181-227). Academic Press. Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 54(4), 416-423. Thoits, P. A. (1994). Stressors and Problem-Solving: The Individual As Psychological Activist.
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 143-59. Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes:Where are we？What next?
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Extra Issur, 0, 53-79. Tracy, D., Sandra, L. M., Brett, W. P., & Paul, R. (2003). The regulation of dependency in parent-child relationships. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 59-67. Tulin, G., & Yesim, O. (2004).Direct and indirect effects of social support on psychological well-being. Social behavior and personality, 32(5), 449-458. Valle, R., & Bensussen, G. (1985). Hispanic social networks, social support and mental health. In W. A. Bega & M. Miranda (Eds.), Stress and Hispanic mental health (NIMH Publication No.
85-1410, pp.48-75). Rockville MD: U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. Vilhjalmsson, R. (1993). Life stress, social support, and clinical depression:A reanalysis of the literature. Social Science & Medicine, 37(3), 331-342. Weiss, R. S. (1974). The provisions of social relationships. In Z.Rubin (Ed.) , Doing unto others (pp.17-26). Englewood CliffsNJ: Prentice Hall. Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271. Wills, T. A. (1985). Supportive functions of interpersonal relations hips.In S. Cohen, & L. R. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp.61-82). New York:Academic Press, Inc. YU, S. M., Huang, Z. J., Schwalberg, R. H., Overpeck, M., & Kogan, M. D. (2003). Acculturation and the Health and Well-being of US. Immigrant Adolescents, Journal of Adolescent Health, 33, 479-488.
