第三章 比較法
第五節 歐洲侵權行為法原則(PETL):權衡法則
歐洲各國侵權行為法對「損害」(Wrongfulness)此一概念,並無一致之見解,
221 485 F. Supp. 2d 874 (W.D. Tenn. 2007)
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且多半並未明文規範。惟觀諸歐洲各國侵權行為法雖多未明文規範「損害」,實 際上仍利用其他概念(如「直接因果關係」)間接地定義「損害」,且為使侵權行 為成立之要件、及行為人之責任範圍更明確,「歐洲侵權行為法原則」(Principles of European Tort Law, PETL)因而特地於第 2:102 條明文規範「損害」之概念222。 惟本條本無意窮盡列舉侵權行為法保護法益之範圍,其重點在於:考量某種利益
222 H.Koziol, in: Principles of European Torts:Text and commentary, SpringerwienNewYork (2005), p.25.
223 H.Koziol, supra note 219.
224 該條原文如下:
Art. 2:102. (Protected Interests)
(1) The scope of protection of an interest depends on its nature; the higher its value, the precision of its definition and its obviousness, the more extensive is its protection.
(2) Life, bodily or mental integrity, human dignity and liberty enjoy the most extensive protection.
(3) Extensive protection is granted to property rights, including those in intangible property.
(4) Protection of pure economic interests or contractual relationships may be more limited in scope.
In such cases, due regard must be had especially to the proximity between the actor and the endangered person, or to the fact that the actor is aware of the fact that he will cause damage even though his interests are necessaryily values lower than those of the victim.
(5) The scope of protection may also be affected by the nature of liability, so that an interest may receive more extensive protection against intentional harm than in other cases.
(6) In determining the scope of protection, the interests of the actor, especially in liberty of action and in exercising his rights, as well as public interests also have ti be taken into consideration.
88 法保障,尚須考量行為人與被害人間之「緊密關係」225(proximity),以及行為 人於行為時,是否明知其行為所得之利益必定低於被害人所受之損害而定。從本 條項明示:「純粹經濟上損失」所受保障程度較身體、自由等「絕對權」為低來 看,可見本條立法時或多或少受到德國法的影響。但本條文中同樣也可看到普通 法(common law)的影子,蓋普通法中「注意義務」(Duty of Care)概念之主要 功能,本就是過濾某種損害是否應受侵權行為法保障226。起草本條的Koziol 教 授指出:「純粹經濟上損失」所受保障程度較低,係因「純粹經濟上損失」不僅 本質及範圍不明確,且亦無清晰之輪廓(contour)所致227。本條之特色是:採取 必須考量眾多互動因素之「彈性體系」(Flexible System)228,而與前述德國民法
225 此處所稱之「緊密關係」並不限於前述普通法體系所稱之「技術上」(technical)之連結,而 為一不確定法律概念。舉例言之,若兩造當事人已著手洽談締約事宜,此時兩造當事人間即具備
「緊密關係」;反之,如公開出版資訊之作者,與接受其資訊之消費大眾間,應不太可能具備「緊
密關係」。簡言之:此處之「緊密關係」,重點在於行為人事前是否製造被害人對其行為之信賴,
而行為人與被害人事前是否具體接觸,則非所問。See H.Koizol, supra note 140, p.32.
226 See H.Koizol, supra note 219, p.32.
227 See Koizol, supra note 219, p.30‐31.
228 2005 年奧地利侵權行為法草案,亦同樣以「彈性體系」,作為其法理基礎。除了於第 1293 條
第 2 款概括地規定:「決定一項法益之保護範圍,除了需要考量其位階及價值、其定義之精確性、
範圍之明確性,尚須考量他人自由發展、行使其權利之利益,及公共利益。」之外,尚於第 1298 條明文規範「純粹經濟損失」之賠償問題。該條第 1 項規定:「對純粹經濟損失之注意義務,存
89 為,債權人即不會受有該損害時,行為人方負損害賠償責任。(第二項)」See Koizol, RECOVERY FOR ECONOMIC LOSS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ,48 Ariz. L. Rev. 871(2006), p.895.
229 王澤鑑,註 1 書,頁 387。
230 陳忠五,論「歐洲侵權行為法原則」之規範模式(上),月旦法學雜誌第 208 期,2012 年 9 月,頁 206‐207。
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英國「過失不當陳述或服務瑕疵」之案例),對「過失所致之純粹經濟損失」之 保障雖不如「侵害絕對權」,但多半採取「個案權衡」(ad-Hoc)之操作方式,並 未絕對排除對「純粹經濟損失」之求償。
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