第五章 結論
第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向
本節將說明本研究之研究限制，以及對未來欲針對相似研究主題進行探討及 分析者，提出以下幾點建議作為參考。
一、 研究限制
在衡量變數方面，衡量創新的指標很多，沒有絕對適用的標準，本研究於各 構面僅採用多數研究使用之指標，作為研究構面的替代衡量變數。此外，部分衡 量指標的數據來源，無法透過公開資訊獲得，必須由問卷調查方式或其他管道取 得，增加研究之難度。另外，關於研究對象的選取，本研究礙於人力、物力及時 間之因素，僅選取我國上市櫃電子業廠商作為研究對象，且考量研究樣本需為財 務資訊公開及具有一定規模之企業，並未考量其他公開發行公司。故本研究實證 結果，或許僅適用於電子產業，無法推論、應用至我國其他產業。上述皆有可能 對本研究結果之準確性造成若干影響，產生實證結果的偏誤。
二、 未來研究方向 (一) 增加其他的變數
探討企業高值化創新對經營績效的變數很多，除了本研究所採用的服務創 新、製造創新，以及研發創新三個構面外，後續研究者可採取其他可能的影響變 數，衡量企業高值化創新對經營績效的影響。同時，可增加其他控制、調節變數，
如產業別，藉以檢視其對研究結果的影響效果或交互作用。
(二) 考慮產業因素
本研究取樣對象為我國電子產業，但實際上我國各產業皆面臨國際強大競爭 壓力，莫不積極透過轉型、升級，致力進行高值化創新活動，提升企業於各層面 的創新產出。因此，後續研究者可考慮以我國其他產業，或是上市上櫃之所有產 業進行實證研究，並比較其差異性，以增加研究結果之可信度及應用範圍，可望 對此議題獲得通盤瞭解，有更全面性的掌握。
(三) 加入個案訪談
91
本研究屬於量化研究，而透過個案訪談等質性研究方法，可獲得更多細微的 訊息，此外，根據個案研究對象的實務經驗，可以更多元的觀點解釋研究結果所 代表的意義。故本研究建議未來研究可採取量化加質性研究的方式一起進行。
(四) 衡量變數的計算
欲精確衡量企業於各個不同層面進行創新活動所採用的指標，並不十分容 易，如衡量企業營收來自服務部門的比率；此外，有的代理變數資料並無法由企 業的公開財務資訊獲得。故在衡量創新活動之代理變數的選擇與計算上是否能有 所突破，便是創新領域未來一個新的研究方向，此值得後續研究者探討。
92
何畏、易家詳(譯)(2009)。經濟發展理論(原作者: Schumpeter, J. A.)。台北市：左 岸文化。 (原著出版年: 1912)。
周文祥(譯) (1998)。巨變時代的管理(原作者: Peter F. Drucker)。台北：中天。(原 著出版年: 1995)。
周文賢 (2002)。多變量統計分析-SAS/STATISTICS 使用方法。台北市：智勝。
周春芳 (2008)。創新服務行銷。台北市：五南。
許梅芳(譯)(1998)。超優勢競爭(原作者: Richard A. D’Aveni )。台北市：遠流。(原 著出版年: 1994)。
許瓊文、劉尚志、蔡千姿、龍仕璋 (2005)。科技管理。台北市：智勝。
陳明璋 (1996)。企業轉型的策略與成功關鍵。貿易週刊，1690，18-21。
陳振祥 (1997)。ODM 策略之理論架構與實證。(未出版之碩士論文)，國立臺灣
93
Technology Review, Jun/Jul, 39-47.
Aboody, D., & Lev, B. (2001). R&D productivity in the chemical industry. Working paper, New York University, NY.
Adams, J. D. (1984). Tranmsforming Work. Alexandrix,VA: Miles Review Press.
Adrian, S. (1996). Value Migration: How to Think Several Moves Ahead of the Competition. Boston, MA: Havard Business School Press.
Ahn, S., & Denis, D. (2004). Internal capital markets and investment policy: evidence from corporate spinoffs. Journal of Financial Economics, 71, 489-516.
Amabile, T. ( 1997). Entrepreneurial creativity through motivational synergy. Journal of Creative Behaviour, 31(2), 18-26.
Anand, J. & Delios, A. (2002). Absolute and relative resources as determinants of internal acquisitions. Strategic Management Journal, 23(2), 119-134.
Arrow, K. J. (1962). Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Arvanitis, S., & Woerter, M. (2009). Firms’ transfer strategies with universities and
94
the relationship with firms’ innovation performance. Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(6), 1067-1106.
Avlonitis, G. J., Papastathopoulou, P. G., Gounaris, S. P. (2001). An empirically-based typology of product innovativeness for new financial services: success and failure scenarios. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 18(5), 324-342.
Baines, T., Lightfoot, H., Benedettini, O., Kay, J. (2009). The servitization of manufacturing: a review of literature and reflection on future challenges.
Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 20(5), 547-567.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
Bibeault, D. (1982). How Managers Turn Losers into Winners. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Bidault, F., Despres, C., Butler C. (1998). The drivers of cooperation between buyers and suppliers for production innovation. Research Policy, 26, 719-732.
Becker, W., & Dietz, J. (2004). R&D cooperation and innovation activities of firm-evidence for the German manufacturing industry. Research Policy, 33(2), 209-223.
Berger, P. G., Ofek, E. (1995). Diversification’s effect on firm value. Journal of Financial Economics, 37, 39-65.
Berghman, L., Matthyssens, P., vadenbempt, K. (2006). Building competences for new customer value creation: an exploratory study. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(4), 961-973.
Beubasat, A. (1994). Pioneering versus incremental innovation: review and research propositions. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 11, 46-61.
Booz, Allen and Hamilton (1982). New Products Management for the 1980s. New York: Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc.
Branch, B. (1974). Research and development activity and profitability: a distributed lag analysis. Journal of Political Economy, September/October, 999-1011.
Brouwer, E. (1997). Into Innovation: Determinants and Indicators. Drukkerij Elinkwijk, Utrecht.
Bunch, D. S., & Smiley, R.(1992). Who deter entry?: evidence of the use of strategic entry deterrence. Review of Economics and Statistics, 3, 509-521.
Calantone, R.J., & Di Benedetto, C.A. (1988). An integrative model of new product development process: an empirical validation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 5(3), 201-215.
Capaldo, G., Iandoli, L., Raffa, M., Zollo, G. (2003). The evaluation of innovation capabilities in small software firms: a methodological approach. Small Business Economics, 21, 343-354.
Caves, R. E. (1996). Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis. (2nd ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cheng, S. (2004). R&D expenditures and CEO compensation. The Accounting Review, 79(2), 305-328.
Chesbrough, H., & Rosenbloom, R. S. (2002). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from Xerox corportation’s technology spin-off companies. Industrial and Corportate Change, 11, 529-555.
Chiesa, V. (2008). R&D Strategy and Organisation. London: Imperial College Press.
Christensen, C. M. (1997). The Innovator’s Dilemma. Harvard Business School Press.
Chudnovsky, D., López, A., & Pupato, G. (2006). Innovation and productivity in
95
developing countries: a study of argentine manufacturing firms’ behavior (1992-2001). Reaearch Policy, 35(2), 266-288.
Cohen, W., & Levinthal, D. (1989). Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128-152.
Cohen, W., & Klepper, S. (1996). Firm size and the nature of innovation within industries: the case of process and product R&D. Review of Economics &
Statistics, 78, 232-243.
Cooper, R. G. (1984). The strategy-performance link in product innovation. R&D Management, 14(4), 247-259.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests.
Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
Daft, R. L., & Wan, T. H. (2007). Organization Theory and Design: A Modern Introduction. Thomson Learning, Hwa Tai Pulishing.
Damanpour, F., & Evan, W. M. (1984). Organizational innovation and performance:
the problem of organizational lag. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 392-409.
Damanpour, F., Szabat, K. A., Evan, W. M. (1989). The relationship between types of innovation and organizational performance, Journal of Management Studies, 26(6), 587-601.
Damanpour, F., & Gopalakrishnan, S. (2001). The dynamics of the adoption of product and process innovations in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 38(1), 45-65.
Davidson, W. H. (1993). Beyond re-engineering: the three phase of business transformation. IBM System Journal, 32(1), 65-79.
Davies, A. C. (2003a). Are firms moving downstream into high-value services. In Jidd, J. and Hull, F.M. (Eds.), Service Innovation: Organizational Responses to Technological Opportunities and Market Imperatives(pp. 321-342). London:
Imperial College Press.
Davies, A. C. (2003b). Adding value to systems integration. The Business of System Integration, Oxford University Press.
Davies, A. C., Brady, T., Hobday, M. (2006). Charting a path toward integrated solutions. MIT Sloan Management Review, 47, 39-48.
Day, J. D. & Jung, M. (2000). Corporate transformation without a crisis. The McKinsey Quarterly, 4, 116-127.
DeCarolis, D. M., & Deeds, D. L. (1999). The impact of stocks and flows of organizational knowledge on firm performance: an empirical investigation of the biotechnology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 953-968.
Deepak, H. (2004). Innovation and Technology Trajectories in A Developing Country Context: Evidence from A Survey of Malaysian Firms. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia.
Delios, A., & Beamish, P. W. (1999). Geographic scope, product diversification, and the corporate performance of Japanese Firms. Strategic Management Journal, 20(8), 711-727.
Delios, A., & Beamish, P. W. (2001). Survival and profitability: the roles of experience and intangible assets in foreign subsidiary performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1028-1038.
Doyle, P. (1990). Building successful brands: the strategic options. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 7, 5-20.
Drejer, I. (2004). Identifying innovation in surveys of services: a Schumpeterian perspective. Research Policy, 33(3), 551-562.
96
Drucker, P. F. (1994). Post-Capitalist Society. Harper Collins Publishers.
Dutta, S., Narasimhan, O., Rajiv, S. (1999). Success in high-technology market: is marketing capability critical?. Marketing Science, 18(4), 547-568.
Ehie, I. C., & Olibe, K. (2010). The effect of R&D investment on firm value: an examination of US manufacturing and service industries. International Journal of Production Economics, 128(1), 127-135.
Electronic Business Assessment Tool(e-BAT)(1999). UK CALS Industry Counicl.
Ettlie, J., & Reza, E. M. (1992). Organizational integration and process innovation.
Academy of Management Journal, 35(4), 795-827.
Fang, E., Palmatier, R.W., Steenkamo, J. E .M. (2008). Effect of service transition strategies on firm value. Journal of Management, 72, 1-14.
Farris, P. W., Parry, M. E., Ailawadi, K. L. (1992). Structural analysis of models with composite dependent variables. Marketing Sciences, 11(1), 76-94.
Ford, J. D., & Ford, L. W. (1995). The role of conversations in producing intentional change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 541-570.
Galanakis, K. (2006). Innovation process. Make sense using systems thinking.
Technovation, 26(11), 1222-1232.
Gallouj, F., & Weinstein, O. (1997). Innovation in services. Research Policy, 26(4/5), 537-566.
Garner, J. L., Nam, J., Ottoo, R. E.(2002). Determinants of corporate growth opportunities of emerging firms. Journal of Economics and Business, 54, 73-93.
Gatignon, H., Weitz, A. B., Bansal, P. (1990). Brand introduction strategies and competitive environments. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(4), 390-401.
Gatignon, H., & Xuereb, J. M. (1997). Strategic orientation of the firm and new product performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(Feb), 77-90.
Goedkoop, M., van Haler, C., te Riele, H., Rommers, P. (1999). Product service-systems, ecological and economic basics. Dutch Ministries of Environment (VROM) and Economic Affairs (EZ).
Grönroos, C. (1990). Service Management and Marketing-Managing the Moments of Truth in Service Competition. U.S.: Lexington Books.
Hakansson, H. (1986). Developing a network R&D strategy. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 4, 224-237.
Hayes, R. H., & Wheelwright, S. C. (1984). Restoring Our Competitive Edge:
Competing Through Manufacturing. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Heide, J. B., & George, J. (1990). Alliances in industrial purchasing: the determinates of joint action in buyer-supplier relations. Journal of Marketing Research, 27, 24-36.
Hennart, J. F. (1991). The transaction cost theory of the multinational enterprise. The Nature of the Transnational Firm (pp. 81-115). London: Routledge.
Hertog, P. D. (2000). Knowledge intensive business services as co-producers of innovation, International Journal of Innovation Management, 4, 491-528.
Higgins, J. M. (1995). Innovation the core competence. Planning Review, 23, 32-36.
Hitt, M. A., & Smart, D. (1994). Debt: a disciplining force for managers or a debilitating force for organization?. Journal of Management Inquirty, 3, 144-152.
Ho, Y. K., Keh, H. T., & Ong, J. M. (2005). The effects of R&D and advertising on firm value: an examination of manufacturing and nonmanufacturing firms.
Transactions on Engineering Management, 52(1), 3-14.
Hobday, M. (1995). Innovation in East Asia: the Challenge to Japan. Brookfield, VT:
97
Edward Elgar.
Hollenstein, H. (2003). Innovation modes in the Swiss service sector: a cluster analysis based on firm-level data. Research Policy, 32(3), 845-863.
Holt, K. (1988). Architectural innovation: the reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 9-30.
Hula, G. (1989). Intangible capital, market share and corporate strategy. Applied Economics, 21, 1535-1547.
Hunt, S. D., & Morgan R. M. (1995). The comparative advantage theory of competition. Journal of Marketing, 59(1), 1-15.
Iansiti, M., & West, J. (1997). Technology integration: turning great research into great products. IEEE Engineering Management Review, Winter, 16-25.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36.
Kalliokoski, P., Andersson, G., Salminen, V., Hemilä, J. (2003). BestServ feasibility study. Technology Industries of Finland, Helsinki.
Kotabe, M., Srinivasan, S. S., Aulakh, P. S. (2002). Multinationality and firm performance: the moderating role of R&D and marketing capabilities. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(1), 79-97.
Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing Management. Prentice Hall, USA.
Lavy, A., & Merry, U. (1988). Organizational Transformation: Revitalizing Organization for A Competitive World. Jessey-Bass.
Lev, B., & Sougiannis, T. (1996). The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 21, 107-138.
Lin, B. W., Lee, Y., Hung, S. C. (2006). R&D intensity and commercialization orientation effects on financial performance. Journal of Business Research, 59, 679-685.
Lin, C. Y. Y., & Chen, M. Y. C. (2007). Does innovation lead to performance? an empirical study of SMEs in Taiwan. Management Research News, 30(2), 115-132.
Lins, K. V., & Servaes, H. (2002). Is corporate diversification beneficial in emerging markets?. Financial Management, 31(2), 5-31.
Little, D. C. (1979). Aggregate advertising models-the state of art. Operations Research, July-August, 629-667.
Livesey, F. (2006). High value manufacturing. Centre for Economics and Policy Institute for Manufacturing Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge.
Lovelock, C., & Wright, L. (1999). Principles of Service Marketing and Management.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Lovelock, C., & Wirtz, J. (2004). Services Marketing. Prentice Hall.
Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. (2001). The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6/7), 565-586.
Lubatkin, M., & Chatterjee, S. (1994). Extending modern portfolio theory into the domain. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 109-136.
Lusch, R. F., Vargo, S. L., O’Brien, M. (2007). Competing through service: insights from service-dominant logic. Journal of Retailing, 83(5), 5-18.
Macher, J. T., & Mowery, D. C. (2009). Measuring dynamic capabilities: practices and performance in semiconductor manufacturing. British Journal of Management, 20, 41-62.
Magretta, J. (2002). Why business models matter. Harward Business Review, 80(5), 86-92.
98
Maidique, M. A., & Patch, P. (1978). Corporate strategy and technological strategy. In Tushman, M. L. and W. L. Moore (eds.), Readings in the Management of Innovation(pp. 273-285). Cambridge, MA.
Mank, D. A., & Nystrom, H. E. (2001). Decreasing returns to shareholders from R&D spending in the computer industry. Engineering Management Journal, 13(3), 3-8.
Mansi, S. A., & Reeb, D. M. (2002). Corporate diversification: what gets discounted?.
The Journal of Finance, 57(5), 2167-2183.
Martin, S. (1979). Advertising, concentration, and profitability: the simultaneity problem. Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 639-647.
Mathur, I., Singh, M., Gleaso, K. C. (2001). The evidence from Canadian on multinational diversification and perform. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 41, 561-578.
Menor, L. J. (2002). New Service Development Competence and Performance.
Unpolished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Miles, I. (2006). Patterns of innovation in service industries. Paper in the The Developmental International Conference of Service Industry, Taipei.
Miravete, E., & Pernías, J. (2006). Innovation complementarity and scale of production. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 54, 1-29.
Mont, O. (2004). Product-Service Systems: Panacea or Mth. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Lund University.
Morbey, G. K. (1988). R&D: its relationship to company performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 5(3), 191-200.
Morck, R., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R. (1988). Management ownership and market valuation: an empirical analysis. Journal of financial Economics, 20(1), 293-315.
Morck, R., & Yeung, B. (1991). Why investors value multinationality. Journal of Business, 64(2), 165-187.
Morck, R., & Yeung, B. (1992). Internalization: an event study test. Journal of International Economics, 33, 41-56.
Mudambi, R., Doyle P., Wong, V. (1997). An exploration of branding in industrial markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 26, 433-446.
Mueller, D. C. (1992). The persistence of profits in the United States. In Dennis Mueller (ed.), The Dynamics of Company Profits. Cambridge University Press.
Neely, A. (2007). The servitization of manufacturing: an analysis of global trends.
14th European Operations Management Association Conference.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Teory (3rd ed.). New York, McGraw Hill.
Ohmae, K. (1989). The global logic of strategic allinances. Harvard Business Review, 67(2), 143-155.
Oliva, R., & Kallenberg, R. (2003). Managing the transition from products to services.
International Journal of Service Industry, 14(2), 160-172.
Oliver, C. (1997). Sustainable competitive advantage: combining institutional and resource-based views. Strategic Management Journal, 18(9), 697-713.
Palmatier, R. W., Dant, R. P., Grewal, D. (2007). A comparative longitudinal analysis of theoretical perspectives of interorganizational relationship performance.
Journal of Marketing, 71, 172-194.
Pisano, G. P., & Wheelwright, S. C. (1995). The new logic of high-tech R&D.
Harvard Business Review, Sep-Oct, 93-105.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The Cmpetitive Avantage of Ntions. New York: The Free Press.
99
Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive Avantage: Ceating and Sustaining Sperior Prformance. New York: The Free Press.
Qian, G. (2002). Multinationality, configuration, and performance: a study of MNEs in the U.S. drug and pharmaceutical industry. Journal of International Management, 1(2), 231-253.
Regan, W. J. (1963). The service revolution. Journal of Marketing, 27(3), 57-62.
Reiskin, E. D., White, A. L., Johnson, J., Votta, T. J. (2000). Servicizing the chemical supply chain. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 3(2-3), 19-31.
Ren, G., & Mike, G. (2007). Servitization in manufacturing companies: a conceptualization, critical review, and research agenda. 16th Annual Frontiers in Service Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Richford, M. & Linda, L. (1991). Generating and screening new product ideas.
Industrial Marketing Management, 20, 67-84.
Rindova, V. P., & Kotha, S.K. (2001). Continuous morphing: competing through dynamic capabilities, form, and function. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1263-1280.
Rosenberg, N., & Frischtak, C. (1985). International Technology Tansfer: Concepts, Measures and Comparisons. New York: Praeger.
Salavou, H. (2004). The concept of innovativeness: should we need to focus?.
European Journal of Innovation Management, 7(1), 33-44.
Sanchez, M. P., & Palacios, M. A. (2008). Knowledge-based manufacturing enterprises: evidence from a case study. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 19(4), 447-468.
Schilling, M. A. (2008). Strategic Management of Technological Innovation. (2nd ed.).
New York University.
Schroer, C. (1990). Ad spending: growing market share. Harvard Business Review, 68, 44-48.
Schumann, P. A., Prestwood, D. C., Tong, A. H., Vanston, J .H. (1994). Innovate:
Straight Path to Quality Customer Delight & Competitive Advantage.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
Shaheen, G. T. (1994). Approach to transformation. Chief Executive, March, 2-5.
Shefer, D., & Frenkel, A. (2005). R&D, firm size and innovation: an empirical analysis, Technovation, 25(1), 25-32.
Sher, P. J., & Yang, P. Y. (2005). The effects of innovative capabilities and R&D clustering on firm performance: the evidence of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry. Technovation, 25(1), 33-43.
Slywotsky, A.J., & Morrison, D. J. (1997). The Profit Zone: How Strategic Business Design Will Lead You to Tomorrow’s Profit, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Smit, S., Thompson, C. M., Viguerie, S. P. (2005). The do-or-die struggle for growth.
McKinsey Quarterly, 3, 35-45.
Tatikonda, M. V., & Zeithaml, V. A. (2002). Managing the new service development process: multi-disciplinary literature synthesis and directions for future research. New Directions in Supply-Chain Management, New York:
AMACDM.
Tidd, J., Bessant, J., Pavitt, K. (1997). Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market, and Organizational Change. Chichester, West Sussex, England; New York: John Wiley.
Trina L. A., & Srini, S. S. (2003). Advertising intensity and R&D intensity:
differences across industries and their impact on firm’s performance.
International Journal of Business and Economics, 2(2), 167-176.
100
Tsai, K. H., & Wang, J. C. (2004). The R&D performance in Taiwan’s electronics industry: a longitudinal examination. R&D Management, 34(2), 179-189.
Tsai, K. H., & Wang, J. C. (2007). Inward technology licensing and firm performance:
a longitudinal study. R&D Management, 37(2), 151-160.
Tushman, M. L., & Nadler, D. (1986). Organizing for innovation. California Management Review, 28(3), 74-92.
Tushman, M. L., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1997). Winning Through Innovation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Utterback, J. M. (1994). Differences in innovation for assembled and nonassembled
Utterback, J. M. (1994). Differences in innovation for assembled and nonassembled