• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論

第二節 研究貢獻與未來研究建議

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第二節 研究貢獻與未來研究建議

一、 心理健康在氣候變遷研究的基礎輪廓

過去台灣在氣候變遷研究缺乏對心理健康的討論,雖與友善環境行為意圖相 關之研究已累積許多成果,但相關研究僅注重於舊有對氣候變遷的認知或負面情 緒。本研究爬梳過去研究脈絡並分類,跳脫過去氣候變遷研究中對於個人的負面 情緒,從正向心理學角度,延續過去國外對氣候變遷因應策略與幸福感、環境參 與之研究,並找出友善環境行為的心理歷程,讓主觀幸福感在氣候變遷研究上有 一個基礎的輪廓,以利後續研究延伸探討。

二、 補充促進友善環境行為意圖的影響因素

過去許多研究都曾探討影響友善環境行為之影響因素,本研究於文獻探討中 分析影響行為之因素包含外在與內在面向:外在面向包括氣候變遷影響地點的接 近性以及媒體報導框架影響;內在因素則包括風險認知、效能感、因應策略等,

其中個人的負面情緒較為過去研究者所關注。然而對於主觀幸福感作為影響因素 之實證研究的數量仍然稀少,本研究為此提供了一個良好的參照。

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三、 對於應對理論的延伸

本研究以 Lazarus and Folkman(1984)所提出的應對理論為起點,聚焦於氣候 變遷壓力對於民眾之心理健康影響,並以正向心理學中的主觀幸福感為基礎。本 研究結果顯示,意義導向因應策略能夠調節使用情緒導向因應策略習慣的成人之 主觀幸福感,貢獻在於改變意義導向因應策略與情緒導因應策略之關係階層,延 伸了過去文獻對兩者之間關係的理解,以及以氣候變遷內涵相關面向為主體的壓 力應對理論研究。此外,也呼應個人在評估壓力源和個人所擁有的資源後,會採 取不同的因應策略,而所採用的因應策略也會造成不同的結果。

四、 實務貢獻

本研究對無論政策推廣、科學傳播及教育上均具有實務上的貢獻。首先,由 於本研究結果顯示,意義導向因應程度能夠調節使用情緒導向因應的民眾之一般 積極情感,因此當政府或媒體在宣傳節能減碳或提倡環境參與時,必須注意民眾 對氣候變遷的態度及情感,例如舉辦公聽會並鼓勵民眾表達,透過此方式了解民 眾因應氣候變遷的不同策略。為了減少與情緒導向因應策略對心理健康相關的負 面影響,政府也能告知民眾減緩氣候變遷的具體行動,並強調行為的有效性與未 來性,使民眾對氣候變遷抱持樂觀心態,促進意義導向因應策略,透過增進民眾 積極情感,提高友善環境行為意願。此外,應加強對民眾的氣候變遷意識責任教

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育及環保教育,例如在宣傳問題導向因應策略時,可以鼓勵個人積極思考對策、

對氣候變遷抱持樂觀態度,信任相關社會機構及工作者。

在教育方面,為了促進意義導向因應策略,教師能透過正面思考幫助學生減 少過度悲觀的氣候變遷觀點,教育單位也能夠邀請不同的專家學者或非盈利環境 組織工作者到校園演講,由於這些人是處理氣候變遷相關議題的工作者,儘管議 題很複雜,但他們對未來仍然保持樂觀,透過此方式能夠增進信任感。此外,讓 學生了解社會上有許多人及組織都在關心氣候變遷議題亦為重要,以減少其對氣 候變遷的無助和絕望感。此外,由於情緒導向因應策略可能與對氣候變遷的不甚 了解有關,因此新聞媒體也要注意氣候變遷的報導方式,也就是不再強調氣候變 遷所帶來的威脅,而是盡可能提供氣候變遷相關知識與解決辦法,也可提及氣候 變遷行動對個人與群體的共同利益,例如淨灘行動對環境與海洋的助益、減少塑 膠使用對身體上的益處等。

五、 研究限制及未來研究建議

本研究因礙於需取得大量的樣本數,故研究方法選擇問卷調查法。然而,問 卷調查法有其限制:第一,無法參考真實的情境,以民眾的想像來評估因應氣候 變遷時的策略。第二,問卷調查法未能以實驗法的方式製作氣候變遷所造成影響 的刺激物、控制內容,再請受測者觀看後填答。第三,問卷調查法無法直接驗證

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因果關係,僅能以相關關係間接地推測因果關係。第四,就「想像情境」的方式 而言,受測者所想像的氣候變遷內容可能因人而異、且較為主觀,進而可能影響 到研究的結果;也因無法具體得知受測者想像的情境,故無法探討友善環境行為 意圖更細部的影響因素,例如災難過後的影響。就樣本蒐集方式而言,本研究以 網路問卷發放,填答資格不限性別、科系、與氣候變遷認知程度,雖然樣本充足,

但屬於便利抽樣方法,為非隨機抽樣,無法保證所抽出樣本的代表性,亦可能造 成統計不確定性。

在研究操弄上,由於本研究情緒導向因應變項之信度較低,有可能造成分析 上影響。此外,由於氣候變遷議題可能影響主觀幸福感程度,而主觀幸福感是進 行友善環境行為的心理因素,因此喚起幸福感的不同將影響行為意圖的程度高低。

本研究探討的主觀幸福感並無刺激物,無法進一步探討造成幸福感差異的原因。

本研究建議未來研究可討論當不同氣候變遷事件發生後,幸福感程度是否不同,

又是否會進而影響友善環境行為意圖的程度。

本研究僅探討因應策略對友善環境行為意圖之影響,然而實際上氣候變遷所 造成的災害事件往往是影響民眾是否採取友善環境行為的重要因素,尤其當發生 較嚴重的氣候事件時,民眾的環境保護心理可能更為強烈,也就是「時間」或「地 區」因素是否會影響研究結果與民眾之因應策略,例如氣候變遷議題傳播最常使 用的方式為恐懼訴求,早期文獻認為恐懼會促進友善環境行為(Lazarus, 1991),

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然而十年後相關研究則發現,民眾對此類訊息的反應已產生麻痺,因此負面情緒 已不會促發友善環境行動(O’Neill & Nicholson-Cole, 2009; Homburg, 2007; van

Zomeren et al,2010),由於台灣民眾長期以來接受到此訊息,時至今日若一再強 調氣候變遷帶來的不堪後果,民眾之受到的情緒影響程度可能相較過去減少許多,

此研究效用的問題也值得未來研究延伸討論。除此之外,氣候變遷帶來的正負面 影響也可能造成友善環境行為意圖的差異,讓民眾產生不同的應對行為,未來也 可以針對不同的氣候影響詳細去討論與友善環境行為類型的關聯性。

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