第七章 結論
第二節 研究限制與對未來研究之建議
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第二節 研究限制與對未來研究之建議
本文的研究限制在於,解釋憲法是採合議審理,最終的釋憲文往往是經過許多折衝 妥協後的結果,大法官個人的本意難以完全還原。意見書雖然是大法官個人的意見,但 面臨有其他大法官加入意見時,是否這些大法官都具有同樣的議題立場,也難以定論。
其次,大法官之間的關係遠近,是否會影響其意見表達,主席(司法院院長)在會議中 的特殊地位,其權力是否僅限於主持會議,或是可以無形中影響其他大法官、影響審理 過程,受到資料限制,現階段無法解決。本文僅能盡力以審慎的思考及有系統的分析,
探討大法官的意見表達行為。第三,大法官釋憲的制度雖行之有年,我國民主化後的時 間尚短,文中提出了許多可能的解釋,包含議題立場、意識形態、政策偏好等因素,都 需要更長的時間,更豐富的資料,方能驗證。第四,立法院作為大法官任命的同意機關,
具有相當程度的影響力,但本文研究的 1986 年至 2016 年期間,立法院皆是國民黨等泛 藍政黨佔據優勢,難以辨認同意機關對大法官意見表達行為的影響。2016 年之後,民進 黨首度完全執政,大法官的異議表達行為模式是否產生變化,有待後續研究繼續討論。
就目前的研究結果來看,未來還可以多加關注政黨輪替與交錯任期制的互動。尤其 是交錯任期制的制度設計,目的在於使大法官不受政治力干涉,但實務運作上,執政者 在提名大法官時,卻時有爭議之舉,使交錯任期的效力減弱。而四年一次的選舉,如果 皆能達成政黨輪替,可能是對交錯任期制的加成;也可能如前文所述,有時候反而出現 大法官意見趨同的現象。藉由往後更長遠的觀察,可以嘗試描繪,大法官如何與政黨輪 替、交錯任期制等制度互動,進而出現不同的意見表達行為。
另外,需要更進一步考量的是,大法官之所以要經過總統提名、立法院同意,就是 因為大法官本身不具有民意基礎,需要民選的總統、立法院協助把關。然而在民主體制 下,民選的政治人物對非民選的大法官,其影響力是相當間接而有限的。本文前言所提
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到的 748 號解釋,指出民法禁止同性婚姻的規定違憲,在台灣社會都仍對同性婚姻抱有 高度爭議的時候,大法官已經代替人民做出了選擇。非民選的大法官是否具有在爭議議 題上,為人民決策的正當性?大法官如何在沒有民意基礎的條件下,拿捏司法決策行為 的尺度及界線,都值得我們深思。
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王金壽,2008,〈台灣司法改革二十年:邁向獨立之路〉,《思與言》,46(2): 133-74。
王金壽,2012,〈台灣司法政治的興起〉,《台灣政治學刊》,16(1): 61-119。
王泰升,2006,《台灣法律史的建立》,台北:元照。
https://www.judicial.gov.tw/constitutionalcourt/p03_01_1.asp?expno=745。
黃紀、王德育,2016,《質變數與受限依變數的迴歸分析》,台北:五南。
劉恆妏,2002,〈戰後臺灣司法人之研究-以司法官訓練文化為主的觀察〉,《思與 言》,40(1): 125-82。
劉義周,1977,〈我國歷屆大法官之產生及其背景之分析〉,《政治大學學報》,35: 287-302。
劉嘉薇,2016,《臺灣民眾的媒體選擇與統獨立場》,台北:五南。
蕭怡靖、黃紀,2010,〈2008 年立委選舉候選人票之分析:選民個體與選區總體的多 層模型〉,《台灣政治學刊》,14(1): 3-53。
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http://www.els.sinica.edu.tw。
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(KMTjudge)連續變數
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(dissent)1 最反對(程序異議) (president)
1 李登輝
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達時間,共經過幾 個月。連任、任期 中斷者,以累加方 式計算
職業背景 (background)
1 律師 2 教授 3 檢察官 4 法官 5 政務官員
最 接 近 該 位 大 法 官 任 職 日 期 之 職 業
意見表達時間 (dissenttime)
大 法 官 發 表 意 見 的時間
釋憲文號次 (interpret)
意 見 所 屬 的 釋 憲 文號次
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(1986, 199-209)
曾有田 維持現狀
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現狀、未 來走向
將兩岸事務納入國際規範下運作,對我方而言應較為
有利....我方自較不虞遭中國大陸政府予以矮化或吞併 獨/維持現狀
我國加入 GATT 所涉兩岸法 律關係若干問題(1998,
293)
蘇永欽 偏統
現狀、未 來走向
對於我們國家未來是要完全脫離中國大陸、脫離歷 史,完全獨立,還是在已經獨立的主權現狀之下,維 持一個共存共榮的關係,我沒有辦法支持一個有戰爭 風險的選項
統/維持現狀
立法院公報
國號 是中華民國的司法院副院長 統/獨/維持現狀
蘇俊雄 維持現狀 國號 中華民國在台灣是一個主權獨立的國家 統/獨/維持現狀
國民大會速紀錄
領土 憲法主體在台澎金馬自由地區 維持現狀
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Fixed Part統獨立場(參照組 = 維持現狀) Random Part
Level 3:總統 var(cons) 2.15×10-33 (1.05×10-17) Level 2:大法官 var(cons) 0.347 (0.132) 觀察值個數 = 935
AIC = 2795.126; BC = 2896.777 Source:作者自行蒐集
Note: ***: p < 0.001; **: p < 0.01; *: p < 0.05