第五章 結論
第三節 未來展望
反美主義是個值得深究的議題，美國若想持續扮演超強的角色，則深入研究 此議題有其必要性，若是將來反美主義又在世界上蔓延，甚至升高，則將來國際 上有極大的可能性出現「反美同盟」的建構，對美國在國際事務的運籌帷幄上勢 必會產生極大影響。
在未來的研究上，有以下幾點可加以檢視：
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一、美土關係中的國內因素
兩國關係的發展並非順遂，除了受到區域關係的變動，內政上也會直接影響，
例如今(17)年美國駐土耳其大使館宣布暫停在美國駐土耳其外交機構發放非移 民簽證的服務；而土耳其也採取相同方式回應，兩國關係又陷入低潮，探窺其中 因素跟傳教士葛蘭、土耳其國內政變之後續（2016 年 7 月 15 日發生）因素有關，
而類似這種因素會讓土耳其國內反美主義如何變動亦是可以關注的焦點。
而今美國在川普的執政下，反美主義在其任內會有何種變化？川普的個人風 格、保守色彩以及時常令人誤會的仇恨伊斯蘭言論對於美國在中東區域的形象有 何種程度的傷害，而這些傷害會不會使得區域內國家聯合採取柔性平衡的方式挫 傷美國的國家利益？而美國的公眾外交部門又會如何扮演好政府化妝師的角色，
修復此種負面形象，都是未來研究可以關注的地方。
二、中東區域的局勢與土耳其在國際制度上的作為
中東區域內有許多行為者，以色列、伊拉克、伊朗等等都是，甚至也有重要 的非國家行為者，如 ISIS 或是其他的恐怖份子，而這對中東國際關係有何衝擊，
其中又會如何間接影響土耳其與美國的合作或是衝突，是除了關注雙邊關係之外 的另一個重點。
土耳其近年來積極參與許多國際建制，如 G20、經濟合作暨發展組織 (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development，簡稱 OECD)、上海合 作組織(The Shanghai Cooperation Organization，簡稱 SCO)等等……都可見土國 活躍的身影。土國在國際制度中有何作為，是否在其中聯合與其利益相謀合的國 家對美國或西方國家採取任何的反制或平衡措施，亦可觀察並試圖應用柔性平衡 論的視角加以檢視。
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附錄：本研究引用之意見調查之原始題目列表
標號 原文題目
圖三-1 Do you have a favorable or unfavorable view of the U.S.?
圖三-2 Türkiye’yi en çok hangi ülke tehdit ediyor?
圖三-3 Türkiye büyük bir sorunla (savaş, iç çatışma, doğal afet vs.) karşılaşsa en çok hangi ülke yardım eder?
圖三-4 What is the Problem with the U.S.?
圖三-5 How much confidence do you have in the U.S. President (Bush '03-'08)?
圖三-6 And which comes closer to describing your view? I favor the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism, OR I oppose the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism.
圖四-1 Do you have a favorable or unfavorable view of the U.S.?
圖四-2 How much confidence do you have in the U.S. President (Obama '09-'15)?
圖四-3 Sizce ABD Türkiye’nin müttefiki/dostu mudur?
圖四-4 Türkiye ile ilişkilerinde ABD’yi nasıl tarif edersiniz?
圖四-5 Sizce sayacağım devletler Türkiye için tehdit oluşturmakta mıdır?
圖四-6 Sizce, Türkiye dış politika konularında en yakın kiminle işbirliği yapmalıdır?
圖四-7 Sizce, Türkiye NATO’ya üye olmaya devam etmeli mi?
圖四-8 Sizce Türkiye ile ABD arasındaki en önemli işbirliği alanları nelerdir?
圖四-9 Do you approve or disapprove of the job performance of the leadership of the United States?
圖四-10 Sizce Türkiye-ABD arasında en önemli sorunlar nelerdir?
圖四-11 FETÖ’nün siyasi uzantılarının olduğuna inanıyor musunuz?
圖四-12 FETÖ’nün Türkiye için halen bir tehdit oluşturduğuna inanıyor musunuz?
圖四-13 Sizce sayacağım devletler Türkiye için tehdit oluşturmakta mıdır?
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參考書目
一、中文部份
（一）期刊文章
甘逸驊，｢歐盟與美國的權力關係：柔性平衡的適用性｣，問題與研究，第 47 卷 第 2 期（2009），頁 1~24。
盧倩儀，「影響土耳其政府與境內庫德族關係之國際因素」，問題與研究，第 49 卷第 2 期（2011），頁 39~64。
二、英文部份
（一）專書（含專書論文）
Brooks, Stephen G. and William C. Wohlforth. World Out of Balance: International
Relations and the challenge of American Primacy (New Jersey: Princeton
University Press, 2008).
Datta, Monti Narayan. Anti-Americanism and the Rise of World Opinion:
Consequences for the US National Interest (New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2014).
Dunne, Tim, Milja Kurki and Steve Smith. International Relations Theories
Discipline and Diversity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
Ercan, Pinar Gozen. Turkish Foreign Policy: International Relations, Legality And
Global Reach (Ankara: Springer International Publishing, 2017).
Hale, William and Ergun Ozbudun. Islamism, Democracy and Liberalism in Turkey
The Case of the AKP (Abingdon: Routledge).
Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy since 1774 (Portland: Frank Cass, 2013).
Harris, George S. Trouble alliance: Turkish-American problems in historical
perspective, 1945-1971 (Stanford: AEI-Hoover policy studies, 1972).
Higgott, Richard and Ivona Malbasic. The Political Consequences of Anti-
99
Americanism (New York: Routledge, 2008).
Hook, Steven W. and John Spanier. American Foreign Policy since World War II (Washington D.C.: CQ Press, 2010).
Hudson, Valerie M. Foreign Policy Analysis Classic and Contemporary Theory (Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007).
Katzenstein, Peter J. and Reobert O. Keohane. Anti-Americanism In World Politics (New York: Cornell University Press, 2007).
Lutz, Catherine. The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military
Posts (New York: New York University Press, 2009).
O’Connor, Brendon and Martin Griffiths. The Rise of anti-Americanism (New York:
Routledge, 2006).
Paul, T. V. James J. Wirtz, and Michel Fortmann, Balance of Power Theory and
Practice in the 21
stCentury (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004).
Rubinstein, Alvin Z. and Donald E. Smith. Anti-Americanism in the Third World:
Implications for the U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985).
Rubinstein, Alvin Z. and Donald E. Smith. Anti-Americanism in the Third World (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985).
Sokullu, Ebru Canan. Debating Security in Turkey Challenges and Changes in the
Twenty First Century (Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2013).
Walt, Stephen M. Taming American Power (New York: Cornell University Press, 2005).
Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979).
（二）期刊文章
Altunis, Meliha B. & Lenore G. Martin. “Making Sense of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East under AKP,” Turkish Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 569~587.
Art, Robert J. “Striking the Balance,” International Security, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp.
100
177~185.
Athanassopoulou, Ekavi. “American-Turkish relations since the end of the Cold War,”
Middle East Policy, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 144~164.
Aydın, Mustafa. “Reconstructing Turkish American Relations: Divergences versus Convergences,” New Perspectives on Turkey, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 125~146.
Brooks, Stephen G. and William C. Wohlforth. “Hard Times for Soft Balancing,”
International Security, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 72~108.
Cakmak, Cenap and Gokhan Guneysu. “Turkish-American Relations during Obama Era: Unfulfilled Expectations,” Turkish Studies, Vol.14, No.2, pp. 193~211.
Cook, Steven A. and Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall. “Generating Momentum for a New Era in U.S.-Turkey Relations,” Council on Foreign Relations Press, No. 15, pp.
1~37.
Datta, Monti Narayan. “The Decline of American Soft Power in the United Nations,”
International Studies Perspectives, Vol. 10, No.3, pp. 265~284.
Erhan, Çağrı and Efe Sıvış. “Determinants of Turkish-American Relations and Prospects for the Future,” Insight Turkey, Vol.19, No.1, pp. 89~115.
Friedman, Max Paul and Tom Long. “Soft Balancing in the Americas Latin American Opposition to U.S. Intervention 1898-1936,” International Security, Vol. 40, No.
1, pp. 120~156.
Guilfoyle, Douglas. “The Mavi Marmara Incident and Blockade in Armed Conflict,”
The British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 171~223.
Güney, Aylin. “Anti-Americanism in Turkey: Past and Present,” Middle Eastern
Studies, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 471~487.
Ilgit, Asli and Binnur Ozkececi-Taner. “Turkey at the United NationsSecurity Council:
‘Rhythmic Diplomacy’ and a Quest for Global Influence,” Mediterranean
Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 183~202.
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Lieber, Keir A. and Gerard Alexander. “Waiting for Balancing Why the World Is Not Pushing Back,” International Security, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 109~139.
Litsas, Spyridon N. “Bandwagoning for profit and Turkey: alliance formations and volatility in the Middle East,” Israel Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 125~139.
Pape, Robert A. “Soft Balancing against the United States,” International Security, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 7~45.
Park, Bill. “Turkey's isolated stance: an ally no more, or just the usual turbulence?,”
International Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 581~600.
Paul, T.V. “Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy,” International Security, Vol.
30, No. 1, pp. 46~71.
Putnam, Robert D. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the Logic of Two-Level Games,” International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 427~460.
Salmoni, Barak A. “Strategic Partners or Estranged Allies: Turkey, the United States, and Operation Iraqi Freedom,” Strategic Insights, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 5~13.
Sayarı, Sabri. “Turmoil in the Middle East and Turkish-American Relations,” Turkish
Policy, Vol.14, No.1, pp. 113~122.
Stein, Aaron. “Resetting U.S.-Turkish Relations: Charting a New Way Forward,”
Journal of Strategic Security, Vol. 4, No.1, pp. 1~18.
Taspinar, Omer. “The End of the Turkish Model,” Survival, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 49~64.
Uslu, Nasuh Metin Toprak, Ibrahim Dalmis and Ertan Aydin. “Turkish public opinion toward the United States in the context of the Iraq question,” Middle East Review
of International Affairs, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 75~107.
Walt, Stephen M. “Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power,”
International Security, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 3~43.
Yesiltas, Murat. “Soft Balancing in Turkish Foreign Policy: The Case of The 2003 Iraq War,” Perceptions, Vol. 14, No.1, pp. 25~51.
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（三）新聞資料
“Anti-Americanism in Turkey,” Hurriyet, <http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/anti- americanism-in-turkey.aspx?pageID=438&n=anti-americanism-in-turkey-2005-0 2-17>, (February 17, 2005).
“Beyond the Valley of the Wolves,” Der Spiegel,
<http://www.spiegel.de/international/controversy-over-turkish-movie-beyond-the -valley-of-the-wolves-a-401565.html>, (Febuary 22, 2006).
“Erdoğan v the Gülenists: from political allies to Turkey's bitter rivals,” The Guardian,
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/19/thousands-detained-as-turkey-vows-to-smoke-out-gulen-supporters>, (July 19, 2016).
“George Bush addresses the NATO summit in Turkey,” The Guardian,
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jun/29/eu.nato1>, (June 29, 2004).
“Growing Mistrust Between U.S. and Turkey Is Played Out in Public,” The New York Times,
<http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/24/world/europe/growing-mistrust-between-u s-and-turkey-is-played-out-in-public.html>, (December 23, 2013).
“PYD not terrorist under US law, Turkey should provide them support: Washington,”
Hürriyet Daily News,
<http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pyd-not-terrorist-under-us-law-turkey-shoul d-provide-them-support-state-department.aspx?pageID=238&nid=73259>, (October 21, 2014).
“Rice smooths relations in Turkey,” BBC,
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4240121.stm>, (February 6, 2005).
“Threats and Responses: Ankara; Turkish Deputies Refuse to Accept American Troops,” The New York Times,
103
<http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/02/world/threats-and-responses-ankara-turkis h-deputies-refuse-to-accept-american-troops.html?mcubz=3>, (March 2, 2003).
“Transcript: Obama addresses U.N. General Assembly,” CNN, <
http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/23/obama.transcript/index.html>, (September 23, 2009).
“Turkey calls on US not to launch attack on Iraq,” The Irish Times, <
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/turkey-calls-on-us-not-to-launch-attack-on-iraq -1.416754> (March 15, 2002)
“Turkey opposes strike against Iraq,” BBC,
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2134737.stm> (July 17, 2002)
“Turkey recalls ambassador over genocide resolution,” CNN,
<http://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/10/11/us.turkey.armenians/index.html?i ref=topnews>, (October 12, 2007).
“Turkey recalls US ambassador over Armenia genocide resolution,” The Guardian,
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/05/turkey-us-ambassador-armeni a> (March 5, 2010).
“Turkey says will not end gas links with Iran,” Reuters,
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-iran/turkey-says-will-not-end-gas-lin ks-with-iran-idUSL2022038220070920>, (September 20, 2007).
“Turkey, US in row over Erdoğan’s remarks on Israel,” Hurriyet News,
<http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-us-in-row-over-erdogans-remarks-on -israel--69389>, (July 20,2014).
“Turkey’s Erdogan calls on U.S. to extradite rival Gulen,” Reuters, <
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-erdogan/turkeys-erdogan-calls-on-u-s-t o-extradite-rival-gulen-idUSBREA3S0A120140429>, (April 29, 2014).
“Turkish foreign minister opposes U.N. sanctions on Iran,” Washington Post, <
104
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/14/AR2010041 403818.html>, (April 14, 2010).
“Turks protest at Cheney visit,” Reuters, <http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-turkey- cheney-protests/turks-protest-at-cheney-visit-idUKL243634020080324>, (March 24, 2008).
“U.S. concerned at Turkey shift: Gates,” Reuters,
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-israel-usa/u-s-concerned-at-turkey-sh ift-gates-idUSTRE6581I220100609?type=politicsNews>, (June 9, 2010).
“US arrest of soldiers infuriates Turkey,” The Guardian,
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jul/08/turkey.michaelhoward>, (July 8, 2003)
“US concerns over Turkey missile proposal,” Al Jazeera,
<http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/24/us-concerned-overturkishmissi lesystempurchase.html> (October 24, 2013).
“US drops weapons and ammunition to help Kurdish fighters in Kobani,” The Guardian,
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/20/turkey-iraqi-kurds-kobani-isis -fighters-us-air-drops-arms>, (October 20, 2014)
“US-supplied PYD weapons found at PKK hideouts in northern Iraq,” Daily Sabah,
<http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2015/10/16/us-supplied-pyd-weapons-foun d-at-pkk-hideouts-in-northern-iraq>, (October 16, 2015).
（四）官方文獻
“Invigorating the U.S.-Turkey Strategic Partnership,” U.S. Department of State,
<https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/106232.htm>, (June 24, 2008).
“Iran’s Nuclear Program: Tehran’s Compliance with International Obligations,”
Congressional Research Service, p.1, <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R40094.pdf>
105
(September 26, 2016).
“Israel’s Blockade of Gaza, the Mavi Marmara Incident, and Its Aftermath,”
Congressional Research Service, pp. 9~15,
<https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R41275.pdf> (June 23, 2010).
“Operation Enduring Freedom: Foreign Pledges of Military & Intelligence Support,”
CRS Report for Congress, <
https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1742/m1/1/high_res_d/RL31152 _2001Oct17.pdf > (October 17, 2001).
“President Bush Meets with President Gul of Turkey,” The White House,
<https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080108 -3.html>, (January 8, 2008).
“President Welcomes Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan to the White House,” The
White House, <
https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/06/20050608-1.html>, (June 8, 2005).
“Remarks by President Bush and Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan in Photo Opportunity,” U.S. Department of State, <https://2001-
2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/28582.htm> (January 28, 2004).
“Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Erdogan of Turkey after meeting,”
The White House,
<https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/remarks-pr esident-obama-and-prime-minister-erdogan-turkey-after-meeting>, (December 07, 2009).
“Remarks Of President Barack Obama At Student Roundtable In Istanbul,” The White
House,
<https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-106
student-roundtable-istanbul> (April 7, 2009).
“Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations In Brief,” Congressional Research Service, pp. 8~10, <http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5666950d4.pdf> (November 13, 2015).
“Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations In Brief,” Congressional Research Service, pp. 6~7 <
https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20160826_R44000_81072458e0dc812219 a81d481c49186464ebd6de.pdf> (August 26, 2016).
“Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations,” Congressional Research Service, pp.
34~35, <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R41368.pdf> (August 26, 2016).
“Turkey: Selected Foreign Policy Issues and U.S. Views,” Congressional Research
Service, pp. 2~10, <www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA486490> (June
23, 2010).
“Turkey: Selected Foreign Policy Issues and U.S. Views,” Congressional Research
Service, pp. 31~35, <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34642.pdf>, (November
28, 2010).
（五）網路文章
“Henry Kissinger Reminds Us Why Realism Matters,” TIMES,
<http://time.com/3275385/henry-kissinger/>, (September 6, 2014).
Pitcairn, Daniel “Public Opinion and Soft Balancing within the Transatlantic Alliance,” The Yale Review of International Studies,
<http://yris.yira.org/essays/830>, (November 1, 2012).
三、土文部份
（一）智庫研究報告
“Kamuoyu ve Türk Dış Politikası anketi,” Ankara Üniversitesi Avrupa Toplulukları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, <
107
http://www.academia.edu/1435581/Kamuoyu_Ve_T%C3%BCrk_D%C4%B1%C 5%9F_Politikas%C4%B1_Anketi_Ocak_2010>, (Ocak 2010)
“USAK Dış Politika Algılama Anketi,” Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu Araştırması, <http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/TDP Anket4_TFP.pdf >, (Ağustos 2009).
（二）新聞資料
“Bush’tan Ecevit’e: Yanınızdayız,” Milliyet Haber,
<http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2002/01/17/guncel/agun.html> (Ocak 17, 2002).
“Gül: Tüm demokratik yollar denenmeli,” Hürriyet Haber,
<http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gul-tum-demokratik-yollar-denenmeli-119835>, (Ocak 3,2003)
“İsrail'e protesto çığı gibi,” Radikal, <http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/israile- protesto-cigi-gibi-999816/>, (May 31, 2010).
“Kafamıza vurdular su bile vermediler,” Gazetevatan,
<http://www.gazetevatan.com/kafamiza-vurdular-su-bile-vermediler-11522- gundem/ >, (Temmuz 8, 2003).
四、網路資源
（一）官方網站 土耳其外交部
http://www.mfa.gov.tr/
土耳其大國民議會 https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/
北約網頁
http://www.nato.int/cps/en/
美國國務院官網
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https://www.state.gov/
聯合國官網
http://www.un.org/en/
（二）民間機構網站 Gallup
http://news.gallup.com/
GlobeScan
https://globescan.com/
PEW Research Center http://www.pewglobal.org/
The Washington Institute
http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/