《愛心樹》,一本橫跨兒童與成人領域的書中,作者利用大量的留白,少量 的文字,就將讀者的心塞得滿滿的,書中樹枝的擺動像極了一雙給予愛的手,營 造出「索取」與「給予」的意向。〈國小教師、家長與兒童對薛佛西斯坦《愛心 樹》之詮釋〉70論文中,研究者梁秋月,針對教師、家長與學生分別訪談後,歸 納出受訪者對於故事的主要詮釋,其中最多結論認為《愛心樹》是以「親子關 係」為主要訴求的故事,作者透過一棵蘋果樹,隱喻了父母對於子女無私的愛。
希爾弗斯坦從父母的角度、孩子的立場,書寫出親子間愛的千姿百態,有拉 扯、有攻防,有時愛、有時礙,此節僅就希爾弗斯坦作品中之親子互動進行歸 納,並從遊戲的角度析論之。
一、大人的視角
親子的拉扯,是一場沒有輸贏的拔河賽,儘管希爾弗斯坦常站在兒童的位置 書寫,但也無意討好兒童,而忽略了大人的聲音。小孩可以放肆,媽媽也需要偶 爾任性,和《愛心樹》無私的犧牲與付出不同,作者暫時拿掉好父母的標籤,讓 父母多了一點天真的孩子氣。
在〈貓咪、小孩和媽媽〉(“A CAT, A KID, A MOM”)71(圖 4-2-1)中,作 者以排比、類疊的修辭技巧,第一人稱的方式陳述三個不同立場的聲音,重複的 疑問句,鏗鏘有力的各執己見,帶出巧妙的對峙。第一段帶出貓咪的立場,抱怨 何以牠打架或吃老鼠會讓人感到噁心;第二段寫出小孩的抱怨,責難媽媽不讓他 玩爛泥巴或尖叫,但不甘示弱的媽媽,也全力捍衛自己:「為什麼好要我學聰明 點?為什麼要教導我貓咪的行徑?為什麼要告訴我小孩的癖好?為什麼要我有耐 心不能激動?我是媽媽耶。」
70梁秋月,〈國小教師、家長與兒童對薛佛西斯坦《愛心樹》之詮釋〉,國立嘉義大學國民教育研 究所,2001,頁 188。
A CAT, A KID, A MOM
(…)
“Why can’t you see I’m a kid,” said the kid.
“Why try to make me like you?
Why are you hurt when I don’t want to cuddle?
Why do you sigh when I splash through a puddle?
Why do you scream when I do what I did?
I’m a kid.”
“Why can’t you see I’m a mom,” said the mom.
“Why try to make me wise?
Why try to teach me the ways of the cat?
Why try to tell me that ‘kids are like that’?
Why try to make me be patient and calm?
I’m a mom.”
圖 4-2-1:“ACAT, A KID, AMOM”, Falling Up, p. 104.
作者拿掉父母的冠冕,道出為人父母不必任勞任怨,尤其面對不做家事的孩 子,希爾弗斯坦拿出〈莎拉希爾維亞.布區道就是不肯把垃圾拿去倒〉(“SARAH CYNTHIA SYLVIA STOUT WOULD NOT TAKE THE GARBAGE OUT”)72(圖 4-2-2)這個血淋淋的例子,誇張呈現滿溢的垃圾、發臭的廚餘,鄰居朋友紛紛走 避,就連莎拉自己也落荒而逃,因為堆積如山的垃圾橫跨了美國各地,莎拉已是 後悔莫及。「垃圾橫跨了美國,從紐約推到了金門大橋,在她厭惡的垃圾堆中,
可憐的莎拉下場淒涼,詳情我沒法子慢慢講,因為天色已經太晚了。好孩子們,
記住莎拉的教訓並且按時把垃圾拿去倒!」。
希爾弗斯坦透過誇張的圖文和親子對話,放大親子間相處的小插曲,讓生活 的小問題多了大趣味,最後,他不忘代替父母提醒孩子們--記住不按時倒垃圾 的嚴重後果。讓「做家事」這樣的親子間戰火,有了令人捧腹的呈現。
SARAH CYNTHIA SYLVIA STOUT WOULD NOT TAKE THE GARBAGE OUT Sarah Cynthia Sylvia Stout
Would not take the garbage out!
She'd scour the pots and scrape the pans, Candy the yams and spice the hams, And though her daddy would scream and shout,
She simply would not take the garbage out.
And so it piled up to the ceilings:
Coffee grounds, potato peelings, Brown bananas, rotten peas,
Chunks of sour cottage cheese.
It filled the can, it covered the floor, It cracked the window and blocked the door
(…)
And there, in the garbage she did hate, Poor Sarah met an awful fate,
That I cannot now relate
Because the hour is much too late.
But children, remember Sarah Stout And always take the garbage out!
圖 4-2-2:“SARAH CYNTHIA SYLVIA STOUT WOULD NOT TAKE THE GARBAGE OUT”, Where The Sidewalk Ends, p. 70.
二、小孩的立場
在〈不要大人〉(“NO GROWN-UPS”)73(圖 4-2-3)中,大人總愛說「小 心」或「不行」,因此孩子們絕不要讓大人加入任何小孩的聚會,除非到了付錢 的時刻;不要大人,除非你有〈遙控老爹〉(“REMOTE-A-DAD”)74(圖 4-2-4)這樣的遙控器,能讓嘮叨的爸爸聽話。「你要他跳舞嗎?你就按第五個鈕。
你要他唱歌嗎?按七就行了。你要他多給一些零用錢?你只要按十一。你要他安 靜一點?按消音」。
73謝爾·希爾弗斯坦,鄭小芸譯,〈不要大人〉,《往上跌了一跤》,臺北市:玉山社,2000,頁 113。
NOGROWN-UPS No grown-ups allowed, We’re playin’ a game, And we don’t need
“Be-careful” or “don’ts.”
(…)
No grown-ups allowed.
We’re goin’ out for pizza--
No, no one but me and my crowd.
So just stay away.
Oh, now it’s time to pay?
Grown-ups allowed.
REMOTE-A-DAD It's just like a TV remote control, Except that it works on fathers.
You just push the thing that you want him to do
And he does it--- without any bother.
You want him to dance? Push number five.
You want him to sing? Push number seven.
You want him to raise your allowance a bit?
You simply push eleven.
You want him quite? Just hit Mute.
(…)
圖 4-2-3:“NOGROWN-UPS”, Falling Up, p. 113.
圖 4-2-4:“REMOTE-A-DAD”, Falling Up, p. 112.
不只「不要大人」,作者還建議孩子趁早換掉「不乖」的父母,不然你會落 得和小雅比一樣悲慘,作者透過〈小雅比和美麗的小馬〉(“LITTLE ABIGAIL AND THE BEAUTIFUL PONY”)75(圖 4-2-5)的故事,告誡天下父母務必對孩 子百依百順,就算他專制、蠻橫不講理,尤其當小孩以死要脅時千萬別掉以輕 心,輕看任性小孩的意志會有可怕的後果,看看跨頁邊緣兩個呼天搶地的父母,
後悔已經不能形容這樣的慘痛。在一旁的備註欄中,作者還特別提醒孩子--可 以在父母不配合要求時遞上這個故事,提醒家長務必對孩子無條件順從。然而作 者並非高舉兒童所有的需求都該被滿足,詩中用大寫強調小雅比任性的要求“I
WANT THAT PONY--I MUST HAVE THAT PONY.”,潛藏著作者對小孩偶爾
「無理」讓大人招架不住的訴說。
LITTLE ABIGAIL AND THE BEAUTIFUL PONY There was a girl named Abigail
Who was taking a drive Through the country With her parents
When she spied a beautiful sad-eyed Grey and white pony.
And next to it was a sign That said,
FOR SALE-CHEAP.
“Oh, ”said Abigail,
“May I have that pony?
May I please?”
(…)
And her parents said,
“Be quiet and stop nagging- And Abigail said,
“I don-t want a butter pecan Ice cream cone,
I WANT THAT PONY--
I MUST HAVE THAT PONY.”
You-re not getting that pony.”
And Abigail began to cry and said,
“If I don-t get that pony I’ll die.”
And her parents said,“You won-t die.
No child ever died yet from not getting a pony.”
And Abigail felt so bad
That when she got home she went to bed, And she couldn’t eat,
And she couldn’t sleep, And her heart was broken, And she DID die--
All because of a pony
That her parents wouldn’t buy.
圖 4-2-5:“LITTLE ABIGAIL AND THE BEAUTIFUL PONY”, A Light in the Attic, p. 120.
三、親子的圓桌會議
親子的親密拉扯,像是愛的拔河賽,希爾弗斯坦創造了一個書寫童書的範例
--不是以「大人」的高度寫給孩子看,而是創造出一個大人和小孩的平等空 間;不是為了教育功能,特別量身訂做出大人為小孩寫的故事,而像是個和平的
圓桌會議,讓親子站在一樣的高度對話。
親子的圓桌會議上,有希爾弗斯坦最貼切的建議:他說「放手」,讓孩子有機 會成長,看看〈比賽之前〉(“BEFORE THE RACE”)76 過度介入的父親所帶來 的後果,被恐嚇、鼓勵的孩子,都不如爸爸不在場,沒人耳提面命的小雷斯。
BEFORE THE RACE Mr. Flack tells his son Jack,
“Run hard-- with no excuses.”
Mr.Brill tells his son Will He’llkillhim if he loses.
Mr. drew tells little Lou
“Be fearless but beware,”
And little Trace,he won the race
(His father wasn't there)
比賽之前
QUALITY TIME My father is a golfer-- He let me be his tee.
He puts the ball upon my nose And hits it right off me.
He says that I can share the joy Of every ball he hits.
Oh, ain’t it grand to have a dad Who spends time with his kids.
圖 4-2-10:“QUALITY TIME”, Falling Up, p. 143.
大人該給予孩子奔放的空間,小孩的任性也該適可而止,孩子與父母一起成 長學習的時光,點點滴滴都是珍貴的回憶,像是〈牆上的記號〉(“WALL
MARKS”)78,成長中的親子互動是每個孩子心中最甜蜜的歷程。「這些在牆上的 記號,記錄了我曾經有多矮,它們慢慢越深越高。我記得媽媽總是提醒我要我在 牆邊立正站好,爸爸會拿著他的筆,放一把尺在我頭上,然後劃下記號,寫上日 期(……)」。
此節筆者以「拔河賽」為題,以作者在詩畫中「大人」的視角、「小孩」的 立場來貫穿,希爾弗斯坦無意讓大人或小孩從詩中省悟任何啟示或道理,因為親 子間無止休的拉鋸戰便如同拔河賽般,你來我往的較勁著,也在點滴的摩擦中滋 長著愛,那是最甜蜜的負荷,苦澀也甘之如飴。