第五章 結論與建議
第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向
本節說明本研究之研究限制，以及對於後續研究者欲針對相似研究主題進行 探討與分析，提出以下幾點建議作為參考。首先，在正向情感的衡量方面，本研 究以正負向情感量表(PANAS)來衡量正向情感，雖然過去研究已證實正負向情感 量表具信度與效度的(例如 Watson et al., 1988)，而且正向情感與負向情感也可分 別來衡量與探討個人的情感狀態(例如 Baron & Tang, 2011; 余明助、郭嘉博，
2009)，但實質上情感涉及到許多個人心理層面的複雜因素；因此，後續研究者
可加入負向情感來一併衡量個人的情感狀態，並透過個案訪談等質性研究方法，
以獲得更多心理層面細微的訊息。
其次，在其他變項衡量方面，雖然本研究許多變項(例如創造力或組織創新 等)的衡量採用自陳式(self-report)量表，但這些衡量在先前研究中已被證實是具 信度與效度的(例如 Baron & Tang 2011; Tsai et al., 2001; Wang & Ahmed, 2004)，
而且衡量創造力或組織創新等變項的指標很多，沒有絕對的適用標準，本研究在 創造力以及組織創新各構面僅採用多數先前研究使用之指標，以作為研究構面的 替代衡量變數；因此，後續研究者可針對不同的研究目的與研究範圍，採用其他 適切的變項衡量指標。
此外，本研究之問卷為自陳式量表，且自變項以及依變項均由同一填答者回 答，因而可能導致同源偏誤(common method bias; CMB)；因此，本研究以 Harman’s 單因素檢定法(Harman’s one-factor test)進行研究變項間共同方法變異之檢定，資 料經由因素分析，於未轉軸的情況下，自 32 個題項中抽取出 8 個特徵值大於 1 的因素，其中解釋變異量最大的因子為 50.979%，由於並未有單一因素之產生，
且因素的解釋比例勉強屬於可接受範圍，故可判斷本研究之同源偏誤尚在可接受 的水準(Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003)。然而，本研究仍建議後續 研究者在事前的研究設計上，思考來源、採用其他客觀衡量指標或是以不同時間 點蒐集資料來降低此一問題的產生。
最後，在研究範圍選取方面，本研究礙於人力、物力以及時間之因素，僅以 國內育成中心進駐廠商作為研究對象，並未考量其他中小型企業或公開發行公司，
故本研究實證結果，或許僅適用於國內育成中心進駐廠商，而無法推論及應用至 我國其他企業；因此，後續研究者可考慮以我國其他中小型企業或是上市上櫃公 司進行實證研究，並比較其差異性，以增加研究結果之可信度及應用範圍，期望
參考文獻
一、中文部分
王精文、徐碧慧與李珍玫，2007 年，創造力人格、領導型態與績效關係之探討，
臺大管理論叢，第 17 卷，第 2 期，頁 159-182。
王震武、林文瑛、林烘煜、張郁雯與陳學志，2008 年，心理學，臺北市：學富 文化。
丘皓政、陳燕禎與林碧芳，2009 年，組織創新氣氛量表的發展與信效度衡鑑，
測驗學刊，第 56 輯，第 1 期，頁 69-97。
余明助與郭嘉博，2009 年，組織公正、負面情感以及組織公民行為之關係研究：
以主管不當監督為中介變項，中山管理評論，第 17 卷，第 2 期，頁 367-396。
吳明隆與涂金堂，2009 年，SPSS 與統計應用分析 (二版)，臺北市:五南書局。
林義屏、黃俊英與董玉娟，2004 年，市場導向、組織學習、組織創新與組織績 效間關係之研究：以科學園區資訊電子產業為例，管理評論，第 23 卷，第 1 期，頁 101-134。
徐聯恩與樊學良，2011 年，組織創新活力及其效果：時間壓力干擾之探討，臺 大管理論叢，第 21 卷，第 2 期，頁 391-422。
張春興，2009 年，現代心理學 (重修版)，臺北市：東華。
經濟部中小企業處網站，2011 年 12 月 31 日，http://www.moeasmea.gov.tw/。
榮泰生，2009 年，SPSS 與研究方法 (二版)，臺北市:五南書局。
二、英文部分
Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), 755-775.
Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating creativity in organizations: On doing what you
love and loving what you do. California Management Review, 40(1), 39-58.
Amabile, T. M. (1998). How to kill creativity. Harvard Business Review, 76(5), 77-87.
Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 367-403.
Ardichvili, A., & Cardozo, R. N. (2000). A model of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition process. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 8(2), 103-119.
Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105-123.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
Baron, R. A. (2006). Opportunity recognition as pattern recognition: How entrepreneurs “connect the dots” to identify new business opportunities.
Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 104-119.
Baron, R. A. (2008). The role of affect in the entrepreneurial process. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 328-340.
Baron, R. A., & Ensley, M. D. (2006). Opportunity recognition as the detection of meaningful patterns: Evidence from comparisons of novice and experienced entrepreneurs. Management Science, 52(9), 1331-1344.
Baron, R. A., & Tang, J. (2009). Entrepreneurs’ social skills and new venture performance: Mediating mechanisms and cultural generality. Journal of Management, 35(2), 282-306.
Baron, R. A., & Tang, J. (2011). The role of entrepreneurs in firm-level innovation:
Joint effects of positive affect, creativity, and environmental dynamism. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(1), 49-60.
positive affect: The potential benefits and potential costs of being “up”. Journal of Business Venturing, In Press, Corrected Proof.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644-675.
Bartel, C. A., & Saavedra, R. (2000). The collective construction of work group moods. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(2), 197-231.
Basadur, M. (2004). Leading others to think innovatively together: Creative leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 103-121.
Baum, J.R., & Locke, E.A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587-598.
Beersma, B., Hollenbeck, J. R., Humphrey, S. E., Moon, H., Conlon, D. E., & Ilgen, D. R. (2003). Cooperation, competition, and team performance: Toward a contingency approach. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 572-590.
Brief, A.P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace.
Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 279-307.
Busentiz, L. W. (1996). Research on entrepreneurial alertness: Sampling, management, and theoretical issues. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(4), 35-44.
Casson, M. (2005). Entrepreneurship and the theory of the firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 58(2), 327-348.
Chen, C., & Lin, B. (2004). The effects of environment, knowledge attribute, organizational climate, and firm characteristics on knowledge sourcing decision.
R&D Management, 34(2), 137-146.
Corbett, A. C. (2005). Experiential learning within the process of opportunity identification and exploitation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 473-491.
Corbett, A. C. (2007). Learning asymmetries and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 97-188.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1997). Stability and change in personality assessment:
The revised NEO personality inventory in the year 2000. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 86-94.
Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 555-590.
Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301-331.
DeTienne, D. R., & Chandler, G. N. (2007). The role of gender in opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 365-386.
Dougherty, D., & Bowman, E. H. (1995). The effects of organizational downsizing of product innovation. California Management Review, 37(4), 28-44.
Ducker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship. New York: Harper Row.
Drucker, P. F. (2002). The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review, 80(8), 95-103.
Erez, A., & Isen, A. M. (2002). The influence of positive affect on the components of expectancy motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1055-1067.
Eckhardt, J. T., & Shane, S. A. (2003). Opportunities and entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29(3), 333-349.
Fiedler, K. (2000). Toward an integrative account of affect and cognition phenomena
The Role of Affect in Social Cognition(pp. 223-252), Combridge, M.A.:
Combridge University Press.
Foo, M. D., Uy, M. A., & Baron, R. A. (2009). How do feelings influence effort? An empirical study of entrepreneurs’ affect and venture effort. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 1086-1094.
Ford, C. M. (1996). A theory of individual creative action in multiple social domains.
Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1112-1142.
Forgas, J. P. (1998). On feeling good and getting your way: Mood effects on negotiating strategies and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 565-577.
Forgas, J. P., & George, J. M. (2001). Affective influences on judgments and behavior in organizations: An information processing perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 3-34.
Gaglio, C. M., & Katz, J. A. (2001). The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness. Small Business Economics, 16(2), 95-111.
Gartner, W., Shaver, K., Gatewood, E., & Katz, J. (1994). Finding the entrepreneur in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 5-9.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don’t: The role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 687-697.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2007). Dual tuning in a supportive context: Joint contributions of positive mood, negative mood, and supervisory behaviors to employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 605-622.
Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter Special Issue), 109-122.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7 ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
Hult, G. T., Hurley, R., & Knight, G. A. (2004). Innovativeness: Its antecedents and impact on business performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(5), 429- 438.
Hunter, S. T., Bedell, K. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2007). Climate for creativity: A quantitative review. Creativity Research Journal, 19(1), 69-90.
Ireland, R. D., & Webb, J. W. (2007). A cross-disciplinary exploration of entrepreneurship research. Journal of Management, 33(6), 891-927.
Isen, A. M. (2001). An influence of positive affect on decision making in complex situations: Theoretical issues with practical implications. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 11(2), 75-85.
Johannessen, J. A., & Dolva, J. O. (1994). Competence and innovation: Identifying critical innovation factors. Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Change, 3(3), 209-222.
Jung, D. I. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13(2), 185-195.
Kamstra, M., & Kennedy, P. (1998). Combining qualitative forecasts using login.
International Journal of Forecasting, 14(1), 83-93.
Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. (1998). Procedural justice, strategic decision making, and the knowledge economy. Strategic Management Journal, 19(4), 323-338.
Kirzner, I. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology,
Lee, J. H., & Venkataraman, S. (2006). Aspirations, market offerings, and the pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(1), 107-123.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Lichtenstein, B. B. (2005). The role of organizational learning in the opportunity-recognition process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 451-472.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
Marvel, M. R., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2007). Technology entrepreneurs’ human capital and its effects on innovation radicalness. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(6), 807-828.
McMullen, J.S., & Shepherd, D.A. (2006). Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 132-152.
Mignonac, K., & Herrbach, O. (2004). Linking work events, affective states, and attitudes: An empirical study of managers’ emotions. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(2), 221-240.
Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Bird, B., Gaglio, C. M., McMullen, J., Morse, E., &
Smith, B. (2007). The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(1), 1-27.
Mittal, V., & Ross, W. T. (1998). The impact of positive and negative affect and issue framing on issue interpretation and risk taking. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(3), 298-324.
Mumford, M. D. (2000). Managing creative people: Strategies and tactics for innovation. Human Resource Management Review, 10(3), 313-351.
Oates, K. (1997). Innovation is everybody's business. Management Services, 41(5),
8-13.
Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607-634.
Perry-Smith, J. E. (2006). Social yet creative: The role of social relationships in facilitating individual creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 85-101.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Politis, D. (2005). The process of entrepreneurial learning: A conceptual framework.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 399-424.
Prabhu, V., Sutton, C., & Sauser, W. (2008). Creativity and certain personality traits:
Understanding the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation. Creativity Research Journal, 20(1), 53-66.
Scott, S. G., & Burce, R. A. (1994). Determinates of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Joumal, 37(3), 580-607.
Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933-958.
Shalley, C.E., & Gilson, L.L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53.
Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurship opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448-469.
research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
Shepherd, D. A., & DeTienne, D. R. (2005). Prior knowledge, potential financial reward, and opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 91-112.
Smith, K. G., Collins, G. J., & Clark, K. D. (2005). Existing knowledge, knowledge creation capability, and the rate of new product introduction in high-technology firms. Academy of Management Journal, 48(2), 346-357.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. L. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51(7), 677-688.
Stickney, L. T. (2009). Affect and decision making. Decision Line, 40(3), 4-6.
Stuart, T. E. (2000). Interorganizational alliances and the performance of firms: A study of growth and innovation rates in a high-technology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 21(8), 791-811.
Subramaniam, M., & Youndt, M. (2005). The influence of intellectual capital on the nature of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 450-464.
Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M., & Busenitz, L. (2012). Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 77-94.
Tidd, J. (2001). Innovation management in context: Environment, organization and performance. International Journal of Management Review, 3(3), 169-183.
Timmons, J.A., & Spinelli, S. (2009). New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin.
Tsai, W. (2001). Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 996-1004.
Tsai, C. T., Huang, K. L., & Kao, C. F. (2001). The relationships among
organizational factors, creativity of organizational members and organizational innovation. Journal of Management, 18(4), 527-566.
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2009). The extent and nature of opportunity identification by experienced entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(2), 99-115.
Vandeven, A. H. (1986). Central problems in the management of innovation.
Management Science, 32(5), 590-607.
Wang, C. L., & Ahmed, P. K. (2004). The development and validation of the organizational innovativeness construct using confirmatory factor analysis.
European Journal of Innovation Management, 7(4), 303-313.
Ward, T. B. (2004). Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 173-188.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood.
Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219-235.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Yu, T. F. (2001). Entrepreneurial alertness and discovery. The Review of Austrian Economics, 14(1), 47-63.
Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity:
Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-692.
Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2003). Awakening employee creativity: The role of leader emotional intelligence. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4-5), 545-568.
附錄
附錄一 本研究問卷 敬愛的企業先進：
您好！首先懇請並感謝您在百忙之中撥冗填答本問卷！
這是一份學術性研究問卷，目的在於探究「創業家個人前置因素、機會辨識能 力與組織創新之間的關係」，調查資料並整理分析後，作成建議，以提供企業界在實 際執行經營管理時，有更明確的遵循方向，故懇請借重您提供相關寶貴經驗與意見，
以促成本研究之成功。您所提供的寶貴資料將僅作為學術上的研究用途，所填答的 資料將絕對保密，故請您安心填答。
在此附上本研究之問卷及回郵信封，本問卷係以 A3 雙面影印，問卷填畢後，
煩請您將此問卷裝入所附回郵信封內並懇請您盡速寄回（郵資將由本研究全額支 付）。對於您的熱心協助，謹致十二萬分謝忱！
順 頌
鴻圖大展 萬事如意
國立臺中教育大學事業經營研究所 指導教授：楊宜興 博士
研 究 生：陳佳隆 敬上
如您對本研究之實證結果有興趣，請留下電子信箱（或附上名片），待本研究完成後，
將提供一份摘要式研究報告給您，謝謝！
電子信箱：
填答說明：
二、 以下旨在瞭解您過去工作的經歷，請依個人真實狀況在下列題項的□中打「ˇ」。
五、 以下旨在瞭解您目前在公司工作的整體感覺，請在每個形容詞後面填上較符合您現
五、 以下旨在瞭解您目前在公司工作的整體感覺，請在每個形容詞後面填上較符合您現