二十世紀八o─九o年代新詞在外國人俄語教學上理論與實踐之探討

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(8) f:!tm~W. m-m. ~~ 881j:. 5 FJ. mm. MOpCPOJIOIW-IeCKHM. HeOJIOm3MbI-3HaqeHIDI 06pa30BbmaTbCH. KaK. (T.e. B. cnoco6aMH,. CHHTaKCHKO-MopCPOJIOmqeCKHM CeMaHTHQeCKHe. pe3YJIbTare. HeOJIOm3MbI),. CeMaHTHqecKoH. KOTopble. ,nepHBamrn. Ha. Ii. MOryr OCROBe. BHYTPHCJIOBHOH TpaHccpoPMamrn CeMaHTHKH yxe' cymeCTByroIUHX B H3bIKe cnOB, TaK H B npouecce MOPCPOJIOIW-IeCKOH ,nepHBauHH. HeOJIOm3Ma. 3aKOHOMepHO. OXBaTbIBaeT. H. ll. HOBoe. TaKHM. 06Pa30M, "nOIDInJe. 3HaQeHHe. CJIOBa. (JICB,. CeMOJIeKCY), Ta.K}Ke HBIDIIOIIleeCH JIeKcWlecKHM HOBOo6pa30BaHHeM, HHOma ero Ha3blBaIOT CeMaHTHqeCKHM HeOJIOm3MOM"iZ. "CeMaHTWleCKHe HeOJIOm3MbI, - Kax OTMeqaer. E. B.. P03eH,. 3l'0 CJIOBa, nOnyqHBIllHe HOBoe 3HaqeHHe, T.e.. no. cymeCTBY CTapbIe CJIOBa, nOJIHOCTbIO H3MeHHBIllHe CBoe 3HaqeHHe, JIH60 CJIOBa, npHcoe)J;HHHBIllHe K H3BeCTHOH yxe CHCTeMe 3HaQeHHii O)J;HO HJIH HeCKOJIbKO HOBbIX".13. TaKHM. 06Pa30M, nepBble ,nBa THna 06Pa30BaHHH HeOJIOm3MOB CPOPMHPYJOTCjI. Ha JIeKcWlecKoH H CJIOBoo6pa30BaTeJIbHOH 6a3e pYCCKoro H3bIKa H TeM CaMbIM npOTHBonOCTaRlIeHbI TpeTbeMY. THnY. 06Pa30BaHHH HeOJIOm3Ma - 3aHMCTBOBaHHIO. CJIOBa.. B nepHO,n paCIllHpeHHH noJlHTWlecKHX H. 3KOHOMWIecKHX npeo6pa30BaHIIiI. B POCCHH YCHJ1IDICH' npouecc 3aHMCTBOBaHHH HHOH3bRHbIX. CJIOB. aKTHBHO. HOBbie. 3KOHOMWIecKOH. 3.HrJIHUH3MbI neKcHKH.. CPYHKUHOHHpyroT HHOH3bRHble. B. ccpepe. HaH60nee. nOJIHTWleCKOH H. 3aHMCTBOBaHHH. H3. Cq,ePLI. 3KOHOMWIeCKOH XH3RH, BCTpeqaBIDHeCj{ H pamme B HayqHOM H ,nenOBOM CTHJI.SIX, B peqH 3KOHOMHCTOB, CPHHaHCHCTOB, - renepb nepeillJlH H3 06JIaCTH cneUHaJIbHOH. 11 KOTeJIOBa 12 KOTeJIOBa. 13. E.B.. H.3. H.3.. P03eH. YKa3. co~. YKa3. CO'll.. E.B. YKa3.. 1998. c.331. 1978. c.16.. CO'll.. c.42.. 66. ....

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(12) ~m~~. m-M. ~~. 881f. 5 F.J. HMSI cymeCTBHTeJlbHOe co CBOHMH neKcHKo-rpaMMarnqeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH, Te~ He MeHee cymeCTBYIOT p83J':[Hq}fbIe TOqJ(H 3peHIDI Ha npHpo.uy HOMHHaIlHH. 31-0, B qaCTHOCTH, KacaerCH np06neMbI TepMHHHpOBaHH.sI. CymeCTBYIOT onpeneJIefIBl)Ie cnoXHOCTH npH OTHeceHHH Toro. :rum. HHoro neKcHKo-rpaMMaTlfqeCKOrO KJIacca. cnOB K TepMHHOnOrnqecKoH neKCHKe.. B. JIHHrBHCTHqeCKOH mrreparype yxe He pal OTMeqanOCL, qTO .sI3LIK. HeaKTHBHO. nOnOnH.sIeTCH. HOBLIMH. rnaronaMH.. p3.3JlHlIIDI MeJIOlY HMeHaMH H rnaronaMH. B. rB.. llPlfqHHOH. KOJIHqeCTBeHHoro. BHHOrpa,uOB Cq}!Tan paJ.TIH1!He. JleHOTaTOB H HX OCMLICneHHe Y HMeHHLIX H rnarOnLHLIX neKceM, HeO)UlliaKOByto HOMHHaTHBH)'IO q,ymmmo HMeH H rnaronoB. 16. •. Pa3JIHqIfe B KOJIHqeCTBeHHOM. COOTHomeHHH Me)KJly HMeHaMH H rnanoraMH, BH,IlHMO, CB.sI3aHO H C TeM, qrO B 06'LeKTHBHOH JleHCTB.H.TeJThHOCTH 3Haq}{TeJlbH)'lO pOJIL HrpaIOT npe)lMeTLI, a He npOUecCLI,. npH3HaKH.. pa.:3JIHlIIDIX. Mex,uy. MecTO. qaCTSIMH. qaCTSIX. 3HaMeHaTeJIbHLIX neKCWIecKHX. HMeIOT. peqIf. peqIf. 3HaqeHIDIX,. a. H. MOTHBaIlHH,. no. MaTepHany. MaTepHan. 6alHpYIOI.IllIeCH Ha o606m;eHH.sI.. o606meHH.sI. BLlSIBJISIeTCH. 060 6melIlUI. q,opMa. orpaxaeTcH. liB B. B. KaTerOpHaJ:ILHLIX 3HaqeHHSIX qaCTH peqIf. ITo MaTepHany o606meHH.sI CaMOH MHOrorpaHHOH qaCTLIO peq}! jJJ3J'lSJlQTCH cymeCTBHTeJIbHLIe, non KaTerOpHanLHLIe 3HalJeHH.sI KOTOpLIX nOJlBOJlHTCH JIlO60H KOMTIOHeHT JleHCTBHTeJThHOCTH: mm:o, npe.n;:MeT,. npouecc.. rnarOJILI. H. HapeqlfjJ. palHoo6palHlO MaTepHana o606meHH.sI" HanpHMep,. B. KaH)lHJlaTCKoH. BLISIBJIeHO H npOaHanH3HpOBaHO KOJIHqeCTBeHHOM. OTHome:mm. 16. BHHorpa,n:OB B.B. PyccKHii. 17. MumpHH B.H . .1I3IJIK. 70. J[3IJIK.. 17. YCTYIIaIOT. •. JlHccepTaI.lHH. 2500. cpeJlH. cymeCTBHTeJIbHLIM no. ll.. H.. MaroMe,nra,wmeBoH. neKcWIecKHX HOBOo6palOBa.InIiiX B HeOnOrH3MOB. npeo6na,uaIOT. M., 1972. c. 46-49.. KaK. CHCTeMa KaTeropHii OTo6paxeHIDI; K.mmmeB,. 1973.. c.. 52.. HMeHa.

(13) xx. HeOJlOm3MDI 80-x - 90-x rO,llOB BeKa B acneKTe TeOpHH H npaKTHK.H npenO,llaB3.HIDI pyCCKOrO .l3WICa KaK HHOC1paHHOro. J (1850. cymecTBHTeJThHbIe. HMeHa rrpHJIaraTeJThHbIe qaCTH peqH-rnaroJThI. 5.2.. 06P830B8.HH.H -. 74:),. llOCTaTOtffiO. MHOrOlDlCJIeHHbI. (450 -18:), OTHOCHTeJThHO HeMHOrOq}lCJIelllff,I OCTa.JThHDIe. (136-5,5:),. Bapeqru{ (. 20-0,8:l s•. K.rraccHcpHKa.I(HSI BeoJIOI'H3MOB no cnoco6aM CJIOBOo6pa30Ba.mI1l HOBbIe. CJIOBa,. .sIBJISIIOTCSI. 6ecYCJIOBHO,. pe3YJl1>TaTOM. CJIOBoo6pa30BaTe.JIbHbIX rrpoIleccoB, OCBOBOH ,WISI HOBLIX H3MeHeHHii. HcCnellOBaHHe. HeOJIOrH3MOB. pa.3BHTHSI - p83JIHtI.HLIX B3aH.MOBJIIDIHIilSl. Ba. n03BOJISIeT. cnoco6oB. p83HbIX. rrpellCTaBHTL. 06Pa30BaHHSI,. SI3LIKOBLIX.. ypOBHSIX.. HX. Hanp3.BJIeHHe. B3aHMOlleHCTBIDI. Pa3pa6OTKa. H. np06neMDI. COOTBomeHIDI cnoco6oB CJIOBoo6pa30BaHHSI llOJDKHa CBSI3aTL B emmoe nen:oe MHorne rrponmopeq}lBbIe TOJIKOBaHHSI np06JIeM JIeKCHKOJIOnm.-. TaKHM. BaJKHO SIeBO npellCTa.BIDITL. ceMaHTWIecKoro. ce6e. ellHHCTBO MOP<PeMHOro H. 06P830M,. cnoco6oB CJIOBoo6pa30BaHHSI. y13yqeHHe HOBLIX CJIOB B CJIoBoo6p830BaTeJILBOM acneKTe llaeT B03MOXHOCTh npOCJIellHTh MeXaHH3M HeKOTopLIX cJIoBoo6p830BaTe.JIbHbIX npoIleccoB, KOTopbIe paHee. 6LDlH. CTpYICrypa. o603HalIeHbI. TOJThKO. YCTaHaBJIHBaJIaCL. Te0peTWIecKH.. Tpa.IlHIlHOHHO -. <:IToBoo6p830BaTenDHaSI. Ba" OCBOBe. yqeTa. CBSI3eH. H. oTHomeHHH, cymecrsyroIIlHX Mex,uy rrpH3Bo.wrm;eH H rrpOH3BOllHOH OCBOBaMH. IToll. cJIoBoo6p830BaHHeM. BHHOrpa,nOBbIM. 19. MLI. BCJIell. 3a. JI. B.. IUep60H. H. B. B.. nOHHMaeM coellHHeHHe npeH3BO,llSIIllerO CJIOBa (OCHOBbI) C TeMH. IDIH HHbIMH CJIoBoo6p830BaTeJILHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMHe.". 18. MarOMe.IU"3.lJ)K.HeBa II. x r.r.. 19. H. JIeKCJI1IecKHe HOBoo6pa30B8.HWI COBpeMeHHoro pyCCKoro B.3ldK.a 90 XX B. (Ha MarepHaTIe nepHOJlJl1IecKoii neqam). llHc....KaH,I'(. <pHJ10Jl. HaYK. MaxaqK.ana,. 1997. c.26.. I.l(ep6a JI.B. H36paHHLIe pa60TId no PYCCKOMY .9:3J.ncy. M., 1957 . H BHHOrpa,n;OB B. B. PyCCIOtii .9:31dX. M., 1972. B. PyccIOrli .9:31dX. M., 1972.. eM.. 71.

(14) m~:M. f:&~~W. ~~. 881:p. 5 ff. 06meKarerOpH3JlbHOe 3HaqeHHe cnOBa rrp5IMO H Henocpe,nCTBeHHo CB.Sl33.HO c ero. cnoBo06pa30BaTeJIbHl)IM. 3Ha'tJeHHeM,. BhIpa3HTeneM. KOToporo. .SlB.T.UIer~. 06hPmO cnoBo06pa30BaTeIThHl)IH q,OPMaHT, B CBOIO o'tJepe)lh onpe,neIT.SlIOIIJlIR cnoc06 C03,naHH.Sl HOBoro cnOBa. IIo,n cnoBo06pa30BaTeIThHOH CTpYKTYPOH CJJOBa MhI nOHHMaeM ero CTpoeHHe onpe,neJ1S[eMOe. ('tJITeHeHHe), cnOBa.. cnoBo06pa30BaTeJThHhIMH. BaJIeHTHOCT.SlMH. 3TOro. ECTecTBeHHO n03ToMY C'lIHTaTh, 'ITO cnoBo06pa30BaTeIThHOH CTPYKTYPOH. 06naIlaIOT He TOIThKO rrpOH3BO,I{Hl)Ie cnOBa (OCHOBhI), HO H Bee OCTaJIbHLIe .'tJITeHHMhIe.. AHanH3 CJJoBo06pa30BaTeJThHOH. CTPYKTYPhI cnOBa npe,nnonaraer. npeJIOle Beero orrpe,neneHHe HanHllH.Sl 'tJITeHHMOCTH cnOBa, CTeneHH 'tJITeHHMOCm H HaJIHt:I.IDI. I. OTCyrCTBIDI. rrpOH3BO,I{HOCTH. ero.. Ha. ,naHHOM. 3Tane. aHaJIH3a. cnoBo06pa30BaTeIThHa.SI CTpYKTYPa nonyqaeT 6HHapHoe oq,opMJIeHHe B BH,Ile CO'tJeTaHIDlnBYX 06.Sl3aTeJIbHl)1X KOMnOHeHTOB - cnoBo06pa30BaTeJIbHOrO aq,q,HKca H CJJoBo06pa30BaTeJThHOH OCHOBhI. B rq:>on;ecce 06Pa30BaHH.Sl HOBhlX CJJOB nepBoe MeCTO rrpHH8,IlITeJKHT 3Ha'tJemno rrpe,UMeTHOCTH., BTopoe DOIThillHHCTBO. 3Ha'tJeHHIO npH3HaKa, TpeThe - 3Ha'tJeHHIO rrpollecca.. Heonom3MOBIIpHH8,IlITeJKHT. cnoBo06pa30BaTeIThHOMY. nmy,. K. TOMY. HITH. HHOMY. H3BeCTHOMY B PYCCKOM .sI3hIKe, 'tJaCTh H3 HHX. rrpe,nCT8.BJlSIeT BHemnOBhIe 06Pa30BaHH.Sl. Bax:ao nOl(lIepKHYTh: npH H3yqeHHH COCTaBa Heonom3MOB .sIBHO BhIJJ:eJI.sIeTC.sI Ha60p aKTYa.7ILHl)1X Cpe,nCTB Mopq,onOrHlleCKHX cnoc060B cnoBoo6pa30BaIDISI.. TaK, cpe,I{H aq,q,HKCa.7ILHl)1X cpe,nCTB MOXHO nepe'llHCnHTh cyq,q,HKChI. -lI[HK. (repoHHll(HTC, /IIilX1lJII,lI(HK, MOTIlJII,lI(HK)JK - H3M (HapKoreppOpH3M, J(eM6HJIH3M)$... - eu (HapKOJ(eneI() qaCTo. •. npe,nCTaBJIeH. cnoc06. CnOJKeHIDI. OCHOB:. aJIKO)'IIorpe6neBHe,. HapKOTHKoonacHEJii, HHTt':PIIpOCTHTyTKa, nopHo6ocBHK H T.,n.. 72.

(15) HeOJIOm3M];I. 80-x-90-x. rOI(OB:XX BeKa B aCneKTereopHH H. npaKTHK.H npenOI(aBamuI pyCCKOrO J13JaIKa R3K mroc:rpaHHoro. fl3yqeHHe CTaH,tlapHbIX crroco50B CJIOB005p830BaHHH HeOJIOIll3MOB rrOMOraeT apR }I3yqeHHH PYCCKOro .H3bIKa KaK HHOCTpaHHOro.. 5.3. Knaccuq,mcaT(ID( HeoJIOm3MOB 3Ha1flITeJThHYID CeMaHT~eCme. qaCTb. no ceMaHTIf1IeCKHM. JIeKCHKH. CnBHrH. OXBaTH.JIH. BHyrpeHlIHH. rpynnaM. CeMaHTWIeCme. npouecc. .H3bIKa,. B03.!leHCTBHeM Ha CHCTeMY JIeKCHKH BHeIIIHHX $aKTOpOB.. 113MeHea:IDI.. Crul38.HHbm. C. HOBbie 3HatIeHIDI Y. enOB B03HHKaIOT llam;e Ha OCHOBe ceMaHTWIecKoH .llepHBaQHH, npH STOM rrepeHoc 3HaqeHIDI npOHCXO,llHT KaK Ha OCHOBaHHH 3KCIDIHUHTHbIX crul3eH CTIlporo H HOBoro 3HallelIHH CJlOBa, TaK H HMIIJIHIUITHOH HX Crul3H.. llorrOJIHeHlle CJlOBap.H. cOBpeMeHHoro PyccKoro .H3bIKa Crul3aHO C OCHOBHbIM BH,llOM ceM3.H'fHqecKoH nepHBaumI - MeTa$opH3aQHeH.. .llepeHoc 3HaqelIHH KaK cpe,llH' .H3bIKOBbIX., TaK H. q,yma.nm,. peqeBbIX HOBoo5p830BaHHH B03HHKaeT H Ha OCHOBe rrepeHoc no CMe)KHOCTH. HOBOH. llpeo5JI3J];aIOm;ee qJfCJIO BTOp~IX HOMIIHauHH B. 06mecTBeHHO-nOJIHTWIeCKOH. JIeKCHKe. COCTaBJUIIOT. B03HHKlIme B pe3ym,TaTe MeTa$opuqecKoro nepeHoca. ceMaHnrqeCKOrO p83BHTIDI - CTpeMJIeHHe K p83Hoo5p83HIO petIllo. JlIDI. MeHee BbIpaxeH. o5m;eCTBeHHO-nOJIHTWIeCKHX. HeOJIOm3MOB. HeOJIOm3MbI,. OCHOBHOH $aKTOP. Ii. BbIp83HTeJIbHOCTH. XapaKTepHa. .HpKruI. 3KcrrpeccHBHruI $ymmIDI, H83HaqeHHe KOTOPOH --.: BbJ)J;e.mrn. co05m;aeMbIH $aKT.. B. 3aBHCHMOCTH. CeMaHTWIecKHe. OT Toro,. KaKOe. HOBmeCTBa. o5meCTBeHHoe .HBJIeHHe xapaKTepH3YeTC.H,. npHo5peTaIOT'. JIH50. nOJIOXIITe.JJ:bJIyIO,. JIH50. OTPllIlaTe.m,HYID XapaKTepHCTHKy.. g. KalleCTBe npHMepa CeMaHTWIeCKOH KJIaCcH$HKaQHH npHBe.n;eM aHaJIH3. HeOJIOrH3MOB H OKK83HOHa.rm3MOB, CITHCOK KOTOPbIX npe.llCTaBJIeH B CJIOBape "HoBoe B PYCCKOH JIeKCHKe : CrroBapHble MarepH3J.ThI-1988"ffio.ll pe.ll.. E. A.. 73.

(16) f£t~~¥&. m=m. JIeBaIllOBOH. ~~ 88.1F 5 ~. (1996).. ,1la.mn,m cnoBapb CPaBIDITeJIbHO He6oJThmoro o6beMa. CJIOBapHbIX emnmu), OH CO}lepXHT HOBbIe cnOBa. (B. (4650. TOM lfficne OKKa3HOHaJIbHble),. HOBbIe 3HaqeHIDI cnOB, HOBbIe YCTOHllllBble BblpaxeHIDI, HOBbIe a66peBHaTyp1I Heco6CTBeHHOBMeHHoro 3HaqeHIDI. HOBbIe neKCHKO-CeMaHTHqeCKHe e.rrmnnu,I,. 1988. 3apemCTpHpOBaHHbIe no reKCTaM nepHO}lHqeclOIX H3JlaHHH. rona H He. 3ac:pHKCHpOBaHHbIe B KaKHX-JIH60 cnOBapHbIX H3}laHIDIX (c:pIDIonOIlftIeCKRX. mm. 3HIUIKJIOne}lWIecKHX). npHHmIlThI OT6opa neKCHKH.r.tmI }laHHoro cnOBapB COCTOBT B cne}lyromeM: naHHbIH cnoBapb BbImeJI B CBeT B He}laBHeM npOIII1IOM;. 2). 1). BpeMeHHoH OXBar. o6cnenOBa.:HH:hIX HCTOqmncOB - BeCb rO}l, H HX KOJIHlleCTBO 3Ha1ffiTeJIbHO 6ommoe. 40.. OKono. HOBOo6pa30BaHIDIX. ExerOrofl,Ie PYCCKOH. KHIDKKH-rerparur,. pelffi,. HHc:popMHpyrolI{He. 3apemCTpHpoBa.mn,IX. B. 0. onpe}leJIeHIrbtii. nepHo}l, npe}lOCTaBJISIIOT B03M01KHOCTh Ha6nIO}lan XHBOH nOTOK nOBCeJlHeBHOB: .sI3bIKOBOH )J{H3HH.. HaMIl 1). npeJlJlOXeHbI cnenyrom;He paHm KJIaCcHc:pHIJ;Hpy:IOIIUIX. cnOBa,. npH3HaKOB:. o6meCTBeHHO-nOJIHT~ecK:yIO,. XapaKTepH3y:IOm;He. 3KOHOMHQecKYIO H COD,HaJThHYIO CHTYaD,HH B POCCHH;. 2). cnOBa, TpynHble.r.tmI nOHBM3.HIDI HH0CTpaJIUa;. 3). qaCTOTHbIe CJIOBa, T.e. Bome.n;mHe B JIHTepa1]1>Hbm B3bIK B HaCTomnee BpeMSI.. OC06bIH. HHrepec. B JIHHI'BOMeTO}lHqeCKOM. nnaHe. npe}lCTaBJI.sIeT. rmaCT. Heonom3MOB, OnHCbmaIOIIlHX H3MeHeHIDI B nOJIHTHlIecKoM, 3KoHo~ecKoM,. 3~eCKOM acneKTax )J{H3HH POCCHH H pOCCH.sIH nocne nepecTpoibrn. }leTaJThHOrO aHaJJH3a COCTaBa Heonom3MOB yKa3aHHoro THITa cnenyeT BbIBon: Ylyce. cOBpeMeHHoro. pyccKoro. HHc:pOpMaD,HH npeo6na.I'(aeT. 74. B3bIKa,. neKc~ecKHH. B. reKCTax. cpe}lCTB. lb B. MaccoBOH. nnaCT cnOB C HeraTHBHOH oueRKoii.

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