台灣產渦蛛科(蛛形綱:蜘蛛目)蜘蛛之分類研究

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(1)國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文. 台灣產渦蛛科(蛛形綱：蜘蛛目)蜘蛛之分類研究 A Taxonomic Study on the Family Uloboridae (Arachnida: Araneae) of Taiwan. 研究生：鍾珞璿 Lo-Hsuan Chung. 指導教授：陳世煌博士 Shyh-Hwang Chen. 中華民國一百零一年五月.

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(3) 致謝. 在論文付梓之際，我想藉由此文表達我對許多人的感謝。首先，感謝我的指導教授—陳世煌博士，細心引領我熟悉蜘蛛多樣性的世界，並在研究過程中對我的全心支持和悉心指導，在論文完成後更一次又一次費心地逐頁修改；同時，也感謝兩位口委老師陳順其老師和徐堉峰老師在忙碌之餘細心審閱本論文，並提供無數寶貴意見，使本論文更趨完整和嚴謹。在論文研究和撰寫期間，感謝蜘蛛實驗室的錫軒學長和雅惠學姐在研究方向上給予建議；文俊學長和宸瑜學姐在蜘蛛鑑定和論文撰寫方面提供許多寶貴建議；典諺、明哲和嘉容與我一起討論並陪伴我到各地採集；感謝旻昇和俊志在我與論文奮鬥之際與我討論並給予關心和鼓勵；穎婕在我心煩時陪我聊天並提供許多點圖上的意見；還有蜘蛛實驗室的大家在我口試時的幫忙，讓我專心準備面對口試。感謝典諺的爸爸和媽媽在出野外採集時盡心提供許多吃喝住行上的協助。最後，感謝我心愛的家人和賈斯潘在這段時間的愛和鼓勵，給我支持下去的力量，並提供在經濟上的支持讓我衣食無虞地完成學業。謹將本論文獻給以上我所感謝的師長、親友和家人。.

(4) 目錄目錄....................................................... ......................................................i 圖目次....................................................................................................... iv 表目次..................................................................................................... viii 附錄目次................................................................................................... ix 摘要.............................................................................................................x Abstract ..................................................................................................... xi 壹、緒論.....................................................................................................1 貳、材料與方法 ......................................................................................12 一、研究材料....................................................................................12 二、研究方法....................................................................................12 参、結果...................................................................................................15 一、形態分類處理............................................................................15 Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 扇網蛛 .......................19 Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu et Song, 2004 雙叉夜蛛 ............................................................................................................26 Miagrammopes oblongus Yoshida, 1982b 長夜蛛 ..........................29 Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 東亞夜蛛 ....34 Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012 白渦蛛 .......................................44 i.

(5) Octonoba alishanensis sp. nov. 阿里山渦蛛 ...................................48 Octonoba biforata Zhu, Sha et Chen, 1989 雙孔渦蛛 .....................51 Octonoba kentingensis Yoshida, 2012 墾丁渦蛛 ............................55 Octonoba kuanwuensis sp. nov. 觀霧渦蛛.......................................58 Octonoba lanyuensis Yoshida, 2012 蘭嶼渦蛛 ...............................60 Octonoba senkakuensis Yoshida, 1983b 釣魚台渦蛛 .....................63 Octonoba spinosa Yoshida, 1982a 棘渦蛛 ......................................67 Octonoba taiwanica Yoshida, 1982a 台灣渦蛛...............................73 Philoponella nigromaculataYoshida, 1992 黑斑菲蛛 .....................79 Philoponella prominens (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906) 隆背菲蛛.....85 Uloborus lushanensis sp. nov. 廬山蟱蛛 .........................................94 Uloborus penicillatoides Xie, Peng, Zhang, Gong et Kim, 1997 毛叢蟱蛛 ....................................................................................................97 Uloborus taiwanus sp. nov. 台灣蟱蛛 ...........................................103 Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 草間蟱蛛 .......................106 Uloborus wulaiensis sp. nov. 烏來蟱蛛 .........................................111 Zosis geniculata (Oliver, 1789) 膝型渦蛛 .....................................115 二、渦蛛科染色體數目及性別決定機制 .....................................121 肆、討論.................................................................................................124 ii.

(6) 一、形態分類處理..........................................................................124 二、渦蛛科染色體數目和性別決定機制 .....................................126 伍、參考文獻.........................................................................................131. iii.

(7) 圖目次. Figure 1. External features of Uloboridae ..............................................146 Figure 2. External features and copulatory organs of Uloboridae..........147 Figure 3. Representative male carapaces of Uloboridae in Taiwan .......148 Figure 4. Representative of male left pedipalps of genera Octonoba, Philoponella, Uloborus and Zosis in Taiwan ..................................149 Figure 5. Representative epigyna of genera Octonoba, Philoponella, Uloborus and Zosis in Taiwan .........................................................150 Figure 6. Precedures for making the chromosomes ...............................151 Figure 7. Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906, male .................152 Figure 8. Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906, female ..............153 Figure 9. Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu et Song, 2004, male ..........................................................................................................154 Figure 10. Miagrammopes oblongus Yoshida, 1982b, male ..................155 Figure 11. Miagrammopes oblongus Yoshida, 1982b, female ...............156 Figure 12. Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906, male .......................................................................................... 157 Figure 13. Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906, female ..........................................................................................................158 Figure 14. Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012, male ...............................159 Figure 15. Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012, female ............................160 Figure 16. Octonoba alishanensis sp. nov., female ................................161 Figure 17. Octonoba biforata Zhu, Sha et Chen, 1989, male ................162 Figure 18. Octonoba biforata Zhu, Sha et Chen, 1989, female .............163 iv.

(8) Figure 19. Octonoba kentingensis Yoshida, 2012, female .....................164 Figure 20. Octonoba kuanwuensis sp. nov., male ..................................165 Figure 21. Octonoba lanyuensis Yoshida, 2012., male ..........................166 Figure 22. Octonoba senkakuensis Yoshida, 1983b, male .....................167 Figure 23. Octonoba senkakuensis Yoshida, 1983b, female ..................168 Figure 24. Octonoba spinosa Yoshida, 1982a, male ..............................169 Figure 25. Octonoba spinosa Yoshida, 1982a, female ...........................170 Figure 26. Octonoba taiwanica Yoshida, 1982a, male ..........................171 Figure 27. Octonoba taiwanica Yoshida, 1982a, female .......................172 Figure 28. Philoponella nigromaculata Yoshida, 1992, male ...............173 Figure 29. Philoponella nigromaculata Yoshida, 1992, female ............174 Figure 30. Philoponella prominens (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906), male 175 Figure 31. Philoponella prominens (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906), female ..........................................................................................................176 Figure 32. Uloborus lushanensis sp. nov., male .....................................177 Figure 33. Uloborus penicillatoides Xie, Peng, Zhang, Gong et Kim, 1997, male ........................................................................................178 Figure 34. Uloborus penicillatoides Xie, Peng, Zhang, Gong et Kim, 1997, female .....................................................................................179 Figure 35. Uloborus taiwanus sp. nov., female ......................................180 Figure 36. Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806, male .....................181 Figure 37. Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806, female ..................182 Figure 38. Uloborus wulaiensis sp. nov., female ...................................183 Figure 39. Zosis geniculata (Oliver, 1789), male ...................................184 Figure 40. Zosis geniculata (Oliver, 1789), female ................................185 v.

(9) Figure 41. Collecting locations of Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 in Taiwan.................................................................................186 Figure 41. Collecting locations of Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu et Song , 2004 and M. oblongus Yoshida, 1982b in Taiwan ...187 Figure 42. Collecting locations of Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 in Taiwan ....................................................................188 Figure 43. Collecting locations of Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012, O. biforata Zhu, Sha et Chen, 1989 and O. senkakuensis Yoshida, 1983b in Taiwan..........................................................................................189 Figure 44. Collecting locations of Octonoba alishanensis sp. nov., O. kentingensis Yoshida, 2012, O. kuanwuensis sp. nov. and O. lanyuensis Yoshida, 2012 in Taiwan ...............................................190 Figure 45. Collecting locations of Octonoba spinosa Yoshida, 1982a and O. taiwanica Yoshida, 1982a in Taiwan..........................................191 Figure 46. Collecting locations of Philoponella nigromaculata Yoshida, 1992 in Taiwan.................................................................................192 Figure 47. Collecting locations of Philoponella prominens (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906) in Taiwan ...................................................................193 Figure 48. Collecting locations of Uloborus lushanensis sp. nov., U. taiwanus sp. nov. and U. wulaiensis sp. nov. in Taiwan .................194 Figure 49. Collecting locations of Uloborus penicillatoides Xie, Peng, Zhang, Gong et Kim, 1997 in Taiwan .............................................195 Figure 50. Collecting locations of Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 in Taiwan..........................................................................................196 Figure 51. Collecting locations of Zosis geniculata (Oliver, 1789) in vi.

(10) Taiwan ..............................................................................................197 Figure 52. Chromosomes of males of Octonoba albicola, O. spinosa and Philoponella prominens ...................................................................198 Figure 53. Chromosomes of males of Uloborus walckenaerius and Zosis geniculata .........................................................................................199. vii.

(11) 表目次 Table 1. Known numbers of chromosome and sex-determining mechanism of Uloboridae ...............................................................200 Table 2. Chromosome numbers and sex-determining mechanism of Uloboridae in Taiwan ......................................................................201. viii.

(12) 附錄目次 Appendix 1. Collecting locations and collectors in Chinese and English .........................................................................................................202 Appendix 2. Checklist of Uloboridae of Taiwan ....................................208 Appendix 3. Speceimens examined for chromosome data of Uloboridae from Taiwan .....................................................................................210 Appendix 4. Color plates of Uloboridae from Taiwan ...........................211. ix.

(13) 摘要本論文共報告台灣產渦蛛科蜘蛛 6 屬 21 種，其中新種有 5 種： Octonoba alishanensis sp. nov.、O. kuanwuensis sp. nov.、Uloborus lushanensis sp. nov.、U. taiwanus sp. nov. 和 U. wulaiensis sp. nov.; 新記錄種 5 種：Miagrammopes bifurcatus、O. biforata、O. senkakuensis、 U. penicillatoides 及 U. walckenaerius，並首次描述 O. albicola 及 O. lanyuensis 的雄蛛。此外，本文將 O. varians 處理為排除種，並將 U. formosanusYoshida, 2012 處理為 U. penicillatoides 的同物異名。本論文共調查到台灣產渦蛛科蜘蛛 4 屬 5 種之染色體數目，其中 O. albicola、O. spinosa 和 U. walckenaerius 雌 (F) 雄 (M) 染色體數目為 2n = 18M/ 20F，Philoponella prominens 染色體數目為 2n = 34M/36F，這四種蜘蛛性別決定機制均為 X1X2O 型，而 Z. geniculata 染色體數目為 2n = 9M/10F，性別決定機制則為 XO 型；染色體數目和性別決定機制的多樣性有待日後持續進行調查研究。本研究結果除可增進國人對台灣產渦蛛科蜘蛛物種多樣性和生態習性的瞭解外，並可作為日後染色體演化研究之基礎。. 關鍵詞：性別決定機制、染色體、新記錄種、新種。. x.

(14) Abstract Six genera and 21 species of Uloboridae are revised from Taiwan in this study. Five species, Octonoba alishanensis sp. nov., O. kuanwuensis sp. nov., Uloborus lushanensis sp. nov., U. taiwanus sp. nov.and U. wulaiensis sp. nov. are new to science. Five species, Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu & Song, 2004, O. biforata Zhu, Sha & Chen, 1989, O. senkakuensis Yoshida, 1983b, U. penicillatoides Xie, Peng, Zhang, Gong & Kim, 1997 and U. walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 are newly recorded in Taiwan. The males of O. albicola Yoshida 2012 and O. lanyuensis Yoshida, 2012 were described for the first time. Octonoba varians (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) was excluded from the spider fauna of Taiwan, and Uloborus formosanus Yoshida, 2012 was considered a synonym of U. penicillatoides Xie, Peng, Zhang, Gong & Kim, 1997. The chromosome numbers and sex-determining mechanisms of five species belonging to four genera of Uloboridae in Taiwan are recorded in this study. Four of the five are recorded for the first time. The chromosome numbers of male (M) and female (F) of O. albicola, O. spinosa and U. walckenaerius are 2n = 18M/ 20F, and those of Philoponella prominens 2n = 34M/36F. The sex-determining mechanisms of these four species are X1X2O type. The chromosome numbers of Z. geniculata are 2n = 9M/10F, and the sex-determining mechanism is XO type. The diversity of chromosome numbers and sex-determining mechanism would be more clear as the chromosome data of spiders accumulate. The results of this study will increase the basic xi.

(15) knowledge of diversity and natural behaviors of Uloboridae in Taiwan, and also serve as a foundation for the research of chromosomal evolution.. Keywords: Chromosome, new record, new species, sex-determining mechanism.. xii.

(16) 壹、緒論蜘蛛在分類上屬於節肢動物門 (Arthropoda)，蛛形綱 (Arachnida) 的蜘蛛目 (Araneae)，為蛛形綱中種類最多的一目，目前全世界有 110 科，3859 屬，42751 種，其中渦蛛科 (Uloboridae) 已記錄 18 屬 262 種 (Platnick, 2012)。渦蛛科蜘蛛屬於中小型蜘蛛，體長多介於 2–10 mm 之間，為少數缺少毒腺的蜘蛛 (Opell, 1979)，其主要鑑別特徵為步足的腿節背側具有一或數排聽毛 (trichobothria)，雌蛛和未成熟之雄蛛在前絲疣前方有一不分隔的篩疣 (cribellum)，可紡出裹在橫絲外的細絲，並在第四對步足的蹠節背側有一排末端彎曲的櫛狀剛毛，稱為櫛器 (calamistrum)，可以抽出篩疣的細絲 (Comstock, 1948)，成熟的雄蛛櫛器和篩疣均較雌蛛退化。渦蛛從平地到中高海拔山區皆可發現，少數幾種為夜行性，大部分的種類白天就倒掛在網心等待獵物，夜晚也停留在網上；棲息環境類型豐富，包括樹林下的植被或枝幹之間、溪流旁的石縫間、老舊房舍角落、洞穴等，多結傾斜或水平圓網，網中央有時可見隱帶，亦有一些屬的蜘蛛結簡化的圓網，例如：扇網蛛屬 (Hyptiotes) 蜘蛛結三角網、夜蛛屬 (Miagrammopes) 蜘蛛結條網；菲蛛屬 (Philoponella) 1.

(17) 的渦蛛則有群聚現象，將許多水平圓網相連成一大片蛛網；卵囊有多角形、三角形、長筒形等各種形狀，常被置於網上；圓網具有輻絲和螺旋狀的橫絲，與金蛛科 (Araneidae) 和長腳蛛科 (Tetragnathidae) 蜘蛛所結的圓網類似，但渦蛛科蜘蛛圓網上的橫絲並沒有黏液，而是裹上了如棉絮般的細絲，當獵物接觸到這類橫絲時，會因為靜電力而被吸附上，同時藉著獵物的掙扎，使得細絲與獵物越纏越緊，最後被蜘蛛綑綁制伏 (Eberhard et al., 2006; Weng et al., 2006)。渦蛛的身體可分為頭胸部 (cephalothorax) 和腹部 (abdomen)，或稱頭胸部為前體部 (prosoma)，腹部稱為後體部 (opisthosoma)。兩者以腹柄 (pedicel) 相連。頭胸部具有幾丁質的外骨骼，背面稱為背甲 (carapace)，腹面稱為胸板 (sternum) (Figs. 1A, B)；渦蛛科蜘蛛的背甲形狀多為卵形，部分種類為接近三角形和四方形 (Figs. 3A, B)；除了夜蛛屬蜘蛛以外，其它渦蛛的胸板皆為盾牌形，夜蛛屬蜘蛛的胸板則狹窄且分為二或三部份 (Fig. 1C)。頭胸部有六對附肢，第一對為螯肢 (chelicerae)，第二對為觸肢 (palp)，第三到六對則為步足，分別稱作第一、二、三、四對步足。背甲由頸溝 (cervical groove) 分為頭部和胸部，頭部具有四至八枚單眼，數目依渦蛛種類而不同。渦蛛科蜘蛛一般具有八枚單眼 (Fig. 2A)，前四眼排成一列，稱為前眼列 (anterior eye row, AER)，後四眼 2.

(18) 則稱為後眼列 (posterior eye row, PER)；前眼列中央兩眼為前中眼 (anterior median eye, AME)，側邊兩眼為前側眼 (anterior lateral eye, ALE)，後眼列中央兩眼為後中眼 (posterior median eye, PME)，側邊兩眼為後側眼 (posterior lateral eye, PLE)，前後中眼所圍成之區域為中眼域 (median ocular area, MOA)；夜蛛屬蜘蛛前眼列退化，只具四眼，扇網蛛屬蜘蛛部分種類前側眼退化，僅有六眼。前中眼前緣至背甲前緣之間的區域為額 (clypeus)；胸部中央凹陷處為中窩 (thoracic groove)，由此向外延伸岀輻射狀的放射溝 (radial furrow) (Fig. 1A)。螯肢 (chelicera) 分為兩節，分別為基節和前方的毒牙 (fang)，毒牙平時收在基節的牙溝內，牙溝前後兩側各有兩排小齒，前排稱為前牙堤齒 (promarginal teeth)，後排稱為後牙堤齒 (retromarginal teeth) (Fig. 2B)。觸肢 (pedipalp) 有六節，分別為基節 (coxa)、轉節 (trochanter)、腿節 (femur)、膝節 (patella)、脛節 (tibia) 和跗節 (tarsus)，成熟雄蛛的觸肢跗節會膨大為觸肢器 (palpal organ)；觸肢基節特化為下顎 (maxillae)，又稱為顎葉 (endite)；下唇 (labium) 位於胸板的正前方，與下顎一樣都具有協助攝食的功能 (Fig. 1B)。渦蛛有四對步足，每一步足由七節所組成，即基節 (coxa)、轉節 (trochanter)、腿節 (femur)、膝節 (patella)、脛節 (tibia)、蹠節 (metatarsus) 和跗節 (tarsus)，並在第四對步足蹠節背側有櫛器 3.

(19) (calamistrum) (Fig. 2C)，足末端具三爪；渦蛛科蜘蛛通常第一對步足最長，且步足腿節背側有一或數排聽毛 (trichobothria) (Fig. 1A)。渦蛛的腹部多為卵形，夜蛛屬的蜘蛛較為特殊，為長筒形。雌蛛的腹部距前緣約三分之一處常隆起。腹部背面花紋多變，多為灰褐色為底，上面散布白色斑點或花紋。腹部腹面前方有一條胃外溝 (epigastric furrow)，兩側有一對書肺 (book lung)，其開口，即書肺氣門 (lung slit) 位於胃外溝兩端；生殖孔 (genital opening) 位於胃外溝前端，成熟雌蛛在生殖孔和胃外溝上方通常有角質化的構造，稱作外雌器 (epigynum)，雖然雄蛛的生殖孔也在胃外溝前端，但無角質化，不易發現。腹部腹面末端有三對絲疣 (spinnerets)，分別為前絲疣 (anterior spinneret)、中絲疣 (median spinneret) 和後絲疣 (posterior spinneret)，在前絲疣前方另有一不分隔的篩疣 (cribellum)，絲疣後方為肛丘 (anal tubercle) (Fig. 1B) (Chen, 2001)。蜘蛛的生殖構造為種類鑑定上很重要的依據，渦蛛科蜘蛛的雌雄生殖構造描述如下：雄蛛在腹部中央消化道下方有一對精巢 (testes)，成熟的精子會由輸精管輸送至生殖孔附近的儲精囊，但由於雄蛛的腹部無交配器官，因此須藉由觸肢末端特化的觸肢器 (palpal organ) 進行交配。渦蛛的觸肢器具有包覆在外面的杯葉 (cymbium)，內部構造主要為中血囊 (middle hematodocha)、盾板 (tegulum)、盾板 4.

(20) 刺 (tegular spur)、中突 (median apophysis)、中突球 (median apophysis bulb)、中突刺 (median apophysis spur)、導引器 (conductor)、插入器 (embolus)等 (Fig. 2E)。雄蛛在交配前，會先織一個精網，將精子排在上面，再用觸肢器吸取精液。雌蛛外雌器外部有兩個交配孔 (copulatory opening)，經由交配管 (copulatory duct) 連接至受精囊 (spermatheca)，可以暫時儲存精子，受精囊另一端連接受精管 (fertilization duct) (Figs. 2F, G)，可將精子送至子宮與陰道交會處和卵子結合，子宮左右各連接一條輸卵管 (oviduct)，分別通至卵巢 (Song et al., 1999)。不同種類的蜘蛛其觸肢器和外雌器構造均有很大差異，故為蜘蛛分類之重要依據。在過去渦蛛的形態分類歷史上，第一隻渦蛛—Zosis geniculata (Oliver, 1789) 在 1789 年被 Oliver 發現，當時被歸類在林奈 (Linnaeus) 《分類學手稿‐自然系統 (Systema Naturae) 》當中的金蛛科 (Araneidae)、Aranea 屬。Uloborus 為現今渦蛛科中最早被建立的屬，由 Latreille (1806) 提出，由於當時所記錄的蜘蛛 U. walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 結圓網，故被歸類在金蛛科下。隨後，Hyptiotes 和 Zosis 二屬分別於 1837 年和 1841 年由 Walckenaer 提出，後者被認定為 Uloborus 的亞屬，當時的 Aranea geniculata (Oliver, 1789) 則被改為 Uloborus zosis (Walckneaer, 1841)；Cambridge (1870) 提出新屬 5.

(21) Miagrammopes，並認為上述若干屬和 Uloborus 一樣，均與金蛛科有強烈的關連性。Thorell (1870) 建立了渦蛛亞科 (Uloborinae)，並將之歸在金蛛科下。隨後，Cambridge (1870) 建立了渦蛛科 (Uloborides)，將 Hyptiotes 和 Uloborus 歸入其下，另外將 Miagrammopes 放入夜蛛科 (Miagrammopides)。Simon (1874) 合併這兩個科，建立了渦蛛科 (Uloboridae)。Mello-Leitao (1917) 建立 Philoponella，認定為 Uloborus 的亞屬之一。由於渦蛛科中各屬的定義一直很模糊，同一個屬內蜘蛛的形態構造多變、缺乏一致性，所以 Lehtinen (1967) 比對蜘蛛的外部形態、生殖器構造、棘刺和聽毛的數量，將 Uloborus 中的許多亞屬，例如：Philoponella、Zosis 等獨立為屬，另外也將原先在 Uloborus 內的一些物種移出，建立新屬，例如：Astavakra、Poleneci、Purumitra、 Tangaroa 等。Opell (1979, 1981, 1984) 發表了渦蛛科蜘蛛多個屬及熱帶美洲物種的修訂，重新檢視並描繪各屬渦蛛的形態構造，同時也陸續提出新屬名，例如：Conifaber、Lubinella、Octonoba、Siratoba 等。隨著諸多蜘蛛學者的努力，渦蛛科各屬的界定已漸趨明朗，目前共有 18 屬 262 種，新種在近年仍陸續被發表。台灣鄰近地區之渦蛛科蜘蛛記錄如下：中國大陸 6 屬 (Hyptiotes、 Miagrammopes、Octonoba、Philoponella、Uloborus 及 Zosis) 36 種，日本 6 屬 (與中國大陸相同) 19 種，南韓 5 屬 (除了無 Zosis 以外，其 6.

(22) 餘各屬與中國大陸相同) 8 種 (Platnick, 2012)。六屬當中，除了 Octonoba 以外，其他屬均為泛世界性分布，又 Zosis 為泛熱帶地區分布；就蜘蛛形態構造而言，Miagrammopes 前眼列退化，僅剩下後中眼和後側眼共四眼，且背甲呈四方形 (Fig. 3B)，胸板狹窄 (Fig. 1C)，腹部長筒形，可輕易與其他五屬區分。Hyptiotes 某些種類前側眼退化，僅剩下六眼，後側眼位於明顯的眼丘上，背甲接近三角形 (Fig. 3A)，與其他四屬不同。剩餘四屬主要須利用生殖器來作區別 (Figs. 4, 5)：Octonoba 雄性觸肢器的中突球 (median apophysis bulb, MAB) 退化或扁平，上有一個大型扁平的中突刺 (median apophysis spur a, MAS-a)，多凹陷或捲繞，旁邊還有一或二個不同形狀的中突刺 (MAS-b/c)；其餘三屬中突球為圓頂狀，中突刺小呈爪狀，其中 Zosis 具有一個寬扁的盾板刺 (tugular spur, TS)，其餘二屬則在盾板 (tegulum, T) 和中突球之間有一導引器 (conductor, C)，又 Philoponella 在導引器位置有一導引器刺 (conductor spur, CS)，基部多有導引器基葉 (basal lobe of conductor, BLC)，Uloborus 則無此二構造。雌蛛部分，Philoponella 之外雌器具有一個開口朝腹面的腔室 (atrium)，內有一對交配孔，其餘三屬則具有一對方向朝後方的垂葉，交配孔位於垂葉下；Zosis 的垂葉寬扁，基部分離，其腹面各有一個三角形骨片；Octonoba 和 Uloborus 的垂葉細長，基部相連，前者垂 7.

(23) 葉下有一個明顯腔室，後者腔室不明顯，且後者第一對步足脛節有毛束 (tuft of hair) (Fig. 2D)。有關於台灣地區渦蛛科的研究歷史，最早的紀錄為日人中島利重 (Nakajima, 1921) 於台北新公園 (現址：台北市二二八紀念公園) 蜘蛛名錄中記載了一種變異渦蛛 (Uloborus defectus Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)，萱嶋泉 (Kayashima, 1943) 和李長林 (Lee, 1964) 也描述了變異渦蛛 (U. defectus) 在台灣的分布，但都缺少了詳細的生殖構造圖；此學名為 U. varians (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 的同物異名，並被 Yoshida (1980) 改屬處理為 Octonoba varians。Yoshida (1982b) 記錄了扇網蛛 (Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 和東亞夜蛛 (Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 在台灣的分布，並發表了長夜蛛 (M. oblongus Yoshida, 1982b)、棘渦蛛 (O. spinosa Yoshida, 1982a) 和台灣渦蛛 (O. taiwanica Yoshida, 1982a) 三個新種，其中後二者為台灣的特有種，分別分布於台灣的北部和中南部； Yoshida (1992) 發表新種黑斑渦蛛 (Philoponella nigromaculata Yoshida, 1992)，亦為台灣特有種。Chen (1996)《A Checklist of Spiders in Taiwan》共記錄了五屬九種渦蛛，分別是扇網蛛屬 (Hyptiotes) 的扇網蛛，夜蛛屬 (Miagrammopes) 的東亞夜蛛和長夜蛛，渦蛛屬 (Octonoba) 的棘渦蛛、台灣渦蛛和變異渦蛛，菲蛛屬 (Philoponella) 8.

(24) 的黑斑菲蛛和隆背菲蛛，以及 Zosis 屬的膝形渦蛛。Yoshida (2012) 發表了四種渦蛛科的新種，分別為白渦蛛 (O. albicola Yoshida, 2012)、墾丁渦蛛 (O. kentingensis Yoshida, 2012)、蘭嶼渦蛛 (O. lanyuensis Yoshida, 2012) 及蓬萊蟱蛛 (Uloborus formosanus Yoshida, 2012)，其中三種渦蛛屬的物種都只有雌性個體之描述；並將變異渦蛛 (O. varians) 處理為排除種。目前台灣渦蛛科蜘蛛共計有 6 屬 12 種，但 Yoshida (1981) 在日本琉球群島發表了七種渦蛛的新種，各種僅分布在少數的小島上，顯示渦蛛易受隔離而產生變異，種化速度快，而台灣為海島，位於熱帶和副熱帶交界，南北溫差大，地形多山脈溪流，具有很好的地理隔離條件；加上平時野外採集及檢視國立台灣師範大學生命科學系蜘蛛研究室保存的標本，均發現許多前人文獻中所未記錄的種類。因此本論文主要目的為整理前人文獻，加上野外採集及檢視研究室標本，對台灣渦蛛科蜘蛛種類進行整理修訂，描述其形態特徵，並重新繪圖和測量，以瞭解台灣產渦蛛科蜘蛛的物種多樣性。蜘蛛分類除了形態構造可作為分類依據外，染色體的數目和性別決定機制的種類也可作為輔助分類的工具。不同種的蜘蛛具有某特定數目的染色體，通常同一屬的蜘蛛會擁有相同數目的染色體，但亦有許多例外，例如：金蛛科 (Araneidae) Araneus 屬大部分染色體體數目雄蛛 (M) 和雌蛛 (F) 為 2n = 24M/ 26F，但同屬的 A. ventricosus 染 9.

(25) 色體數目則為 2n = 49M/ 52F (Wang et al., 1993)，差異非常大。蜘蛛的性染色體數目主要有四種，分別為一、二、三及四對，對應至蜘蛛的性別決定機制則分別為 XO 型、X1X2O 型、X1X2X3O 型和 X1X2X3X4O 型 (Chen, 1999)，雌蛛的性染色體為成對的，雄蛛則不成對，故假設某種蜘蛛其性別決定機制為 X1X2O 型，代表雌蛛具有兩對性染色體 (X1X1X2X2)，雄蛛則只有兩條不成對性染色體 (X1X2)；現有文獻中以 X1X2O 型最為普遍，但同科不同屬或不同種的蜘蛛其性別決定機制也可能會不同，例如：長腳蛛科 (Tetragnathidae) 中 Meta 屬蜘蛛就有 X1X2O 型和 X1X2X3O 型 (Datta & Chatterjee, 1983)。全世界共 42751 種蜘蛛，僅約 400 種蜘蛛有染色體資料 (Hackman, 1948; Suzuki, 1951, 1952, 1954; Datta & Chatterjee, 1983; Wang et al., 1993; Wu & Shan, 2002)，且多為國外之研究結果，國內研究非常欠缺，只有 Chen (1999) 發表過渦蛛科 (Uloboridae) 棘渦蛛 (Octonoba spinosa)、姬蛛科 (Theridiidae)、褸網蛛科 (Psechridae)、貓蛛科 (Oxyopidae) 和櫛蛛科 (Ctenidae) 共五科六種蜘蛛的染色體資料。全世界渦蛛科蜘蛛目前有 18 屬 262 種 (Platnick, 2012)，染色體資料已知的有 3 屬 8 種 (Table 1) (Suzuki, 1954; Mittal, 1970; Datta & Chatterjee, 1983; Wang et al., 1993; Chen, 1999)，其中 2 種為台灣已記錄種，分別是東亞夜蛛 (Miagrammopes orientalis) 及棘渦蛛 10.

(26) (Octonoba spinosa)，染色體數目雄蛛 (M) 和雌蛛 (F) 分別為 2n = 22M/ 24F 和 2n = 18M/ 20F，性別決定機制均為 X1X2O 型。蜘蛛的染色體資料目前被認定具有很高的保守性 (Hackman, 1948; Suzuki, 1952, 1954)，但由於許多例外的存在，以及已知蜘蛛染色體資料的匱乏，仍需要更多染色體資料來支持，亦可在蜘蛛分類上彌補形態分類的不足，作為日後研究系統分類和染色體演化的基石。. 11.

(27) 貳、材料與方法. 一、研究材料本研究主要是參考國立台灣師範大學生命科學系館藏的採集紀錄和相關文獻，至台灣全島及離島地區進行樣本採集；採集時以目視法為主，掃網為輔，發現蜘蛛則以空底片盒捕捉，攜回實驗室內觀察鑑定，並以 70%酒精固定保存研究樣本。除了野外採集標本外，亦檢視國立台灣師範大學生命科學系館藏蜘蛛標本。所有模式標本和存證標本均存放於國立台灣師範大學生命科學系 (NTNUB-Ar)。二、研究方法 (一) 形態鑑定及樣本描述檢視台灣各地採集到的標本和國立台灣師範大學生命科學系館藏標本，根據蜘蛛的生殖構造特徵，作為分類最主要的依據。其中，雄性觸肢器以細剪剪下，於解剖顯微鏡 (Leica Wild M3Z) 下觀察其詳細構造；雌蛛除了觀察外雌器的外部構造外，會以細剪剪下，放置於乳酸中以去除蛋白質等柔軟組織，再詳細觀察其內部構造。此外，同時會觀察比對蜘蛛身體各部位特徵，如：眼睛數目和排列方式、背 12.

(28) 甲、胸板、牙堤齒、顎葉、下唇、腹部、絲疣、步足等(Figs. 1, 2)。各部位加以描述或計數，顏色描述則以浸泡在酒精中的顏色為主，並以野外觀察或拍照來輔助活體描述。 (二) 標本形質測量及繪圖標本置於解剖顯微鏡 (Leica Wild M3Z) 下進行觀察和繪圖，並以目鏡測微器進行下列形值測量 (單位為毫米，精確至小數點第二位)：全長 (背甲長加上腹長)；背甲長 (背甲前緣量至後緣之最長處)、背甲寬 (取最寬處測量)；腹長 (腹部最前緣量至肛丘末端，不含絲疣長度)、腹寬 (取最寬處測量)；步足長為腿節 (femur)、膝節 (patella)＋脛節 (tibia)、蹠節 (metatarsus) 和跗節 (tarsus) 的長度總和；觸肢長為腿節 (femur)、膝節 (patella)、脛節 (tibia) 和跗節/杯葉 (tarsus/cymbium) 長度總和；眼徑為各眼角膜之最長直徑；中眼域 (median ocular area, MOA) 為前、後中眼外側所圍成之區域，中眼域長 (length of MOA, MOA-L) 為由前中眼前緣連線至後中眼後緣連線之垂直距離；中眼域前寬 (anterior width of MOA, MOA-AW) 為測量兩個前中眼外緣之距離；中眼域後寬 (posterior width of MOA, MOA-PW) 為測量兩後中眼外緣之距離；前中眼距 (anterior median eyes inetrval, AMI) 為前中眼間最短距離；後中眼距 (posterior median eyes interval, PMI) 為後中眼間最短距離；前中側眼距 (anterior 13.

(29) median and lateral eyes interval, AMLI) 為前中眼與前側眼間之最短距離；後中側眼距 (posterior median and lateral eyes ineterval, PMLI) 為後中眼與後側眼間之最短距離；額高 (height of clypeus) 為前中眼前緣量至背甲前緣之距離。 (三) 染色體玻片標本製作 (Fig. 6) 收集雄蛛的成體或亞成體，參考 Chen (1996) 的染色體玻片製作方法進行實驗：將活體用乙醚麻醉，於顯微鏡下小心取出精巢，置於玻片上，同時加入 0.075M 氯化鉀溶液，使細胞膨脹，靜置 50 分鐘後，將多餘液體吸走，將玻片傾斜，緩慢加入固定液 I (體積比：甲醇：醋酸：水＝3：3：4) 15 滴，並迅速用細針將玻片上的組織剝碎，再加入固定液 II (體積比：甲醇：醋酸＝1：1) 7 滴，吸走多餘液體後，便可將玻片放入固定液 III (體積比：甲醇：醋酸＝3：1)中，靜置 30–60 分鐘，之後將玻片拿出，吸走多餘液體，再沿玻片斜面加入醋酸，並靜置風乾。製作好的染色體玻片利用 Giemsa stain 染色，並在顯微鏡下照相，計算染色體的數目並觀察其性別決定機制。已檢視之標本見附錄三。. 14.

(30) 参、結果. 一、形態分類處理本論文共報告台灣產渦蛛科蜘蛛 6 屬 21 種 (附錄二)，其中新種有 5 種：Octonoba alishanensis sp. nov. (阿里山渦蛛)、O. kuanwuensis sp. nov. (觀霧渦蛛) 、Uloborus lushanensis sp. nov. (廬山蟱蛛)、U. taiwanus sp. nov. (台灣蟱蛛) 和 U. wulaiensis sp. nov. (烏來蟱蛛); 新記錄種 5 種：Miagrammopes bifurcatus (雙叉夜蛛)、O. biforata (雙孔渦蛛)、O. senkakuensis (釣魚台渦蛛)、U. penicillatoides (毛叢蟱蛛) 及 U. walckenaerius (草間蟱蛛)，並首次描述 O. albicola (白渦蛛) 和 O. lanyuensis (蘭嶼渦蛛) 的雄蛛。文中同意 Yoshida (2012) 的意見，將 O. varians (變異渦蛛) 處理為排除種；U. formosanus (蓬萊蟱蛛) 則處理為 U. penicillatoides (毛叢蟱蛛) 的同物異名。. SYSTEMATICS Family Uloboridae Thorell, 1869 渦蛛科 Type genus: Uloborus Latreille, 1806 Diagnosis. Carapace mostly oval to pear-shaped, some rectangular or subtriangular; abdomen mostly oval, cylindrical in Miagrammopes. Lack 15.

(31) of poison gland. Leg I the longest; leg III the shortest. Femora with 1 or 2 rows of trichobothria on dorsal, prolateral or retrolateral sides. Calamistrum presents on the dorsal side of metatarsus IV in females and immature males; degenerated in mature males. An undivided cribellum presents at the posterior of ventral abdomen in females and immature males; instead of a cribellum, only a slightly sclerotized region presents in mature males.. Key to the genera of Uloboridae in Taiwan. 1. PLE on prominent lateral tubercles ...................................................... 2 PLE not on lateral tubercles ................................................................. 3 2. Lack of AER; carapace rectangular; sternum narrow and divided; abdomen cylindrical; legs slim ..................... Miagrammopes (夜蛛屬) ALE degenerated; carapace subtriangular; sternum shield-shaped and undivided; abdomen oval; legs stout ................... Hyptiotes (扇網蛛屬) 3. Male ...................................................................................................... 4 Female .................................................................................................. 7 4. Carapace oval with 2 brown longitudinal bands; palpal organ with a flat or concaved median apophysis bulb (MAB), and median apophysis spur (MAS) not claw-shaped .................................. Octonoba (渦蛛屬) Carapace not as above; palpal organ with a dome-shaped MAB and a claw-shaped MAS ................................................................................ 5 5. Palpal organ without a conductor, but with a broad and flattened 16.

(32) tegular spur, functioning as a guide ............................................... Zosis Palpal organ with a conductor, and without tegular spur ..................... 6 6. Palpal organ with a conductor spur; thoracic groove transverse; carapace oval-shaped .......................................... Philoponella (菲蛛屬) Palpal organ without conductor spur; thoracic groove not as above; carapace pear-shaped ............................................... Uloborus (蟱蛛屬) 7. Epigynum with a ventromedian atrium .............. Philoponella (菲蛛屬) Epigynum with a pair of posterolatral projections ............................... 8 8. Epigynum with a pair of broad and short projections, which are basally seperated and with a pair of ventral triangular sclerite ................... Zosis Projections slender and basally connected; ventral triangular sclerite absent .................................................................................................... 9 9. Epigynum with a conspicuous posterior atrium; legs without tufts of hair; abdomen without humps ................................. Octonoba (渦蛛屬) Epigynum without conspicuous posterior atrium; tufts of hair present on metatarsus I; a pair of conspicuous humps at the basal third of dorsal abdomen ................................................................... Uloborus (蟱蛛屬). 17.

(33) Genus Hyptiotes Walckenaer, 1837 扇網蛛屬 Type species: Hyptiotes paradoxus (Koch, 1834). Diagnosis. Male: Anterior half of carapace abruptly narrower than posterior half. PLE on conspicuous lateral tubercles; ALE small and in some species degenerated. Legs stout. Embolus usually thin and long, makes 1and a half loops before terminating near median apophysis spur. Female: Similar to male, but usually larger. Calamistrum extends to almost the entire metatarsus IV. Epigynum with a narrow ventromedian extension; epigynal opening lateral to the base of extension, and leads to a long coiled duct, which connects to the vagina; among the coiled ducts is a pair of blind accessory glands, whose long ducts connect to the openings on epigynum’s posterior rim, which are independent of the epigynal openings.. 18.

(34) Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 扇網蛛 (Figs. 7, 8; Plate 1A). Hyptiotes affinis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906: 108, pl. 15, f. 393; Strand, 1918: 90, pl. 2, f. 10; Paik, 1978: 188, f. 76.1–3; Yoshida, 1982b: 18, f. 1–2; Hu, 1984: 62, f. 57.1–5; Yaginuma, 1986: 14, f. 9.7; Song, 1987: 80, f. 44; Chikuni, 1989: 24, f. 7; Feng, 1990: 39, f. 14.1–6; Chen et Gao, 1990: 29, f. 32; Chen et Zhang, 1991: 45, f. 36.1–3; Song, Zhu et Chen, 1999: 81, f. 33H–I, N; Kim et Lee, 1999: 6, f. 1–5; Song, Zhu et Chen, 2001: 85, f. 38A–C; Namkung, 2002: 68, f. 11.1a–b; Namkung, 2003: 70, f. 11.1a–b; Yoshida, 2009: 143, f. 2, 17–20.. Specimens examined. HSINCHU Co.: WUFENG, Shihlu Ancient Trail, alt. 1500 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 14615), 23-XI-2002, Hon-Zen WEI leg. TAICHUNG CITY: HOPING, Anmashan, alt. 2200 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 12880), 10-II-2000, Wen-Chun HUANG leg. NANTOU Co.: LENAI, Huisun Forest Farm, alt. 700 m, 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 1388–1390), 31-I-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; LENAI, Meifeng, alt. 2200 m, 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 9390–9391), 10-VIII-1999, Wen-Chun HUANG leg. CHIAYI Co.: ALISHAN, Alishan, alt. 2250 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 1359), 23-VII-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAITUNG Co.: HAITUAN, 7 Km SW Wulu, alt. 2250 m, 1 male and 1 female 19.

(35) (NTNUB-Ar 18190–18191), 28-VI-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.. Diagnosis. Hyptiotes affinis most resembles H. paradoxus (Koch, 1834) distributed palearctic region, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (H. paradoxus in parentheses): ducts of accessory glands coil outside the copulatory ducts (ducts of accessory glands coil between the copulatory ducts) (Fig. 8D); palpal organ with thorn-shaped median apophysis spur (blunt and broad median apophysis spur) (Figs. 7C, D).. Description. Male (NTNUB-Ar 18191): Total length 3.92. Carapace length 1.60, width 1.56. Abdomen length 2.32, width 1.65. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.32: 0.18: 0.90. AMI: PMI: PMLI = 0.07: 0.65: 0.36. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: PME: PLE = 0.07: 0.14: 0.13. Height of clypeus 0.61. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.93 (0.39, 0.26, 0.33, 0.95); leg I 5.66 (1.87, 1.73, 1.55, 0.51); leg II 3.50 (1.22, 1.03, 0.84, 0.41); leg III 2.79 (0.90, 0.85, 0.68, 0.36); leg IV 3.50 (1.14, 1.27, 0.80, 0.29). Carapace subtriangular, yellowish brown, with a pair of wide brown longitudinal stripes; middle slightly concaved; thoracic groove transverse. Eyes with black margins; ALE degenerated; PER recurve. Chelicerae brown; fang reddish brown. Promargin of fang groove armed with 2 teeth, the first smaller; retromargin with 2 teeth (Fig. 7B). Endite brown, longer than wide; 20.

(36) labium yellowish brown,wider than long. Sternum long shield-shaped, brown with dusky margins and brown hairs. Abdomen oval; dorsum grayish brown with white pigments and 5 pairs of black patches (Fig. 7A); venter light yellowish brown with a few white pigments. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Legs stout and brown; the distal parts of femora, patellae and tibiae with black patches. Femora with conspicuous trichobothria: 2 rows (dorsal and prolateral) on femora III; other legs with 1 row on dorsal sides; those on leg III most conspicuous. Order of leg length I > IV = II > III. Pedipalp brown. Palpal organ with a flat conductor, spine-like median apophysis spur and sclerotized median apophysis; embolus thin and long, coils 1and a half loops around tegulum (Figs. 7C, D). Female (NTNUB-Ar 18190): Total length 4.98. Carapace length 1.54, width 1.50. Abdomen length 3.38, width 2.45. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.38: 0.22: 0.96. AMI: PMI: PMLI = 0.10: 0.71: 0.29. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME : PME: PLE = 0.08: 0.15: 0.15. Height of clypeus 0.34. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.15 (0.43, 0.20, 0.19, 0.33); leg I 4.40 (1.50, 1.39, 1.06, 0.45); leg II 3.13 (1.11, 0.90, 0.75, 0.37); leg III 2.74 (0.88, 0.84, 0.62, 0.40); leg IV 4.04 (1.24, 1.44, 0.97, 0.39). Carapace subtriangular, yellowish brown, with a pair of wide brown longitudinal stripes; thoracic groove indistinct. Eyes with black margins; ALE degenerated; PER recurve. Chelicerae brown; fang reddish brown. Promargin of fang groove armed with 2 teeth, the first smaller; retromargin with 2 teeth (Fig. 8B). Endite brown, longer than wide; labium yellowish brown,wider than long. 21.

(37) Sternum long shield-shaped, brown with brown hairs. Abdomen oval in dorsal aspect, subtriangular in profile, highly arched in basal third; 4 pairs of humps in total, each with a tuft of hairs; the second the biggest; dorsum brown, cardiac mark light brown, surrounded by white pigments (Fig. 8A); venter brown with some white pigments in the middle. Spinnerets brown. Legs and pedipalp brown; legs stout with dark brown rings at joints. Femora with conspicuous trichobothria: 2 rows (dorsal and prolateral) on femora III; other legs with 1 row on dorsal sides; those on leg III most conspicuous. Order of leg length I > IV > II > III. Epigynum with a brown ventromedian extension on ventral surface and gives rise to a raised median ridge (Fig. 8C). Internal organ reddish brown; long coiled ducts leading from epigynal openings surround a pair of spherical accessory glands; the wavy ducts of accessory glands lead to other openings on the posterior rim of epigynum. (Fig. 8D).. Variations. Two males and 8 females (both including the described specimens) were measured. Variations among males are followed by those of females (in parentheses). Total length 3.68–3.92 (4.00–4.98): carapace length 1.56–1.60 (1.20–1.54), width 1.49–1.56 (1.26–1.52); abdomen length 2.12–2.32 (2.80–3.49), width 1.28–1.65 (1.88–2.85). Coloration among individuals may be variable. The abdomens of some females also have black patches in dorsal view.. Distribution. 22.

(38) China, Korea, Japan and Taiwan (Platnick, 2012). Remarks. Hyptiotes affinis is usually distributed in median to high-elevated mountains, and the mature males were found from June to July in Taiwan.. 23.

(39) Genus Miagrammopes Cambridge, 1870 夜蛛屬 Type species: Miagrammopes thwaitesi Cambridge, 1870. Diagnosis. Male: Carapace rectangular; 4 eyes, lacking AER; PLE on lateral tubercles. Sternum divided into 2 or 3 plates. A dorsal tibia extension on pedipalp protrudes over tarsus. Median apophysis has 2 lobes modified into projections of various shapes. Below median apophysis lie a radix extension and a radix guide, which usually cover the embolus. Both structures serve as embolus guides. Conductors in some species are degenerated. Female: Similar to male, but usually larger and darker. Epigynum usually includes a simple mound; internal organ with 1 or 2 pairs of spermathecae; the copulatory ducts first lead to a pair of blind spermathecae, whose margin either connects to fertilization ducts or to another pair of spermathecae which fertilization ducts arise from.. 24.

(40) Keys to the species of genus Miagrammopes in Taiwan. 1. Male ...................................................................................................... 2 Female .................................................................................................. 4 2. Two lobes of median apophysis basally connected, forming a bifurcate shape .............................................................. M. bifurcatus (雙叉夜蛛) Two lobes of median apophysis seperated ........................................... 3 3. Outer lobe of median apophysis small and spiked; radix extension less extended .............................................................. M. oblongus (長夜蛛) Outer lobe of median apophysis large and taper-shaped; radix extension pointed and extended ...................................... M. orientalis (東亞夜蛛) 4. Epigynum with a pair of distinctly curvy traces of internal tubes; ducts connecting 2 bursae of spermathecae more curved .................................................................. M. oblongus (長夜蛛) Curvy traces less obvious; ducts connecting 2 bursae of spermathecae less curved ...................................................... M. orientalis (東亞夜蛛). 25.

(41) Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu et Song, 2004 雙叉夜蛛 (Fig. 9). Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu et Song, 2004: 66, f. 2A–C.. Specimens examined. TAINAN CITY: PAIHO, Kuantzeling, alt. 350 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 10285), 6-IV-2000, Yi-Ting CHEN leg.. Diagnosis. The male Miagrammopes bifurcatus differs from othe congeners of Taiwan by a bifurcate median apophysis lobe. It most resembles M. scoparius Simon, 1891 occurring in Cape St. Vincent in Portugal, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (M. scoparius in parentheses): presence of a notch at the base of cymbium (base of cymbium withpit notch)(Fig. 9D) and lack of protrusion at the base of inner lobe of median apophysis (protrusion at the base of inner lobe of median apophysis) (Fig. 9C).. Description. Male (NTNUB-Ar 10285): Total length 4.74. Carapace length 1.42, width 0.96. Abdomen length 3.32, width 0.76. Length of MOA-PW 0.61. PMI: PMLI = 0.41: 0.24. Diameters of eyes in ratio, PME: PLE = 0.11: 0.11. Height of clypeus 0.28. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: 26.

(42) pedipalp 1.66 (0.47, 0.23, 0.42, 0.54); leg I 7.29 (2.10, 2.48, 2.12, 0.59); leg II 3.29 (1.17, 0.98, 0.74, 0.40); leg III 2.43 (0.76, 0.75, 0.58, 0.34); leg IV 3.81 (1.24, 1.56, 0.70, 0.31). Carapace rectangular, yellowish brown, with a pair of wide brown longitudinal stripes and a light brown line in the middle with 3 thin lines between PMEs; thoracic groove indistinct. Eyes with black margins; lack anterior eye row; PER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin and retromargin of fang groove both armed with 4 tiny teeth (Fig. 9B). Endite yellowish brown, longer than wide; labium grayish brown, longer than wide. Sternum narrow, yellowish brown with a gray line in the middle; divided into 2 plates between third and fourth coxae. Abdomen cylindrical; dorsum yelowish brown with 3 gray longitudinal lines and 3 pairs of gray spots (Fig. 9A); venter yellowish brown with 2 light gray longitudinal lines. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Leg I brown, legs II to IV yellowish brown; all legs covered with gray patches; femora I with a few black dots on dorsal and lateral sides. Trichobothria arranged in 1 row on retrolateral sides of femora II and prolateral sides of femora III and IV. Leg I strong. Order of leg length I > IV > II > III. Pedipalp yellowish brown. A long extension of distal tibia protrudes over palpal organ. Palpal organ with a bifurcate median apophysis lobe and a spur-like radix guide, which covers the embolus and functions as a embolus guide with pointed radix extension (Fig. 9C); basal cymbium with a notch (Fig. 9D). Female: Unknown.. Distribution. 27.

(43) China (Dong et al., 2004) and Taiwan (new record).. Remarks. Miagrammopes bifurcatus is newly recorded from Taiwan and found only in Tainan city, southern Taiwan.. 28.

(44) Miagrammopes oblongus Yoshida, 1982b 長夜蛛 (Figs. 10, 11; Plates 1B, C). Miagrammopes oblongus Yoshida, 1982b: 19, f. 8–10; Song, 1987: 81, f. 45; Yoshida, 1987: 13, f. 1A–D; Song, Zhu et Chen, 1999: 81, f. 34B–C; Yoshida, 2009: 142, f. 14–16.. Specimens examined. TAIPEI CITY: DAAN, Fuyang Park, alt. 10 m, 1male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 47342–47343), 26-V-2011, Ming-Che KUO leg.; WENSHAN, Hsienchihyien, alt. 100 m, 1 male and 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 54248–54250), 8-VI-2011, Lo-Hsuan CHUNG leg. NEW TAIPEI CITY: SHIHTING, Shihting, alt. 200 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 13728), 3-VI-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; WULAI, Wulai, alt. 200 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 54247), 29-VI-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg. TAITUNG Co.: HAITUAN, Tienlung Trail, alt. 700 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 64052), 22-V-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; TUNGHO, Tulan, alt. 100 m, 2 males and 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 14300–14304), 14-VIII-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNIB-Ar 38678), 1-III-2002, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; TUNGHO, Tungho Farm, alt. 400 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 48298), 3-VII-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.. Diagnosis. Male Miagrammopes oblongus most resembles M. spatulatus Dong, 29.

(45) Yan, Zhu & Song, 2004 occurring in China, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (M. spatulatus in parenthesis): thinner outer lobe and shorter inner lobe of median apophysis (thick outer lobe and long inner lobe of median apophysis) (Fig. 10C); female Miagrammopes oblongus most resembles M. orientalis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following feature (M. orientalis in parenthesis): epigynum with much curvier ducts connecting 2 bursae of the spermatheca (ducts less curvier) (Fig. 11D).. Description. Male (NTNUB-Ar 14301): Total length 4.78. Carapace length 1.62, width 1.03. Abdomen length 3.16, width 0.54. Length of MOA-PW 0.58. PMI: PMLI = 0.44: 0.28. Diameters of eyes in ratio, PME: PLE = 0.10: 0.11. Height of clypeus 0.34. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.63 (0.66, 0.20, 0.32, 0.45); leg I 10.03 (3.29, 3.20, 2.96, 0.58); leg II 4.56 (1.64, 1.42, 1.06, 0.44); leg III 3.11 (1.01, 0.98, 0.75, 0.37); leg IV 5.76 (1.90, 2.36, 1.10, 0.40). Carapace close to trapezoid, yellowish brown, with a pair of wide brown longitudinal stripes and a light brown line in the middle; thoracic groove indistinct. Eyes with black margins; lack anterior eye row; PER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin and retromargin of fang groove both armed with 4 tiny teeth (Fig. 10B). Endite yellowish brown, longer than wide; labium yellowish brown, gray apically, longer than wide. Sternum narrow, yellowish brown with a gray patch in the middle; divided into 2 plates between third and fourth coxae. Abdomen cylindrical; dorsum yellowish 30.

(46) brown with 2 gray thin lines and 2 deep gray lines next to them (Fig. 10A); venter yellowish brown with 3 light gray longitudinal lines. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Leg I brown, legs II to IV yellowish brown; all legs covered with gray patches; ventral sides of metatarsi IV and tarsi IV covered with long and soft hairs. Trichobothria arranged in 1 row on retrolateral sides of femora II and prolateral sides of femora III and IV. Leg I strong. Order of leg length I > IV > II > III. Pedipalp yellowish brown. Distal extension of tibia short and thick. Palpal organ with a spiked outer lobe of median apophysis and a small claw-shaped inner lobe of median apophysis; radix extension taper-shaped; radix guide thorn-shaped (Fig. 10C). Female (NTNUB-Ar 14300): Total length 7.72. Carapace length 2.05, width 1.16. Abdomen length 5.67, width 1.05. Length of MOA-PW 0.76. PMI: PMLI = 0.59: 0.28. Diameters of eyes in ratio, PME: PLE = 0.12: 0.11. Height of clypeus 0.47. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.06 (0.40, 0.18, 0.17, 0.31); leg I 13.16 (4.47, 4.33, 3.68, 0.68); leg II 5.93 (2.16, 1.79, 1.44, 0.54); leg III 4.46 (1.39, 1.34, 1.14, 0.59); leg IV 8.84 (2.84, 3.72, 1.71, 0.57). Carapace rectangular, yellowish brown, with a pair of wide brown longitudinal stripes and a light brown line in the middle; thoracic groove indistinct. Eyes with black margins; lack anterior eye row; PER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin of fang groove armed with 4 tiny teeth and 1 large tooth; retromargin armed with 4 tiny teeth (Fig. 11B). Endite yellowish brown, longer than wide; labium yellowish brown, gray apically, longer than wide. Sternum narrow, yellowish brown with brown hairs and a gray 31.

(47) patch in the middle; divided into 2 plates between third and fourth coxae. Abdomen cylindrical; dorsum yellowish brown with 2 gray thin lines and 3 pairs of black spots; 2 deep gray lines next to the thin lines (Fig. 11A); venter yellowish brown with 3 light gray longitudinal lines and 2 pairs of black spots. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Legs and pedipalp yellowish brown, covered with gray patches; distal half of tibiae I, metatarsi I and tarsi I covered with long brown hairs; ventral sides of metatarsi IV and tarsi IV also covered with long and soft hairs. Trichobothria arranged in 1 row on retrolateral sides of femora II and prolateral sides of femora III and IV. Order of leg length I > IV > II > III. Epigynum with a yellowish brown mound with 2 brown curvy traces of internal tubes (Fig. 11C). Internal organ reddish brown; blind spermetheca dumbbell-shaped, composed of 2 bursae; copulatory ducts connect to the posterior bursae, which give rise to short fertilization ducts (Fig. 11D).. Variations. Seven males and 7 females (both including the described specimens) were measured. Variations among males are followed by those of females (in parentheses). Total length 4.50–6.92 (7.72–11.30): carapace length 1.62–2.14 (2.00–2.91), width 1.03–1.23 (1.12–1.60); abdomen length 2.76–4.78 (5.53–8.39), width 0.54–0.88 (1.05–2.04).. Distribution. Japan and Taiwan (Yoshida, 1982b; Yoshida, 1987).. 32.

(48) Remarks. Miagrammopes oblongus is the largest species of Miagrammopes in Taiwan. Compared to another widespread species, M. orientalis, the coloration of M. oblongus is lighter, ranging from light yellowish brown, yellow, to green. The legs are also longer than those of M. orientalis. The mature males were found from March to August in Taiwan. Yoshida (1982b) reported M. oblongus in Nantou county, central Taiwan. Here we added more new collecting localities of M. oblongus in Taiwan.. 33.

(49) Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906 東亞夜蛛 (Figs. 12, 13; Plates 1D,E). Miagrammopes orientalis Bösenberg et Strand, 1906: 109, pl. 15, f. 422; Paik, 1978: 191, f. 78.1–3; Shi et Zhu, 1982: 64, f. 1a–c; Yoshida, 1982b: 18, f. 3–7; Hu, 1984: 63, f. 58.1–3; Opell, 1984: 231, f. 8; Zhu et Shi, 1985: 60, f. 49a–c; Yaginuma, 1986: 15, f. 9.8; Song, 1987: 82, f. 46; Chikuni, 1989: 24, f. 6; Chen et Zhang, 1991: 47, f. 38.1–4; Song, Chen et Zhu, 1997: 1705, f. 2a–d; Song, Zhu et Chen, 1999: 81, f. 34D–F; Kim et Lee, 1999: 8, f. 6–13; Song, Zhu et Chen, 2001: 86, f. 39A–D; Namkung, 2002: 69, f. 11.2a–b; Kim et Cho, 2002: 240, f. 559–564; Namkung, 2003: 71, f. 11.2a–b; Yoshida, 2009: 142, 655, f. 1, 12–13. Miagrammopes coreensis Yamaguchi, 1953: 7, f. 2.I–V, 3.2, 4.6, 5.5, 7.4. Ranguma orientalis Lehtinen, 1967: 262.. Specimens examined. TAIPEI CITY: DAAN, Fuyang park, alt. 10 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 54251), 1-IV-2011, Min-Sheng TSAI leg.; WENSHAN, Chihnankung, alt. 250 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 60325), 29-III-2007, Yu-Chi LIN leg.; WENSHAN, Mt. Toad, alt. 50 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 61020), 29-IV-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; WENSHAN, NTNU campus, alt. 30 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 48279), 14-VII-2010, Lo-Hsuan CHUNG leg. NEW TAIPEI CITY: SHIHTING, Hsiaochukeng, alt. 350 34.

(50) m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 48278), 9-IV-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Nanku, alt. 250 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 945), 2-IV-2002; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 19059), 19-IX-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; WULAI, Chiachiuliao, alt.200 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 38764), 26-VIII-2009, Ming-Che KUO leg.; WULAI, Hsiaoi, alt. 200 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 44868), 28-IV-2003, Ya-Hui CHEN leg. HSINCHU Co.: KUANHSI, Shenkengtze, alt. 150 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 10679), 3-III-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. MIAOLI Co.: TAIAN, Kuanwu, alt. 2000 m, 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 9716–9717), 28-VI-1993, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAICHUNG CITY: HOPING, Chiapaotai, alt. 1000 m, 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 60094–60095), 22-IV-2005, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; HOPING, Wushihkeng, alt. 900 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 44802), 16-VII-2009, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. NANTOU Co.: LENAI, Huisun Forest Farm, alt. 700 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 44831), 5-IV-2010, Lo-Hsuan CHUNG leg.; LUKU, Chitou, alt. 1150 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 54253), 4-XII-2010, Lo-Hsuan CHUNG leg.; TSAOTUN, Peishihkeng, alt. 150 m, 1 male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 44270–44271), 31-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TSAOTUN, Tienweikeng, alt. 300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 44334), 31-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; YUCHIH, Sun-moon Lake, alt. 700 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 18635), 3-VIII-2003; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 19854), 31-VIII-1988, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAINAN CITY: NANHUA, Nanhua Reservior, alt. 500 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 26972), 12-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; PAIHO, Kuantzeling, alt. 350 m, 1male (NTNUB-Ar 10284), 6-IV-2000, Yi-Ting CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 12777), 28-IX-1996, 35.

(51) Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 35059), 9-II-2006; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 36400), 12-VI-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TANEI, Choumalai, alt. 50 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 11036), 29-VIII-2001, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. KAOHSIUNG CITY: KUSHAN, Mt. Shou, alt. 300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 44827), 12-XII-2009, Min-Sheng TSAI leg.; MAOLIN, Shanping, alt. 700 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 54255), 6-V-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. HUALIEN Co.: FULI, Loshan, alt. 400 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 63930), 24-IV-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; JUISUI, Hutoushan, alt. 300 m, 1female (NTNUB-Ar 63051), 19-II-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg. TAITUNG Co.: HAITUAN, 7 Km SW Wulu, alt. 2250 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 18134), 28-VI-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; KUANSHAN, Changlin, alt. 400 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 35779), 2-VII-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male and 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 63251–63254), 4-III-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; PEINAN, Chienchingshan, alt.2000 m, 1 male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 22237–22238), 6-III-2004, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; PEINAN, Chihpen, alt. 100 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 14846), 7-II-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 38626), 3-III-2002, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; PEINAN, Chihpen-Wenchuan, alt. 150 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 14124), 13-VIII-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAIMALI, Chihpen-Wenchuan, alt. 150 m, 3 female (NTNUB-Ar 44823, 48291–48292), 18-IV-2010, Lo-Hsuan CHUNG leg.; TUNGHO, Tulan, alt. 100 m, 1 male and 4 females (NTNUB-Ar 14307–14311), 14-VIII-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male and 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 38694–38696), 1-III-2002, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; TUNGHO, Tungho Farm, alt. 400 m, 1 male 36.

(52) and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 48302, 48340), 3-VII-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.. Diagnosis. Miagrammopes orientalis most resembles M. paraorientalis Dong, Zhu & Yoshida, 2005 occurring in China, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (M. paraorientalis in parentheses): blunt radix extension (pointed radix extension) (Fig. 12C) and separated bursae in epigynum (2 bursae close to each other) (Fig. 13D).. Description. Male (NTNUB-Ar 945): Total length 5.00. Carapace length 1.56, width 1.04. Abdomen length 3.44, width 0.84. Length of MOA-PW 0.68. PMI: PMLI = 0.47: 0.20. Diameters of eyes in ratio, PME: PLE = 0.08: 0.09. Height of clypeus 0.41. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.72 (0.62, 0.19, 0.34, 0.57); leg I 8.27 (2.78, 2.80, 2.22, 0.47); leg II 3.95 (1.42, 1.22, 0.95, 0.36); leg III 2.51 (0.79, 0.80, 0.60, 0.32); leg IV 4.35 (1.46, 1.86, 0.77, 0.26). Carapace close to trapezoid, yellowish brown, with a pair of wide brown longitudinal stripes and a light brown line in the middle with 3 thin lines between PMEs; thoracic groove indistinct. Eyes with black margins; lack anterior eye row; PER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin and retromargin of fang groove both armed with 4 tiny teeth (Fig. 12B). Endite yellowish brown, longer than wide; labium grayish brown, longer than wide. Sternum narrow, yellowish brown with dusky margins and a 37.

(53) gray line in the middle; divided into 2 plates between third and fourth coxae. Abdomen cylindrical; dorsum yellowish brown with 2 pairs of black spots and a gray line in the middle, surrounded by white pigments (Fig. 12A); venter yellowish brown with a grayish brown band in the middle. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Leg I brown, legs II to IV yellowish brown; all legs covered with gray patches; ventral sides of metatarsi IV and tarsi IV covered with long and soft hairs. Trichobothria arranged in 1 row on retrolateral sides of femora II and prolateral sides of femora III and IV. Leg I strong. Order of leg length I > IV > II > III. Pedipalp yellowish brown. Palpal organ with a taper-shaped outer lobe of median apophysis and a claw-shaped inner lobe of median apophysis; radix extension blunt; radix guide taper-shaped (Fig. 12C). Female (NTNUB-Ar 19059): Total length 7.51. Carapace length 2.06, width 1.39. Abdomen length 5.45, width 1.47. Length of MOA-PW 0.94. PMI: PMLI = 0.75: 0.34. Diameters of eyes in ratio, PME: PLE = 0.11: 0.12. Height of clypeus 0.46. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 0.96 (0.39, 0.16, 0.18, 0.23); leg I 10.39 (3.60, 3.60, 2.63, 0.56); leg II 5.00 (1.88, 1.48, 1.20, 0.44); leg III 3.59 (1.12, 1.15, 0.88, 0.44); leg IV 6.68 (2.18, 2.94, 1.20, 0.36). Carapace rectangular, dark grayish brown; thoracic groove indistinct. Eyes with black margins; lack anterior eye row; PER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin of fang groove armed with 4 tiny teeth and 1 large tooth; retromargin armed with 5 tiny teeth (Fig. 13B). Endite yellowish brown, longer than wide; labium grayish brown, longer than wide. Sternum narrow, grayish brown with brown hairs; divided into 2 plates between 38.

(54) third and fourth coxae. Abdomen cylindrical; dorsum dark grayish brown with 2 white thin lines and 3 pairs of white spots (Fig. 13A); venter grayish brown with a few white pigments. Spinnerets dark grayish brown. Legs and pedipalp grayish brown, covered with dark gray patches; distal half of tibiae I, metatarsi I and tarsi I covered with long brown hairs; ventral sides of metatarsi IV and tarsi IV also covered with long and soft hairs. Trichobothria arranged in 1 row on retrolateral sides of femora II and prolateral sides of femora III and IV. Order of leg length I > IV > II > III. Epigynum with a yellowish brown mound with 2 inconspicuous light brown curvy traces of internal tubes (Fig. 13C). Internal organ reddish brown; blind spermetheca dumbbell-shaped, composed of 2 bursae; copulatory ducts connect to the posterior bursae, which give rise to short fertilization ducts (Fig. 13D).. Variations. Eighteen males and 36 females were measured. Variations among males are followed by those of females (in parentheses). Total length 3.56–5.20 (5.43–9.37): carapace length 1.24–1.68 (1.56–2.28), width 0.76–1.52 (1.00–1.52); abdomen length 2.32–3.52 (3.55–7.17), width 0.47–1.12 (0.98–2.25). Both male and female have variable coloration, ranging from yellowish brown with white pigments to dark grayish brown with 2 or 3 pairs of white spots.. Distribution. China, Korea, Japan and Taiwan (Yoshida, 1982b ; Plarnick, 2012). 39.

(55) Remarks. Miagrammopes orientalis is the most common species of the genus in Taiwan. The mature males were found from February to December in Taiwan. The egg sac of M. orientalis is brown and cylindrical.. 40.

(56) Genus Octonoba Opell, 1979 渦蛛屬 Type species: Octonoba sinensis (Simon, 1880). Diagnosis. Male: Carapace oval and yellowish brown with a pair of brown longitudinal stripes and a shallow depression in the middle; 8 eyes with black margins, arranged in 2 transverse rows; AER procurve; PER recurve. A flat MAB with various projections, i.e., median apophysis spur (MAS) a, b, and c on the palp. Female: Similar to male, but usually larger and darker. Abdomen highly arched in basal third. Epigynum with a pair of posterolateral lobes or an anteromedian lobe, and with a conspicuous atrium on the posterior surface of epigynum.. 41.

(57) Key to the species of genus Octonoba from Taiwan. 1. Male ...................................................................................................... 2 Female .................................................................................................. 8 2. Median apophysis spur a (Sa) rolled inward ........................................ 3 Median apophysis spur a (Sa) straight ................................................. 4 3. Spermophor visible on male palpal organ ......... O. biforata (雙孔渦蛛) Spermophor not visible ......................................... O. albicola (白渦蛛) 4. Median apophysis spur b (Sb) bifurcate .... O. kuanwuensis (觀霧渦蛛) Median apophysis spur b (Sb) not furcate ............................................ 5 5. Median apophysis spur b (Sb) pointed and claw-shaped ..................... 6 Median apophysis spur b (Sb) obtuse, not claw-shaped ...................... 7 6. Chelicera armed with 3 promarginal tiny teeth; median apophysis spur c (Sc) large, extended ............................................. O. spinosa (棘渦蛛) Chelicera armed with 5 promarginal teeth; median apophysis spur c (Sc) small, less extended ............................... O. senkakuensis (釣魚台渦蛛) 7. Median apophysis spur c (Sc) absent ............. O. taiwanica (台灣渦蛛) Median apophysis spur c (Sc) broad and blunt, slightly extended ......................................................... O. lanyuensis (蘭嶼渦蛛) 8. Epigynum with a ventromedian heart-shaped projection ................................................ O. alishanensis (阿里山渦蛛) Epigynum with a pair of posterolaterol projections ............................. 9 9. Epigynum with crescent-shaped posterolaterol projections ............... 10 42.

(58) Posterolaterol projections in other shapes ........................................ 11 10. Posterolaterol projections of epigynum (PPE) thinner; chelicera armed with 3 promarginal teeth ........................... O. spinosa (棘渦蛛) PPE widder; chelicera armed with 5 promarginal teeth ...................................................... O. senkakuensis (釣魚台渦蛛) 11. PPE subtriangular ............................................................................. 12 PPE stick-shaped .............................................................................. 14 12. Copulatory duct coils in 3-looped ................. O. biforata (雙孔渦蛛) Copulatory duct without such loop ................................................... 13 13. PPE larger; copulatory duct longer, U-shaped ...................................................... O. lanyuensis (蘭嶼渦蛛) PPE smaller; copulatory duct shorter, S-shaped ..................................................... O. taiwanica. (台灣渦蛛). 14. PPE longer; abdomen grayish white; body size larger (total length 3.56–4.76 mm) .................................................... O. albicola (白渦蛛) PPE short and small; abdomen gray; body size smaller (total length 3.00–3.37 mm) (data based onYoshida, 2012) ........................................................ O. kentingensis (墾丁渦蛛). 43.

(59) Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012 白渦蛛 (Figs. 14, 15). Octonoba species 3 Opell, 1979: 511, f. 175–182. Octonoba albicola Yoshida, 2012: 34, f. 15–16.. Species examined. NANTOU Co.: LENAI, Huisun Forest Farm, alt. 700 m, 3 males and 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 54225–54230), 17-VI-2011; 5 males and 11 females (NTNUB-Ar 54231–54246), 3-VII-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg. TAITUNG Co.: CHINFENG, Chinfeng, alt. 100 m, 1 male and 6 females (NTNUB-Ar 14989, 44839–44845), 13-VIII-1993, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.. Diagnosis. Octonoba albicola can be distinguished from other congeners in Taiwan by the thick median apophysis rim covering embolus (Fig. 14C) and the M-shaped internal genital organ of female epigynum (Fig. 15D). It most resembles O. okinawensis Yshida, 1981 in Okinawa Island, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (O. okinawensis in parentheses): protruding structure in the middle of MAB (lack of such structure); a hidden embolus (embolus exposed) (Fig. 14C); long posterolateral projections in epigynum (small and subtriagular posterolateral projections) (Fig. 15C); M-shaped internal genital organ 44.

(60) (U-shaped internal genital organ) (Fig. 15D).. Description. Male: Total length 3.52. Carapace length 1.18, width 1.15. Abdomen length 2.34, width 1.38. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.23: 0.23: 0.31. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.11: 0.14: 0.23: 0.13. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.07: 0.05: 0.04: 0.06. Height of clypeus 0.09. Measurements of pedipalp and legs (right): pedipalp 0.91 (0.23, 0.12, 0.12, 0.44); leg I 8.08 (2.44, 2.52, 2.22, 0.90); leg II 4.46 (1.31, 1.34, 1.16, 0.65); leg III 2.97 (0.89, 0.86, 0.72, 0.50); leg IV 4.50 (1.31, 1.46, 1.10, 0.63). Carapace oval, beige, with a light yellowish brown patch in the middle; middle concaved. Thoracic groove indistinct. Eyes with black margins; AER procurve; PER recurve. Chelicerae beige; fang light yellow. Promargin of fang groove armed with 2 teeth; retromargin with 2 small teeth (Fig. 14B). Endite dusky yellowish brown, longer than wide. Labium yellowish brown, wider than long. Sternum shield-shaped, brown with dusky margins. Abdomen oval; dorsum grayish brown covered with white pigments and 1 branched gray longitudinal line in the middle (Fig. 14A); venter grayish brown covered with white pigments. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Legs beige; femora, patellae and tibiae of leg I with gray stripes; tibiae and metatarsi of leg II, III and IV with gray bands on distal parts. All femora with trichobothria arranged in 1 row on dorsal sides. Order of leg length I > IV > II > III. Tibiae and metatarsi I with many prolateral spines. Pedipalp beige. Sa rolled inward, Sb wave-shaped, Sc absent; a protruding structure in the 45.

(61) middle of MAB; thick median apophysis rim with thin embolus hidden in it (Fig. 14C). Female: Total length 4.12. Carapace length 1.16, width 1.00. Abdomen length 2.96, width 1.66. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.25: 0.22: 0.29. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.09: 0.17: 0.18: 0.13. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.08: 0.06: 0.06: 0.08. Height of clypeus 0.09. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 0.82 (0.30, 0.13, 0.11, 0.28); leg I 7.33 (2.09, 2.37, 2.04, 0.83); leg II (right) 4.06 (1.21, 1.23, 1.08, 0.54); leg III 2.74 (0.88, 0.80, 0.62, 0.44); leg IV 4.75 (1.38, 1.52, 1.09, 0.76). Carapace oval, yellowish brown, with a brown patch in the middle; Thoracic groove indistinct. Eyes with black margins; AER procurve; PER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin of fang groove armed with 2 teeth; retromargin with 2 small teeth (Fig. 15B). Endite yellowish brown, longer than wide. Labium yellowish brown and dusky basally, wider than long. Sternum shield-shaped, brown with dusky margins. Abdomen long oval; dorsal coloration pattern similar with male (Fig. 15A); venter grayish brown with 1 wide brown stripe in the middle, covered with white pigments. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs and pedipalp yellowish brown; femora, patellae and tibiae of leg I with grayish brwon stripes; femora II, III and IV with discontinuous stripes; tibiae and metatarsi of leg II, III and IV with brown bands on distal parts. All femora with trichobothria arranged in 1 row on dorsal sides. Order of leg length I > IV > II > III. Epigynum yellowish brown with a pair of slender projections (Fig. 15C). Internal organ brown. Copulatory duct 46.