第四章 研究貢獻、限制與未來研究方向
第三節 未來研究方向
壹、社會訊息處理歷程的性別差異
憂鬱相關症狀在青少年時期開始出現顯著的性別差異，女性存在憂鬱相關 症狀的比例較男性高，另一方面，攻擊行為則較多出現於男性青少年；兩類心 理困擾皆有明顯性別差異。本研究未探討社會訊息處理歷程中的性別差異，未 來若將男、女性分開分析，將可以分別了解男、女性青少年發生憂鬱與攻擊行 為的機制，也能進一步了解性別差異出現的可能原因。造成性別差異的可能原 因有兩類：男女性在導致心理困擾的因素上表現不同、男女青少年促發心理困 擾的機制不同，亦有可能兩類差異共同導致心理困擾的盛行率有性別差異。社 會訊息處理理論將人際互動中的訊息處理清楚分為數個步驟，未來研究可進一 步檢驗男、女青少年是否在個別步驟中出現差異，亦可檢驗兩性別在各步驟間 的關聯性上是否有差別。
男、女青少年皆存在憂鬱與攻擊行為同時發生的現象，本研究依循社會訊 息處理歷程架構，提出兩類症狀同時發生的可能解釋，但這些發現與推論是否 於男、女性青少年皆適用，需要進一步的研究加以驗證。
過去研究發現，男、女性在攻擊行為的種類上有所不同，男性有較多肢 體、語言上的直接攻擊行為，女性則有較多間接的關係攻擊；此外，攻擊行為 與其性別常有攻擊型態不符者，有較嚴重的社會適應困難。本研究所採用的反 應性攻擊行為量表，其題項多是描述肢體、語言攻擊行為，以此量表區分出的 高攻擊行為女性，在社會訊息處理歷程中，是否近似於高攻擊行為的男性，或 另有其特性，亦值得未來研究探討。或許社會訊息處理歷程模型，可協助我們 了解出現跨性別常見種類的攻擊行為的機制，以期更有效地協助這些青少年的 社會適應。
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貳、情緒對社會訊息處理的影響
高攻擊行為青少年未在本研究顯著呈現預期的社會訊息處理特徵，可能肇 因於研究材料與設計，不易激發這些青少年在實際人際互動中常有的情緒反 應。由於情緒極可能對青少年的認知歷程造成影響，未來不僅可以嘗試以更生 動的研究材料探索青少年的社會訊息處理，亦可增加青少年在面對情境時的情 緒感受測量，甚至事先對參與者的情緒加以操弄，以進一步了解情緒對青少年 社會訊息處理的影響。
參、憂鬱與攻擊行為並存之青少年的社會訊息處理特徵
本研究發現，高憂鬱與高攻擊行為青少年，在社會訊息處理歷程中的相似 與相異之處，並據以推測，將他人的惡意態度與行為歸咎於對方或自己，可能 是訊息處理歷程中讓青少年產生攻擊行為或憂鬱症狀的關鍵。同一青少年對於 他人的敵意，時而歸咎於對方，時而歸咎於自己，可能是造成兩類心理困擾同 時存在的原因；然此推論有待未來研究進一步驗證。此外，青少年在情境中的 歸因判斷，受到哪些環境或個體因素的影響，也待後續研究繼續探索。未來研 究也可針對社會訊息處理歷程中的其他步驟進行檢驗，了解高憂鬱、高攻擊行 為以及兩類困擾共存的青少年，在這些歷程中的表現，並提出造成兩類困擾共 存的其他可能原因。
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