• 沒有找到結果。

第二章 脅迫策略

第二節 脅迫模式

29 Alexander L. George, Forceful Persuasion (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1991), pp.7

30 Scott D. Sagan, “From Deterrence to Coercion to War: The Road to Pearl Harbor”, in The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy, ed. by Alexander L. George & William E. Simons (Oxford: Westview Press, 1994), pp.79-82.

31 Paul Gordon Lauren, “Coercive Diplomacy and Ultimata: Theory and Practice in History”, in The

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以確保可信度之外,還要考慮其操作的靈活性。因為在脅迫行動中的報 復手段,是為配合與對手的溝通工作而展示的,並非僅以執行報復手段 本身為目的;其操作必須收放自如,才能發揮「脅迫」的本質特色。

四、 利誘選項

進行脅迫行動時如能在威脅選項之外,輔以補償對手的利誘措施,將有 助於對方決策者安排各自表述空間,以克服其內部政治壓力,使其配合 我方讓步之政策選擇有台階可下,營造對手接受我方條件的環境。在脅 迫行動中納入利誘選項,也代表與對手交換次要國家利益、增進彼此關 鍵國家利益的戰略意涵,有助於將局勢由零和敵對轉變為雙贏協商,有 效降低戰爭爆發的風險。(如古巴飛彈危機之例32

資料來源:作者自行綜整

圖 3 對目標國行動策略及脅迫工具運用之關係

Limits of Coercive Diplomacy, ed. by Alexander L. George & William E. Simons (Oxford: Westview Press, 1994), pp.30-37.

32 Alexander L. George, Forceful Persuasion (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1991), pp.71.

Limits of Coercive Diplomacy, ed. by Alexander L. George & William E. Simons (Oxford: Westview Press, 1994), pp.25-29.

34 Alexander L. George, Forceful Persuasion, (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1991), pp.7-8.

35 Ibid., pp.8.

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四、 漸進施壓(Gradual Turning the Screw)

若進行脅迫行動時,我方逐步增加威脅強度,而未明示特別的時間期限 或升高衝突的門檻,即屬於「漸進施壓」的型態。「漸進施壓」所施予 對手的急迫壓力是無形的,可於雙方接觸協商時依需要適度傳達,亦可 避免勉強設定缺乏彈性的急迫感,影響我方威脅的可信度36。但由於需 要細緻之行動管理,且心理效果相當間接,較為耗費決策資源;務須搭 配綿密精緻的協商技巧,才能發揮其優點。

36 Ibid.

Thomas Schelling 提出之脅迫成功要素為:「對手拒絕讓步之成本必須高於 讓步」(the threat conveyed must be sufficiently potent to convince the adversary that non-compliance is too costly)、「我方意志及能力足使威脅可信」(the threat must be perceived as credible by the adversary, that is he must be convinced that the coercer has the will and the capability to execute it in case of non-compliance)、「對手有讓步 所須之選擇時間」(the adversary must be given time to comply with demand)、「對 手須相信我方不會得寸進尺」(the coercer must assure the adversary that compliance will not lead to more demands in the future)、「雙方為非零和關係(包含:皆不願 全面衝突、皆認為協商較逕行以武力豪奪更具利益)」(the conflict must not be perceived as zero-sum : a degree of common interest in avoiding full-scale war must exist. Each side must be persuaded that it can gain more by bargaining than by trying unilaterally to take what it wants by force)等 5 項條件。37惟其多涉及主觀認知問 題,而本研究係以客觀之手段工具為詮釋對象,故不適於採用。

Peter Viggo Jakobsen 提出脅迫成功要素為:「代價輕微、快速制勝之武力威 脅」(a threat of force to defeat the opponent or deny him his objectives quickly with little cost)、「設定讓步期限」(a deadline for compliance)、「保證對手讓步後不復 受逼迫」(an assurance to the adversary against future demands)、「提出讓步誘因」

(an offer of carrots for compliance)等 4 項條件。38惟係以武力威脅為要件,亦 不適於本研究中以「制裁」為手段工具之研究命題。

Alexander L. George、William E. Simon 等提出之 8 項脅迫成功要素,較為 適合本研究,謹詳述如下:

37 Peter Viggo Jakobsen, Western Use of Coercive Diplomacy after the Cold War (London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1998), pp.17.

38 Ibid., pp.130-149.

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