高功能自閉症類群障礙兒童的執行功能之探究：與症狀嚴重度、適應行為及行為問題表現之關聯性 - 政大學術集成

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(1)政治大. Exploration of the立 Executive Function in Children with High-. ‧ 國. 學. functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: Relationship with Symptom. ‧. Severity, Adaptive Function and Problem Behaviors. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 105. i n U. 5. v.

(2) . 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. II. i n U. v.

(3) . 2016. IMFAR. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. Ruby. Lab —. III. i n U. v.

(4) . fellow. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. IV. i n U. v.

(5) . High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder, HFASD. Pellicano. 2011. HFASD. 立. 7. 政治大. 10. 54. HFASD. 27. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. HFASD. HFASD. —. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. HFASD HFASD BRIEF. HFASD HFASD. HFASD I.

(6) . 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. II. i n U. v.

(7) . ABSTRACT Purposes: The purpose of the study was to explore the executive function (EF) of the High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (HFASD), and EF was discussed on the basis of uniqueness, explanatory power, universality proposed by Pellicano (2011). For the uniqueness, the study captures the cool EF (including cognitive flexibility, working memory, and response inhibition) and hot EF profile in children with HFASD. For the explanatory power, to examine whether EF can predict ASD. 政治大 concerning the significant heterogeneity within ASD, the study attempts to use EF to 立 symptom severity, adaptive function, and behavior problems. For the universality,. identify ADHD trait and intellectually gifted children within HFASD.. ‧ 國. 學. Methods: Fifty-four children aged 7–10 years with HFASD and 27 control. ‧. participants (Non-ASDs) with matched Age, Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ. y. Nat. sit. were recruited. EF measurements include performance-based executive function task,. n. al. er. io. as well as the BRIEF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions). i n U. v. questionnaire completed by parents for daily life executive performance of their. Ch. engchi. children. IQ, symptom severity, adaptive function, internalized and externalized behavior problems were also measured either by questionnaire or semi-structured assessments.. Results: Results indicated that compared with Non-ASDs, HFASD shows the most imairment in responses inhibition, then in cognitive shifting. However, the working memory is relativily intact. When the motivation and emotion were induced during the task, an “avoidance punishment” or “avoidance risk” tendancy was observed in some children with HFASD, which is related to more restricted and repetitive. III.

(8) . symptoms. Performance-based tasks are not highly related with questionnaire-based measurement of EF. Problems with inhibition and shift ability can predict more restricted and repetitive symptoms as well as internalized and externalized behavior problems. However, when children with HFASD show better inhibition ability, they might have more internalized behavior disturbance. Furthermore, we found high heterogeneity within the study sample of HFASD.There is no significant deficits in performance-based EF tasks within intellectually gifted HFASD, and they also have higher performance on the plan scale of BRIEF. Problems with shift, inhibition, and. 政治大. self-monitoring can predict higher ADHD traits in children with HFASD.. 立. Conclusions: Findngs support the uniqness of EF profile in children with HFASD,. ‧ 國. 學. and the heterogeneity within ASD can be partially explained by EF components. This indicated the importance of EF dysfunction hypothesis in ASD.The theoretical and. ‧. clinical implications were discussed.. sit. y. Nat. al. n. severity, adaptive functioning, intellectually gifted. Ch. engchi. IV. er. io. Keywords: high-functioning autism spectrum disorder, executive function, symptom. i n U. v.

(9) . —. …………………………………………………………………………1 ………………………………………………………………1 ………………………………………………………………3 ……………………………………………………………………5 ……………………………………………5 ……………………5 …………………………………………………7 ………………………………11 …………………………………………11. ……………………………35 ……………………………………45. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大…………………………12 ………………………………………………………47. ‧. ……………………………………………………………………49 ………………………………………………………………49. y. Nat. sit. ………………………………………………………………49. n. al. er. io. ……………………………………………………………………61. v i n C……………………………………………………89 hengchi U. …………………………………………………………………………89. HFASD. …………………………………..90. HFASD. …………………………………..98 ASD. …………………………..…..101. …………………………………………………………..106 ……………………………………………………………………………111. V.

(10) . 2-1. 2006. ASD. ………………………….15. 3-1. ……………………………………………………....51. 3-2. ……………………………………………51. 3-3. ………………………………………59. 4-1 HFASD IG-HFASD. 4-3. ……………………………..61. Non-IG-HFASD. SNAP-IV. 立. 政治大. 4-8. HFASD. …...……………………65 ……………………………..66. TD. io. 4-10. y. SNAP-IV. al. n. 4-11. …………………..69. ……………………………………70. Nat. 4-9. 4-12. ……………………64. sit. HFASD. ………………………64. ‧. ‧ 國. CBCL. 4-7. 4-13. ……………………63. 學. 4-6. ………….62. ADHD. 4-4 4-5. TD. BRIEF. ………..……..71. er. 4-2. TD. Ch. engchi U. HFASD. v…………………..…....73 i n …..………………..74. BRIEF. ..76. 4-14. …….80. 4-15. ……….80. 4-16. ……………………….81. 4-17. ……………………….81. 4-18. ………….82. 4-19. ………….…82. 4-20. …………………………….83. VI.

(11) . 4-21. …….…...………………….83. 4-22. ………………….84. 4-23. ADHD. ………………86. 4-24. ADHD. ………………86. 4-25. ADHD+HFASD. HFASD. ………...87. 4-26. ADHD+HFASD. HFASD. ………...88. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. VII. i n U. v.

(12) . 2-1. ASD. ……………………………………………...34. 3-1. ……………………………………………………………50. 3-2. …………………………………………………57. 3-4. …………………………………………………………60. 4-1. ………………………………………72. 4-2. BRIEF. 4-3. HFASD. 4-4. HFASD+ADHD. …………………………..74 Z. 立. 5-1. ………….77. HFASD 治 BRIEF 政大 ADHD. ...….88 …………101. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. VIII. i n U. v.

(13) . —. Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD. APA, 2013. ASD. High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder, HFASD DSM-IV-TR. 立 2013. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5; APA, 2013. Lai, Lombardo,. n. er. io. al. sit. Executive Function. Chakrabarti, & Baron-Cohen, 2013. Ch. i n U. Pellicano 2011. engchi. putative cognitive deficit ASD. y. Nat. ASD. ‧. ASD. universality. causal precedence. v. uniqueness. explanatory power. Pellicano 2007. 33%-50% ASD ASD. Autism profile. Gilotty et al., 2012; Panerai 1.

(14) . et al., 2014 ASD ASD. ecological validity. Pellicano 2011. ASD. hot. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. io. sit. y. Nat. HFASD. n. al. er. cool. 立. 政治大 ASD. Ch. engchi. 2. i n U. v.

(15) . Autism Spectrum Disorders, ASDs. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000 Pervasive Developmental Disorder Autistic Disorder. Rett’s Disorder. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder. Asperger’s Disrder Pervasive Developmental. Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. Autism Spectrum Disorders, ASDs. Lord & Risi, 1998. ‧. DSM-IV-TR. sit. y. Nat. DSM-5; APA, 2013. DSM-5. al. n. DSM-IV-TR. er. io. Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD ASD. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder, HFASD Tsai 1992. International Statistical. Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th edition, ICD-10 1993. High-functioning autism, HFA ICD- 10 70. 70. 3. WHO,.

(16) . —. Tsai 1992. 立. ASD. Ozonoff et al., 1991; Teunisse et al., 2001; South et al., 2007 HFASD. 學. 70. ASD. ‧. DSM-5. HFASD ASD. io. sit. y. Nat. DSM-IV-TR. DSM-IV-TR. 70. n. al. Ch. engchi. 70. er. ‧ 國. HFASD. 政治大 70 80. i n U. v. intellectually gifted children with autism. spectrum disorder,. IG-HFASD. 2007 DSM-IV-TR 115. 2011 DSM-5. IG-HFASD. ASD 120. 4.

(17) . 1900 Bleuler, 1911. Leo Kanner 1943. Early. infantile autism. Autism. 立. 政治大. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-II; APA, 1968. ‧ 國. 學. Childhood Schizophrenia. 80. ‧. Nat. y. Michael Rutter 1978. io. DSM-III; APA, 1980. n. er. sit. 30. al. 70. i n U. v. Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Ch. engchi. DSM-IV; APA, 1994 APA, 2000. DSM-IV-TR; Autistic. disorder. Rett’s Disorder. Childhood. Disintegrative Disorder. Asperger Disorder. Pervasive Developmental Disorder DSM-IV-TR. 2013. Diagnostic. and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5; APA, 2013 5.

(18) . DSM-IV-TR Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD. ASD. Lai, Lombardo, Chakrabarti, & Baron-Cohen, 2013. A.. —. 立. 2.. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 sit. io. al. n. B.. y. Nat. 3.. — 政治大. er. 1.. 1.. Ch. engchi. 2.. 3.. 4. /. 6. i n U. v.

(19) . C.. D. E.. DSM-5. 立. 政治大 DSM-5. ASD. y spectrum. er. n. al. sit. DSM-IV-TR. io. ASD. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. DSM-5. Nat. MacPartland, Reichow, & Volkmar, 2012. Ch. engchi. v i 2012 n U. DSM-5 ASD. ASD ASD 70 twiceexceptional. ASD. 7.

(20) . IG-HFASD. gifted. disability. ASD. IG-HFASD. 2011. Doobay. IG-HFASD. 立. IG-HFASD. y. sit Grzadzinski, Huerta, &. n. al. er. ‧ 國. ASD. io. ASD. ASD. ‧. Nat. DSM-5. 政治大. 學. ASD. Lord, 2013 Lai. 2014. Ch. 2013. engchi. i n U. v. ASD. developmental pattern. cognitive profile. ASD. Grzadzinski. ASD ASD ASD Simonoff Baird. Charman Jones Happé 2011. Pickles. cognitive phenotype. ASD 8. 2013.

(21) . ASD. ASD Charman. ASD. drivers ASD. ASD unitary deficit 2006a. ASD. executive function. 立. 政治大 Ozonoff, 1997. Happé,. theory of mind. weak central coherence. 學. Frith, 1989. ASD. fraction. ‧. ‧ 國. Baron-Cohen, 1995. multiple deficit. er. io. sit. y. Nat Happé & Ronald, 2008. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ASD. Pellicano et al., 2010. ASD. ASD. Ozonoff et al., 1991 37. Pellicano 2010. ASD. 67.9. Pellicano, 2007 McEvoy et al, 1993 9. Gilotty et al.,.

(22) . 2002. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 10. i n U. v.

(23) . umbrella term poorly defined Zelazo & Müller, 2002. 政治大 Luria. 立. functional systems. ‧ 國. 學. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. Maurer 1978. io. Damasio. prefrontal cortex. ‧. monitoring. 1973. Ch. i n U. v. i e n g c h ASD. ASD. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. decontextualized cool. — orbitofrontal cortex hot. — Zelazo & Müller,. 11.

(24) . 2002; Zelazo & Carlson, 2012. —. Welsh. Pennington 1988. planning ability. 立. 政治大 cognitive flexibility, or set shifting. response inhibition. ‧ 國. 學. generativity. working memory unity in diversity. ‧ y. Nat. er. io. sit. Miyake, Friedman, Emerson, Witzki, Howerter, & Wager, 2000; Lehto, Juujarvi, Kooistra, & Pulkkinen, 2003. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. ASD. v. Scheerer Rothmann. Goldstein 1945. ASD Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST. Porteus Maze Rumsey 1985. ASD 12.

(25) . ASD WCST. ASD Prior. Hoffmann 1990. 12. ASD. 10-17. WCST perseverative error. Ozonoff. 立. 13. 0.98. ASD. y. Nat. io. Pennington. n. al. WCST. sit. 2.07. /. ADHD. ASD. ‧. 78%. Tower of Hanoi. 1.06. ASD. 32 25. ASD. 學. ‧ 國. 14. 1996. ASD. ASD. Ch. engchi. er. Pennington. 政治大 1996 1985. Ozonoff. i n U. v. motor inhibition. verbal working memory. ADHD. ASD ASD. Hill 2004a 70. ASD. 13.

(26) . Ozonoff South. Provencal 2005 ASD ASD ASD. Miyake et al., 2000; Lehto et al., 2003; Happé et al., 2006b. .5. 立. 2000. Miyake. ‧ 國. Ozonoff 1996. ASD. Ozonoff. y. 2005. Hill 2004a. ‧. Provencal 2005. Nat. n. al. sit. 2006. er. io. 80. 2001. 學. Pennington. South. Bishop 政治大. Ch. engchi. ASD. i n U. v. ASD 70 High-. functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder, HFASD. 14.

(27) . 2-1. 2006. ASD ASD & (. Happé et al. (2006b). ASD (32). 8-16 (10.9). ADHD (30). 8-16 (11.6). TD (32). 8-16 (11.2). FSIQ. (C). N/N. Cognitive estimates. ASD > TD. (C). Y/N. 政治大 FAS ASD > TD. ‧ 國 TD (47). n.s.. SWM between search errors. ASD > TD. y. 6-13 (9.4). SOC. sit. (25). n.s.. Change task. al. Circle Drawing task. TD < HFASD, AS. er. 6-13 (8.5). ID/ED. ‧. PDDNOS. Y/N. 學. 6-13 (8.5). (C). n.s.. CANTAB. n. AS (37). /. ASD > TD. Design fluency. io. 6-13 (8.7). (TYP/other). n.s.. Nat. HFASD (50). ). Go-no-Go task. 立 Categories. Verte et al. (2006). ASD. Opposite Worlds of the C Un h TEA-Ch e n g c h i. n.s.. v PDDNOS < AS iTD, PDDNOS < HFASD. Tower of London ToL score. 15. Y. (C). Y. (C). Y. (C). Y. (C) TD < HFASD, AS;. Self-Ordered Pointing task. (C). n.s.. Y.

(28) . 2-1. 2006. ASD ASD & ( ToL decision time ToL execution time. ASD. ). (TYP/other). TD < HFASD, PDDNOS. 政治大 TD, PDDNOS < Change task HFASD. 立 WCST perseverative Semantic correct. Mixed DD. 41(34.8). (18). 24-. TD (18). 45(35.5) 15-. sit. NC < HFASD. er. 26-. NC < HFASD, AS, PDDNOS. a lWindows task in.s.v Conservative criterion n C h n g c h i U n.s. Liberalecriterion. n. ASD (18). io. Yerys et al. (2007). PDDNOS. y. Nat. Letter correct. NC < HFASD,. ‧. ‧ 國. Verbal Fluency. 學. n.s.. Spatial Reversal A-not-B. n.s. n.s.. 35(22.2) (in month). 16. (H). N/N. (H). N/N. (H). N/N.

(29) . 2-1. 2006. ASD ASD & (. (TYP/other). 49-88. Luria’s hand-game. ASD<TD. (C). Y. TD (40). (67.6). Mazes task. n.s.. (C). Y. ASD<TD. (C). Y. 48-88. (C). Y. n.s.. (C). N. Stroop. TD>ASD. (C). Y. Junior Hayling Test-TS. n.s.. Verble fluency-Perseveration. ASD>TD. 7-11 (9.56). y. 3.TD (18). FSIQ. sit. 7-11 (9.40). VRCQ. al. n. 2.ADHD (18). FSIQ. io. 7-11 (9.44). IQ>70). TD>ASD. WCST. Nat. 1.ASD (18). (. ToL. ‧. (12.08). ASD>TD. 學. 8-17. ‧ 國. (in month). Robinson et al. ASD(IQ>70)(54) 8-17 TD(54) (12.54) (2009). 治 ToL政大 WCST ( Hughes,. 立 1998). (65.7). Corbett et al. (2009). ). ASD (30). 1>3, 1>2. er. Pellicano (2007). ASD. ARCQ. INH CDK hengchi Un. 1>3, 2>3 v i 1>3 1>3, 2>3. SWM. 1>3, 1>2. Y. (C). Y/Y. (C). Y/Y. (C). Y/Y. (C). N/N. (C). SSP. 17. (C). Y/Y.

(30) . 2-1. 2006. ASD ASD & (. ID/ED shift. n.s.. DK Letter. 1>3, 1>2. DK Category. n.s.. y. FSIQ. io. TD (34). n.s.. HFASD/AS<TD. sit. 6-12 (9.13). 1>3, 1>2. -. n. al. er. (12). 大. ‧. 6-12 (9.03). (TYP/other). n.s.. SOC. Nat. 2009. HFASD/AS. CCTT2. ). 學. ‧ 國. 立. DK T-switch 治政. ASD. n engchi U NEPSY. Ch. HFASD/AS>TD v i n.s. HFASD/AS<TD. WISC-III. n.s.. NEPSY. n.s.. NEPSY. HFASD/AS<TD. 18. (C). Y. (C). Y. (C). Y. (C). N. (C). Y.

(31) . 2-1. 2006. ASD ASD & (. 6-12 (8.55). FSIQ. TD (24). 立. n.s.. (C). N. HFASD/AS<TD. (C). N. ToL. (C). Y/N. (C). Y/N. n.s.. ‧ 國. D-KEFS. OO (34). 8-21(12.77). Color-word interference. TD (34). 8-21(13.87). Inhibition/Switiching. io 14-33(19.9) FSIQ. TD >HFASD. Verbal fluency Letter Fluency. al. n. TD (28). ‧. 8-21(13.85). 14-33(19.2). n.s.. Go/ No Go task. HFASD (43). HFASD (30). HFASD/AS<TD n.s.. Nat. Sachse et al. (2013). 政治大. 學. Troyb et al. (2014). Y. y. (32). (TYP/other) (C). WCST. sit. 6-12 (8.55). ). Category Fluency. (C). N/Y. (C). Y/N. (C). N. n.s.. er. 2010. HFASD/AS. ASD. (total achievement)n CTower h engchi U CANTAB. OO >HFASD v i TD>HFASD. SOC. n.s.. (C). Y. ID/ED set shifting. n.s.. (C). Y. SWM. n.s.. (C). Y. Stroop. HFASD>TD. 19.

(32) . 2-1. 2006. ASD ASD & ( RCPM. No ASD (34). 8-14 (11.32). NLD (31). (12.8). TD (40). 8.5-17.6 (12.8). Clock drawing test. 治 t/sec 政Stroop word-colours 大 errors Stroop word-colours. N-ASD>ASD. (C). N. N-ASD>ASD. (C). Y. Go-no-Go. n.s.. Category fluency. N-ASD>ASD (C). Y/N. n.s.. n.s.. Sorting tasks. AS<TD. (C). N/N. Trialmaking task. n.s.. (C). Y/N. WJ-Cog. al. n. (13.1). Y. D-KEFS. io. 8.5-17.6. (C). ‧. 8.5-17.6. N-ASD>ASD. 學. AS (37). ToL. Phonemic fluency. Nat. SemrudClikeman, Fine, & Bledsoe (2014). ‧ 國. 立. (TYP/other). y. 6-13 (9.82). ). sit. ASD (27). Fluid reasoning. n.s.. Spatial relations. er. Panerai, Tasca, Ferri, D’Arrigo, & Elia (2014). ASD. sequencing n CLetter U h i e n g csequencing Number-Letter h. AS< TD v i NLD<AS AS< TD. (H): hot executive function; (C): cool executive function; TC: total correct; TS: total score; TD: typical development; AS: Asperger Syndrome; NLD: nonverbal learning disabilities; SOC: Stockings of Cambridge ; FAS: verbal fluency test; TEA-Ch: Test of Everyday Attention for Children, Subtest. Opposite World; VRCQ: The Visual Response Control Quotient; ARCQ: Auditory Response Control Quotient; DK INH= D-KEFS Inhibition task; WJ-Cog: Woodcock-Johnson Cognitive Battery III. 20.

(33) . ASD ASD. Lopze et al., 2005; Griffth et al.,. 1999; Ozonoff & Strayer, 1997. Pennington —. ASD. 1997. ADHD. 政治大 ASD. Hill, 2004a; Troyb et al, 2014; Paneraiet al., 2014. Russell —. 1999. 學. implicit language. Jarrold 2009. ASD. y. sit. Stroop. n. al. Adams. Ch. Jarrold 2012. engchi. er. io Friedman. ASD. ‧. inner speech. Nat. Adams. ‧ 國. 立. v i n UNigg. 2000. Miyake 2004. prepotent response inhibition resistance to distractor interference proactive interference ASD Adams & Jarrold, 2012. 21. resistance to.

(34) . Happé — HFASD. 11.32. FSIQ>69. Go-No Go. Panerai —. 2014. 27. ASD 9.82. Test, RCPM. 立. -. Color-Word Interference Subtest. 學. ‧ 國. 2013. Go-No Go. Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices 政治大. χ. 8. 21. 34. n. al. er. io Sachse —. -. sit. Stroop. 2009. HFASD. y. Nat. Optimal outcome. -. 43. ‧. 34. 11. Go-No Go. 34. Troyb —. 2006b. Ch. 2013. engchi. i n U. v. Robinson —. HFASD. Flanker task A. B AAA. BBB. congruent condition 22.

(35) . CAC. CBC. neutral condition BAB. ABA. incongruent. condition Christ —. Adams. 2007. 6. Jarrold 2013. 12. HFASD. HFASD 15. HFASD. 14. 15. 14 15 政治大 RCPM 立. 9. 學. ‧ 國. The Stop-signal response inhibition task. 20. ‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. v i n Ch Adams Jarrold engchi U. 2013. HFASD. Adams. Jarrold 2012 HFASD Yerys et al., 2007; Pellicano, 2007; Verete et al., 2006; Panerai et. al., 2014; Troyb wt al., 2014; Happé et al., 2006b;. 23. 2010.

(36) . HFASD Christ et al., 2007 HFASD. Stroop. HFASD. Troyb et al., 2013; Paneraiet al., 2014; Robinson et al., 2009. 立. 政治大 Baddeley,. ‧ 國. 學 y. ‧. model of working memory. io. n. al. system. Baddeley 1986. sit. Nat. 2005. Ozonoff, South, & Provencal,. er. 1986. Ch. n U engchi. iv. central executive. articulary loop. visuo-spatial sketchpad. slave system. Baddeley verbal working memory. spatial working memory. 2009. HFASD. Koshino. 24.

(37) . Carpenter Minshew. Cherkassky. Keller 2005. N-back letter Task. N-back. N-back N 0-back 1-back. 25.7. HFASD. 2-back. 29.8. functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI. activation. 立. 2006. visual. Self-ordered Pointing task. HFASD. 8. 10. SOP 12. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 6. ‧. SOP. Verte —. HFASD. 學. ‧ 國. codes. verbal codes 政治大. 2007. Ch. Steele. engchi. v i n Minshew U. Luna. Sweeney. CANTAB. Spatial Working Memory Task, SWM. SWM token. SWM Between Error. SWM Strategy 29. 14. HFASD. 16. 25.

(38) . HFASD. HFASD Corbett —. Happé —. 2006b. Scachse —. 2013. 2009. SWM. —. HFASD 2009. 9. Spatial Span Task, SSP. ‧ 國. 2005. y 31. io. n. al. Ch. 25. er. HFASD. N-back letter Task. WRAML. Minshew. ‧. Goldstein Carpenter. HFASD. back. SSP. HFASD. Nat. HFASD 26. 政治大 HFASD. 學. Williams. ADHD. SSP. 立. ADHD. HFASD. sit. Corbett —. 24. 44. n U engchi WMS-III. iv. Number/Letter Memory WMS-III. Finger Windows Subtest. HFASD. HFASD Williams — scaffolding. analogue. self-talk. verbally note 26. 12 N-.

(39) . HFASD. HFASD Koshino et al., 2005 HFASD. set-shifting flexibility. 立. 政治大 Hill, 2004a. ‧ 國. 學. ASD. mental. ‧. ASD. a lHans 2001 v i n Ch engchi U. n. — control. Teunisse. er. io. Cools Karel Francisca. sit. y. Nat. Nordin & Gillberg, 1998. internal. external control. —. implicit self-. monitoring. Van Eylen et al., 2011 operativity. Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, WCST. 27. 128.

(40) . Pennington Ozonoff 1996. ASD. WCST. Prior & Hoffmann, 1990; Ozonoff et al., 1991; Liss et al., 2001 ADHD Ozooff & Jensen, 1999 et al., 2006; South et al., 2007;. 立. 政治大 , 2010 ASD. Pellicano, 2007; Verte WCST. 2009 CANTAB. 學. ‧ 國. Robinson —. ASD. χ. ID/ED. Dimensional Card Sorting Task, DCCS. io. 15.7. ID/ED. n. al. 2004. Ch. sit. Ozonoff —. er. Corbett, & Solomon, 2009. engchi. i n U. v. ID/ED. HFASD Sachse —. 2013. ED Corbett —. HFASD. Geurts,. y. Nat. TMT. Trial making test,. ‧. dimensional/Extra-dimensional shifting task. Intra-. 2009 Sachse —. 28. HFASD 2013. 79. HFASD.

(41) . ID/ED ID/ED Semrud-Clikeman Fine. Bledsoe 2014. 12. Trial making test, TMT TMT. A. B. A. B 1-13. A-L 1-A-2-B-3-C. 政治大. B. 2009. 6-17. HFASD. Zelazo. 2. sit. n. er. io. al. Ch. engchi. i vHFASD n U Dichter —. DCCS HFASD. ASD. 4. y. 2006. ‧. Dimensional Card Sorting Task, DCCS. Nat. DCCS. 立. 學. Dichter —. ‧ 國. ASD. TMT. 29. DCCS. 2009.

(42) . Go-No Go SSP. WCST. DCCS. —. ASD. 政治大 extinction gambling task 立 reversal learning task. discounting task. delay. ‧ 國. 學 y. Nat. A. n. er. io. al. IGT. A 100. Ch B. engchi. A. Bechara —. i n U. v. disadvantageous decks. B. 1250. advantageous decks 500. D. sit. 1994. ‧. Iowa gambling task, IGT; Bechara, Damasio, Damasio & Anderson,. C. D. C. 50. 1994. IGT The children’s gambling task; Kerr & Zelazo, 2004. 30. Kerr. Zelazo. 2004. D.

(43) . 24. 3. 4 50 IGT. M 0. M. 1. 1. 5 2. 0. 4. 5. 6. 5. 6. 50 2. X2. X5 4. 立. 政治大 Zelazo. 2005. ‧. 3. 5 SOP. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. DCCS. Happaney Wendy. 學. Hongwanishkul. ‧ 國. 3. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. SOP. Hongwanishkul —. uncertain. social intelligence ASD Zelazo. Müller 2002. 31. ASD.

(44) . Demurie Roeyers Wiersema Sonuga-Barke 2013. ADHD. HFASD. reward anticipation 8-16 HFASD. 16. HFASD. 41. 34. ADHD. 36. ADHD Go-. No Go. monetary incentive delay. task. social incentive delay task. 立. > HFASD. 政治大 > ADHD. >. ‧ 國. 學 HFASD. er. io. a l2007 v i n Windows taskC Spatial Reversal hengchi U n. Yerys —. Dawson — Zelazo. sit. y. Nat. Demurie —. ‧. omission errors. 2002. 3-4. Müller 2002. Yerys —. 2007. secondary deficit experience-. dependent. Prencipe et al., 2011. 32.

(45) . Johnson. Yechiam Murphy. Queller. Stout 2006 15. 14. 16.1 IGT. win-stay, lossshift skin conductance responses 2006 政治大 —. Johnson —. HFASD. ‧. Demurie —. 2013. HFASD ASD. n. al. HFASD. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 8-16. 學. ‧ 國. 立. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. HFASD HFASD HFASD. Panerai et al., 2014; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996. 33.

(46) . 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 2-1. Ch. engchi. ASD. 34. i n U. v.

(47) . ASD. ASD Ridley 1994. higher-order mental representation. stimulus-bound behavior. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大 Ridley. ‧. ASD. y. Nat. a failure of behavioral inhibition. an impaired generative ability. n. al. Ch. engchi. er. io. sit. Turner 1999. i n U. v. supervisory attentional system,. SAS. perseveration. spontaneous. elicited. act. verbalization. Turner recurrent perseveration. stuck-in-set perseveration. —. ASD. Two35.

(48) . choice response task. Sequence task —. ASD. ASD. WCST. ID/ED. ASD. ASD. ASD. Turner 政治大. 17. Lopez Lincoln Ozonoff. HFASD. 17. HFASD. ‧. 29. y. Nat. ADI-R. ADI-R Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. n. al. Ch. WAIS-III. GARS. n U engchi. Behavior Checklist-Community ABC-C KEFS WCST. er. io. sit. 70. ADOS-G. Lai. 學. ‧ 國. 立 2005. engage. Aberrant. iv. D-. — r=.63 r=.58. r=.-56 HFASD. South Ozonoff. Mcmahon 2007 19. 10. 19 36. HFASD. 18.

(49) . ADI-R ADOS. The Repetitive Behaviour Interview RBI. Special Interests Interview YSII. The Yale. WCST. Embedded Figures Test. WCST. HFASD. Yerys 6. Wallace. 13. Harrison. HFASD. Celano Giedd. 立. ID/ED ADI-R. ID/ED 政治大 Turner. 34. 12. HFASD. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 2009 FIQ=103. y. Nat. io. sit. Repetitive Behavior Scales-Revised, RBS-R. n. al. er. 9. 2009. FIQ>80 ADI. FIQ=101. Kenworthy. Ch. n U engchi. -. iv. HFASD. —. HFASD. —. Mosconi —. 2009. HFASD 18. HFASD 37. 15.

(50) . antisaccade task. visually guided. saccade control task —. ADI-R. Turner. 立. 政治大 ASD. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 y. Nat. 17. n. al. 13. 16. A. B. sit. io. joint attention, JA. Pennington 1993. Ch. n U engchi. JA. 60.25. Spatial reversal task. Alternation task. ASD. iv. Piagetian AB error task. Delayed response task. Communication Scales, ESCS. er. McEvoy Rogers. Early Social JA JA. McEvoy — 38.

(51) . ASD Griffith Pennington Wehner. Rogers 13. JA. Dawson —. 2002. 1999. ASD. 34. 39.77. 3-4. ASD. JA. JA. Ozonoff 1991. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學 ‧. Moses, & Breton, 2002. y. Nat. n. al. Ch. n U engchi. embedded use of if-then rules White 2013. Triple I hypothesis. implicit expectations implicit information. iv. Triple I impairment ASD. 39. Palfai -. ASD. White. White. Zelazo. sit. Frye. er. io. 1995. Carlson,. inferring.

(52) . ASD. Happé et al., 2006; Adams &. Jarrold, 2013; Ozonoff et al., 2004. Kloo. Perner 2003. 74. 46.5 EF. ToM. Control DCCS. number-conservation tests. DCCS. number-conservation tests. ‧ 國. y. sit 4-7. n. al. Ch. 30. HFASD. n U engchi. HFASD. er. io. Pellicano 2007. relative-clause. ‧. EF. Nat. ToM. EF 政治大 ToM. 學. tests. 立. relative-clause tests. 40. iv. 40.

(53) . ADHD. Conduct disorder, CD. Oppositional defiant disorder, ODD. Riggs et al., 2006. —. ASD. Kringelbach & Rolls, 2004 ;Beer, John, Scabini, & Knight, 2006 2002. 立. 政治大 ASD. whiter matter. ASD. ‧ 國. 學. ASD. ‧. Girgis et al., 2007. sit. Cicchetti. n. al. Balla 2005. Ch. er. io. behavior. y. Nat Sparrow. Dawson —. n U engchi. Adaptive. iv. typical performance. /. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, VABS; Sparrow et al., 2005. —. ASD 2012. ASD. American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Liss et al., 2001 41.

(54) . Liss et al., 2001; Kensworthy, 2010. 2012. —. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, BRIEF; Gioia, Isquith, Guy, & Kenworthy, 2000. Gilotty Kenworthy. 2002. 政治大 HFASD 立. HFASD 35. 6. BRIEF. ‧ 國. ‧ y. sit. al. HFASD. v i n C h Stockings ofUCambridge CANTAB engchi. n. 35. 79. er. io. 61. VABS. 學. Nat 2004. VABS 2014. Wagner. FIQ>70. 17. Ozonoff —. Sirian Black. Panerai Tasca Ferri D’Arrigo. ASD. Elia. 54-111 VABS. BRIEF. ASD —. ASD. BRIEF. Panerai — 42. 2014.

(55) . VABS skills. BRIEF. Happé Booth Rebecca. dysfunction. Hughes. 2006b HFASD. ADHD. 32 16. 8-. 8-10. 11-16. Response selection. y. n. al. sit. IQ. er. io Liss —. Pugliese —. 2011. ADHD. ‧. HFASD. Nat. HFASD. 學. HFASD. 立. 政治大 The Parental Account of Childhood Symptoms. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire SDQ. ‧ 國. PACS. /. Ch. engchi. HFASD. i n U. v. WCST. 2015. 64. ASD BRIEF 2.63. Wallace Kenworthy Pugliese Popal White Brodsky. Martin 2016 43. 35. 18-40.

(56) . ASD. BRIEF ABAS-II. ABCL Adult Behavior. Checklist. Lawson — 2015. BRIEF 6-16. ASD. CBCL Child Behavior Checklist. ADHD. ASD ADHD. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. ASD. Ch. engchi. i n U —. 44. v. 125.

(57) . Foley Nicpon Allmon Sieck. Stinson 2010. ASD Huber. 2007. Autism. PDD-NOS. 政治大. 立. ‧ 國. Foley Nicpon Doobay ASD. y. sit. Ch. v. gifted. n. al. er. io. disability. 39. IG-HFASD. Nat. ASD. Assouline. ‧. 15. 學. 2010. AS. engchi. i n U. Assouline Doobay A. 2009 Type A. B C. Type C. B. C. Foley Nicpon. 45. Type B.

(58) . IG-HFASD. Happé. C. IG-HFASD. Frith 2010. Savent. Syndrome. ASD Mind blindness detail-focused cognitive style — ASD ASD. ASD. IG-HFASD. 立. 政治大 HFASD. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 46. i n U. v.

(59) . Pellicano 2011. ASD. universality. uniqueness power. causal precedence. explanatory. ASD. —. ASD. —. 政 ASD治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. ASD. n. al. er. io. sit. y. ASD. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. HFASD ASD ASD. ASD 7. 10. High-. functioning autism, HFASD. 47.

(60) . HFASD. FSIQ. 70. HFASD. HFASD HFASD. 政治大 HFASD 立 ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. HFASD. Ch. n U engchi. IG-HFASD HFASD. 48. iv. —. IG-.

(61) . 54 HFASD. High-functioning autism,. 27. Typical Development, TD. 10 DSM-5. 70. 學. ‧ 國. DSM-IV-TR. 政治大. 立. 70. HFASD. TD. ‧ y. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. 1997. HFASD. 7-. Ch. i n U. v. —. i e n g c h 3-1. 3-1. —. 3-2. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children THird Edition, WISC-III WISC-IV. 1997 6 49. 16. 11.

(62) . 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 3-1. v. — A. i n U. B. 50.

(63) . 3-1. ASD. /. 1.. 1.. 1. 2.. 1.. SCQ. 2. SNAP-IV. 3. SNAP-IV 3-2. 3-2. 1.. 1.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. 政治大. 1.. 1.. CBCL. CBCL. ‧. 2.. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 3-2. 學. ‧ 國. 立. Ch. WISC-IV Leiter-R. engchi. i n U. v. NEPSY-II. WCST NEPSY-II -. 51.

(64) . short form 1999. 30. 立. 政治大 Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.. 學. ‧ 國. ADI-R; Rutter, LeCouteur, & Lord, 2003 ADI-R. y. io. ADI-R. .93-.97. 5. al. n. 1.5. sit. 3. er. 2.5. 42. Nat. 93. ‧. /. 29. Ch. .54-.95. engchi. i n U. v. Autism Diagnostic Observation Scales, ADOS; Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, & Risi, 1999 30-45 —. ADOS. ADOS. 52.

(65) . 12 8. 12. PDD-NOS. 7. Social Responsiveness Scale, SRS, Constantino & Gruber, 2005 ASD 4-18. 65. social awareness. social cognition. social. social motivation 政治大 .94-.97. communication mannerism —. 1-4. 立. autistic. ‧ 國. 學. Repetitive Behavior Scales-Revised, RBS-R; Bodfish,. y. Nat. RBS-R. ‧. Symons, & Parker, 2000. Self-injurious behavior. er. io. sit. Stereotyped behavior Compulsive behavior. Routine behavior. n. al. Ch. n U engchi. Sameness behavior 43 Likert. 0. iv. Restricted behavior. 2-18 3. Social Communication Questionnaire, SCQ; Lord, 1999 SCQ. ADI-R. 40. 15 SCQ. SCQ 53.

(66) . 15 Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV, SNAP-IV SNAP-IV ADHD. 26. DSM-IV. ADHD DSM-IV. Likert. 立. 政治大. 2006. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 y. Nat. Vineland Adaptive Behavior. n. al. er. io. sit. Scales-Second Edition, VABS; Sparrow et al., 2005. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 6. 100 15. 15. 54. 3.

(67) . CBCL Achenbach. Rescorla 2001. 2009. 6. 0. 2. 立. 政治大. sit. n. al. er. io. WISC-IV. 3-1. y. B. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. A. Nat WISC-IV. Ch. engchi. 8. i n U. v. 16. 32. 0. Leiter-R. 18. Leiter International 55.

(68) . Performance Scale – Revised, Spatial Memory subtest; Roid & Miller, 1995, 1997 Leiter-R 20. 1. 政治大. 0. 學. ‧ 國. 立 NEPSY-II. Inhibition; Korkman M, Kirk U, & Kemp. ‧. S.L., 2008. NEPSY-II. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Stroop. Ch. engchi. 17.3 2007. i n U. v. Christ — Adams. Jarrold 2013 56. 96.

(69) . →→→. →←→. →. 32. —. 96 500. /. Z 3000. 3-2. 32. —. RT<3000ms. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 3-2. Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, WCST WCST 128. 57.

(70) . 128 WCST percentage of. 政治大. perseverative errors. 立. Animal Sorting. 學. NEPSY-II. ‧. ‧ 國. NEPSY-II. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. size. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. The Children’s Gambling Task. Kerr. 2004 Kerr. Zelazo. 2004 50. 58. Zelazo,.

(71) . 3-3 3-3 1. 0. 1. 5. 2. 0. 4. 5. 5 M. M 1-10. 10. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 50. Ch. engchi. 1-10 11-20. 21-30. 3-3. i n U. v. 31-40. Kerr. 59. 41-50. Zelazo. 2004. 6.

(72) . 3-3. 政治大. 立. ‧ 國. 學. The Behavior Rating Inventory of. Executive Functions, BRIEF. ‧ 6. Nat. 86. al. n. inhibition. Metacognition index. er. io. Behavioral regulation index. i n U. shift. Ch. initiate plan/organization monitor. v. emotional regulation. i engch working memory. organization of materials 1-3. T. 65. 18. y. 2000. sit. Gioia —. 60.

(73) . 4-1. t. HFASD. TD. HFASD. IG-HFASD TD. IG-HFASD. F(2,78) = 11.37, p = .000. y. sit. n. al. er. io. TD. HFASD. Ch. N=54 (. Non-IG-. TD. Nat. HFASD. TD IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. 4-1. IG-HFASD > TD > Non-IG-. ‧. ‧ 國. HFASD. F(2,78) = 21.51, p = .000. 學. HFASD. 4-2. 政治大 F(2,78) = 28.38, p. 立. = .000. Non-IG-HFASD. ). i n N=27 U. TD. engchi. (. v. F ). /. 2. p. 103.58(13.76). 109.08(13.03). -1.723. .089. 49:6. 25:2. .277. .598. 110.20(15.14). 115.41(9.37). -1.634. .106. 111.78(15.20). 115.0(10.10). -1.135. .260. 107.39(17.46). 114.11(13.51). -1.753. .083. 61.

(74) . IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. TD. HFASD. TD. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. AG, N=25. ANG,N=29. (. ). (. ). ). p. 104.01(13.48). 109.08(13.03). 1.50. .230. 22:3. 26:3. 25:2. .32. .853. 121.36(12.20). 100.59(9.96). 115.41(9.37). 28.38. .000***. AG > C > ANG. 122.32(11.42). 102.69(11.86). 115.0(10.10). 21.51. .000***. AG > C > ANG. 116.76(18.86). 99.31(11.23). 114.11(13.51). 11.37. .000***. AG, C > ANG. 政治大. Levene. SNAP-IV. ADHD. 4-3. Non-IG-HFASD ps = .000. IG-HFASD. y. Nat. TD. ‧. IG-HFASD. TD. 學. ‧ 國. 立. F(2,72) = 5.11, p < .01. io. TD. SNAP-IV. TD. n. al. DunnettT3. sit. —. HFASD. (. / 2. 103.10(14.33). *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. HFASD. F. C,N=27. er. 4-2. Ch. F(2,73)=7.91, p=.001. i n U. engchi. v. HFASD. ADHD. HFASD. ADHD. SNAP-IV. 54. HFASD. 4. 1. 1 14. ADD. ADHD. 62. ADHD. 8.

(75) . HFASD SNAP-IV. 44%. ADHD HFASD. SNAP-IV. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. AG, N=24. ANG, N=24. (. a b. / c. a. /. ). C, N=27. (. ). (. ). 7.96(3.85). 19.05. .000***. AG,ANG> C. 11.79(6.50). 10.67(6.50). 6.11(3.46). 8.69. .000***. AG, ANG> C. 10.75(4.87). 8.71(6.23). 6.15(4.29). 5.11. .008**. A G> C. 治 6.74(6.79) 政12.92(4.88) 大 7.40(6.25) 4.85(5.42). 7.91. .001**. AG, ANG> C. 2.84. .065. 2.38. .100. 立. 5.80(5.72). 3.56(4.54). 學. ‧ 國. 6.50(4.94). *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 a. 0-27. b. c. 0-27. 0-16. ‧. Levene. Nat. 4-4. io. IG-HFASD. t(49) = 2.226, p = .031. n. al. 4-5. t(49) = 2.435, p = .019. Ch. IG-HFASD. engchi. DunnettT3. Non-IG-HFASD. er. —. F. 14.88(5.12). 8.96(7.04). c. p. 14.88(4.99). 11.46(5.71). b. TD. y. 4-3. ADHD. sit. 24. i n U. v. Non-IG-HFASD t(49) = 2.930, p = .005. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. — CBCL. 4-6 ps < .05. Non-IG-HFASD. 63.

(76) . IG-HFASD. HFASD. TD. HFASD HFASD —. 4-4 HFASD VABS. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. AG, N=25. ANG, N=26. (. ). (. t ). 治82.04(6.42) 政 88.60(12.59) 84.77(13.08) 大立 73.96(7.10) 71.69(5.53) 87.40(9.12). ‧ 國. 15. io. IG-HFASD. 1.065. .292. 1.275. .208. 2.226. .031*. y. Non-IG-HFASD. t. p. 12.20(2.27). 11.88(2.25). .498. .621. 12.00(2.27). 10.96(1.25). 2.721. .009**. 14.32(2.34). 12.85(1.95). 2.446. .018*. 12.84(2.66). 12/15(2.91). .879. .384. 12.56(2.29). 11.73(2.46). 1.244. .219. 15.44(2.08). 13.58(2.44). 2.930. .005**. 9.56(1.73). 9.04(1.31). 1.208. .233. 11.44(1.87). 11.04(1.40). .870. .389. 9.64(1.73). 9.27(1.21). .888. .379. n. A , N=26 aAl , N=25 v i n (C h )e n g c h i ( U ) G. NG. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 15. .019*. sit. HFASD. er. Nat. VABS. 100. 2.435. ‧. 4-5. 77.73(6.95). 學. *p < .05. 82.12(7.13). p. 3. 64.

(77) . 4-6. CBCL HFASD. CBCL. TD. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. AG, N=24. ANG, N=25. (. ). F C, N=27. (. ). (. ). /. a. 5.75(4.89). 10.12(6.04). 3.44(4.00). 11.73. .000***. ANG> AG ,C. /. b. AG,ANG> C. 3.88(3.19). 4.24(3.35). 1.07(1.36). 10.40. .000***. c. 2.79(3.01). 3.60(3.58). 2.07(2.43). 1.65. .200. d. 8.08(4.49). 9.20(4.43). 2.70(2.77). 20.33. .000***. AG,ANG> C. 6.75(4.52). 6.80(4.78). 2.59(2.50). 9.41. .000***. AG,ANG> C. 10.08(3.78). 12.00(4.07). 4.85(3.95). 23.11. .000***. AG,ANG> C. 4.54. .014*. AG> ANG ,C. 9.87. .000***. AG,ANG> C. e f. 11.92(6.65). i. 61.17(10.05). 66.75(11.57). 51.00(14.54). 4.76. .011*. AG,ANG> C. i. 64.00(8.91). 60.92(10.89). 58.96(10.81). 10.83. .000***. AG,ANG> C. 64.38(8.41). 66.13(9.98). 50.52(10.14). 9.12. .000***. AG,ANG> C. i. ‧ 國. 立. 0-20. g. d. 0-22. 0-34. h. 0-36. i. T. Levene. io. n. al. Ch. 4-7 ADOS. 0-22. e. 0-. DunnettT3. sit. —. c. 0-16. er. f. b. Nat. 30. 0-26. ‧. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. y. 5.29(3.53). 學. h. 4.28(3.39)治 2.67(2.50) 政大 10.48(6.27) 4.96(4.90). g. a. p. e nIG-HFASD gchi. i n U. v. Non-IG-HFASD. ADI-R SRS. RBS-R —. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. t(47) = -2.204, p = .036. RBS-R. Non-IG-HFASD. IG-HFASD. 65. —.

(78) . 4-7. HFASD IG-HFASD (. ADOS. Non-IG-HFASD ). (. t. ). p. ( AG: ANG=25:26) (. =3) (. 4.12(1.66). -1.955. .056. 7.44(2.50). 7.88(2.41). -.647. .521. 0.92(0.64). 1.12(0.71). -1.030. .308. 1.56(1.12). 2.19(1.55). -1.674. .101. 21.88(5.14). 23.41(4.16). -1.211. .231. 17.16(4.36). 18.72(4.31). -1.322. .192. -.934. .355. -.726. .471. ( AG: ANG=25:29) (. =10) (. =8) (. 立. ( AG: ANG=25:29). 政治 7.66(2.91) 大. 6.88(3.19). 14.52(5.21). 15.59(5.53). 12.80(4.18). 13.10(4.30). -.262. .795. 4.96(3.02). 5.55(2.79). -.749. .460. 73.63(12.20). 74.72(11.13). 79.25(11.96). 83.44(11.54). 76.63(11.74). 學. SRSa( AG: ANG=24:25). -.328. .744. n. .218. 78.48(13.81). -.506. .616. v i n C79.75(15.51) h e n g c h 79.52(20.74) i U. -.960. .342. .044. .965. sit. io. -1.248. er. Nat. al. ‧. ‧ 國. ADI-R. =3). y. ADI-R. =6). 3.24(1.54). 70.04(13.04). 73.80(14.31). 79.92(11.89). 82.44(13.66). -.691. .493. 2.88(2.97). 4.68(4.61). -1.637. .109. 1.33(1.66). 3.72(5.14). -2.204. .036*. 3.46(3.16). 4.72(5.60). -.976. .355. 5.50(4.62). 5.60(4.44). -.077. .939. 7.08(6.01). 9.44(7.77). -1.183. .240. 4.33(3.36). 4.24(3.60). .093. .926. RBS-R( AG: ANG=24:25). a. SRS. T. T. —. *p < .05. 66. 65.

(79) . HFASD CA. TD. FIQ IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. 4-8. Leiter-R. 立. 4-9. 政治WISC-IV 大. ‧ 國. 學. TD. ‧ TD. n. al. Ch. IG-HFASD. er. io. 3.44. sit. y. Nat 2.42. HFASD. F(2,77) = 3.56, p = .033. 10.81. 4.07. HFASD. F(1,77) = 5.021, p = .028. TD. 9.32. TD. i n U. Non-IG-HFASD. v. 8.14. eHFASD n g c h i TD. IG-HFASD Non-IG-HFASD. TD. ps < .05. WCST. HFASD. TD IG-HFASD. >TD. HFASD. >Non-IG-HFASD NEPSY. 67. IG-.

(80) . F(1,77) = 8.966, p = .004. F(1,77) = 4.624, p = .035. HFASD HFASD. TD F(2,77) = 4.85, p = .01 IG-HFASD. 立. TD. Non-IG-HFASD. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 68. i n U. v.

(81) . 4-8. HFASD. TD HFASD. TD. N=54. N=27. CA CA&FIQ. (. Leiter-R. ). (. ). F. F. 8.69(3.31). 10.81(3.44). 5.021*. 2.617. 12.22(2.52). 12.33(2.04). .045. 1.005. 7.11(2.77). 7.26(2.33). .299. 2.190. 19.33(4.62). 19.59(3.66). .201. .201. 2.949. 1.885. .050. .390. WISC-IV. WCST. 14.57(13.41). 4.13(2.34). 5.81(1.36). 8.966**. 6.187*. 25.60(27.20). 12.16(12.16). 4.624*. 3.334. .89(.096). .92(.05). 1.937. .460. 52.07(13.25). 41.17(9.69). 10.934**. 7.536**. ‧. 15.34(9.05). ). io. Flanker test. al. n. (%) (. ). (%) (. ). (%) (. ). iv n 578.33(156.79) U. 3.149. 2.090. 10.218**. 7.259**. .918(.078). 6.703*. 6.703*. 898.33(338.46). 579.21(153.81). 11.223**. 4.015**. .896(.136). .974(.048). 6.562*. 4.625*. 751.43(247.05). 570.18(145.06). 9.061**. 6.008*. .90(.15). C768.94(243.86) hengchi .803(.188). *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. er. (. Nat. (%). sit. NEPSY-II Inhibition. y. (%). ‧ 國. Animal Sorting. 立. 學. (%). 治 5.11(1.53) 政 4.19(1.88) 大. 69. .960(.063).

(82) . 4-9. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. TD. HFASD IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. AG, N=24. ANG, N=25. ( Leiter-R. TD. ). (. C, N=27 ). (. ). F. p. 9.32(4.07). 8.14(2.42). 10.81(3.44). 3.557. .033*. 12.96(2.64). 11.59(2.26). 12.33(2.04). 2.656. .077. 8.12(3.14). 6.24(2.08). 7.26(2.33). 5.198. .008**. AG>ANG, C. 21.08(5.15). 17.83(3.56). 19.59(3.66). 5.444. .006**. AG>ANG, C. C>ANG. WISC-IV. WCST. 4.52(1.87). 2.531. .086. 16.75(9.32). 14.57(13.41). .709. .496. 4.36(2.50). 3.93(2.22). 5.81(1.36). 4.853. .010*. 25.70(29.15). 25.51(25.93). 12.16(12.16). 2.282. .109. .92(.08). .86(.10). .92(.05). 48.42(11.18). 55.22(14.25). 41.17(9.69). ‧ 國. io. n. .90(.17). (. ). (%) (. ). ). .90(.12). C, AG > ANG. 9.239. .000***. C, AG <ANG. 1.573. .214. 12.478. .000***. C, AG <ANG. y. .960(.063). .76(.21). .918(.078). 6.185. .003**. C, AG > ANG. 769.53(248.09). 1012.75(363.26). 579.21(153.81). 12.640. .000***. C, AG <ANG. .90(.16). .89(.11). .974(.048). 3.274. .043*. C>ANG, AG. 673.66(229.14). 818.49(245.90). 570.18(145.06). 9.003. .000***. C, AG <ANG. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. NEPSY HFASD. .008**. .85(.15). (%) (. al. v i n 671.62(196.46) C 852.85(252.44) U h e n g c h i578.33(156.79). (%). 5.154. sit. ). er. Nat. (%). C>ANG, AG. ‧. NEPSY-II. 學. 5.11(1.53). 13.71(8.62). (%). (. 3.90(1.88). 立. (%). 政治大. TD. 70.

(83) . ps < .05. TD. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD HFASD TD. HFASD TD. ps < .05 ps < .05. IG-HFASD. TD. Non-IG-HFASD ADHD SNAP-IV. 立. ‧ 國. TD. ‧ y. IG-HFASD(AG). n. al. Non-IG-HFASD (ANG). (%) ). (%) (. ). (%) (. ). (%) (. ). Ch F. p. engchi. i n U. v. 4.712. .012*. AG > ANG. 4.980. .009**. C, AG <ANG. .173. .842. 7.360. .001***. C, AG <ANG. 4.710. .012*. C, AG > ANG. 8.264. .001***. C, AG <ANG. 1.135. .327. 4.542. .014*. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. TD(C). er. io. sit. Nat. SNAP-IV. NEPSY-II. (. ADHD. 學. Non-IG-HFASD. NEPSY-II. 4-10. 4-10. 政治大. 71. C, AG <ANG.

(84) . Hongwanishkul —. 2005 1-10. 30. 31-40 4-11. 11-20. 21-. 41-50 4-1. HFASD. 9.22. 10. TD. TD. 9.27. 治政大 HFASD. 立. ‧ 國. 學. = 2.156, p = .034. ‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 8. F(79). 6. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. HFASD. 4. TD 2 0 1~10 4-1. HFASD. 11~20. 21~30. TD. 72. 31~40. 41~50.

(85) . 4-11 1~10. 11~20. 21~30. 31~40. 41~50. 1.07. 2.89. 5.11. 5.89. 6.56. (4.215). (5.09). (4.542). (3.775). (4.316). 0.74. 3.85. 5.56. 5.63. 4.3. (3.096). (3.034). (3.523). (3.804). (4.697). t. .364. -.904. -.445. .291. 2.156. p. .717. .369. .657. .772. .034*. HFASD. TD. 政治大 —. TD. 立. HFASD. io. er. n. al. Ch. engchi. IG-HFASD 4-12. sit. =.90. ADI-R p < .05. y. NEPSY. Nat. -2.129, p < .05. 38. ‧. ‧ 國. 16. 0. 學. -2. —. 1.33. i n U. v. Non-IG-HFASD. t(52) = =.88 t(52) = -2.304,. TD. BRIEF. HFASD. ps = .000. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD IG-HFASD =65.26 =66.76. =65.48 =9.62. =9.61. Non-IG-HFASD. =12.57 73.

(86) . 4-12. BRIEF HFASD IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. AG, N=23. ANG, N=25. (. ). 19.171. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 63.09(11.44). 64.24(14.59). 43.07(8.26). 27.136. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 60.70(11.49). 58.16(12.09). 43.78(7.11). 31.675. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 61.43(10.36). 62.00(13.01). 45.56(8.75). 19.356. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 63.39(11.37). 政治 47.89(9.68) 66.76(12.57) 大. 18.878. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 21.151. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 58.70(10.81). 55.20(9.34). 46.15(9.71). 10.802. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 65.48(9.61). 62.92(12.39). 45.00(11.53). 25.165. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 63.09(10.37). 62.00(12.11). 43.22(7.45). 31.675. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 64.83(11.20). 64.64(12.40). 46.00(10.77). 23.047. .000***. AG, ANG >C. 65.26(9.62). 64.56(12.53). 44.52(9.48). .000***. AG, ANG >C. 47.70(9.76). 31.762. io. sit. y. Nat. Levene. n. al. Ch. engchi. ‧. ‧ 國. 63.72(11.12). T. 4-2. p. 45.33(7.70). —. ***p < .001. F. ). 學. GEC. (. 61.24(12.05). 立. MI. ). 61.17(11.97). 64.22(11.81). BRI. (. C, N=27. er. BRIEF. TD. BRIEF 74. i n U. v. DunnettT3.

(87) . BRIEF BRIEF. BRIEF. 4-13. r = -.387, p < .01. r = -.294, p < .05. -. 4-3. Non-IG-HFASD. ‧. —. n. al. Ch. i engch TD. <. sit. TD. er. io. TD. y. IG-HFASD. Nat. <. 學. ‧ 國. 立. ]. [. 政 Z治大. i n U. v. HFASD. TD. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. 75.

(88) . 4-13. HFASD. BRIEF WCST. WCST. AS. AS. Inhibition. Inhibition. Flanker. Flanker RT. .044. .025. -.038. .014. .009. .038. .016. .016. .032. -.010. -.155. .052. -.154. -.200. -.106. -.053. -.075. -.095. -.008. -.102. 政治大 -.016. .049. -.013. .079. -.021. .051. -.147. .187. .023. .150. -.051. .043. -.151. -.099. -.051. .021. -.096. -.091. -.206. .139. -.387**. .091. -.159. .180. -.224. -.018. -.184. -.104. .108. -.294*. .028. -.139. .153. -.221. -.037. .188. .006. .056. -.153. .059. -.214. .107. -.066. -.009. -.114. -.049. -.102. -.056. .176. -.175. -.029. .039. .136. -.237. -.077. BRI. -.035. .022. .056. .018. -.056. -.055. .071. -.032. .076. -.066. MI. -.038. -.150. -.058. .063. -.224. -.053. -.073. .096. -.175. -.089. GEC. -.042. -.092. -.023. -.188. -.051. -.016. .053. -.088. -.087. io. sit. ‧ 國 Nat. n. AS=Animal Sorting test,. a.056 l C h. er. .021. 立. 學. -.158. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. n U i eFlanker= ngch. Global Executive Component. .000. y. .038. ‧. -.052. 76. iv. BRI. MI. GEC.

(89) . 4-3. HFASD. Z. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. AS=Animal Sorting test, [. -. /. ]. Z. er. io. sit. y. Nat. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. i n C h Flanker= engchi U. IG-HFASD, Non- IG-HFASD, TD. 77. v.

(90) . Z HFASD = .325. = 1.120. 0. 4-14. 4-15. 4-18. HFASD. 17. 4-19. 政治大 SRS. 立. ‧ 國. β = .45, p < .01. 學. F(8,39) = 7.109, p < .001. ‧. ADOS. 37.9%. sit. y. Nat. F(10,40) = 2.44, p < .05. n. al. er. io. β = -.497, p < .05. β = -.341, p < .05 BRIEF. Ch. i n U. ADI-R. engchi. ADI-R R2 = .370, p < .05. RBS-R. v. R2 = .465, p < .05. β = -.112, p < .05 < .05. 59.3%. β = .802, p < .05. β = -.175, p. β = 1.34, p < .01. 4-22 BRIEF < .01. HFASD. R2 = 4.31, p < .01 HFASD. 78. R2 =.401, p.

(91) . ASD. HFASD. 4-16. 4-20 BRIEF. < .05. β = .341, p. β = .64, p < .05. β = .32, p < .05 β = -.370, p < .05. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 y. n. al. < .001. 51%. Ch. 56%. < .001. engchi. HFASD. i n U. β = -.359, p < .05 β = 306, p < .05. β = .216, p < .05. HFASD. sit. β = 2.81, p < .05. 79. er. io. HFASD. 4-21. Nat. 4-17. HFASD. v. F(8,38) = 4.95, p F(8,38) = 6.15, p β = 352, p < .05.

(92) . 4-14 ADOS B. ADI-R β. B. SRS β. B. -.144. .735. -.038. .818. 1.768. .089. -.249. 2.640. -.019. .602. .625. .209. -.277. 1.491. -.039. -1.079. 2.162. -.110. WCST. -.533. .689. -.179. 1.066. 1.635. .148. .273. 2.582. .026. WCST. -1.043. 1.322. -.193. .254. 3.168. .019. 3.731. 4.677. .203. AS. .495. .488. .234. .555. 1.159. .108. -2.327. 1.715. -.321. AS. .579. .330. .350. -.030. .782. -.008. -2.595*. 1.155. -.470. Inhibition. -.526. .379. -.267. -1.597. .915. -.333. .377. 1.332. .056. Inhibition. .536. .519. .198. .209. 1.219. .032. -.910. 1.838. -.097. Flanker. .028. .291. .018. -.138. .710. -.035. .319. 1.073. .057. Flanker. -.030. 2.986. -.002. -1.422. 7.256. -.038. 7.197. 10.545. .140. 政治大. 立. R2 F. .162. .103. .145. .774. .492. .645. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. B. io. -.219. n. al. .112. WCST. .347. WCST. .813. AS. RBS-R. y. ADI-R β. B. .235. -.156. -.538. .199. .104. -.032. sit. Nat. ADOS. er. 4-15. .514. v .434 i n C h.220 .314 .759U .476 engchi. β. B. -.179. 1.721. 4.915. .071. -.014. -4.342. 4.026. -.244. .324. 2.956. 4.807. .153. .407. 1.165. .921. .273. -.499. 8.707. -.015. .071. .156. .090. .105. .337. .063. -3.337. 3.194. -.254. AS. .029. .105. .047. -.402. .228. -.312. -1.590. 2.150. -.159. Inhibition. -.089. .121. -.122. -.183. .266. -.117. .740. 2.480. .061. Inhibition. -.110. .166. -.109. .049. .354. .023. -2.498. 3.422. -.147. Flanker. -.048. .093. -.080. -.434*. .206. -.341. -1.271. 1.998. -.124. Flanker. -2.817*. .953. -.497. -3.837. 2.111. -.319. -11.22. 19.634. -.120. 2. F. .379. .282. .084. 2.44*. 1.692. .396. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. β. .422. R. +. β. WCST. ADOS. p = 0.61. 80.

(93) . 4-16. B. β. B. B. β. -1.662. 1.594. -.200. -2.449. 2.405. -.188. -2.289. 1.236. -.354. -.828. 1.338. -.130. -.419. 2.043. -.042. .730. 1.050. .147. WCST. .165. 1.498. .025. -3.131. 2.254. -.304. -.876. 1.159. -.171. WCST. .813. 2.839. .068. -4.171. 4.324. -.224. -2.666. 2.223. -.288. AS. .807. 1.067. .171. -.152. 1.596. -.021. -.299. .820. -.082. AS. .941. .707. .256. .424. 1.078. .074. .008. .554. .003. Inhibition. 1.186. .813. .274. .653. 1.240. .096. .529. .638. .157. Inhibition. 1.881. 1.135. .314. 2.397. 1.698. .256. 1.209. .873. .260. Flanker. .346. .628. .096. 1.471. .953. .263. .234. .490. .084. Flanker. 9.821. 6.398. .292. 19.5. 9.763. .370. 2.429. 5.018. .093. 立. 2. .196. 1.148. 1.322. .972. VABS. p=0.52. ‧ y. Nat. 4-17. .248. CBCL. io. sit. Flanker. .227. n. al. er. +. 政治大. 學. F. ‧ 國. R. v i n -.073. B. β. C h-.838 2.073 U e h i -.085 -.723n g c 1.689. B. β. -.495. 1.983. -.048. -1.402. 1.616. -.183. WCST. -1.176. 2.018. -.128. -.347. 1.930. -.042. WCST. 2.850. 3.654. .180. 2.821. 3.495. .198. AS. -1.044. 1.345. -.162. -.808. 1.287. -.140. AS. -2.34*. .963. -.455. -1.685. .921. -.364. Inhibition. 2.81*. 1.091. .485. 1.904. 1.043. .365. Inhibition. -.213. 1.513. -.025. -1.647. 1.447. -.216. Flanker. 1.601. .845. .328. -.222. .808. -.051. Flanker. 1.099. 8.586. .024. -2.249. 8.212. -.054. R2. .313. .222. F. 1.685. 1.057. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. β. 81.

(94) . 4-18 ADOS B. ADI-R β. B -.118. .139. -.157. -.064. .145. -.059. -.048. .066. -.173. .152. .152. .222. .45**. .158. .458. -.003. .068. -.008. -.224. .157. -.294. -.021. .164. -.019. .062. .085. .200. .258. .196. .337. .401. .204. .364. .091. .099. .279. -.111. .227. -.138. .048. .236. .041. .037. .127. .124. .167. .291. .226. -.093. .303. -.088. -.159. .082. -.436. -.121. .185. -.137. .037. .193. .029. -.094. .100. -.288. .108. .229. .134. .178. .238. .153. .753. 政治大. 立. .042. .129. .024. -.111. .086. .045. .376. -.255. -.112*. .047. -.444. .291. .053. .059. .207. al. .031. C.451h. .057. .036. -.035. .047. -.303. -.072*. .030. .035. .037. e-.175* n g c h.068i. β. -.073. .296. -.037. .323. .452. -.487. .334. -.247. 1.34**. .417. .678. -.266. .482. -.128. .802*. iv n U-.653. .117. .087. .477. .023. .618. .012. -.514. -.013. .055. -.043. -.040. .393. -.017. .277. .048. .069. .179. -.311. .487. -.149. .195. .370. .476. 1.153. 2.87*. 4.43**. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. y. .032. B. er. .107. .025. β. RBS-R. sit. ‧ 國. ADI-R. .022. n. .035. 7.11***. B. io. -.030. 1.397. β. Nat. -.012. .593. ‧. B. .012. .223. 學. ADOS. F. β. .041. F. R. B. .060. .137. 2. β. .013. R2. 4-19. SRS. 82.

(95) . 4-20. B. B. β. .124. -.237. -.087. .181. -.086. .058. .100. .106. -.116. .136. -.187. -.075. .198. -.081. -.177. .109. -.354. .341*. .142. .498. .64**. .204. .620. .32**. .113. .583. -.370*. .181. -.541. -.386. .256. -.375. -.277. .141. -.496. .040. .207. .055. .106. .296. .098. .056. .164. .096. -.011. .267. -.017. .276. .381. .279. .100. .211. .187. .098. .169. .123. -.138. .245. -.114. .112. .136. .171. .176. .205. .246. -.278. .298. -.256. -.100. .165. -.170. .255 1.587. 立. 政治大 .292. .261. 1.955. 1.678. io. n. al. ‧. Nat. B. β. B. β. y. ‧ 國. 學 CBCL. sit. F. -.359*. .137. -.397. .306*. .119. .368. .352*. .148. .429. .216*. .128. .286. v.185 i C.398 h e n g.189c h i .434U n .001. .132. .219. .164. .001. .065. .152. .071. -.125. .220. -.129. -.123. .191. -.139. .103. .280. .116. -.205. .243. -.252. .156. .185. .147. .241. .160. .246. -.058. .226. -.060. .221. .196. .246. R2. .51. .56. F. 4.95***. 6.15***. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. β. -.159. 2. 4-21. B. er. R. β. 83.

(96) . 4-22. RBS-R. BRIEF. RBS-R. R2. F. R2. F. .056. .227. .052. .207. .401. 3.257**. .437. 3.781**. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 84. i n U. v.

(97) . ASD ADHD 4-23. 69% < .05. 4-24. B = .175, p. B = -.125, p < .05. HFASD. ADHD B = .618,治 p < .05 政大. ADHD. 立. ADHD. B = .157, p < .05 HFASD. ADHD. HFASD+ADHD. ADHD. sit. Nat. 12. n. al. Ch. engchi. t(36) = 2.177, p < .05. i n U. HFASD. 30 4-25. v. t(38) = -2.198, p < .05. t(38) = -2.346, p < .05. HFASD. t(36) = 2.296, p < .05. t(36) = 3.126, p < .01. 4-26 4-5 ps < .05 HFASD+ADHD. 12. er. io. SNAP. SRS. ‧. ‧ 國. B = .111, p < .05. 學. B = .083, p < .05. 79%. y. HFASD. 85.

(98) . 4-23. ADHD. ADHD B. Exp(B). B. Exp(B). -.293. .746 (.305, 1.825). -.017. .983 (.403, 2.398 ). .425. 1.529 (.735, 3.180). -.435. .647 (.308, 1.359). WCST. .006. 1.006 (.422, 2.397). -.323. .724 (.321, 1.634). WCST. .409. 1.506 (.306, 7.409). -.364. .695 (.128, 3.783). AS. -.243. .784 (.445, 1.384). .159. 1.173 (.663, 2.072). AS. -.444*. .641 (.418, .985). -.154. .857 (.579, 1.269). Inhibition. .618*. 1.855 (1.054, 3.267). -.193. .825 (.532, 1.278). Inhibition. .656. 1.928 (.907, 4.096). .102+. 1.107 (.599, 2.046). Flanker. .027. 1.027 (.712, 1.481). .376. 1.456 (.995, 2.132). Flanker. -2.101. .122 (.003, 5.349). .336. 1.400 (.035, 56.479). 立. + p = .053. ‧ 國. 學 ADHD. ‧ B. .083*. 1.087 (1.000, 1.180). -.012. -.053 -.096. -.011 a l1.117 (1.003, 1.245) v i .949 (.857, 1.050) -.017 n Ch e1.022) n g c h i.046U .909 (.807,. n. .111*. Exp(B). .988 (.919, 1.063) .989 (.913, 1.071) .983 (.907, 1.065). 1.047 (.947, 1.157). .118. 1.126 (.980, 1.293). -.022. .978 (.869, 1.101). -.167. .846 (.700, 1.024). .175*. 1.191 (1.013, 1.400). .056. 1.057 (.943, 1.185). -.106. .900 (.805, 1.006). .157*. 1.170 (1.002, 1.365). -.125*. .882 (.778, 1.000). *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. y. Exp(B). io. B. sit. Nat. ADHD. er. 4-24. 政治大. 86.

(99) . 4-25. ADHD+HFASD. HFASD HFASD+ADHD N=12. t. HFASD N=30. (. ). / 2. (. p. ). 105.61(15.14). 101.60(12.08). .818. .425. 10:2. 26:4. .078. .780. 104.75(9.30). 112.70(17.59). -1.899. .065. 108.42(11.04). 112.67(17.76). -.769. .447. 100.75(12.20). 111.07(19.08). -1.730. .091. 12.10(4.33). 10.97(3.86). .781. .440. 2.50(1.43). 1.67(1.40). 1.623. .113. 29.42(8.57). 28.00(9.18). .460. .648. 5.75(3.16). 4.73(2.78). 1.030. .309. 87.55(12.18). 77.37(13.39). 2.177. .036*. 33.27(31.55). 24.74(19.84). 1.007. .321. 70.00(8.25). 60.78(12.18). 2.296. ‧. .028*. 67.45(5.65). 59.11(10.68). 3.126. .004**. 80.70(8.17). 87.10(7.92). 80.90(12.04). 89.00(13.74). 70.00(6.08). 73.43(6.08). ADOS. CBCL. VABS. al. n. VABS. io. VABS. Nat. CBCL. ‧ 國. RBS-R. VABS. i n U. C75.60(8.64) h e n g c h81.87(6.85) i. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. 87. 學. SRS. y. 立. +. sit. ADI-R. 政治大. -2.198. .034*. -1.660. .105. -1.397. .171. -2.346. 024*. er. +. v.

(100) . HFASD HFASD+ADHD. HFASD. N=12. N=30. (. WCST. (%). AS AS. (%). Inhibition. (%). Inhibition. (. Flanker. io. n. 4-5. HFASD+ADHD. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. P. 8.90(3.51). -.587. .561. 18.00(3.79). 19.10(4.67). -.724. .473. 4.00(1.71). 4.03(2.03). -.050. .960. 16.80(11.04). 15.49(9.49). .386. .702. 4.17(2.17). 4.17(2.55). .000. 1.000. 19.07(29.41). 29.85(26.12). -1.229. .226. .91(.06). .87(.11). 1.070. .291. 50.32(13.81). 1.225. .228. 861.43(361.35). 大 891.34(320.47). -.264. .793. .81(.17). .83(.18). -.258. .798. 66.55(9.58). 57.77(12.24). 2.114. .042*. 65.54(7.90). 59.81(14.47). 1.253. .219. 60.82(8.92). 57.73(13.58). .690. .494. 67.55(10.26). 59.15(12.79). 1.891. .067. 71.55(8.19). 59.73(12.05). 2.964. .005**. 73.18(6.82). 61.88(13.52). 3.366. .002**. 62.55(7.39). 54.23(11.46). 2.209. .034*. 4.582. .000***. 55.88(11.77) 政治. v i 72.64(5.05) 60.15(11.52) n Ch engchi U. HFASD T. t. 8.25(2.42). ‧. Nat. al. ). 學. BRIEF. ) 立 (%) (. ‧ 國. Flanker. ). (. y. WCST. ). sit. ADHD+HFASD. er. 4-26. 65 88. BRIEF.

(101) . HFASD 110.2. 15.14. 115.41. 9.37. 治政 Flynn effect 大. 立. ADHD. io. ADD. 26%. ADHD. n. al. 15%. Ch. 30%. ASD. e n Taurines gchi. 14. 8. er. Nat. DSM-5. ADHD. y. 44%. sit. ‧ 國. ‧. HFASD. ASD. 2011. 學. 1999. 1997. i n U. v. ADHD. 2012. ADHD Layfer et al., 2006 Taurines et. al., 2012. ASD. ADHD. ASD+ADHD HFASD+ADHD ADHD. ADHD. subthreshold ADHD traits HFASD. 89. ASD.

(102) . HFASD. ecological validity. 2008. verisimilitude. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. HFASD. y. Nat. io. BRIEF. al. n. Mcauley Chen Goos. BRIEF. sit. BRIEF. —. Schachar. Ch. er. Kensworthy. v. Crosbie 2010. engchi. i n U. cognitive. behavior. BRIEF behavioral dusruption. 90. impairment.

(103) . HFASD. ability behavior. context. HFASD. 政治大 Non-IG-HFASD ADHD. ‧. ASD. Lopze et al., 2005; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996. HFASD. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat HFASD. Ch. ASD. engchi. Sachse et al., 2013. NEPSY. HFASD. 學. ‧ 國. 立. i vJohnston n U. χ. HFASD. HFASD. 91. 2011.

(104) . Corbett et al., 2009; Scachse et al., 2013. Non-IG-HFASD. IG-HFASD HFASD HFASD. Vogan. 2014. ASD. right fusiform. 立. 政治大 middle occipital gyri ASD. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 er. io. sit. y. Nat. WCST aHFASD v i l C n hengchi U. n HFASD. ASD ASD. χ. the gold standard executive function task 2005. TD. TD. Liss et al., 2001 WCST. HFASD. Ozonoff, 1995,. IG-HFASD. TD Kaland et al., 2008; Hill &. Bird, 2006. Broadbent Stokes 2013 WCST. ASD 92.

(105) . WCST. HFASD IG-HFASD ASD HFASD heterogeneity. Liss et al. 2001. 立. HFASD 政治大. BRIEF. ‧ 國. ‧. HFASD. HFASD. io. sit. y. TD. n. al. er. Nat. HFASD. WCST. 學. TD. within-group. NEPSY-II. Ch. Korkman et al., 2008. engchi. i n U. v. BRIEF Non-IG-HFASD χ Non-IG-HFASD. Kerr. 93. Zelazo. 2004.

(106) . 3-5 HFASD. HFASD. TD. HFASD HFASD. TD 政治大 Johnson et al., 2006;. HFASD. 立. Hongwanishkul et al., 2005; Kerr & Zelazo, 2004. HFASD. ‧ 國. 學. Larson et al., 2011. y. sit. n. al. er. io. South. 2014. Ch. IGT. engchi. i n U. HFASD B HFASD. v. 12-13 C. D. TD. B. IGT. risk-taking. reward-seeking. HFASD. risk-avoidence. —. HFASD. ‧. Nat. NEPSY. ADI-R. TD. —. 94.

(107) . HFASD. Jonhson. 2006. ASD. BRIEF HFASD BRIEF Gioia et al., 2000. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. 56%. n. Rosenthal et al., 2013; Blijd-Hoogewys. Ch. BRIEF. engchi. i n U. v. HFASD HFASD 2008. ASD. paradox. χ. WCST HFASD. 52%. sit. io. al. er. 27%. et al., 2014; Gradader et al., 2014. Geurts. HFASD. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 TD. Nat. 60%. 立. 政治大. HFASD. 95.

(108) . HFASD IGHFASD Non-IG-HFASD. ASD. ADHD. ASD. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. ASD. 1999. n. er. io. al. sit. …. HFASD. Ch. engchi. HFASD. BRIEF. HFASD. HFASD. NEPSY-II. y. Nat. Russell. ‧. Lopze et al., 2005; Pennington, 1997. 96. i n U ASD. v. NEPSY-II.

(109) . IG-HFASD IG-HFASD. 立. Non-IG-HFASD. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 97. i n U. v.

(110) . HFASD HFASD Kloo & Perner, 2003; Dawson et al., 2002. χ HFASD. HFASD. HFASD. White 2013. 學. Bishop. 2013. RBS-R. y. sit. io. Turner 1999. n. er. Nat. BRIEF. al. RBS-R. ‧. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. BRIEF. HFASD. HFASD. BRIEF ASD. ASD. ASD Dawson et al., 2002. 98.

(111) . χ HFASD. χ. HFASD. HFASD. y. sit. n. al. er. io. 2002. ‧. HFASD. Nat BRIEF. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大 HFASD. Happé. Ch. engchi. 2006. i n U. v. Gilotty. Panerai. 2014. ASD BRIEF skills. BRIEF. dysfunction. BRIEF. HFASD. Riggs et al., 2006. 99.

(112) . HFASD. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大 HFASD. ‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 100. i n U. v.

(113) . ASD HFASD HFASD. IG-. ADHD 44%. 5-1. 15. ADHD. 17%. 44%. ADHD. 9. ADHD ASD. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. N=9. n. al. N=15. Ch. i n U. N=15. engchi. N=11. 5-1. ADHD. IG-HFASD. 101. er. io. sit. y. Nat ADHD. v. 15.

(114) . IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. HFASD. IG-HFASD. Non-IG-HFASD. IG-HFASD. Non-IGNon-IG-HFASD 政治大 IG-HFASD Non-IG-HFASD 立. HFASD. Non-IG-. ‧ 國. ‧. HFASD. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Cash 1999 IG-HFASD. 學. HFASD. Ch. twice-exceptiona. n U engchi. iv. ─. ADOS R Non-IG-HFASD. IG-HFASD 7-10. IG-HFASD. 102. ADI-.

(115) . Johnson. 2007. ADHD. HFASD. HFASD. IG-HFASD HFASD IG-HFASD. BRIEF IG-HFASD 政治大. 立. 18. ASD. sit. al. n. Hill. ASD. y. CBCL. Hill. Hill. er. io. 2014. Aggressive behavior. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 2. Nat. 2014. ASD. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. IG-HFASD. SRS. Non-IG-HFASD. Farmer. AS covert. Aman 2011. ASD CBCL IG-HFASD. IG-HFASD. 103.

(116) . IGHFASD ASD ADHD. HFASD. DSM-IV-R. ASD. exclusive. ADHD. DSM-5. ASD. DSM-5. ADHD ASD. ADHD ASD. 立. Craig Lamanna Margari Matera Simone. HFASD. Ames. White,. ADHD. y. Nat. n. al. ADI-R. HFASD. Ch. HFASD. ADHD. engchi. sit. ADOS. er. io. SRS. ADHD. Margari 2015. ADHD. HFASD. ASD. ‧. ASD. Taurines et al.,. 學. 2011. ADHD. ‧ 國. 2012. 政治大. i n U. v. ADHD. HFASD HFASD. monitor HFASD. 104. ADHD.

(117) . HFASD ADHD. IG-HFASD Non-IG-HFASD HFASD+ADHD. HFASD. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 105. i n U. v.

(118) . Pellicano 2011 HFASD. 政治大 IG-HFASD. 立. ‧ 國. Non-IG-HFASD. 學. Non-IG-HFASD IG-HFASD. ‧. HFASD. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. n. HFASD. Ch. engchi. HFASD. i n U. HFASD. HFASD ADHD. ADHD. ADHD. HFASD. 106. v.

(119) . HFASD+ ADHD. ASD 2015. Pugliese et al., 2015; Wallace et al., 2016; Kenworthyet al., 2014 ASD. 立. 政治大. ASD. HFASD. sit ADHD. n. al. er. io ASD. HFASD. y. Nat. ASD. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. HFASD. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. HFASD HFASD HFASD. Cannon, Kenworthy, Alexander, Werner, & Anthony, 2011. 107. The Unstuck and on.

(120) . curriculum UOT ASD. goal setting Kenworthy 28. 30. 2014. UOT. 40. ASD UOT. 政治大. 立. ASD. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. HFASD. Retalin. Ch. Concerta ASD. n U engchi. ADHD SNAP-IV ADHD. ASD ASD. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. ADHD. 108. iv. ADHD.

(121) . ASD 7-10. HFASD. 立. ‧ 國. 學 ‧. BRIEF. y. Nat. ─. ASD 政治大 HFASD. n. al. er. io. sit. BRIEF. Ch. HFASD. engchi. HFASD. 109. i n U. v.

(122) . BRIEF VABS. SRS. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 110. i n U. v.

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高功能自閉症類群障礙兒童的執行功能之探究： 與症狀嚴重度、適應行為及行為問題表現之關聯性 - 政大學術集成

高功能自閉症類群障礙兒童的執行功能之探究：與症狀嚴重度、適應行為及行為問題表現之關聯性 - 政大學術集成