豌豆屬於裡作栽培短期作物,農產品生產成本年報之統計顯示,其成本結構 以人工費 78.3%佔最多,其次是肥料費、農藥費各佔 5.8%,本場 101 年冬季於福 興鄉蔬菜產銷班第一班蔡班長園區,進行健康管理生產體系示範,試驗範圍包括 健康區直立式與匍匐式各 0.1ha,比較不同栽培管理模式之生產成本,經由紀錄生 產資材與設施、人工費投入、產量、收益之情形,計算健康區直立式生產成本需 56,685 元/0.1ha,匍匐式 43,798 元/0.1ha,兩區之種子費、肥料費、農藥費、材料 費、農機具折舊費沒有差異,主要差別是直立式增加插設支架之竹子、攀爬網之 費用 887 元/0.1ha,以及增加搭設時之人工費與採收人工費 12,000 元/0.1ha,但是 直立式之成活率可達 90%,產量可收 780kg/0.1ha,較匍匐式成活率 77.8%,增加 234kg/0.1ha。
蔡班長之平均銷售價格 62.5 元/kg,因人工費均為自家工,以農家賺款觀之,
直立式健康區之收益較高,可收 49,125 元/0.1ha,匍匐式 34,500 元/0.1ha。整體而 言,直立式健康區最費工,設施費也增加,但較匍匐式大幅提高成活率,且果莢 莢重、莢長等園藝特性均較傳統匍匐式栽培佳,由於 11 月生長期連續陰雨天造成 產區災損,產量減少、價格持平之情況,試驗結果獲知以直立式健康區管理模式 之收益最有利,於導入後班員正確用藥且使用次數減少,環境污染降低,農藥檢 驗全部合格,未來擴大推廣面積可增加農民收益。
結論
將豌豆栽培導入健康管理的概念,採用優質品種及健康種子、適當的栽培管 理、合理化肥培技術,再加上綜合病蟲害防治,雖然豌豆為連續採收的蔬菜,也 可以是優質且農藥殘留符合國家標準的農產品,並可達到提高農民收益與消費者 食用安全的雙贏目標。
圖 15. 匍匐式採收情形。 圖 16. 直立式採收情形。
表 2. 福興鄉健康豌豆示範農場生產成本分析
單位:元/0.1 公頃
項目 栽培方式
比較【(1)-(2)】
直立式 (1) 匍匐式 (2)
種子費 330 330 -
肥料費 960 960 -
農藥費 1,900 1,900 -
材料費 600 600 -
人工費 51,900 39,900 12,000
(自家工) (51,900) (39,900) (12,000)
設施折舊費 887 - 887
農機具折舊費 108 108 -
總生產成本 56,685 43,798 12,887
產量(kg) 786 552 234
粗收益 49,125 34,500 14,625
農家賺款 44,340 30,602 13,738
成活率 90.0 77.8 22.2
註:粗收益=產量 x 62.5 元/kg (示範戶 101 年平均售價) 農家賺款=(粗收益-總生產成本)+自家工資
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Establishment of Pea Health Management System (Pisum sativum Linn.) Health Management
Chia-Hung Chao1,*, Da-Yuan Lin1, Chen-Yang Tai2, Shih-Fang Chen3 and Kuei-Fang Pai1
1 Associate Researcher (C. H. Chao) and Assistant Researcher (D. Y. Lin), and Researcher and Chief of Section (K. F. Pai), respectively, Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC.
2 Associate Researcher, Crop Improvement Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC.
3 Associate Researcher, Extension Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC.
* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]; Fax:(04)8520914.
Abstract
Peas (Pisum sativum) grow well in cold, dry autumn and winter in central Taiwan. Fuxing, Xiushui, Puyan, and Erlin Township in Changhua County were the largest pea cultivation area.
Farmers planted peas in paddy fields with its vines creeping above ground. Therefore lower efficacy of pesticides and outbreak of diseases largely decrease the yield of peas. We used integrated control strategies to prove pea health management, such as disease-resistant variety, sex-pheromone trap of noctuids, disease-preventing biopesticides, and new cultivation methods. After enlightenment about pesticide application held since 2011, we improved the amount of pesticide application and problems about pesticide residues on peas. We also cooperated with Fuxing Farmers’ Association to set up a pea production and marketing group, and setting up a health management demonstration area in 2011. This would help promoting area-wide control of noctuids with pheromone traps and biopesticides controlling pea seedling blight and powdery mildew. We sent fact sheets with an approved pesticides list to farmers and help a pea production and marketing group qualified by the government and became the first certified pea G.A.P. group. Their products all meet the standards of pesticide residue testing. Long period of raining had caused high mortality of peas in 2011 and 2012 winter. Farmers using new cultivation method could keep pea survivals and yields. They also saved pesticide cost and blooming 10 days earlier than ever. The amount of insect pests decreased about 20%, with larger, straight and flat pod shape and high ratio of quality products. The yield also increased 54%, which was 3800 kg per hectare and the benefit increased up to 620,000 NT dollars per hectare.
Key words: Peas (Pisum sativum), Health management, Technique integration, Cost-benefit analysis.