未來發展與建議

第五章國際社會化在捷克的運作 92

第二節未來發展與建議

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使捷克成為先進發展國家之ㄧ。

整體而言，捷克在歐盟推動的國際社會化下，的確產生了實質上的轉變，在經濟層面上，由共產時期的計劃經濟轉型為市場經濟，在政治方面由原本的集權或威權體制轉型為自由民主體制，而在社會方面，捷克對少數民族問題與人權議題的關注，與採取符合西方國際社會標準的自由化措施，都是明顯且具體可見的成就。然而，對於經濟轉型帶來的社會問題，捷克已經採取實際的措施解決，也漸漸收到成效，但是，在政治轉型中所遭遇到的問題，卻仍然無法有效解決，無法有效建立有助於民主深化發展的健全市民社會。雖然，捷克人民雖然具有公民熱忱的潛在性格，但經過共產體制的壓抑統治，在政治轉型開始後的短暫幾年內，還是無法完全信任政治，積極參與政治。所以，歐盟對捷克的國際社會化，

只能說收到部分的成效，要使捷克轉變成西方先進的民主國家，或許還需要時間讓民主制度與民主文化發展成熟。

第二節：未來發展與建議

歐盟自 2004 年 5 月 1 日起，正式接納波蘭、捷克、匈牙利、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亞、立陶宛、拉脫維亞、愛沙尼亞等八個中、東歐國家，和賽浦路斯、馬爾他兩個地中海沿岸國家，使歐盟會員國從十五國增至二十五國。這次歐盟東擴中，新加入的成員，分別來自冷戰時期不同的集團，波羅的海三國是原蘇聯加盟共和國，波蘭、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克是前華沙公約組織成員，而馬爾他、賽浦路斯和斯洛文尼亞則屬於不結盟運動集團的成員，這與歐盟過去的擴大所吸收全屬西方民主國家，迥然有別。而促進此次東擴的最主要動力，就是1990 年代中、東歐共產主義國家的民主轉型，同時，藉由與西歐融合，中、東歐國家希望能獲得更多的資源，以振興經濟、鞏固民主，並從共產主義的窠臼中，重獲新生，

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加入創造歐洲新文明的行列。²⁰⁶

然而，歐盟是否還有下一波東擴的可能？歐盟對外部其他國家進行社會化的腳步，從來就沒有停歇，只是外部國家對歐盟成員資格的不同態度，決定了歐盟國際社會化的策略是否能收到效果，進而是否能成為歐盟的一員。在2004 年東擴後，我認為歐盟東擴的進程將會減緩，不僅是因為組織擴大所帶來的成本尚未完全消化，也因為其他鄰近歐盟的外部國家本身的條件還沒成熟。因此，可以確定的是，歐盟雖然會繼續國際社會化其他外部國家，但是卻不會像對待中、東歐國家如此付出全力，因為歐盟目前正面臨經濟方面的重大考驗，而安全戰略上的考量也不如以前急迫，所以，我認為歐盟對其他外部國家推動國際社會化的努力將不如以前明顯。

然而，單就本文的研究範圍來看，可以發現，在制度面上，歐盟在捷克推動的國際社會化，的確有收到某部份的成效，不論是在政治、經濟或是社會方面，

捷克都依照歐盟的建議，進行國內體制上的改革。但是，我認為在國際社會化中達成內化的表徵下，更應該繼續去探究內化程度的差別。在捷克的例子中，人民在內化政治與經濟方面的規範就有明顯差別，這種差別來自議題領域的不同，更來自人民對不同領域建構的不同認同。因此，我認為在建構主義的架構下，討論國際社會化概念時，充分蒐集所研究目標國家的背景相關資料非常重要，因為每個國家都有不同文化環境，建構了不一樣的認同和國家利益考量，進而有不同的政策選擇。若希望研究分析的成果，能夠貼近實際情況，成為未來相關研究的有用資料，就必須以目標國家的角度出發，進行研究分析，才能暸解目標國家政策選擇背後的思考邏輯，進而做出符合目標國家文化的判斷。最後，本文的研究期待能給予其他相關區域研究一些啟發，尤其現在區域主義有了新發展，例如，整合已久的東南亞國協在新興力量中國加入之後，所展現的力量必定不容小覷，而國際社會將如何以規範性的力量，去影響這些與西方國際社群文化不同的國家，

206 洪茂雄，「歐盟東擴新契機」，自由新聞網，

<http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2004/new/may/2/today-o1.htm>(2004/05/02)

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使這些國家成為國際社會的夥伴而非麻煩製造者？於此，我認為歐盟對後共產國家的國際社會化經驗，或許可以做為未來政策思考的參考。

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伍、相關網站

美國中央情報局 - https://www.cia.gov/

歐洲聯盟官方網站 – http://europa.eu.int/

歐洲聯盟執委會官方網站–

http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/Czech/index.html

經濟合作發展組織社會支出資料庫 -

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聯合國統計司 - http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/resCountry.asp 捷克共和國官方網站 - http://www.czech.cz/

捷克觀光旅遊官方網址-

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在文檔中國際社會化在後共產捷克的實踐 - 政大學術集成 (頁 124-133)

第五章 國際社會化在捷克的運作 92

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第二節未來發展與建議

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