兒童幽默感、同儕聲望與行為能力之研究

全文

(1)fJJ~~M~fIJ ' ~~Wl : 123-146J'{ ~84~ , 'E1itrtL1Igffi~~~. Iplications of trograms. 123. ~.~~~'.~. ••m. .ff.~hg.ZM~ "tM~ J4'/'--. *. nTt." 1/1'. a!(.. m* *. deep concern to the. :ate the. ~.~:~§'~ • • '~ • • ~'fi~mn. equity of. jucational outcomes. about the idea of. •. rative for us to gain. Ilpensatory education. erved to iI1ustrate a. ~. programs may well. " if~&e"J51it,1£1'[BJ~~EJkJ~~J\WIJ~ (-!N:~~Jj( • ~ ) T, l£W lWIJ\ ~ r J ' r JI mJ W r ~Ij ~ J - Mjjj&: JJ! ;L N: ~ illt!l]t m5l it rr1'[BJH~~.~~T,l£W~~EJkJ-Mjjj&:JJ!W~it[BJ • • ~"~Wff~~hOOEJkJ ~m {~ f1fJ rJT ~ /J\ - '"'-' 1\ if ~ ~ - 3111 ' ~ /\1!m 3111 ~ S"J 2 6 3 {ll * it ~ r ~ it ~ 1~. ~ it J s"J tim YJlU ~1 ~ ;, ~ /U!m fd1 r& S1 ~ em ~ Ij ~ r em §zp ~:m 1'1 ~ ~~ 1J Ii j S1 fJ ~. :>rity. ~o~~'~~AMm.$g.~nm~ffi~~~.M.~.EJkJ~ft*it~1\~'. ation of large-scale e joined the efforts. tive and social skills grounds.. The U.S.. areas in this. *1iH~ §'1£~~i1'[BJ'11~1J. ft\". *. 0. *. 0. U. S.· compensatory. ~96~~r~:m~~~~.JEJkJ~~'~~.h~~ff~it~~~-MjjjEJkJ~. on, and evaluation.. :I: *6*~fj,: (l)-!N:ffjj§,3z::m~Jj\ rJlmJ " r~Ij~J Mjjjs1&:JJ!,D~?&j~~ it ' (2)ftii:1£Jj(.~~~WiJ~T~Ij~M jjjs1 &:n!,D~ rm ~~ it,(3) ~it~lWIJ\ - }fj jjj S"J &: JJ!, 11 [!lif. l' [BJ ~D ~ lWIJ\ WIJ ~ ~N ~ S1 l' ~ , ffjj ~ D ~ N: ~ ,(4) l' ~ 1£ n}j~ - M~ EJkJ *~~~T~~ii:*~=}fjjjjEJkJ&:JJ!,W~ • • ~W~.~EJkJ~ffiH;m~.~* Jj\ ~IJ yilt T 8"J - Mjjj &: JJ! ' J! ~~ fI t~IJ rlJ ~ :m I¥J [BJ 1~ • ~ ,(5) 5l it l£W ~J\ r ~Ij ~ J Mjjj 81 &.'Wfi~ff~~1J~D~EJkJ~mH'H~ • • ~Mrm~'~Wfi~~1JMrmo. r the planning of ~d.. 0. * *- -:f ,-:;. * gg iL.iQ ;f; -*. **. ~ it j~b€;. $Jf if, fJf liJ. ± .t! ~ ft rJf ~ Jf.

(2) rr~8.~~R*~'I~~m~,~oo~~m~W • • ~A~~~,tttt ~.~~-w.w~§~m,~~.~®~,fi~.~~~'~.W~~~~~g·. W r~1 ~ 'Ii Bff ~ a~ ~ J/} tt:l;tH ' m;f~ r:;z. ~~,~~tt~tt£mw.~- • • ~A~ • • ~~~~'~W~$~ff~~1. IIDffijg~o~lTI. ~f1. tJ1l !!X 3( .1lt ~ i. .Afi-• • •. ,~a&~~~~~.o~rrM~'~~~~-*~AA~~~.f. ' 2;1(§ A~~f*a~r~ri~. ®~1*11l~lJlj1m~1'a~~~fi~. 0. 0. fiA~~~~~~m~,~~~*,m~~~~m~gm,~~~fu~~~. , Kuehner' 1 ~~1~*~. ~ lit. 9 9. ' ~Jj;:~it~ ~ .t)J.g:.a~ (Byers' 1 9 7 0 ; Honig' 1 9 1 ) rr ~ pg , fiT;)(. (~7 4 ) ~ r ~ ffi5 m J"C j ~ ~ ~Ij 0. r~MJ. !k~m~.. ' &\~Jl. 8 8 ; .. ~ ~ 1* w!J ~. , §~. ~ ~JH~'l ~ ~ ~ wlj. :. , :;;t. ~~*'~~~ffi5.~~~~~m~m~~.~.M'M~~ffi5~~~fu •••. ;ij!~.~1. ~~M~~°ft~$.n~m~~fia~~'~~~ffi5~~~m)(~fi~o®1 t~ lli1:£-1f... tilJlJ®fi 11~~ mt rr fit!! mlJ a~ ~ ~. ,~~~Jj;:rr~.ft~~M~~~~o~~,~~. ~*mJ'C~§1%t. ~TE~,~~,n~~*,.g~fi*o*~m.~.fi~~.W~.'~*. jt;~,~~. /J\~*f~f"~~IJ~~*~5~1j~~~~~ ~,~~m.~.r~~ffi5J. r ~~~;[}~ j. ~ftM$fJt. '. ~1i. A~~~I*~~.~~.~.,gm~.~&fi~Jj;:~&.o~~1921~'. 2 ; Levine' 1 T.NW*YMB fi ijf tWJ B~ fJ! ~ IID~mIJ. ' fS~. Dunnt)~.~fi!~*.*~.a~~~~. 1ID&JJ!,~:a"fl. ~~I*~J1J~~33~~~A~*~. tf ~ ~l*wlj.1¥. ~wlj.~ - ltJrni ~9'f. ' ~~. .*~ft~it~~~~~~~~,m¥~~~~~~o ~®,fi~~m~~gm,~.~~~~~m.~~'~W~A~Jj;:~~~*. ffi ~ (Cornett' 1. 9 8. 6 ; Klein' 1. 0. 9 8 5 ). 0. lfI-rr 1. 8 9. 8 if ' WisslerJMtJ.px. , :tTM~.~;Jngfi~~~ , ®~ffuiM pfT t),Tibbetts ( 1 9 7 3 ) t~ lli ' ~.f.t~A~. ~~~~~.M~.~-m~~fi.,mm~~~~~.&fi®~~2~~.~. ( ~I. ~. Jalongo,1. 9. 8. 5 ). rr.J'C~fifct*fJ!~a~ ~~mJ'C~. ,. J1:lJ1J*m~~.~ ~.~J/,*~a~JJj{~pfTrr. 0. ,. 'lilJlj~~*~~fl A~~Ij~~a~. *~~gfJt~.~:9:.~~~~!!X1iBff~~~1*. 0. 0. t)t±fi~m~.~~. (Groch' 1 9 7 4 ; Shaeffer & Hopkins' 1 9 8 8 ) rrm~mJ'C~ , ~~~~*$fJt~~ r J W rJ1I!MJ mJiJJJJpfTiR5E m~, ~fimJ'C~ (McGhee' 1 976 , 1 9 7 9 ) mm ' J\ :9:ft< ~~m±* ~ r 1tKft'li~lj~ ~ J a~mfj~ , f~1~J\ft<~t~~BJ.x.~*1f Y#~fjJJJJ ' fEl:m~~~pJTM'~ ; ®:9:ft ~IJ .f~ffl ~Jj;:B~fi~ , *~fjj(J1:l.*tff:~ 0. fIX.. 0. ~JJJ'~:9:m.ttJ\mrr~l*~pg~.'.~fi~~~.~ffl~,m~.~~. *1~~Ij.mx¥-'f. mm.fi!~~~~. Sechrest ( 1 9 8 0 ) WMasten ( 1 9 8 6 ) ~!!J~!!X~~iW: ~ ~~~mJ'CfE~~~~B~ , 1lt~,,*~~ r ro:ltJ ' 0. , Koppel. &. 0. ~~JtXa~Ff't9 (Be. ~ ~m ~. , $fJtJi!. (Master WI Ff't9 ~ ~ Ill· ~IJ ~. ~Vj). :¥t.ill1'~~ffli. 1 9 8 6 ; Fool. 1984) o{§ *1ilf~ , ~fim t~PfT~ , ~~tt5.

(3) 5l,-t~?.,I;,~, M1j~'~~l~{tA~b71\1l1~z*;t. r ~ m J ~ r ~IJ ~ J -. {rnl Ii 00 ~ ~ ~ 1AW. m~ *N< i!&. liH Ji: ~ rJ! r ~ f& ~. fIP. 0. 125. *. ~ M~. -m~AA~~~~·. ~ttmm~*.J~,~~ •• ~~~~.r~.J~rgMJmMOOM~;ffi. ~m~~~~Mg·. ~~,mmrftm~ •• ~lR**,~~.l¥Jffl~J~,~~~.~!*r~~JJi OOW~~o~W'~~. ~~~.~M~~.I¥JM~&.~~~~ifm~?*liHJi:~~m'-M~ml¥J~. o. ~. •• M~.~ •• *.I¥J~.Wgm&~~~.M~.?. , ~!* ~ ili t~=*~ ill·. Honig' 1 9 8 8 ; f~J r:p~¥U. '. §~. lR~~.,~~~mrl&.J'. I¥J ~ lfItwrJ ~ ,. r~MJ~r~~J=MliOO,~~m~~.~. :ttf~7tt!T'11551J1£ ~ !*~LI¥J ~~. 0. ~.~I¥J~!*wlJ~r.~~=1i00&.1¥J'11~1J~~. m~ 0. , t) 11l¥JliHJi:~ yjt ff~W~ lEIlf:t ' *liHJi:l¥Jm-{[gUWmffl. I¥J Jj] tf~ ili MUf61: If ~~g)(~m*j ffijlj ;f~ , t~ t±Htf-1fm. ~W~~:~if~.rl&.J'. I j;ili flL. i!&*liHJi:~~-@;-~.~!*~~,®~m-fi~.~.~~!*~~o. ~ ~tt. 0. lEI If:t ' f.Q II. 0. r~mJ.r~~J-MliOOI¥J&.·~~.~. ? .~~twlJ~~J[~~52:Jiftm 01 ? m~m-@;-~'11~~I¥J~.wlJ ~ 1£ fjffi mlJ a~ ~ :!t ftt!. ~J[ ~ Z ~ ~ wlJ ~?&f ~ 91 ,m ~ f.Q ~ gm & ~ if M~ ~ ~ ~ &!tt ' 11~IJffij~m~~~. :!t. I~~~~m, ~*. * ' ff:37'1.'. *. ~1!. liH Ji: *6 *. (McGhee '. 1 9 7 6 ; McGhee. & Lloyd'. 198. 2 ;~~~, 1967)~Mr~~7tffiJ~~z~m:~if~m1f~l¥JmM,m. l me A ~ lfIt ~ ?J)\ ~ 1\ ~ , Wissler ffJ': t) px @:¥IJ 1 9 2 1 1f '. lfIt ~ , f(ff ~ ftt!.1I"J te ' 5G iiJN me A ~ ftt!.1r, § c ~ ~ lR ~ ~. (lEI pJTl£. 7.M~HmB~m:37I¥J ••• ~m~~~M.'i!&~~.~~~~~~&.'. :ff mrBiI¥J fJ! ~. 0. OOI¥J~.·m~. 1fU§ J1t.liH ~ fin ?,f~ fl ~. ••. m1£. r 1&. J ' r ~ M J ~ r tllJ ~ J IJ- Ji". ,~~~mz.olEl~'*liHJi:m~W:~.~.~I¥J=M. OO&.'~~.IEI1f~ffijffm~~~?~~1f~~.z~lR-Ji"OOI¥J&.'~~. fI[Ej ~~wlJ~a"J.~ , ffij~m~~~ ? fIn~'~ 1f~a"J ~if '. .~~I¥J-MOO&.'~~fI~~~?~~*liHJi:~.Z=o ~*'~~~fJ!'~.I¥J~~~~§~~~~fJ!~,.mmfJ!l£~.-,m~. 0. t) 11 ff ~m 5G if ~ ~. l¥J~m~OO(Bu~n' 1992 ;.~*'R83). JfOch' 1 9 7 4. I¥J ~m ~. r 1&. J 76,1979)" ~ ~ £Z R rj[. :~xJft. t10:1). ~. 1 9 8 6 ; Foot' 1 9 8 6 ; Masten' 1 ~. OOf~~El3. ~. *', tt~ IDUt *tf~ I¥J If:Ui If:Ui. ~. ) 8 0 ) ~Masten ~~Z. r 1&. J. !ttrj[.~tO-fi~~. '. •• ~oo , g~ f~ iil: El3 M= ~ .!§" to frr • &~ ~ tf~ 1J ~ ~m (fIn ~ ~ r ~ i§ - tm fBI J ~ frr • (Masten' 1 9 8 6 ) ~~ ~iitf~~tE~M'1W!lW~1*7t¥-*~ , m 0. °H~~~.~m~. ,. .M~~.~:!t~~.~off:37liHJi:~*D~'.~~~~~~if'l£~mr:p. ~It~. , H~fj~lEOO~ ~ 1~§~ ( ~O : tiME"J '. 1~84). 8. ~~i~tf~1J a"J). (Cornett'. 6 ; McGhee ' 1 9 8 9 ; Ziv. '. 0fBEl3Mm®liHJi:m~Z~!*~'*OOffi~~~r~~Ji~J~~$. *W~'~~~l£~~~r~~JJiOO~&.;ffij~.E"J~~~M.'.~~~ ~~~,~~m=M~00~oi!&H~m~~*7m~ii~~~rl&.J. ,r~~J.

(4) wr~~J=m.oo~&.w~~. •• ~OO~R~'~&~-.OO~&.$'~. -m.~m~~~.§~?~~'~~fiH~.~~~W~.§~~~.@mN ~m~,mRmft7~~~M~~.~.~~~~. •• @~mm'®~&fi~. &~~~.rr~~.~*.~.T~-.OO&.W~.§~OO~H~o~*~~ m7m:~.rr~~.~~M~.T~~a'~mw~~-~OO~&.'W~. §~~H~o.m¥~~'~~*~~-MWA,.,~rm~fi.J~n~'. #~~M®*~tttt~~.~.~.~mm~~.'~Mm.rrft~-~~*~ *'I~mM~~,~~.~,~~,~q,~~ft.~$~.aft~.'~N. .M~:Mfi~~~~~.'fi~fim~~.M~?~*~~~.~-m--~. .~~~.~~~~.T~~.,~m.~~=.oo~&.'.~. •• ~&fi~. tTm~~~~~~m~~~DfoJ ?. *m~t~£# /UI~nJlm. ~~I~*~ .~§Iii. ,. mfl~*l'W\i#iJ.~ft(~J3tIl9i~~N~*~JJi#iJ.~JiIz~m (Zigler, Levine &. Gloud,l 9 6 6 , 1 9 6 7 : Brown' 1 9 9 3) ; tJO~~ ~lli~1f*~M*JJr;. *. 11 skJ }~HT ' & ri 11 J1r W~. ~ I!& ~ I~ ,. pJT J;J. '. *m. ~ ~ J;J Fp9 ~. , ® J;J rt:ll II J:r. *~.~.~*~~'.®~fi~H~~~.~°ft®~~,*~~~§~m:. M~~tt}jIJ. aJ'. ' 1fm~~.,~~~~Jl~~~Jj:i#iJ.T ( -~~WJ~.~ ) ,~J~~ r rrx. r~mJ.r~~J-.OO&.~~~o~.m~.~~~.~~M~.. T,~~~~. - JiOO& •• ~.~{~.~ , SiP~~tTm~~r~9~~m1*. 0. .i&,flH~*~. ~~*'W~&'~.~~I~~&~*,~~~~,~m~~o. m.*m~~m~§~'m~~~mT~~~~~:. -'~.*~~~-.OO&.,.~tt}jiJ,~m.~M~ •• ~~~~'® fi~~~~o. ='Q.fi~~.~~~~.~-MOO&.'.~~~~.~.§~'fi~ ~~lEA§H. 01. r~1iI~~. 1.. *m~§Ii~ {flk 1 6 4 {lr~.9:~. ~*. •• ~~~~. iM ~ J. (f =72) ~. m~mii:ll~CEr. A,-1JJ ~ }itT 'E; ~J W r~w~. Am~ , {S lli~1 ,~W ' f~fliskJ ~i 0. *m~1£#~~ A~~. r ~.'IWJ1s. ~. : " ~lW\¥i:llp P'3 ;g 19 rlti JJHz ' 1. *Ji ' tJ*Ji~m~ I IIJt!])\~~~£I·. 0. -'~.W~~.~*JJ~.~-.OO&.'W~~~.fim~~,~~~ skJ1E~~m. r ~.l. m~~.~J. ~~¥o~~~~.*~~~.~~~A~*~'H~.~m~~*wm~~~' J:t~. 2 6. SiP ~IJ m r Bm~~ ~ tJ ~I ~ fi it:ll MJi ~ , J;JBg~1JA3. ~~U~'~~~fi~.mMg~&~.A~H~fi~m¥tt'~A.M. ~~~~.~A~~~~~~'m~~~am~~.o~*,~~mm~.fi~. '. *Ji. 0. ~. 7 {~~J!t~. 0. ~'~~~.~ •• ~'.~~~.fim~~'fiM~~1EffiHo. 1f '. ~IiIL\~W~.

(5) ~t.a.·M. ~ 00 8"J &B! tP. ' IIJ. Sf~15$. ~ ~ ~ §t IX ~flHlf JJt. Sf~~~. ~. , fffl Nzr~ ff ~ -. l~m1*. 0. i!&*1iH~. '8"J&B! '. W~f~. ff~J8"Jj[;*,. fZfr'-~~M*~ Kt1t~~3'~~. * liJf J'C 1;£ if ~t m)( wJ£. 'Ii '. .m~ff~.~.~.~~~~.~1\~,:tf(96~~r~.~I\~M.J~§t ~,tJ~~~~~ff~.*I\~-MOO~. ligler, Levine &. ~*~fi~IU'. , fffl tJ yl • iii ft q: J'C 8"J § 8"J ~ :~ ~) ,~I*~ r frX ~ ~Ji ft'l ~ 1\ *IJ ~. · ii1&,fN~*UH. ij f~ § ~ ,. , fffl ff!li. •• ~.*I\~=MOO&. •• J ;.fl~~r~it~~.~.~J&rfi~~.ff ff~m~ - a~Ij.~~~~{i ' pg?&Wgf7t~i'ft,7t55I1~ajj~OT :. .z~~r~.*I\~ ~tf~tJ.~ J. 0. 1. W~.~~~m~aJ. *'liJfJ'e E! ~Z r 5t.~I\~~Ij. J. ,~7t:t)'m1~Arl=l'~' ~*/J\~. = -----1\1f:. ~164~~~~it~T§M~ii~~~*~~.3"'5fi,~m~~,~tfj~ ~~II:~~~lZ9arl.. ilii ~ J. (f =72). '. 7t55I1~. W r ~ W~ J. ~:m=mrl.*±~e}~fF£;. r ~:1I;:-T J. (f =71). r 1Jo*fa'i J. (f=99) ,. ,it ~. *. r 1JO~fa'i J. lJj\ *11 ~ ~ ~OJj(. 0. ~. (f=85) ,. tp,. rM. L~:1I;: -T J. ,~IHt£IZ9' 1i~MmtB~Ji§t~mlXill1. '. ~. A,-1fJ ~ I$lAT 1:: ~ ~ iI rl.* Jim Davis pJT *t ' EBIi1 pg fF * III ~~ !tt 8 fffl J1JG r M rfj 1m J W r ~W~ J ~IJ~1i1 pgrl.fF**1~1i' pJT*i ' ~mfiYI.~ rm.lW ' l*t)'J1JG 0. }'Jt§-1!t ' ~W. '. 0. i!Hfl:~~*. '. ~~ ~it:!1r {}~1~~~jk , &)(1~*1J~~~!1J1!t ~ [lg *~. t~M~ ~.AII:-th~*~1!t. 0. *liJf~rrm~*~~.~~Wtp' A~~. ~ ft'l e"PF ~. •• o. UH~I~*liJfJ'CM~ffl~liJfJ'CI~ff-a'~M:. ~~ A ~ fl ff!. tfj ~ it!tt 11/. fIB 1& - '"1\1f: m~ - f1f ' :tf(. ~~~rWW~.ffm~tJ.~J~~~wo~*,~mA~mmtP~.frB1&tfj. '~fliFli ~ ~ -h , J ........ t:tt:ll=l nt../J. ~ t~. 11\ ~ ~. U7. A@mm'263~~it~r~.~~.~.~J8"J~M~ao~A@mm8"J.. ~Z-~--5t ~ f~§~&gjfj~f. *m&00: II: mpJT iI. •• ~.~A~~M.~~~. r ~it'1lfrJ1~&ff!~Ij. J. ••• ~Z~~(1966'. 1967)~. (Children's Mirth Responses Test' CMRT) a~~~. ~:N~~~.pg?&~~~~1f:~~.~.'ii~.~~tp,~.~1!trm.~~, pg?&~y@ rJHz. '. i~J~t{1m }5IJ ~.zf.j'tfi~IJa~r~'~m~. m,mm~m~6~~. 3 0 7t&l. '. ~~Ii h~~1s7:1ij. 30. •• oN~*'~4~~6~~?&*~.Wm~15*Z. ~h~~~~~o~~'~~lZ9a~.tp,~tfj-~~W~.ft'l*~lih~25 -, "'to -h ~ I}t. ./ J '. -;t=;- l'm- 'Fj. ffi\R ~. m. o. ~7~~@~tfj~~~~.~~.~~~'~ffR*'Ii'M~'~.li1pg~ ~m. 0. ff '. ~it{}~W*. '. IJ\~;f£~&~gm:tf(. 1 3 A ' !tt~ 5 0 *JHI.7t:~1Tpg?&~fit!t. 0.

(6) 1 3 ~~:mftt)JlM~~PI@J$: , *~~lJtIJ , PB ' Ii ' :f\1f~B"J~ :9;*:m~ 2 0 A~t-t~ ,. tJ~*Jl¥I.;fiffj~IH~ 6 At)J:~~~ 9 -. ID~mJH~/f~. mfiFf ' ~ff 4 4 *Jl. 4tJl' lm15t 9 '"'-' 1 3 ~1 ~ 1 4 mrl.rr. 0. ¥}t)~/j\ ~. ~oo~m~~,~~~~rrfi~m44m~.~,m@~~fi.H.~~B"J~~:. U.~*ffi*.~.B"J~~o~utf~~M~.JI~,~*m*. •• ~B"J18mM. .'~~~~~~~~~~.~~9mo. fO.90. ~~'~7~m~MB"J~~'~.M~:m~~ ~~~~.~~r$tt~.J. •• ~~,*~~~.¥}~A~. (*~.~:m,~~~mW~~~B"J~~)~lm,. ~20m~.,~m*utf~m~M~m~~.~.om77M*ffi~.~.B"Jm ~& ~1-r'l'1. '. * utfJ'e t)m 2 0 tJl~. '. 7t~.1~E"J. (p< .001 ). ~~~,. Ir ~x~. fti 3tJl Jj(. ~ r fti 2*Jl' r f!fW~ 0. ~1~/J\ ~ '"'-':f\1f~ff 1~.~~1*~~~~:9;. ~ ~ 1i1H. rJ{IJ B"J ~. *.43A~fim~o~®~r~t-t~JB"J~~Mft.~MOO'*utf~~PB~utf. wil.. J'e ~ , ~ ~ * utf J'e ~ , ~ Ii 1:v: ~Zf ~ ~ , t) tJ;'U~ Z m~ aft ~ ilflHIlIJ fi Ff ' 7t ~Ij ~1 PIT ~. ~frXl:&.J tf~1. ~~B"J.~*:m~fi*~~~MOOB"J~.o~*~~~~OOB"JmN,m~~fiM'. ~. tJ~~~~~~~~*:mB"J&~~fi,mm~~~'Ii~~~~x~~~m,~. ~~1L~1W'. ~M~~~~~mB"J&.,~u~~o~~'.~~~~~~WW43M*m~. W~,H ~~B"J~. ~.~W7t'UM~*~~~~OOB"JmNo. mIJ~~~~.. Ef3 m~ ~ fJ!, ~ mt-t * utf J'e PIT;/]O AB"J mtJl $11 Wil • Wil.~~ ,i'&IQ7F*15}~~Wil.~~ff~NB"J. 0. &~, ... ~ ~1 ~ it!! ~ ~ ~ rr{§N~OO ,~m rfrXl: J MOO~Ef3 ~. ,. 0. 7t~ljgUWJ. t~~~m~H ~. r~~JmMMOO~~~~OOB"J~Nom~.M~.JI~M~~,~~mmMM. m,"l"= $. .97 (p<.OOl)'. r~Ij~J .92. (p<.OOl) ,I{. ~*ffi~~~.m~~~o{BEf3~rrm~Moo,~m~:mm~mMm~20~.. ~. ( t)*$15t ~.~ ~~WiJ.. , ~~IJ~: rJlMJ. 0. ~~~~frXl:&1. ~m~~~~2B"J~~&~'~~&~~~B"JW7tfi~'i'&~m~~rJlmJ~ OOB"J~7t#{§~. (H. r ~1aJ. 15tJlM, ~&. J B"J$15t f.j tt ~ m! B"J ff gg ~. B"J~M'~~.~.UM.,~~u~~.o~m~~gfflm~.~.~*,~ ~,*utfJ'e~~~~mB"J~~~OO'.~12'"'-'15~.o;fi~UtJm~.B"J~. 1 . 5 ~.*~tJi '. 4tJl. * rJ{IJ ~ t) frX j mrr rfrXlt J $1. ~~B"J~~m:*utfJ'em~~~m~M*mrr18m~.(~$:2m$tt~. Mmr{fJ , fff/1'IB,. 2. r ~.1q).1. .n~r~]~. ftlJ~Y&\~jfflt~~~~~~Jj(.~~~~. 2tJl '. ~. ~.,~~~~mrr12'"'-'15~.~~~~.o. .)~=.OO~&. •• fio.~~$~.~~.oom7t~~.7t~~'.7r~. MJMOO~~~~~~,~~mMOO~~~~7t~o~tt'~7~~.rrrJlMJ. *.~~*i. ~oo~~~mlli~~~~~M&.B"J~.,~~~wm~*$ffi~.~~~~'. rm~~JtXJ ~~. mWRff~1/3B"J~.~~.JlM(fim~m)B"J~.o~~,~~m@*~. IDl~oJJRm~z=.

(7) 5L -t#l.fk~ , A 1j~·~~l$tH ~ ~b'J M 1~zSff ~. P/llJll~. ,. 129. ~~~lI:t/llJll. ~~litJlm~H~'X.UlltwS"J~.,~r1&I:JwrlltwJmJWjjjj~~~m. =t 2 0 A~ttt~ ,. ftW:iS:fiS"J4m~.'-H~W~.~~2molZ9~'~TS"J14m~.,~*. :H:iS:H~s"JIIJ:L. ~ffi9~13.~~.MJ§I~~S"J~lit'~JlmH~WlIMS"J'~K~~.~mo. ~:iS:. r'&J S"J 1 8 rJHI. 1 4 rJ3.rl.l£ rllMJ W r~ll~J mJWjjjjJ:S"J~Zjl71~{~JJt71~Ij~.95 (p<.OOl) ~0.90 (p<.OOl) ; ~ff[)*litl£ - Mjjjj1~71S"J*~71~B ' 1J\~ ~~ ~~ -H~ (tJ pg ~, r ~:11;: -=f J {r!l 2 rJ3.' r 110 ~ Wi J {r!l 0 *J3.' r Mrli~ J {r!l 2 *J3.' r!! W~ J ftt 3 *J3. rjt. ~ pg ~ I][ID' r ~:11;: -=f J {r!l 3 rJ3.' r 110 ~ Wi J {r!l 1 rJ3.' r Miii ~ J ftt 2 rJ3.' r §1! W~J {r!l 1 rJ3. ~. 0. f~~Li¥}110A . 1 tJ3. ' ;: {51 ~ ~ wiJ 1j: S"J {~ t MJ §I ~~ M Z ~ :tl: ~1IJ='t) ~. ;!fnitf ~ ~1If rz:g {ll: ~ Uf ' 71 ~Ij ttt pff5t. HHJ:t ~1HT a~ , t 3Z~~1if1f'W ' ~ ~ ¥t 4 3 flfj] J~Hit 1'F. (t ,. ,. 0. 0. K~~.S"J.*~' 1~7m~-H~*.~1j:,8~14m~~.~~~. lliiJ 1j:. *. 71 ~iJ ~ ~ Jfi: ~ r 1& I: J ' r II tw J W r ~iJ ~ J - flfj] ff[) {51 t1t!HJ!il W~t 71. 0. 0. r~. .1&I:&.Jff[)ffi'l£~~~~~lit~mm.~~~1j:~,~*~lit~~~W~. ,. *. t~ ~i7J tB WN J~ ~ l' H ~ N ~ N J~ ~ H ~ N. 0 ~ 3 S"J rz:g 1M Ii R z X ~ ~ f§ W} ~ MX fL ~ tw' (N n~ ~ T ~ a"J MX fL N =0= J~ ~ l' ~f ~,N ~ ~ ~ Ilw a"J MX fL =1= l' fjf~/ ~~S"JMXfLN =2= -I~H~,I/ .~*~a~MXfLN =3= J~~H~) '¥}EB~ ~. 1/. .~.~71aom~MXR~mS"J~~,~~lit~~~m.tB~S"J~~o71aMr'&J' rw~t~{iiIz~~ r1&I:JJWjjjj~EB. ~~t1.i ~. ,. r lim J W. -ar1~~mflfj]JW. (p < .001). '11m ~a~~~ 2 071_ ::ffmll~~* ' IZ9 ~ t) '&J *J3. Yl. S"J iJllJ f ~ 2 tJ3. ' ;#( 4 rJ3. ~. : ~~ 2 rJ3.~'I'i¥1 HliBII ' ~T rll ~¥I.l£ rlltwJ l' ~litJl1~H~ , i- ' /IIJll~m~*~-B. ~~~~1&I:&.M~f. r ~.lIfW&. J ff[){)t ,. 0. ¥tllEB~mlJ~~~. r ~$~~ J. (~*$ffi~lit~~H~S"J~~~$'®#U~AS"J.~~~o) '~~.Mm *~~1j:r~WH~J~fW~'~ffO~2Z=~.RS"J~~(~=~~1'lI. ff[){51l1fW,"2"= ~~lIm) '71aMjWj, ~~~lItw&:.Mf* 1£ r ~~~iJ ~ &: • J S"J ff~ {51 ' ¥tIl ~ * ~ lit *fi T '&J - rJ3.11 J='t 1iiI ~i7J ~ :is: H ~J~ ~. ' ¥} EI3 ~ iJlll ~ f.t lI:t~.a~ ~m~iJfJf*-liiJJt ' ~ 0 ~ 4 Z1iJl~IiR T t)~Zjl71 ("0"= r9: ~ @] ~,"1"= J~ m1'~f~,"2"= 1'H~,"3"= ~-I~H~,"4"= J~~H~) '71aMjWj, {-t~~~~~ll ~:'1"=. 0. ~&'/!!MIfjj. 0. *m~~1&I:'lIfW'~~S"J.~~ff~~,w~mffi~S"J~~~.o~~. it 1£ r 1& I: J ff[) {51 ' mff~{51. 2.. '. ¥tIJ1'IHI~1T. •• *. r ~.jqJ. *•. ~~. ~~. H. J~ ~ l' H ~. 1/. 1!lG. 1/. l' ~f ~. N. a~,. r II tw J W r ~iJ ~ J. 0. s!.~ j. ~ ~ ~ tR }' Masten, Morison & Pellegrini 1£ 1 9 8 5 if. pfT ~ ~ tB S"J. rm•• ~J.~®~S"Jom.~;#(30.'~M-mlZ9*: • • '~.'.~ IDllz:. 0. m.~Z- m7t.~a~ pg$-33clj:{~~71~ljm.95. '.93:&.85 (N=612). 0.

(8) ' fM r fd: Wist 1I:r* J pJT* 1~B"J 7t~ 'tiL ~ ~~ r'@JB"J t§ ~m (r= .87) DR 11: ~ EE {I~ n eft ~, f1X rp )( 1& ' ~ J r-F r§- *~ PJf B"J mUlIJ ' pJT tJ ffIlt:~ 6 JHL~ ~ t§ 1~. ft~J1t 1100. 0. B"Ja§(~:~-MA~Wi.®B"J--~~AWi.®B"J). '.~24mo~~. 91:v:~/J\~~f\$f&B"J¥~,~1Tm~, flfttJlEI~7t;fJT*~m*1511l:~B"J~fM. 20. ~J1to. jt1~ ~ f~ lEI ~. ,. J B"J fm {51 ~ gf J IZB f~ lEI * B"J ~ Jjrj~27.45% ' 21.3 IN * 7t ;fJT 1& ' ¥} lffi {~ ~m {*,. 1. r ~Ji~mHft J ' r :&:ffr§-M J ' r JX .J 'fMDR1I:~B"Jr • • J ' r~~n~JfMr~.J*$ffi-~o r • • n 1ftJ ' r1Rffr§-MJ fM rJ~.J -MlEI*B"J!fi'Hlfoo:7tJjrj~6.06' 5.30&3.19;-arM ~B"J~:J:]i: , 7tJjrj~30.25% '26.49%&15.95% ; TIJm~B"J*~~~]i:~~72.69% *~ lEI * 7t ;fJT 1& ' ¥} IffilJ $: 4 m lEI ~ ~ fij]i: 1£ .35 tJ T B"J m § , • 20m1t ~ 1£ ~ tnB illlJ. 1& B"J :I ~'At~J!J ' r±:jj 82 ' .81 &.63. B"JP'J~o. ~J. {1~n1&B"J1I:~. ,. t§~;ffffr±:~. 7tJjrj~:. 0. {I~ n. *. 11~ n. 0. *]i:~f;R-jIJ). B"J. 1. 2 111: ¥ i. 1& B"J ]i: ~ Z P'J tf~ - ~ '1'1 1~ J1t ~ Cronbach a = .90' r ~Ji • m~ 1)£ J ' r:&: ~ r§-M J fM r Jj(g J ~ f~7t]i:~B"J P'J$-~/111t(*~.81 ' .79 &.76 *]i:~f;R-iMt~~ 1UJ!ij~fj;~11~ , EE ~F.JI5llift r ~N J ' r /fi~ J mf~3I. {I. ~rp'~llir-Fr§-~.M~~¥(.fMr5lli*~~~~Jeft).~ff~~mB"J~. 1iH J"C ~ JB »lli m ~$~~-F.JI ' j:t. 0. ~o. 3.. JJjCf!~iifJJR::YoungmantE 1 9 7 9 1. 3 ~ 5l ~ 1£. *. $J5fTmZ Ii' *!±.tEf£fT~lIR J '1:~1f f3t rp B"J 1T ~ fft 11 ' -§J§ r ifJ ~ J ' r 1t( 1ft J ¥M r em ~ 1L. ~J~m7t~~oz.'~P'J~~~fM~~~ft~~73$.n,flft~Ar~~. r iJJ~~JJ! J ' r 'At m~JJl! J ' r em ~ ~m f*, J ' r [J=ij ~u~J~~mMoo,jt40m,m*OO]i:.~B"J¥f3t • • ff~o ~mf*,. J - Ji 00 '. fiJf~f~~. ~f *~ IMX fJkJ !'Ltz:. r BifjMI5-G.fT~~:t.J.~ J. J M9 -. f1X~f~~T1&B"J. EE~DR]i:~~~lir~.J~ftf3tff~'fM*m~~~rW~J.m~.~. ~J. rp, ~ J. '1.10 tJ {1~aj()(1i]~~B"J ~g~ ,. ~Zjl~li1T~~~1J]i:~JI ,jt~. 4 0m. 0. ~ r§-~ /J\~em fj;~. , Ii n. f1X. r Sffl. ¥}:t~ 1 5 3 {:v:~/J\~sm~1Tm~,MztJlEI*71. ~*Mm]i:~fj;~w*&~z.'~~.&~B"Jm§z~.~J1to ffl~J\ B"J it ;¥iH~ lEI ~ 7t;fJT 1&. ' jt 1~ R:9 f~ lEI ~ , 7t Jjrj ~: r W{} iJJ ¥ J ' r ~ ~ 'Atm J ' r ±:Ih - ~mt~{iliA J ' r r§-gf J ~ rp r WIL,iJJ¥ J ' r ~~'At m J ' 0. rr§-gfJ=MlEI*fMDR1I:~B"JriJJ¥.JJ!J'. r'Atm~JJ!J'. r~.U~J*B. 0. *. j. ~J/f~ ~. ¥~151B"J¥'±~. ,~ f1!t § ~ J B"J ifia 11 ( f!P ill 8 f~ F.JI ms"J 0. ~fMr~li~~~. flt] /f &;, ~ ~Zjl. 0. 1£JfOOir~ft. ~ff~fft1J~M/f~olEl~,*m~~~.~~~~ft~~73$M.nzr¥ ~ft~1T~. 0. Sm '. ~~~~JE~F.Jl. :fi 1& ~ 1T B"J ~ 1£mll~z iWB"J-£ 1£ 00 :t~ 'A ~ B"J A fM :f~ , ~ij¥ffffSf~ ~tr~ , it( r fTXl:_.

(9) o.~~oo~-~~~y~~w~~~r~~J'. r~~J'. r.~JW'~~~. ~~~~'W~o~~~.±~~W~~~.*'~~~.,m~M.~·~±. ~. •• Hm~~*M'~~~~~o~.~~.~~'~~.MY~~WnOO~. m~~M'mH~~W~B~'.&m~M~~.~'~~W~-~W~.~~ ~~~'~.~~~.m~~.~L~o. r.~~.~m~J~~y~We. o~y~~*~~WZl~r.~~.~m~Joo.~m~~U~~,g. .~Br¥.~~~Y.~U~J~'~~M.~r~.~~.~J~.~ o. sIz~ij0'*fll=f. ~¥. ,. r *}W~~}~ J. r1f¥~b~J. .b~ J •. .. r *f1I''J'. ,g *M'(:1 W' J 4Y H , *. ~~!ff f-J. !l!~. ~. :§!; ~. J ~ H~~.y9~ 8. :It • ~. iran. r sIz~!I!~. 'm~~r.~~~~.~JM.~~*~ow~~~r.~~~~.~JM.. o. ~. ~}~ J. ~~m~~.~~r.~~~~.~JM.~WB~.~~~o.~~r~.~. ~J' r*}W~~!I!~_. !fM Iftt ~ f~ hJ} eM mif f$ ,. ~ ~ bJjJ. ±): m* 11 ~ Iftt ~ ~,. (~ ~. 2l* ~ Cj~ ~ Iftt @} BID Ug ). yoqW ' H:. :It~;:f'. ra. ]1~!I!~J. ~.~J~~y~¥~~~*~o~.~~.U~.~~~.~'~~~ffi~* ~W~~~.*~~MM.W2l*~,~~~r.~~~~.~J~*L~o. M r~~~} r d.~~. ~~~~m~JM.'.*~~W96#.~*W~'~9~.*~~~.~.. ~.~~~w'~~m-mm±):'~UM.g~Mo~ffiWB#'m-~~~¥. '""'-' -. Xl{lIlHi~f. g ~ ~ m~U ' 'f/ ~ ~ mpg 11 *~ f1lfl ~ fl;f ¥ ' ± ~ Wfllfl mu w~ ~ ~. ~~a£~ o. UM~Y.*Y~'~~ifw~r~J' flm~¥fij~.~. J M.lftt~~!l!~~Iftt~ $. •. r. *. f(j "J' jfI J. '16' =;v. ~ Cj~ If ¥ ~ f-! ~~ • if @} M4 r f~ J •. *. 91. o. Ii}. r~J~~ffi*~'.~WZIMr.. nW~~3I~Mmf 0. , ~u~~.mg~}~~f~-*f¥.*. , . sS'~flg,gl,P~S!i-2l*~ Cj~~.,g@Hw r tIl~ J M r Ym}ltW~ ~J. qJequOl;) ~ j1 ~J l,j, 4S!i -. o£9' tg 1S" . ZS . r m~.6. f{t;:f J. ill/: ~ ~ ~. Cj~ ~~ l~~}. *. %69"ZL~~.~i. o. ~ll!. : 61'£tg O£'S '. ~ff ~ §f~ J. .. ~1J. 41 Cj~ f1lfl mu ~ ~ ~ Wef 1 8 ~ , § mf M~ '(:1SZ' ±):. M~ * Mmf 6 ¥ Mil M ' ~~ lj.t {~ * ~ o %Z6'99~~IB~:iiJli*Cj~~~fu~.~Hi : %90'9M%ZO'Z1 . %6£'1Z . %SP'LZ~ng ,g , .MiiJCj~~~ll!*M~ : So'ztg£S'Z· SZ'£· z1'p~ng,gm}iH~:J;M*M@Hw r;t3 ~ J . r Ym} ~a~ - f{t;:f J . r1f¥ ~ b ~ J . r * f(j (Jr jfI J ~ 41 ~} ~g Cj~ r *} W~~} J tg r *} W~ ~ !l!~ J ~ ~. §[( L ~ '& fig , * M@} m r y m} ~. H - f{t;:f J .ill! : ~ m 0. 4S!i - ~}. 0. rtll~~~J. Wt~4I;l~.~}*~~. .. ~:§t°mft z~~. r:rt§f~~mf 9. ~. ¥flflllY:. (LS'=l) W~I. o.

(10) ~~ft~iiiU *m~utt~u. ... ~.~~~~~~~~~.~,*~~. ... ~~~~~~~. 1il.lIJ*~. ~~~.~'~~-Moo~&.~~.~'~ff-~~(tt~U*~M**~~. .~) ~.fi:~~~:7tfJT. i= (. '. ~f]"11~U. ... ~M. .. .880100. ~Wlji1a~. ~. ~JjnFU • • ~I¥r±:~~5FH1~U~il. A =.9415,p<.05; A =.7961,p<.05; A =.8664,p<.05) ; /11~UW*~wU • • ~e"J~. 1i ftffl ~*1)\~mi= ( A = .9794,p<.05) ; {S -. * /11~U * ~ 1)\BP~:m ~ l* ~~ - Ji 00 &.,/f 1!r 1!1 ~ ~e"J~li fFffl (~M. if:~*~. ( A = .9700,p> .05) 11~U .. ~*&~*~WU • • ~~/f~,fffl~m~&~ ~lf:t,frl~~-fi1~$IJ:g:~{)};zM' tJ ~ff.Af.lH!~Ufft~*5* ( ~D $.-) ':7tfJTTIfz~imfB/11~U" ~~& .. ~l*wU.~J[~tE*~ l*WU111H%}:[~) /fm~. 0. 0. .9370. ~WIJi1a~ ~. 1il.llJ* if:. 0. ~*~~. Wlj1l:~~. -Jioo&.J::8"J&~O ~-. ~:y(tlgU. * iF~~ * ~:¥'j~U~;#~~)~~~~~~i.HJT2 A i(§L~~I~~~~i.HJT. 2Fi@: , $~tt;l~ , ~JJi. 11l.11J. A i~. .9415 0. pi~. .0416. SP:t?J~ti~~ .~JJjFf~. - .. 'l1gU .. pil. 1iX1t .72. .3970. J.m~. 6.49. .0117. 81j~. 4.35 0. .0127. zpl$j1l1. .~it~t&lU£. E13~-QJW'. ~ 13.69 •. 3t13.85. "f r ~IJ ~ J Ji 00 I¥J. 3t>~. ~. 6.03'. 3t 7.42. ~f~~~:m. 3t>~. ~ 11.66 •. 3t13.01. ==~7\(14.42,. 1iX1t. 10.34 000. if:~,. .7961. 0•. .0001. 5.09". .0021. ==<[9'n,7\ • [9<n':f\. .0003. ==<[9'n,f;; ' [9 <n ' t~. 1iX1t .06 ~~WIJ1I: ~~. .8664 000. .0001. 11l.1iJ * if: ~. .9794. .3044. J~.>-1lI\!:. .0008. Moo~ijlIJ:I. mi!B ' {t 1~ :9: ~. (9.23,12.60,13.98 ,13.53). ~,*~fmljQ*~~. -1fN13.55. Jt'*liffJf~tfl:. J~.. .1934. -. ~~ffEm (McGhe. B"J ==~f;;. -Ill\!: 6.36. 81j~. 11. 74 000. =.-........./\. ~~. g;m~t:p,*~~. (5.06,6.81,7.08,7.94). J~.13.69. .8069. J.m~. 1. 70. -L. 0. il.~~m~'* ~~. .0001. 8iJ~. 6.54. 0•. 14,85, 14,02 ,11.19). f;;<='[9'n. J.m~. ~I. 7.08. -Ill\!: 10. 87 J~.13.80. ~t~T~9i-Y~m. f.lHJJ~if~~. RfitE'~~~$m. 17q9i-iffi ~m~m~1~ ~ ~ ntH ?flU ~ ~ ff ' ~~". ,~*m~.

(11) $t -t-~.'-k~. , M~~~~H ~ ~b'J MJ1.~z* ~. 133. JiXlt .89 is ~" ~ ;rJ2, ~ # tTl ;m >'1.~ffii>JXff):"-a 1'~iV{. ~ $*&. *. tt~IJ ~ ~iI1IJ~~ ~. * ~~J:wlJli. .8801". .0077. .0711. ~IJ~. 1* wlJ Il ~~ ill! I¥J ~ ( $~ * 'l'iJjIJ * ~ ~Ji 00 &ff!,1'1If ~ ~. !j:: wlJ. t!m. 3.42. t:~~*7tl.lIJ~1i. 11~ ¥1J{fIH51 X f~. .4010. 6.44"· $~*~. .9370. .0001. J&.~ :9:>~. ~13.02,. :9: 15.00. I. .8510. ~iI1lj~~. ~. tt~1j * 1f:. 0. Il ~~ ill! 1£ @I1*. If&*~~ ~IJ~~~. ·p<.05. ·'p>.OI. ···p<.OOI. , ~~rn~~~5.JfJT -,tt~,~~~~.~~~~~~-.~&~~g. ZJS*'11'x. ~*-~~,~.@Il*rgmJ' r~~JMOOI¥J&.'&~.ill!@II*~.. 1.69'. :9:13.85. ).03'. :9: 7.42. r.M~.og.~tt~M~. I .66 '. :9: 13 . 0 I. IJI~~m~' *$frt~Jl" ~t~"9:1t1.11r~~~):~.~~~fj:," '{li\!\~~. ;(14.42,14,85,14,02 ,11.19). T. r EIJ~ J Mool¥J&ff! '. 1If~'I'iJjlJfffilf~~it~. 0. £i~Zf~~~*. '. ~.I¥J&.. •• '.~ili~oMM~~~"~.~~ • • • ~. ~m~~'~I*~~*$~~~r~~Jwr~mJmJiOOffi~~'~$*~~ ~~-.OO~M.offi~'-B~~,~~~~m'ffi.ft.M~~ofi~~m. -. --'-. ~...........,/,\. )6,6.81 , 7.08,7. 94) : (9.23,12.60,13.98 ,13.53) -~I3.55. 1(.13.69 -m: 6.36 1(. 7.08 -m:1O.87 1<:.13.80. ~~ME~ (McGhee, 1 976 , 197 9) '~~:f~~~WIT1IfL r{fHVt1'1l.lrj~~J. ~m.'~~~~~.*R~.I¥J.~.*~~~al¥J'~~~ff!tt~~£W. 1.~ •• *~~~.*~I¥J.~offfiuttl¥Jm~~.W*~~M~~*.;m i,*m~g~:ft.tr~.m. t #f T ~ Pi-YIHtf 1'C ~ S"J ME mIl. •• ~.~~r~~JMOO~&.'.~~.'. 0. flH'~il~It~BkJm~m)[IOm~ (Burt &. Sugawara , 1 9 8 8 ) f~tH. ' Qi. Rlfl£M~I¥J.m~,oo~M~I¥JW~~'.~*mm.l*~o®*~m.~~. ~*ffi~I¥J~~.WBm'.~Mlfl¥J~.~I*~m~'~.~~.~.li~ffi ~~.~~~fi'H*$~I¥J~~M*.x#¥·~ •• ~.M~~ •• ~.ill!1¥J I~·. '~*~1'C~m~:~m~~~.l£ffi~I¥J.~~ooM,~.~.~r.~.

(12) 1I1 Jjlj ftj 13 J s"J mii! ' tJ 3& ~ l' I[ ~ a tl:Lt't Pi {} s"J L§; :IE ~ it fElllt ' 0. ~t ~. * liH J"C" ~. iilt 7f ~ 1f mij~ ~IJ ~ M=M,!i'dE~*~. .rr~.~~.~.Tr~~JMOO~&.'.~~."~M*'*J"C~~moo: lli~~fElm**J"Crr~.~-W-OO.~M-~,~~m~oo~~¥~w~.. iif~rrull~-~~. ~~~'ffl.'.~.W~OO~ffili~.,~mft.~~@fEloow~.~~m~,. ~JilID~&.,.I§'1. @~~W~.~~~.~.~~~M~o**~~-&~MmJ"Co. ~~~±~: "£j. 9i- ' lli BJ~~ fEI mlliif.*¥~W~J[ -T~ff13H~ T {W~1i JjIJftj 13s"J~]fB ' {t1~ftll1~~ EI EEtfu~f].II~~ , t&ft.rrJj(.~~~WIj.T r ~IJ ~ J M OOs"J &. ' illz~~~O -~PJT!'~ 1~s"J - -1g;~~. ; t§& s"J ' 1f-arij~ f@j1J~~ Jj:. *'M ' t&~trj(.~~. ~ T ~t9:PJT~s"J Df]~J. =,. ~~*U~~j. 0. ~~'EE**J"CM*m~'~.1'~rr-~~~~.~~~.~.T'. r~. 'i: J W r JIM J MOOs"J &. ' illz1'@ fEl l1JjIJrm1f B~~~ ~W~ Pi ~~O~~ (R 7 9 ) ~~mt§r4 ' ~W~9i-t§~m~ffJ"C*3&t§~ (Zigler,Levine & Gould, 1 9 6 6 , 1 9 6 7 ) *JtfF~{tz~JJZigler~A ( 1 9 6 6 ) ~M~ , mmU~-arij~~E8 0. 0. ~**~~~.~.m~.'rm~rr~@li~~M~~T;Hwr~~JMOOtt. ~*,. r~'i:JwrJlMJMOO~.OOAPirr~~.'1'~*~'t&~=MOO& ~~~9i-. '. .s"J'I1JjIj~~illz1'aAB. 0. ~~ 5:l1J{~ m*-111Jjrj~. Pi ~·~*9<t&.o. ~§lf~ fEI**~pJT~ffl S"J~JJ:WIJ./El~~1l. '. f:£~-gf].. ,. -~~~JJ:WIj.T ~ Jjk /9'& $9: J .;Z. Jt IX. li$*& (if0 9 ~ 1 &<:B~.m~¥rJ {91J ~O. r. : 'M' ~ f~ ~~LA. ,. fffi¥6¥6 El ~. 0. ' firmB".J&. ' ~~JJ:WIJ.. ~ tt :IE~}. 7f@~. mT IJ]tM~if1 EE~-Nf~. , if.*&B"J:±~~*~B~ ( A =.7961,p <.05). OO~&.'@~if..~1'~rm1fB~~~o~$'. *&S"J& •. 'E!n~.~JJ:-=-M. {* ' *UHJ"C~~@~. r~'i:JMOO'-'~'li$. .I§'1~~t\if.*&(F=11.83,F=12.44,F=9.80,p<.05). ; rm rJlMJ Hz.. rEIJ~J. -flJ9: JiXlt. MOO.l§'m:-if..B~~~~@-mif..'~if..~&.B~~~li,t\if..(F. =8.19,F=5.03,p<.05 ; F=6.33,F=8.91,p<.05) t§~~~ Pi5~~O~~ (.§: 7 9 ) ~t~. ~JJ: r ~'i: J W r JIM J &.~ff~pJT~f]'E"Jif..&~ , **a*W~t§ r4 E!nf5i!~ if. •• ~,w~~~.~r~'i:J& •• ~o~~~:IE~~OO~Pi~~m~~M 0. 0. ~:m~~~.~.*M.7'~$W.if..~~.~~~~~~m.'~3&~ ®m.m~@. ~~,. •• ~.~~W1'~~o. rJlMJfir~~J.oo~&.,t\if..B~~~-'~if..'~~. W~~gm~m~fFWOO'~.~JI·fElm,~oom~*~'f5i!~if..~~m,. W~lli.~~~'JlM~~lli@~~;rmJlm7~~~.~~~Mrr'fi~~~. -!lJlt ~m --,~. -flJ9: ~m. .75'" .77'". .82'". rJ<:fj!: .79'" JiXjt. .66'". J&~ ~m. .72'". .€liJ~. .69'". rJ<:fj!: .67'··. .70···. ~J[~. .42'. .€liJ~ ~Ii ftf. .35.

(13) Jl. -:t J!JHA~ , A 1ji\-~ ~l ~H ~. ~l',J'J. lIN 1~zb1f it. 135. ~~'~~*m~"~I!~~~~~~~~m~~~.a*o ~'m~~~m.:. ~~,H~*m~gm~Mw~~~.m~~~li~ffl~.~,mma®~,~. ~~~.~~~~,. iFf ~ tl D~~ - ~Ji ~ ~ @J. wlJ. T .~ 7 r frX'i: J MlID s"J & II!)Ii-, r!W Nt J W r:all ~ J mMlID ~ & II!. ~ ~ [ij[ ~ ~& ~ 110 ®ft r'SJ 8"J Jj! ~. i!& * m~ *'5 * II! PI ED ~ r {} ~ 71-,rtf J. :~. g~z~~:"~.~~~.~~~'ft7.MW&NtB~~~~~.w~~~m. ~~~~~W~.. 0. ia ' lit!lif J1;( • !i!! jj}fjf;{ J/llj iJJt t¥J & JJi! ' JJi! ff 1fJ iJD fig mJf}". ~ •• ~ft7 ••' !~~.~.Tr~. ,. l'raJ~~~~~.. ~~.wlJ.T'. ~~&~~~~. 0. r fiX. ~~lil pg*~Dj~ (!\';. le &. ='~~~~~~n~m~.. 0. Gould, 1 9 6. fti1f<-gJj! , ~.tl:r!{.~~~wlJ~tl9:T' r ~Ij~ J MlIDa"J&:II!'. -IN 1f'l jj}fj fJ\ J/llj iJJt T r ilj mJ JilIlJij t¥J & JJH (F = 11.74.p < .01) ~ r~ ~5t J z.)( iK *- mt (Cornett' 1 9 8 6 ; Tamashiro '. 0. mJJI. 1 9 7. .~ ~!ttl. r #. iif fi}gJ 1!f!* ~ a"J 9) '=-' 1m '. 1FM(~9~11~~~)~.~~~~~~~N~~'~~~Ah~~~o. ¥! ' miJ!IJ ~ PI ~~ ~ E8 LW r ~Il ~ J Fir lID it. ~:fi~.~~~r.~~A®.~. , ~llt=FirlID&: ~~jwlJ.§r~~]J{ ,. W~~~.o~~'~~J:~~*,~~m.,~~~~~*m~~~ffl~~.. ~~. •• J~§~,a~~~~9}tl~~~1f<m,. M~:.~~~A~~~,~~~~u~m,.*~~~N~7~~N*~~®. ~.~jwiJ.. ' IE€i:if llt[9'~ f9:~.8"J.H- ,RS!llt,~if1£:r!{.~~~jwlJ.T'. r ~iJ~ J. IlID~1£II!'~*.~~~tl-H~~~~.Tr~~JMlID~1£II!° ~7.Nt~iftl~~m~.~~.T~~MlID1£II!'W~.~~.~OO~H. , t!P ~.@J~j ~,Ii. 1,*m~~~@~~zOO~mH~~~~1f<~o ~=. ~lID' ~,. IZY' 111F' -3iNt J & r :a1j~J f£;~11. ' ~~~& (F ~ilJ9:. ~ (~7 9 ) ~t ~il. l-!I!JW. t!P~~. ~~. WZf§f,4. 0. ~~ 9} s"J 1iH ~ ~ PfT J:~~~~JG. '. J;)3&~. ~~~~~~~~2. ~~. ~~. -ilJ9:. ~ilJ9:. iD:1t. l-!I!JW. ,Illj~. l-!I!JW. , IZY ~~& '. ~:fi. ' !l~ 15fT tl ' ~t ~ ~j wlJ ~~~M~~110. r3z¥. l-!I!JW. r3z¥. 1lIJ;§. ~!i:~. mH:£. &~. r3-m'. r3z¥. V~. ~~,7t. ,75'" .77···. .82'··. 1lIJ~. r3z¥ ,79'". .66··'. .66··'. :r!x:~. .72'". .62'". .84'". :r3z¥ .67'". .70'·'. .77'". .78'". .76'". ~1i:~ m~t:£. .42'. .45'. .34. .47". Rdt. I. .69'". l:ilW ~. ~~&~W~~~ •• ~2ffigBm. ,Illj~. .35. I. ,53'".

(14) -Alt. -~. ID\.. ~~. -Alt. -~. Jjz¥. J~. ~~. ~~. ~IJ~. ~IJJt. ~li. ~E. mHft. -&M. ~E. .45'. .48". . SO". .44'. .53'". .52". .85'". J~¥. -.40'. -.45'. -.44'. -.46'. -.53'". -.56'". -.73'". -.86'". .~ ~7t. .40'. .46'. .48". .41'. .52". .58'". .96'". .95'". -&M. ·p<.OS. ·'p<.Ol. J~¥. W~ ~7t. 1. 2. 3. .87'". ·'·p<.OOl. ~~=m~gm,~.~~rr-.~~~.~~~~.~~-MOO&.'. •. • ~ •• ~~.ft~~~~ffi~o~~a=m~~MoHfi.~ •• ~rm.M ~J' r~5~MJ.r~.J-mft.~*.'~7~ •• ~~~r~.J' .~~.~~~~.~~-MOO&.~ftffi~,&r-.(~.)~.-m~m~J. 1·. JJ[. ~ffi~*~~~~'~.~~OO~~~'iliW~~~~ffiHo. ffi~,.am*'fi~.~. •• ~~.'~ •• ~~~~.'~~ •• ~~. ~;H~.~~~~.~~~.tt~'~~~'5~~~'~M~o~~~me fi~~~.~ • • ~~& • • ~~~.,~*~~.~m~~~h'~ ~1tX~tJU~IJ. '. ~fJ!0ZP:~ti~. ,. .~~A {§{f. ~fi.~~.~~~~.~~& .~~~~.~~&.'ffi~. ••••. 0. •• ~ •• ~.ftOO~ffi~*m,~.rr. •• ~OO~ffiH.fi;rr~.~~~~.~~&.,. •• ~OO~ffiH •• om~~~~~:~.rr~.~~~~.~~&.tt~ -.~~~~.~~&.'~~m.~~.~~ •• ~~?~~,*m~.~" ffi~. ~m.~~~. ... ~~~~.OO~&.'~-H~.'-.~.'-.~~.*. .~.,~.~.,~.~~,s~m.~~mA,®~~. ~ it( ~ Jj ,. ft]jlj ~ ti ~ & ~ j[; iJm Mft fJT '. n~~EM*~~~-'~~&~lio. *. ~~. •• ~~-mft ••. mmlJ ~ JJB~t it( ~ ~ 81 mmu 1W ID. 0. 1tLt~~~~. .rr-H~~~ ~mHt£ J ~ ~ {~s J!x:.~~~w!J.. H ~ ~ f[![ m~ f[![ n& 1.££ J 81 rnJ f1!f.1. 00 ff ~ !}\ w!J• ~ff~h~. a~. , fl*~.

(15) ~.~a.·M*.~.~A~~M~~*~. li.'i!f. Jj(¥. ~tf. ~. W~ ~~. m.~~.~.~2. -.86···. .95···. .87·". &fR. ~A~~. 1 . 2 3 .. JX •. ~IJ ~. J&.fiXl:. rX.f1!M. 87. ~@&~-rM~R~J.~2~~~~Bfi~~~. R2 itt. R2 O. 4 2 1 1 0.4501 0.4712. no .it. 0.4211 0.0290 0.0211. ~ ~ 1~. F. 7t ~. ~Mf*~. 11.86· 3.89· 3.00. .4986 .3346 -.3059. ·p<.05 ~~. !Cfl¥J -. ~00'&B!. .). ~@&~-r~~8.Jg~2~~~~Bfi~~~. 'f. r~~f~§~ r~Ji~na ~§~$I¥J. m.~~.~.~2. &fR. ~A~~. 1·. IX. f1!. R2 it. R2. no .it. F. ~ ~ 1~. 7t ~ ~ 1m f* ~. rJj(eJ '. fD('I-~Ji~ij~f:£J. M. 0.4568. o. 0.4568. 11.78· .4379. ·p<.05. J~il ' ~~f~"~~ '~Wl¥JoJt~~mJ!t. JI¥J 1i~ 1J '. TIfllt~ ~ 1m. J*§~m*~. , ~il:(f. I!l ~ JW.: i;filj ij: ~ I¥J &: ff! ' ~ JW.: WI} ij: ~ I¥J .& B! tt 1£ ~lit ' *~~'§~~ '~~fW ' -~~Ij~~J3l: If~ § ~ e"J - {lID 7t :I: ~ .ft( ~ Jj1 e"J HU1!IJ 'I~ ffj 0. ~E. W.~~.~.~2. ~~&~-rW.Jg~2~~~~Bfi~~~. &~. t~A~~. R2. 1 .. JX.~r]~. 0.3945. R2 it. nO :I:. 0.3945. ~ ~1~. 7t~ ~ M f~ Ie. F. 14.07·. -.3526. ·p<.05 ~~~~~~~M7tm.~*~~,~ilrr~.~~~~.~I¥J-Moo&B!, .rr-~~.~~.~I¥J-Moo&ff!,~~fflM~®I¥J~.§~o~$,~rM. e"Jffli1W:tJm:* JX e ~ ~!J: i;fiIJ ij: T r ~Ij ~ J MOO I¥J &B! ' ~ 1i~ ffl mu $IJ ~ ~ij~ft£J e"J~f~§~1frm'. rJX.~Ij~J. ((3 =.4986) 'Ii~~ilrr r~][ ~ ij~. 1:£ J e"J ~ f~ § ~ ;. H~P~~~~'ffiU,~.~~~~ij:~r~~JMOO~'&.M~,ftljrM~. ij~ 1:£. J e"J ~ {~§~~~ tlf~ If:tme* ' ~~~fStJ.mmU ' ~tfb~: ~ ~~O *~il:(f ootlf .!J: Wljr~a~ , tf~¥f~Ij~ t/j ~A~$IJH~e"J ~Jm ' 1111 ~~ 1!!f~ ~ f~{r'~BffiS{fu~ 0. ~~:tJI¥J'M*ml¥J'll*~.~I¥J;®rr~~I¥J$~ft~.'*~ffiSM~~(m.

(16) ~)~~.,~mm~~M~~m~o~~'M%$~~ili.~m®~~m~~. *lti '. ;&1~'1-11I~Ii~~. 0. :$: utf Ji: D fJ! lID e"J a JJ! ::t fM ~iff ~;. ~~,~.rgMJ~OO~aJJ!,.~mm~r~~~MJ~~~.~(P. = .4379) ; Jj(. r iilH§ J ~ 00 ~ a JJ! ' • ff~ mmu ¥IJ r Jj(. J e"J ~ f~ • ~ ( /3 = -.3526) tt!!i§z, 1£Jj(.~U~I~f!}\WIJ~-~·' rgMJ ~oozaJJ!~~e"J~. ' ~f~. •• ffi®A-~~~o~m~~~mw~~~~~gM~~~' ~IJMEff~~~~~~ , fM ~ 1*-~~~~lJ}\pJT~*e"J.~ : ~ lit ' ii!~~mff~fN ~ f1f ~m~~~~'. ~m~~~'~ffi~~o~-~OO'1£~.~~lJ}\~~~,. r~~J~ooza.. ~~~~.,.~~~m~~~~.tt'~ffi~¥m~~~IT~'~~D~~' ~m~~Wi. EI c utfJi:~tlH~ r {}g51flT J g~mmu ' ~mff~~ ~mm~~1~J.l}\WIJ ygJ r iilJ ~ J ~ 00 a JJ! ~ ekJ ~. ' 1t!?1r~ ff~ mEI3 ~!}\ WIJ it»: ' f!} iilJ ~ I:B ~ A fl1~ ~ !}\ H. ¥IJ g:~ 171 5Z 0 li:U ~m t! ft!? A J ' r 1 ~ li:t [g @151:1: ~ ~ ffif 1£Jj(. ~ 8' lL\ifJ¥ J ' r ~~ 0. 0. J. 1~LI:J2!J; skJ *5 :5. 0. ~~~m'~ii!~~~~7~B~m$~.~~~~fM~.~m~;~~'1£ft ~~ffi~~~.$ma'EI~~~~.~fim~m7°. ~~e"J~.' ~iff~ ~~,~~iff~~m. ± jI] mtt ~iff ~~ m'1 ~9}. , mffl~ [. f~ 1~ Jj(. ~ ~ lJ}\ ~. -M: 1Gi:1t. -M:. :£!I!IW. -M:. ~Ijiili. -M:. .75'". -M:. .77'". .82'". r!z:¥ .79'". .66'". .66'". .72'". .62'". r!z:~. J&~. IGi:lt. :£!I!IW. r~~. w,c,'. ;t"i'. ±:jJJ~tfl. ~Ijiili. fJJ~. 1ji;;I;J1,. {til. A. ±:1!J~m {til A. ~o. 1[{;~ ~m .67'". .70'". .77'". .78'". .76'". .21. .20. .33. .19. .26. .46". it"i' .19. .21. .26. .16. .25. .36'. ~Ijiili. JJJ~. .71'". 1ji;;I;Jl,. ±:lI:i. ~¥. .19. .24. .30. .16. .25. .42'. .45'". .40'". i)ll$. -.14. .19. .20. -.14. .12. .26. .41'". .51'". .35'". .25. .33'. .17. .27. .47". .88'". .85'". .70···. {mA. Silig'Ji .20 K,~,7t. ·p<.OS. ' Sfij ~. *~pJTfF 1§. ~oo~. .84'". JlIW. w,c,'. ' 1£ft~~!l\~. lID~ aJJ!. 1Gi::It. .69'". '. 8iff mff~ ~ ~ ~ fl3. ~Ijiili . r!z:~. a JJ! ' fM ~iff ~f ff J ~z r~.J. :£!I!IW. rj[~. §~. ~7t. ··p<.OI. ···p<.OOI. .70'". 0.

(17) ~~~R6·~. fHt. ~ =JJ -e'i:' H E 4i5 .l1!fr fth 3jjC\~ lJ:, ......... 'A71~~P'J. :r ,. .1.J.. e"J fQ] {tf Wfi'1 ( fJ ekJ fP] {tf Wfi'1 ( fJ = ! M! rE'l 8"J 5e. il ' M! fi f. J. ilJ~e"J:tmm1:1 ~~~. ,. ·lil ~ ~ -aJ ff~ fi fP] {~ - ~Il ;§ J Ii 00 ;z &. Jf! r~ ~. , =1'~~n~*'L '. tzg ~ m~ ~t 11m ~ WI}. ~tfJ41- AJl1~~!jtH. 0- 'lcE@i;. 1+1 I~t F A J~\ ~ p... '. ' *± 1I ffiI ..... ",. *m~~m'5e.il=1'Wrr-H~~~.~8"J~M~~~'.Rf'fr~~JM. lID skJ &. JJ! :;f ~am 8f iT ~ ~ 1:1 ekJ *~ 71 ' ~ D~ z JI fEi fJM (~O ~ i\) tzg If:t ,fftH)!: - j~ ~Ij B=G 171;Z t~ If:t Pi- ' ffl gm 8f1T ~ ff~ 1:1 ekJ r W{} !JJ ~ J ' r jl ~ ~ mJ ' r 1: jjJ mm tJ {tf! A J ' r €i MJ {!!l f@J 7t • ~ rm § , 5e. ft 1£ -11& tf'l1U& JJU(ilj ill r (fJ - If rtff .& If! ' 0. 0. ~. Wlf:t[7]@51:l:WMz*~D;JfEl~m. 0. ®tl~e~~I1m~~.~'iliR~r~;§JliOO~&.'WW~fiA~1:1rW. {} JIJ .F¥ J • r ~ ~ ~ ~I J • r 1: Ib 1:£J:J&ekJ*s**~. A J - {~ 51:1: W' ~ mt;J z lE fEI mm , =1'~tlnJJ-~~ekJ~Jlj(*iJ~;z T, ~Jlj( r ~Ij;§ J MOO &./I! ~m t!Hfu. 0. .rE'l~~il'WWff~~1:1~rE'l°t~tl~.~~~~.T,r~~JMOO&.~ rE'J 1ft ,f6(gm~~B~{ili~WJL'~1:1 ~~~. ,. ~~:£jI~& ~m. ' *~~n~;mtlfP] ~ , Mzff~. 0. ~~'-aJ~tzg~~~M~il~*~~~.~r.~'G~®AJ~~~'~. ~ ffi ~ 53' fff. ~m~.~*~~.Tr~~JMfID~&..,ft-~~*~~.Tr~~JMOO~. 3::j}J~t~ 13::j}J~m. A 1t!!.. D9. g %z:: /1,11,/ ~ Ef!ft'. E!H OiJj~iFi L - ~ ~1J .7ti ~ ~ ;;'-A, I~ ~ IlIP OJ 1]" 1ii!J ~t:i. ±'Ib~~gm ijf~m1ft. 1t!!.. •• ~~~A~hM.~*t. I ~~. A i'!7t. &.'WW~ff~~1:1[7]@51:l:~~fEI~~~~~mt;J°M1ft'~~.fi*Jlj(~ .;zr~.J. •. r:tmmJMfID~&'.'WW~fi~~1:1;zMMmt;JfEI~~MID-aJ. *0 ' tl~~ e"J/J\.F¥f,(~ r:p , ~?F ~.ft*!W\wlJ~~~~~. r ~IJ~ J &.JJ! '. :a ~IJf,(. ~-aJ~=1'~~Jl~~il*~~~U;tzg~%il~*~~.r~.J.rmMJM. 00 a"J &. ff! '. ~ 1B ~ it \7;H:..' 91 ~ ft. ' ~::f ·~'d~~ 91- A. PIT ~ ft. 0. ?it #: mm/1\ t!J: ~ffi tM fJH'&. *~ffiW%~®~fi.OOh~~.'~~R.*~~~r~~JM®~&~~~. 1E:1'r ~m. .35···. .70···. 1.70···. 0.

(18) :&~. ~J[~. :&~. ij~{:f. -€rlW. IX.. §~. W{}. ~'<T. .:t1tJ~mtJ. *~51. i!J¥. llUJ!,. it!!.. -€rlW. SiHZiS *~5t. A. .85""". '-€rlW IX. -.73""" §~. -.95""". -.87···. .96""". .95""". -.48·"·. .58···. .,64···. .42···. .48·"". .58""·. .71*"·. .34·"". .45···. tRtJJ:zt1iffJi:. *~5t. .,e.,. ,. ~if. .46""". .19. -.12. ~-arlf~:g. ~*fftB"JjJ~. i!J*. .:till. 0. ,. ~¥J(1f~~ifB"J. ~mtl. K1t'1i Jj Ij ~ t3 ~J! $ff. ftl!.A. -€rlW. .41··". .27"". -.26··. .36···. .41""". .51""·. .35···. 8ffj~. .70···. .44"··. -.45···. .61···. .88""". .85"··. .70···. ~Wlji~,t)~~&1J§. ~~,. .65···. 1f.~,mj"C~m. *~5t ·p<.OS. ··p<.OI. *m:. fiX ~!7Z lfO 1::. B"J 11E ~.x. """p<.OOI. ~~~ffij~{~~. tEl ~c B"J ~ Ik wlJ 11. :S: 1& ' *. mJ"E ~ fJt~r. if ~ 1'" § ~ Wgjfj ~ZjS ff ffiS fft 1J. =. ~ it It ~ B"J IE tEl ~m. ' flP [I§J. ~§~M.~'W~ffffiS~1J*M~oM*~M~~~o~-~.m~ft.~~. Fa' B"J tEl ~m 1W ffj,. ~ fJ!. : hi: ~ZjS r ~Ji ~lI[Hf£ J Wgjfj ~ZjS r:w {} i'1 * J ' r ~ ~ 'M' ~J! J '. r~~-H~~AJ' -arf~~~. ,. rftMJ~It~B"JIEffi~'~M.~*~ffiS~~~M.'. ~'M'*M.¥J(9jfj~~ffiS~:W{.'i'1*. '. jl~'M'~J!. '. *~m-nOO1~~{}~*,H~. ' r~~m-~J!J ' r-#; M J it ~ ~ B"J IE tEl ~m ' flP 1l!!• ~ 1'" ~~ ffiS ~ 11C ~ B"J ' ~:y: hi: B"J ' ¥J( gjfj * ~ WI" ~~ ffiS 1fu ~:W{.'i'1~ , ~~m-m ' ~1t~W~1"'m~B"J hi: ~ZjS r JX. J ~IJ Wgjfj ~ZjS r:w JL\ i'1 ~ J ' r ~ ~ m- mJ ' r ft M J it It ~ B"J ~ ~*~iIt~. 0. * litf MlftJ&1t ' J!EM tit 91- '. 'liB"J. jt~~m. ~ ~Ji ~ B"J fft 1J. '. tEl. B"J ~ 115 ~ ~1 ~mJtl;~r~~{i. ffjjN~ZjS rN~ftMJ RW9jfj~ZjS r:W{.'ifJ~J. 0. 0. ¥}~,~ffiS. MfftiiJxiJ! ~fJ!B"J ' Hm. t) ,. fi.'PG. roe. 13 ~ ID,}EJ3t&JJ;'. 1/. 1J"n 0:fr J:LX..'A.. ffi~'~~M.~~~ffiS~~a~~.,m-ffi~*~~~n~~,~m-~w~oo. A~~B"J~1k. ffffiS~1JB"J~~*~~o~~-ar~,~WW*~~¥J(~$m~~~~'~MffiS. , !ttl!ijW ' rm ~n& & A !t JX. BB"J;~~~~~ffi.B"J • • M~'W¥J(~ffi.MB"J'ffim~WI"~~o. ~~. '.

(19) ~.~R.·~*.~~ffAnh~~~~~. Ff. mmtl. -ElM. A. ~. gfli~. *~7t. -,w~m.~I~.ft~. WI. •. •• ~~~~. tNtJJ*1iHJ'C*Ei *~m ' ttJjz:~~~1I*wiJ~T ' 9:.ft. r ~Il@ J MOOa"J &:JJ!~~ ~ ft. ~ OJ ff~ ;! ?i ~ : 9:. ft. [!j {t f@'t '1'1 JjiJ ~ is a"J tl fB ' ~ r! 1~t!lHiUr1 @ t~ ~ Ii Jjz: • 0. ~*~~.~'~~.~~.~~~1I*~~'*~~~S*~tt~.~o~WW. 9:. ft. a"J 1J A ffi] § , JJ! ~ pJT ~ ~ : Sffl ~ JJ! ~ i[~rg. ~ a"J 1J Y* ' r~ 1~ ~ tit a"J {t ~ '1~t5jiJ ~ is tl fB ' {~9:. ft. ~ ¥} ~ tm 1w ~ S"J ~ ~ ~ ~ OJ @ t~ mHUfi 9:. ft. ~ -€?I a"J ~ J}\ wiJ ~,tJ ~ ~fu iJW ~ ~ 11* a"J ~17~ m,~n!x ill TV( ~ pJT m* a"J 1AA II ~ ~!i: ~ ~ 1f ~. 0. •. ,. 0. •. ~~'*1iHJ'C~m,~*.~ft.S"J~1I*r~.J&:.'~.~~-'~'li. .65···. *.'1iHJ'C~moo'~OJ~~[!j~~~~~W~*.*ft.ffi]~::t:M.7'~Y*@ ~~~~S"Jm.,u~~~~~~*~S"J~m~§t°Mu'~W~ttm~.~ft. ~.~ffi]mm~1I*~~S"J~~'JJ!~.~~ft.S"J~~M~,m~~~ft.~~~~. ;f§ ~c a"J ~ J}\ wiJ ~ ~ a"J IE f§ ~m. ' RP ~. &~m~5t:;:~Z. ,. r3Jl~mt!!J. H L'>j5 ~tr 4~ ffEi" 6;~\ };I\g -"" .... "P.l=":t ~ 1'r ~. ='lJ ~. ' "'. [PJ *,H §t ~~m~IJ ' rft. ~~M1J ~11J {). ~ Sfff t!! ~ ~ &~. m{if!. 0. ~S"Jo~~~m®w~~~~ZrmmJ.r~@J&:.~~~'~.~~~~ ~m~~~h,~.;!.~m.S"JmnlJ'~~~Amff~oMU,~ft.~tt[PJ~ ffi~S"J~~A.~~mS"J5tt~,§t~.@'~~~OJ~~m~S"J¥-'f.z-o~fi. ~m~5tt~~~,~~.~~~ft.,~~w~m.~~.~~S"J~1I*~o ¥}~,[!j~~ft.tt~~~.1I*~~TS"J&:.'~~fflOO~~~[PJ~.~'M. U'~~.~.~~1I*~~*~~~2ftOOm~ •• ~~,~~.[PJ~~m~M .mS"J·wm.S"J·~~~~~S"J,~m~.~2S"J°m~~~~M~ft.S"J.~. ~MJ~.~~ft .'~m~Wfi@. ~~~'~.m.::t:~. , ::t ~ OJ ff~ qI ~ ~ ft. a"J ~ 11* ~ ll:~ 91- ' * 1iH J'C t!! ~ f]. , ~ 190 ~ ~ ~ a"J ~ ft. ' ~ ~ 1~ 5tt ~L~ rei ' RP ~f ~ ~ wlJ ~ ~ ff~ JfX. ' mm~ ~Il @a"J ~ ft. ' [PJ {~ ~ &~ ~ it!!, ~ ht ~ -g. Ma"J ' 'I~ ~ S"J ' ~ ~ Jj( •. 0. ~~.~I/ If~~ '~wlJifuAI/ S"Jr~~~. , t&~jfj~.¥-'fJjiJtt~~~~£~1itJ1~R1tl!. A~.~*.'*.~~2~.H:W~M~~@~~.~ .~.~.~,. r~.-~!. • • . • a~~~~~~M~~~' , ::t1'W- [!j 1'~ a"J~~ , tJ~§~ ~t~ , l' ~ ~. ,~~.~~. ffi] ;!n& EtA Jjf Jj(. a"J ~ ~ , ~D ll:~. •• ~.,~~ •..

(20) *it@o. ~1l~1I\~1. .~,~~*m~Rm,rr~.~~~~.~,. r~~JMOO&.~~~~. 1l ' l&Jm ~ ~tU~ it!? ~ WIL' JJJ * ' iI ~ m- ~J~jft ~~ ±: mJJ ~ 1?: gjff mJt ~ B"J. pfT t) , ft ~ \jj /J\*&Bfljf.tfjlt&*!:EpfTfp :§'1JOOrT~ ~ tJ z~ZjSil ' BJ~~.R !jil~!:E ~~ r ~Ij~ J ft1 rm 0. ~-F;m. , i1lJ~J. l¥J.i'F ' ~1~~1 tV ' miL' ~jllJ ' j. &.~~fi~Ho.~'fi~.7~~.~~.!:E~~~.W~M~&.~'~. ~~~¥ill~pg IL,pfT~. ' ~MtIJI¥J~Jj*~ tf:l* ' ~Tffl~fj~~~ , WA. .iJzJJ1J '. ft~'.B.A'~~~~~W*~~.~~ffi~om~7~~~§~,~~*.. ' ~if~~ ~~~~*&@B"J ~11\ ~ ~:tK ' gjff~ llJi}1 ~~if~fIj~~E"J-F~ , rl:ft ' ~fJHlt~~,*IJ~ , *~~~ if ~D ii1J J) ~ 1* ' ~ ~ ~ IL' tfi ' 00 ~t [!]!;t , JJt ~ ItUm ' ~ ~ '1trJ 'i9C B"J ~ tt5 JJ!~iJzJiJ ~ifRf'. '. *fJ\!~Jj~B"JIL'Jm. '. ~ fllJ. 0. 0. ifix. *m~rr. ••. r~ll~I1\~MMJ~,~t)~~rt~~.~~ll~.~~I1\~. *'. :ft, RfJ\!~llpfT~IJtB B"Jrl:ft,~DIlI~/J\!#T ' iliI~ R:.~Jut· . . .~, ~~~~ r @l11\ J rl:ft,H 83 ~ 9i-i}1 ~ 83!i:t ~1 ~D,\jj pg !i,lE~ ~llpfT~IJ1IF~ @ll1\rl:ft ' .rr ~ i( Y 7 H lEI ~ ~ ~ ~ Pi- i} i A ' pfT tJ, ~ pg tf:l JtJj ~ ='M rr In ~,~t 8 B~ , liT ~~ 19" ~!:E )(it J=. S"J :f¥::W ' ~ B~ it ~ tf 31 i;ffi ~ tH HE 7 i'F ='M E"J ~IJ J~\, ~t ~ 1l ~ PX ~ HB"J ~ W 0. '*. 0. JJt mO! W@fr, E"J ~~ ~D WJJt ~c €I B~. , th i} I ~ tf:l @l 11\ E"J 'IWI 19C ~. ~o~*±~~ll)(*~~='MWtf:l~~='M'.~~~~if@lI1\~R~~ffiH.m m~,~tJ~~~wm~.€;~~~.~~MllM~~~~~~o. ~:tK. *m~RJJi. '. '. ~ /J\. '""R$.~ Mif. R:. 7 9 ). fg*~*lE3 mtr~*~'. 0. (R:. 8. Bergen, D. (1992). ~~'*m~Rm'~~$.~~if,~@lI1\~.~~MWJJt~U~~:W°. ' ;ff ~ 11\ wlJ it: ~ •. ~D ~Sj (. 7 4 ). 0. ~tf:lJtJj~='Mrrfi~DS"J@lI1\~:ft.~~13~'~liT~~o. Tffl Jl. *. (R:. '. rrJ50~ru!@ll1\wlJ.~. r ~IJ~ J. MOO~&.,~~rr-H~@lI1\~.~r~~JMOO~&.o~.~~ft~~~. 105-106.. Brown, I. (1993). study.. Earl~. Burt, L. M., & SU! ing. Early. I. r~~fi~~ •• w~~m.l¥J~mJz±:*'~.~S"J~I1\~.~~~~M.. Byers, L. (1970). '. tJ~~~om~~~MM.~~~.~.~"~~,a~@A"~~~'~~.. children $ 11. ~~.m. ~. Childhood I. •• !£~BJ~g!£J~~3(~;A • • ~~.!£~.~~. Cornett, C. E. (J. OO~fi~) ,*~gM.~~~&.'~~M.*m~.~~~.'.~~mw 1i: {JJ If {rJ] {*. Bloomington,. •• ••• ~. r~.'~.'®~. 0. ~.~~~@~~.'~.M.~.~M~~.~. ••. 276 028).

(21) $l,-:t~'A~' ~1j~~~1.#Ht~~b7M18tz*~. 143. 5C,M~!x~BkJ~.'~JJ!~~~~.~.~.~BkJ~~D~~'H~*.tt. MlID &: JJ! ~ rB'J ekJ 5C, ~ BkJ pJT j;) , fX ~ ~ ~~!X r EIJ~ J MlID ¥PH!!! MekJ &: JJ! Pi- ' it! ~ffijEIJ~~J,* ' WA ~¥lJilt § ekJ,Sflj~*Jl ~ ~ j)( ~ B ftH ekJ ~!X J. 0. ~*~,~. ••. ~,. ~!NW'ffM.a. ••. ;f§.~,~~-ar~~~~BkJ~~~~omm@5C,MfW§. •• ~~1£ • • W~.~BkJ~~°itt~.a •• ~~.~R~. &,m~m~'~M!NWtB~HBkJ~~ttW~*,~m5C,Mo. .~3ZJI~. ~~,*IJ~ , *~~5C, ~BkJ ~ Yr5. - . 1fJ3($19. 0. ~it~. ;fifx. ( R 7. m: 5C, M~ ~ ekJ ~ IWUI. m~~(R79). .... N B a~. ' .1£. , -artftWrj£:~. !K~px~HekJ~¥. 0. 0. ~~3m~. 0. eHI~BiIi¥J'.. f~H~*~'. =... 0. (R 8. '. ~ 1 3. Wi '. 5 7 - 1 2 1. 0. o~~~~~~~~-W~~~.~~~W~Mo~~. fB*~*i&mJi:pJTu~±mfBx. ~,~~~~. rtBkJ~!XYI.. 4 ). 3 ). 0. •• fi. 0. ~~w,{@~~~. 0. tJJ~wrlR. '. ~ 9. Wi '. 1 5 -. 1 6. 0. ~3($19. Bergen, D. (1992). Using humor to facilitate learning. Children Education, 69(2), lttJiINfflN~&~. 0. I ~ tB ~ !X ekJ '1'lfrJ'I9c w, ~w,~jkekJ ;f§~m.m. 105-106. Brown, I. (1993). Young children's explanations of pictoral study. Early Child Development and Care,. 1o/Jo ~!x!,fiIJ~~. r EIJ~ J 1it< tlJ ;[,' @ 7t ffT @ mfB. humor:a preliminary. 94 pp.35-40.. Burt, L. M., & Sugawara, A. I. (1988). Children's humor :. Implications for teach. ing. Early Child Development and Care, 37, pp.13-25.. ~!,fiIJ~1l!J ~ff»M~. Byers, L. (1970). To laugh is to know - A discussion of the cognitive element in. ." ekJ /P'& p!i ' itt ~ ~ I EIJ W~ JJ!:J, *t!N tJ. children's humor. Paper reproduced by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Early Childhood Education. (ERIC No. ED 051 879 ). 1o/J~~~fiIj$1o/J~. xx e ' ntHi ~ 'IW fW. Learning through laughter:Humor in the classroom. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. (ERIC No. ED. Cornett, C. E. 276 028). (1986)..

(22) Tamashiro, R .T. Foot, H. (1986). Humor and laughter. In O.D.W. Hargie (Ed.), A handbook of com School JOI munication skills. London: Croom Helm. Zigler, E., Levine Groch, A. S. (1974). Joking and appreciation of humor in nursery school children. of child reI Child Development, 45, 1098-1102. Zigler, E., Levin Honig, A. S. (1988). Research in review:Humor development in children. Young children's Children, 43(4), 60-73. 6(3), 332-3 Jalongo, M. R. (1985). Children's literature:There's some sense to its humor. Child Ziv, A. (1984). j hood Education, 62(2), 109-114. Company, Klein, A. J. (1985). Children's humor: A cognitivePaper reproduced by the ERIC. developmental. perspecti~~.. Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early. Childhood Education. (ERIC No. ED 265 937). Koppel, M. A., & Sechrest, L. (1970). A multitrait-multimethod matrix analysis of sense of humor. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 77-85.. Kuehner, J. F. (1991). The humor of young children. Paper. presented at the. National Association for the Education of Young Children Uniondale, NY. (ERIC No. ED 348 139) Masten, A. S. (1986). Humor and competence in school- aged children. Child De. velopment, 57, 461-473. McGhee, P. E. (1976). Laughing matter: A symposium: Sex differences in children's humor. Journal of Communication, 26, 3, 176-189. McGhee, P. E. (1979). Humor:lts origin and development. San. Francisco: W.H.. Freeman. McGhee, P. E., & Lloyd, S. A. (1982). Behavioral characteristics associated with the development of humor in young children. The Journal of Genetic Psy. chology, 141, 253-259. Shaeffer, M. B., & Hopkins, D. (1988). Miss Nelson, Knock - Knocks & Nonsense: Connecting thuough humor.. Childhood Education, 65, 88-93..

(23) ~t.a.·~*.~~ffA~hM.~~~. A handbook of com. M5. Tamashiro, R .T. (1979). Children's humor :Adevelopmental view. The Elementary. School Journal, 80(2), 69-75.. rsery school children.. Zigler, E., Levine, J., & Gould, L. (1966). Cognitive processes in the development of children's appreciation of humor.. children. Young. in. Child Development, 37, 507-518.. Zigler, E., Levine, J., & Gould, L. (1967). Cognitive challenge. as a factor in. children's humor appreciation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6(3), 332-336.. to its humor. Child. Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and Sense of Humor. New York, Company, Inc.. )pmental perspecth,;. ementary and Early. I matrix analysis of. ement , 30, 77-85.. r. presented at the. Iren Uniondale, NY.. children. Child De. erences in children's. n Francisco: W.H.. tics associated with. rJal of Genetic Psy. nocks & Nonsense: -93.. Springer Publishing.

(24) Children's Humor, Peer Reputation and. Behavioral Competence. Huey-Jen Chieh . Jeau-Mei Chi an. Abstract The present research was designed to investigate the effect of gender, grade and humor stimulus type on three aspects of children's humor responses ( appreci ation, comprehension,and. creation). In addition, this research attempted to. understand the relationship among children's three aspects of humor responses , peer reputation and teacher-rated behavioral competence.. *Uf Ji:. Subjects in this study were 263 male and female children ( grade 3-6, average. §' 1£ ~. age 10.5yrs. ). the results show that (i).Overall, girls have more "comprehensive". Fa'8"3~m~; ~a~l. "creative" humor responses than boys.(2). For aggressive humor, girls response more. ~ ~F~' ~ JJ! J:. 8"J 2. creatively than boys.(3). The three aspects of humor responses differ significantly be. ~/J\5-liil&:S:ft~. cause of respondent's grades and humor stimulus types. (4). All three aspects of. ~~t~. , UfJi:11*. ~. " IJj( {:t t~J. humor responses correlate positively with peer reputation. But, humor towards aggressive humor stimulus predict children's. responses. peer reputation better than. non-aggressive humor stimulus. (5). Both the "creative" response of humor and peer. ~D gra {t ~ 3?: ~£1. Si. .. ~BJff~oolm~$i. ="jdf~Wr;. reputation correlate positively with teacher-rated behavioral competence.. )}!Jiil " ~f3tJi~ ~. ". El~tmj. tl5 §. ~ ". iQf ItHI~ ~. J;) 'I~. *ti l' f,I fiE ft ;. ~ l' ~ JJ! 8"3 1~ [t:ij. * ** ***. -€; .:it. rp iL ~ip .fI -€; .:it. rp iL ~ip .fI. it.:ir. rp iL tip .fI.

(25)