從半導體產業振興方案看形成中的美國「產業政策」

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(5) ~~~~~. I. ~~~. 0. 0. ~-§. -R-RlI1"~l:!:!-~ 1. :;~. ~~~~-~. 0. -----~-------,,".~-.~--.. gr. .:\llKI~~~~.~ o~~lE~~l$$tml;i#~~~tr~~l!i~II!j!(~~~.~. 0. .1f{~~l$$. .~ ~ ~~.ffa"~-£~111$:lIlKl~l$$tml;~.$gl1Dl!W:l~• • ~ ( Very High Speed Integrated Circuits) m*~.:§~ 1 -R< 111l:!:! ~ DARPA ~-£f.R$:\llKI~~ r ~tJJ81~. J (Superconductor) ~ l~H~l@(~~~~~~~~IU!!i!a!!!& ~ rrg:tr~,~~~~~.~ ~~+<.!lRllti!-<+d§~~If~~ 1fl1:#I!I ~ DARPA ~l(n~.tl~~~~I(~~~~.~laS~~ ~1f{~~1l€;*~~-R ~ 1 -@:~ ~~~~~tll*~lm!t~llt~ ( choosing industrial winners and losers ) -N.lElf.4l>(~~~~tll*~~~fi~ ~ ~.i# 1 -R-R 11l:!:!-~~1~~~~ 1-R-Rllll:!:!- SEMATECH ~1(~~~<It-.:lIlKl~ ~ ~~~l:!:!-~~ o@~~.~~~~~~~\l!!II1 ~ tJJ~.. • ~~~I~Ja'~~'$I~-£ .~~1f{i# SEMATECH m~m!-tK*1IOO (William Spencer) ~~-R$!~ml(~"~~l!E~~+<. -R4l>(~J.!- ~ ~~t-.. tml;~~~~~$*~I(.ffa"$~~~~~~~.o~~~~~~~1Dl!~~$*~~.~~~~~tr~~~~~~~~m!~~~. /" ~l4<irr~,tnn-$"~~~*~t~~~'~*!(J. tll*~-lR~1r±:-~~lE.~:\IlK~.taJ~~o. ~\. ~*.y ~ :\llK~~~~~~1il~~4l>(~II!j!(:§~~~1-:.:JiI:1~ffi o©~~~1:1i:.t-<m 1 ~~~~tll*~m..t:K ~ !lRllti!~~1:1i:~~~-£$. «*~rr ~ :\IlK .fl-~~ r 1I~m! H ~~:ij11il-R-E-~ J (MIT Commission on Productivity) " r ~..~~.\it:!;g1}1l1 J (The Office of Technology Assessment of the U. S. Congress) " r ~~$«~." J (National Research Council ) :§~ r "*l-tJJ J (National Advisory Committee on Semiconductor, NACS) o~4[!.y~*~rr~ilt111[ ~ Ja'.i'i-£~~ .~~.!l![-E:~. ~. ~. ~ ~. :l@. ~. 1990 Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D. C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. 1992), p. 440.. Electronic Engineering Times, August 24, 1992.. Ibid.. Glenn J. McLoughlin, Issues in U. S. Advanced Technology Policy: A Review of the National Advisory Committee on Semiconductors Report,. A Strategic Industry at Risk, Congressional Research Service, 90 - 234 SPR, April 25, 1990, summary. 11':!!I:!(I!\iIi!:!Irl.!iIl\!il Dertouzos, Michael L., Richard K. Lester, Rovert M. Solow and the MIT Commision on Industrial Productivity. Made in America.' Regaining the Productive Edge. (Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1989); U. S. National Academy of Science. National Research Council. Computer Science and Technology Board. Keeping the U. S. Compu.ter Indu.qtry Competitive: Defining the Agenda. (Washington, National Academy Press, 1990); U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Making Things Better: Competing in Manu.facturing. (Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1990); and National Advisory Committee on Semiconductor.A Strategic Industry at Risk. Arlington, Nat ional Advisory Committee on Semiconductor, 1989.. •• ,"""',,' ....... <IM4..1Ar.-'> I. ... T_ ... =___ l. Q __ ~_~_..:I ... _~~~ ('1~~~"""Q~;""1"\). , :!iI1!1(1IIltl!l!!iil~~...:Tlii?. ,. g;1~. (. ~~~~~~~~~~~*"~.~~.~".1-:.:J~~~~,,~~~.ml(~.~.,,~*~~~~~¥$~~~~:§~~~ .~~~ o~If~:\IlK.fl-~:§ r "*l-~81~~.!l![-E-~ J (NACS) ~*~rr.1ltr>(~1:1i: ' 1il~ , ~~.~.rm o~t.il~-E-~~ • • ~:\llK~.*.~<-4liii' ' ~J--.~.1!\!I!<-4liii' ( Martin Marietta Corporation) , IBM ' .*!Rf~<-4liii' ( Motorola, Inc.) , ~.

(6) ------~-..,...~. ~. .............................'"_"". ................"'l.... J.J... vumpULer ~ClenCe and Technology Hoard. Keeping the U. S. Computer Indu.~try Competitive; Defining the Agenda. (Washington, National Academy Press, 1990); U. S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Making Things Better: Competing in Manufacturing. (Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1990); and National Advisory Committee on Semiconductor. A Strategic Industry at Risk. Arlington, Nat ional Advisory Committee on Semiconductor, 1989.. ~~~~~~~~~~~*'~.~~~~'.~~~~.~'~~~~_~._.'R*~~~_~.~~¢~~~~.~ 0. 0. 0. 0. ms~~~ ®>~~:j(-H-t><~ r ?It~.4HBII.Ela~~ J ( NACS ) ~.~[l.Ilfp(~-!;l@ , 1:Wi~ , ~~.~lIIrm ®>{.lJ~~~~ • • ~~IIiUilf.~~<-:r1iil' ' ~J-.~~~<-:r1iil' ( Martin Marietta Corporation) , IBM ' tr~RI~<-:r1iil' ( Motorola, Inc.) , ~ ~'l!llU!~<-:r1iil' ( Texas Instruments) , 4HBII?It~.<-:r1iil' ( National Semiconductor Corporation) , :j;!I~~~<-:r1iil' ' $1~ ( Tandem Computers, Inc.) , DARPA tzI.~1!W ' BII~¥iE~IH$lij:t , BII~?t.it4l;l~++1l:ti ' tH~?t~~~~1!W ( Assis tant to the President for Science and Technology Policy) , i:1~¥iE ' ~~¥iE~ ~ nlill!!:+HlBf!I<'=Hl~~mK~~~~W!iIl¥iE 1iC~~ 0 llE:1lr ~ ~ 1 O~BII~-H-*{]J!1n[[?t~\lI!!l1.~~J.jLRI*ii~tal~~~-H (Timothy Valentine) !llt~ r I ~<-\Jllt ?It~.~~~~4HBII.Ela*x~~7;l::! J ( National Advisory Committee on Semiconductor Research and Development Act of 1987 ) 1;tlBII~~ 1 ~iP(:\l!::-N1-'- ~ _~-< 1 ~«llt~<1rr~~.~#:1~ r ?It~• • Ela~~ J ~mjl(~~#:1~1-;:j~r.t.r>(*x. ~~~~!llt~?It~.~~!llt~~~.:!:ln~i!t111tI. 1;tli!t111tI¥iE$ NACS !llt-331E~ , .fi;£~~~ , ?t~111-K\lI!!l1ii o@ I.1;tl1E~Elali1~\§ ~ .:!:lnIHIt~1-;:j r ~t(:t:l.$BPft..~4l;l<-:r1iil' J ( Consumer Electronics Capital Corporation, CECC) -m~~mKnlill!!:.\1~Ui'~4l;l (pledging support) ~ .<1rr~~4l;lM!llt~~i\l(t:l.ft..~~~~*~ r .-t::4:J J ~4l;l ( patient capital) "~1~"liCms~tUll:.I!W~iIl*~~~~Dlllf.~~Elali1·~~~~~¥iEiP(:\l!::~BII~.t:l~ft..~. ·~ilt1-;:j)lH.{~~ 0. ~~~fI-~~ ( standards policy) ·~~i.l!SImI:~4HBII~.~~ ( national fiber optic network) • •$i!t.-.~.~~.~mK~~~.#:1~~.e)lH.{~~ms.~M~?t~~~mI:~~mK.~ms~. 111;tl.fi;£.~~~&~. 1iR~ ~ ~t-.!llt¢:~II:~#l!! • • ~i:1-R ~. 0. *,,*,¢!($: .~!Wt¢:4HBII~.1l&- '~~~mK~~tiS.~:li1mK~~.~~ •••. ~.~.~~~7;l::! "~.~BII1:WiIlE:4;tl$;~~.fFllI .~~.o. 0. ill1;tl?t~~& ~ ~~~ SEMATECH ~ms~~~ .~!llt~~~m;~~~~~4Hf5~~l:t~~~. 0. ~rm~ii}~BllII:~~ft..~.W!iIl~~:li1~.t;::.~ ~ SEMATECH h!:1~tzI.M~.t;::-H-. ~iIl~~~.#:1w!ai.h!:1~~1;tlBII.~1-;:j#:1~~-N-H- ~ :m4\T;S!~~ ~. ••~.~.~~~~~~~~.r~.~~J. 111 ).I::j. ~ McLoughlin, op. cit., pp. 5-7. :Il;l®l U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittee on Science Research and Technology. Federal Research Policy and the American Semiconductor Industry. Hearing, lOlst Cong., 1st Session. Nov. 8, 1989. McLoughlin, op. cit., p. 9.. ~. ~*.

(7) _. ~.~~~. ~~~. ~-~. r +~Jrt~~~~*~-4tl~~*~~\J. ~~~~-~. ,~<~~~~~ilnt~·.. l11K. (SEMATECH). 0. 1 ~1(O.qj-~~~ ~ tII*~~~ IBM ~~~~liI~$IIP~H** 0 ~JI[~1E~*<~~~~.~~I<III~ IBM ~.~.~ ( Texas Instrument, TI) 4#tII*1E~~I.l[L~~~~~*III~$~$IIP~H** ~ ~~I111J~HJ:l\<tf1~\!ltHH~~~~~~1:!lil~. ( Consortium). 0. ~ :\llK:tmr~tm.m/Q~+<~~.$IIP~. 0. 0. fEtlm/Q 1 O.qj-~~ .tII*$*~4#~11~$IIP~!:flaI~DE:it~ IBM 11l!il~liI3~111~~m~i¢~~~m1liic:( Rando~ Access Memory Chip, RAM Chip) ~it 1 ~-tJll.qj-~l<tII.~-H-~.~t:.llll§'*<~~~tII*1E~ ~11.~~tII*~~.N+< ~~.IIIit~~. (Commodore Perry) ~~~~tII*~#§:+<iIL I ~ ~ .I11I!. tII*~1:!lil~il(1:!lil**~4# 1 ~-tJl-R.qj-~~ ( Very Large Scale Integration, VLSI) ~-:lt11:!lil o@~~mi ~~~<-=liJll¥lil. 0. .H\!!W~~~<-=liJll¥lil.e1$ r ~.ttitii. J (Optoelectronics) ( 1979 -1986) ,. r ~~.~itii. J ( Supercomputer) ( 1981 -1989) , r ~l-R~$IIP~itii. J (1981 -1991 ) $' a ® mt4# 1 ~<l-R.IltI<IIII11~.jft;:l1l!il~a;;mI ~ I<III**~;SS-:lt11:!lil~*"".~ic:l1l~~III~fur~;SS. fE4# 1 ~<-tJ.qj-ll~-IH1< III~~.jft;:III~;¢~+!Si ( Defense Science Board ) ;SS~3~1II~!I£*"• •~=_.\it:J;g.:tIII-H-ffir~~31 1+ l-R~*"".!i2!= 1:!lil**~~-H-~I<~~~I.$~~~.~~~~~~~-IHtII*;SS~~o~~~• • • • ~1.*"".-:lt11:!lil5~-H-~~-IH*"". «•• ••. .~~~~~.jft;::tK~3~+$.l<lg ~ 4#l-R.qj--K:5$\1~~.Kr\-g(tmlmH:~lg (64 megabit) ~jt~~~i¢~~~~ic: (DRAM. 0. 0. ) oDE:.qj-~I=*"".~~.#§:.~.I<~.tt1:!lil~~ • • ~ ~.+<• •~~-m*~~~* • • N~~.~ *"... ~.*~.*~~ ~ .~~-DII~~~.5li1~~~\lml1It1m1(;~.~m/Q~~~~a~ • • ~~ SEMATECH ~.~ ~ §t4#~~m1«-=l**~~!!'l~:I:K.. 0. r III~~~5{~~._ J ~~t$'.qj- 1 $.l<lg~~~~.~~. 0. 0. ~~.4#<;SS+<~.1~. :\llK{.il$~.IIlII($.qj-~~~.qj-.. r Jm\-~. 0. I .qj-~~~4#~:t:::3IK~!:;::::g{ r *"".1:!lilit+~~.All~liI-H-'~ J ~. :\llKliIm!.IIlII(.#§:.e1$+g(~I<III~'l+1~*""• • ~ il(~E1E.#§:~III~.\fri r III~~~5{~itii.~ J (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency, DARPA) a 4#~ 1 ~l-R.qj 1tmlmH:l<lg ~.-H- ~ ~~. ~5li1~rm.e1$~ili!l-R~~iil11l-R~~*m1liic: ~ ~~:\llK{.il.~*"".~.il(.\t!~~~~liI ~. Economics, 1992), p. 96.. :I;jj@ Prestowitz, op. cit., p. 133. :I;jjI@ Laura D'Andrea Tyson, Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High- Technology Industries, (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International. 0. 0. ?t~-H-'~ J ~ ~~4#l-R.qj--K:\lml1~*""811:!lil~~~"~:iR ~*.J..i~.~ SEMATECH • .p:jl-R.Ilt*~.~*,*"*,~~~ ~. 1IlII(.~N 1 ~.~II:~<--1iiil~l!E;:\llK*""811:!lil.~.l ~~Ol!t-<06R~~ar* ~ mil ~~ 1 .qj-<06RllIi:lllK~III-K:~~ o~~ ~iIli~.U1U~~1~~~~ 1 ~~ll1.~.Ilt~~~.1 ~~~*ji~~<r\-lmH:I<I~ ~ !il~.~ • •~IIlII(.'tIJt.-k't::><~~mI. ~.

(8) ~ Prestowitz,. op. cit., p. 133.. ~. Econdmics, 1992), p. 96.. ~ Laura D'Andrea Tyson, Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High Technology Industries, (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International. 0. 0. ?t~-e-,~ J ~ ~~-fti\-l=l-lt1{:1liB!l$g*~.HIM:!i'i+~l$5~~iR it*..LJIm"~ SEMATECH ~1:::j\-l=l.l:!:!-*~~~*,**,~~ne{\!;/ ~ .. !!lIl(iiHm:N 1 ~1Jt~.~<..::rliii'*11E*«*• •1:!llli'i+~.1 ~~O-lt<o~~~m* ~ ~ 1 ~~ 1 -It<O~~~!I[Im-K:$~ "~!B[ ~I!i.~ • • ~~~~$~~ " 1 ~~1l1 ..~-ltil!!~~.1 il!!~~~~~~<r\-lmr~l~ ~ ~~.~amHll1H~!!lIl(.1!!!lHMI~~~~~ 1 ~$(I~ "®l~-fti..l2~~I'$~~~~!!lIl("~~~ "~~I1J~\!t'1ll1H~"~~~~1mtQ "®J it~• • • • ~1:!lll• • ~~~MATECH~$ • • ~~~ • •&• • !!lIl(.~.~• • ~~.~l-ltN*~~ • • • ~ {.iJ*M=.!!lIl( ~~~~~~~f,l;~ r .-<~,*.j!fn- J (rich boy's club) "~~.-R~~.~m~~<..::rliii' ( Cypress ) ~.-<.~ ( T. J. Rodgers) ~ ~~~<-:l~~~~~!B[~~{IllI~~)E~':\:K.~~-R ~ ~W~~~¥~!t~:I!~-e--E:~~~ ~ fl~~-tE. ~. ~~-e-~~~~~-R.~~~~S~lmr~~~?t~~~~~m*~~1:!lll~.~". 0. 0. ~111rrN ~ .f:tl1nI!?t~1:!lll~-Qt1~~~.iR~ ~. 0. 1*~$J-lt*~!I[~~t/ll(*:H~>IiW~~~t:~ii~~ ~ ®J!B[)E1:!lll~ SEMATECH ~$.~.~~~~~.!!lIl(~~€*:ii'S':\:K~ ~. ~)ESEMATECH~-4!l~$.~~ • • ~ r *M=~~.~~~N~. J (pre- competitive techology) ~ .f:tl!l[~~~ ,'il'~?t~*<ii'S:A'JI[~~!ltr. ,,~-tE 1 ~«-lt~~\-l=l 111+~* • • ~~laS~.~~<-lt~r ~~*~-4!l!ltr.~1l$IJ (Joint European Submicron Silicon, JESSI) ~ ®):i!m~ 1 ~~ 1 -lt~~~ SEMATECH ~.\it~iliW1K::H~S~*-4!l~~1l$I "JI["l!rm *-fti \ ~< <-It.1:::1~ r ~~~ • • -e-'~ J ~~1l11$:~*:!I[.~!ltr~ " .f:tl~?t~~~]m.{~ '1:!lll!lg~§mll~$!~~il!!.~.~ ~~!I[~~it.$ • • • ~ii'S~~ 1~~~.*~$~~.~JI["l!r~~ • • ~ • • o~~~~ • •~~.~~~1:!lll~~.~ SEMATECH}:!:l ~lm*:!I[~~~Ka~-<.~"!!lIl(~~JII ~!I[$:iU::.&~~il!!. JI["l!r~~~~~~~~.*~~~~~~I~~~~~~~~°1*~~~~§~~~$(Im~~~~.~~~~~~~~*«~ ~ • • ~1:!lll • • ~~~~~~~E~o. ~ ~ mI~IiI'r:\~~~~~*W~. W:!j;!.:i!~4!;l~+lI!!§l~*-!IlIii.. ( European. r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. Currency Unit, ECU). McLoughlin, op. cit., p. 6.. 11. .. ~m* ••~~~~~~J·~.C~~·~.<+I~~~·~~+~o. 0. $(!I[M~~~~~~~~m~~-fti*"Ill1:!lll~.~l$5_ ~ ~*.laS.~~g-Qt1.~'tf.mr-tE~~ laS.~:l:!~~~ ( compa ~. ••~~ ••.. ~ McLoughlin,. op. cit., p. 10. :Il;!(@l EDGE on & about AT&T, May 25, 1992, p. 41'. Electronic. News, September 21, 1992, pp. 1 ~2. Lee Smith, HCan Consortium Defeat Japan?" Fortune, June 5, 1989, p. 118. ~. :Wtil . ~. :W®) Fortune, op. cit., p. 122,. ~*~.~~~~R~.~~tr~~~r~~~~J.

(9) ~.~~~. ~~~. ~~~ 0. 0. <. }E~e::lfiIll:.g:~~~*n...... ~~~${~*~~~lHI\I(~iij , ~~f,iiilt. ~~~~~~. rative advantage ) 1E'~-mI!l.g:~~~~~~. ~~t'r::lfiQff4a~ o®m*~mW~$*.~.~~±1~~~::lfi.:!!t!... m€. ,. <~~.w:~. ~~~.~::lfi*~.~~::lfi.~~~N~~~I!I~~~~~~.~~~~4a~~~.~~.m*~~~~~.~~~o ~}E~~I!I~~::lfi~~~~~::lfi~~N~~~~~mW~~5~~mW~~5~~~mW~.~~~.~~o~.~~I.~~ ~~. 0. ~1!I~lE~~.fftIiijMj.fftI~~~11~lra~ (D. Bruce Merrifield) :\mI:!:R~.J'-. 1 $ r 1!I~4a:s;:$~~~ J (National Cooperative 1 ~<§ll:tt-~~I!I.~~. Research Act of 1984 ) ~.~~N~1r.!~@. 0. 0. r ~{III![~S:: J (rule of reason ) .Mj5~~~~~~.~l!l!iS:: 0. 0. 0. .m:<4.(. 0. J._<~~.~IJ(IiX~~Hil(.~~f$~~~.4a:S;:${~::lfi+H.\lm~~~~~5~N~~+H<€liil'~f.ftt~ r 5~(JjJi(~~1l1II(" J ( Federal Trade Commission, FTC ) ~~ Dliil'~f.ftt~FTC ~~~111+H<N.g:~~mK5~.~N~f$~5~::lfi~~.~<4:l:l1I~ • Federal Register) ID:J~~1~<4:l:l1I~R~N~i!1I!!• •~§:1{~~~t'r~. ~ ~l:ti.e:~~~~~~~~ 1 5~~~~~~1:::1it ~ IJ(~~~~~..tKf.ftt$~~ o ~~1{~~~~~~N~~~111$~~..tK::lfi~~ gc~{nn.~.. El@'*~~5~::lfi~~~~~~~~1:::1 ~ ~:l:la1E'~~~_it.::lfi~iij. 0. R~*~~5~::lfi~~~~~~~1:::1 ~ l!l!i:l:laJE[~~~~~~~~.E!E~~~~~ 4J~{nn~~~1r.!~l!l!i:l:llIlRl(~:l:la::lfi_it.~.w: ~ ~:liNtf:\~. 0. •••. ~.".~.~.~*. 0. ~~*.5~ • •~~~~~.1~.~ ~~Hil(::lfi~liil'~~I~~~ or*~.~.~~5~~.~.J~mW~~ ~~~~~1:::1 ~ ~<~~5~~~J'-.~~~1t o~~~~ ~ 1 ~<.l;Jl:tt-~1:::1::lfi r ~_*,$lJll~?t~<4liil' J (Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, MCC) ~ ~.mW~~::lfi1{~~~ ~}E~.}E1Illr ~ $*lI!Ii1.~~~~;:R~E!E~ 1 ~~t'r. ml~<§ll:tt-~I~«l:tt-~~~.~~~1 1 1¢~~~~~~o~~~• • *.-.~ ~. :W®. (. .~lI!Ii1.~l11. ) definitive. ",1. I~. i. '"g ~. til. .~ ~~;:;i. Tyson, op. cit., pp. 85 & 90. 1984 Congressional Quarterly ALMANAC, pp. 258-259. Joint Ventures in the Semiconductor Industry, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law of the Committee on the Judi· ciary United States Senate 101 Congress, second session on reviewing certain antitrust refonns relating to joint production ventures in the semiconductor idustry, March 29, 1990, S. Hrg. 101-1271. p. 65.. 0. " .~i!1I!!~lE:j!~gC?t~~I! • • _~ (High. " ~~~~.;:s .~-Y.

(10) 0. (. .~~~11l). ~. 11'11\. ,! r ~ 11'11\. T ~ a -~ ~ '1. 1"1. ~. :. <':). C'l. <':). <'! t'-:. "<!'. ¢ :. ~. 10. t'-: t'-: C"! O'l. 00. rl. ;:::. rl. "'". Q). Q). '". '"'. Q). <':). rl. •••. ci'l ... o~o8tl1)t). 0. ~ ~ .§ § ~ ~ ~ Z O"l :::s ..-:) .~ .~ 0:: u ~ ~ ~ ill ". S ~ S' ~ -E r3. '0'"' ~ u.S ~ :> J5'. '"'. .'" . "0 • , ~ • • . j:l ..!:<l <il.~ ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ r:n..., '5 ~ e·~ .~ 0 ~ 0 .... <':). C'l. ~ ~.. <':). <':). C'l~ 0. <':). ,. 3(gI. ~. :t: ~. rl. 1'". ~~. .....----........... -. \lj§ :. i. ~. 'in!! -:tH $l? III - iI'+. ~!)lIt ~ ~ ~~. !lIt. Joint Ventures in the Semiconductor Industry, before the Subcommittee on Technology and the Law of the Committee on the Judi ciary United States Senate 101 Congress, second session on reviewing certain antitrust reforms relating to joint production ventures in the semiconductor idustrv. March 29, 1990, S. Hrg. 101- 1271. p. 65.. ~ ~~.:jJIj(j5. ~ .~¥m~~.!lC¢~~.ll!J!(.~ ( High - definitive Television, HDTV) ~*~.mH;tt!~~~~$'llm~~~~~H~~~{~ ij5~N. ~ Il~ 1 §J:l!t-:&i r 8Il~~{~4rI:S;::1,l;1 J :&i~.flJ ~~m:: o~~~~ ~ ~.~1iii'm~lllII(.¢~~m~-E>~~lllII(.~.lllII(*~ ( Patrick J. Leahy ) t!t~.lllII(4~~~ ( Strom Thurmond):fK§: ~~~P.:11 ~<§J:l!t-:&i r 8Il~4rI~~~m~ J (National Cooper ative Research Act of 1984) ~ ~.<-=1.4rI:S;:::&i~~ ~ ~:lit<-=1l11*: ~·:l:tH!J!l~~:&i~~ ~ ~~~ 1 ~<~l!t-~-33 r f1j~4rI:S;::~~.+<jJg W* J ( National Cooperative Research Act Extension of 1989. )~.~~.E~:&i~.flJ • • ~.:&i:fK.o8~~.*~~~.lII*:~ • • • ~~~E.:&i~:lit~lII*:~~.~~.~. ~~.~~~o@~~~.~W~~~:&i~M~~~fIj.lII*:~.~tt!~~:&i • • tt!~flJ~~~~*:&i~.o~~~~~~~. 4In ~,. ~~. 2m:&i.~~.~~~~8Il~.fIj~~~.~:&i~1.~~:&i~~o ,£l ".. -:\\,..J. ~~~fIj~~flJ.-33~r.lII*:.~J~~:&i~~~m~~$~~U~~:&i~~o~~~.~~~8Il~~~~*.~~~.. A. ~~-<~~.~*~:&i. 1. l!t-~w.J ~ ~<-=1l11*:~~ ~ *~~~ ~ .og~og~~-R~~$'. ~.:&i«~~~~~o~~.t.ft~~8Il~~~:&iR~~*~• •lII*:• • • $:&i~~t!t.~~Ro~~~.~fIj~¢~.. ~~~~~~.~~r.lII*:.~JN~~*~.~~~.~tt!:&i~~o~ • • ~~~fIj~~*~• • • ~~~~fr~ *~Ili.lII*:. 0. -l#~~.t~ ~ ~8Il~\l¢j§1m1~§-~~~:&i • • ~~. 0. f1j~. ~~~~~~~*~• • lII*:.~-R~~~*~~~*~l!t-~~~~~~~*~.~Z~~ij5~~~~W*~~~N~~~. hti~~\l¢tl(~ID!I\-~*~~~*~~ ~ ~~fIj~HlII*:.[JI-I+1tt!~~. 111~. ~~:&i~.~~~.€~~t!t¢~ij5~~M~~o.~**:&i • • :S;::.~~¢~~€:&i.~o~~.~t!t¢~ij5~~~~. ~. ~ Electronic Business, May 18, 1992. p. 75; Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Feb. 29, 1992, p. 464.. Electronic Business. op. cit., p. 76.. ~. ~~~.~~~~~~~~~tr~~~r~~~.J.

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