結 語

儘管有關轉殖水稻種間親緣關係、花粉飛散、基因流佈等方面的研究可預 測轉殖基因逃逸的風險，但對於轉殖基因的生態風險問題，還有許多的科學問 題需要深入研究。包括轉殖水稻與野生近緣種若發生導入雜交，其雜種及後代 是否比雙親具有更高的適應性？轉殖基因若導入到野生近緣種，是否能在其雜 種及其後代中正常表達？攜帶轉殖基因的野生稻雜種是否會成為轉殖基因向 其他野生物種逃逸的橋樑？如何對風險進行有效的評估和管理？等等。從目前 的研究來看，轉殖水稻的轉殖基因在時空上的逃逸仍無法避免，為減少轉殖水 稻在釋放過程中轉殖基因逃逸的現象，需要較好的技術方法來控制和管理轉殖

水稻的基因流佈，例如(1) 轉殖水稻種植的區域周圍設立足夠距離的隔離區。

(2) 利用有效的栽培技術使轉殖水稻與鄰近水稻的開花期相互避開。(3) 用沒 有親緣關係的植物在轉殖水稻種植區域周圍栽植沒有親緣關係的植物建立隔 離區。(4) 可採用雄不稔水稻對轉殖水稻種植區域進行隔離。(5) 對轉殖水稻 的種子等相關產品的運輸、出入境及儲藏嚴格管理。然而無論規範如何地完 善，能否嚴格地執行將是控制轉殖水稻基因污染的關鍵環節。

參考文獻 吳志文。2002。稻作改良年報 P.351。

盧英權。1994。水稻。作物學 P.82-163。國立編譯館。

Adair, C. R. 1934. Studies on blooming in rice. Agron. J. 26:965-973.

Arnold, M.L., and S.A. Hodges. 1995. Are natural hybrids fit or unfit relative to their parents ? Trends Ecol. Evol. 10:67-71.

Arriola, P.E., and N.C. Ellstrand. 1997. Fitness of interspecific hybrids in the genus Sorghum: Persistence of crop genes in wild populations. Ecol. Applic.

7:512–518.

Chang, T.T., 1976. The origin, evolution, cultivation, dissemination, and diversification of Asian and Afirican rices. Euphytica 25:425-441.

Chen, L. J., H. S. Suh, D. S. Lee, W. Y. Gang, J. Y. Jung, and S. S. Kim. 2002.

Field assessment of herbicide resistance gene flow to weedy rice (Oryza sativa) [abstract]. In International Rice Congress; September 16–20, 2002; Beijing, China. P. 273.

Clive James. 2004. Global Status of Biotech Crops in 2004. ISAAA Briefs 32.

David R. G., DONNA H. M., and J. N. RUTGER. 2003. Gene Flow Between Red Rice (Oryza sativa) and Herbicide-Resistant Rice (O. sativa): Implications for Weed Management. Weed Technology. 17:627-645.

Ellstrand, N.C., and D.R. Elam. 1993. Population genetic conse- quences of small population size: Implication for plant conservation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.

24:217-242.

Estorninos, L. E., Jr., D. R. Gealy, T. L. Dillon, F. L. Baldwin, R. R. Burgos, and T.

H. Tai. 2002. Determination of hybridization between rice and red rice using four microsatellite markers. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 55:197-198.

Farris, M.A., and J.B. Mitton. 1984. Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38: 1151-1154.

Govindaraju, D.R. 1988a. Relationship between dispersal ability and levels of gene flow in plants. Oikos 52:31-35.

Govindaraju, D.R. 1988b. A note on the relationship between outcrossing rate and gene flow in plants. Heredity 61:401-404.

Jarvis DI, Hodgkin T. 1999. Wild relatives and crop cultivars: detecting natural introgression and farmer selection of new enetic combinations in agroecosystems. Molecular Ecology 8: 159-173.

Jodon, N. E. 1938. Experiments on artificial hybridization of rice. Agron. J.

30:294-305.

Klinger, T., and N.C. Ellstrand. 1999. Transgenic movement via gene flow:Recommendations for improved biosafety assessment. p. 129-140. In K.

Ammann et al. (ed.) Methods for risk assessment of transgenic plants: III.

Ecological risks and prospects of transgenic plants. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.

Lin, S. S., M. L. Peterson, and D. B. Jones. 1974. Low temperature induced floret sterility in rice. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Rice Technical Working Group. College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 22-23.

Marchezan, E., F. M.

Manasse, R.S. 1992. Ecological risks of transgenic plants: Effects of spatial dispersion on gene flow. Ecol. Applic. 2:431-438.

Messeguer, J., C. Fogher, E. Guiderdoni, V. Marfa, M. M. Catala, G. Baldi, and E.

Mele. 2001. Field assessments of gene flow from transgenic to cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) using a herbicide resistance gene as tracer marker. Theor.

Appl. Genet. 103:1151–1159.

Singh, R. J. and G. S. Khush. 2000. Cytogenetics of rice. In J. S. Nanda, ed. Rice Breeding and Genetics-Research Priorities and Challenges. Enfield, NH:

Science Publishers. Pp. 287-311.

Son X.L., Qiang S. and Sun M.Z. 2003. Gene Flow Between Herbicide Resistant Transgenic Rice and Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis Under Mentor Pollen Inducement. Chinese J Rice Sci 17 (3) :191-195

Song Ge, Tao Sang, Bao-Rong Lu, and De-Yuan Hong. Phylogeny of rice genomes with emphasis on origins of allotetraploid species. PNAS 1999 96:

14400-14405.

Song X.L., Qiang S., Liu L.L. and Xu Y.H. 2002 Assessment on gene flow through detection of sexual compatibility between transgenic rice with bar and

Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis. Acta A gric Sin. 35(10) :1128-1131.

Zhang, N., S. Linscombe, and J. Oard. 2003. Outcrossing frequency and genetic analysis of hybrids between transgenic glufosinate herbicide-resistant rice and the weed, red rice. Euphytica. 130:35-45.

Zhang, N.Y., Linscombe, S. and Oard, J. 2003. Out-crossing frequency and genetic analysis of hybrids between transgenic glufosinate herbicide-resistant rice and the weed, red rice. Euphytica 130: 35-45, 2003.