運用網路評量工具探討三、六年級學童於聲韻覺識、唸名速度及字形處理之發展
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(3) Abstract This study used a web-based assessment system to assess children’s reading related cognitive skills. Three hundreds and sixteen third graders were assessed on measures of phonological awareness, rapid automztized naming (RAN) tasks, orthographic knowledge, and Chinese literacy. The purposes of present study were: to investigate the relation of phonological awareness, RAN, and orthographic knowledge to Chinese literacy measures; to examine the difference of the adjusted and original scores of RAN; to examine the difference of the relation between IRT ability and raw scores of phonological awareness, RAN, and orthographic knowledge to literacy measures; to examine the difference of the performance of phonological awareness, RAN, orthographic knowledge, and literacy measures between grade 3 and grade 6 students. The results of regression analyses indicated that, RAN explained significant amount of variance in reading fluency; pholnological awareness, RAN, and orthographic knowledge explained significant amount of variance in reading accuracy; and pholnological awareness, orthographic processing explained significant amount of variance in reading comprehension. Equivalency was found between IRT ability and raw scores.. Keywords: web-based system, phonological awareness, rapid naming, orthographic processing, IRT. II.
(4) .............................................................................................................................. I ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ II .................................................................................................................................... III ................................................................................................................................IV ................................................................................................................................. V ........................................................................................................................ 1 ................................................................................................. 1 ............................................................................................................. 4 ............................................................................................................. 4 ................................................................................................................ 7 ......................................................................................................... 7 ........................................................................................................... 13 ........................................................................................................... 20 ................................................................................................... 24 ................................................................................................... 28 .............................................................................................................. 31 ........................................................................................................... 31 ........................................................................................................... 31 ........................................................................................................... 33 ........................................................................................... 38 ................................................................................................... 44 .................................................................................................. 47 ............................................................................... 47 ............................................................................... 59 ................................................................................... 70 ........................................................................... 79 .......................................................................................................... 93 ................................................................................................................... 93 ........................................................................................................... 96 ................................................................................................................... 97 ............................................................................................................................ 99 ................................................................................................................ 99 .............................................................................................................. 106. III.
(5) 2-1 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-20 4-21 4-22. .................................................................... 14 .................................................................... 48 .................................................... 49 ........................................................................ 50 ........................................ 53 ........................................ 55 ........................................ 56 ........................................................................ 60 ................................................................ 60 ........................................................ 61 .......................................................... 63 ........................................................... 64 ...................................... 66 .......................................... 68 .............................................. 72 .......................................... 73 .............................................. 75 .............................................. 77 .......................................................................... 79 T ......................................................... 80 .............................................. 82 .......................................... 83 .............................................. 85. IV.
(6) 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 4-1 4-2 4-3. ................................................................................................................ 32 ............................................................................................................ 38 ........................................................................................................ 39 ............................................................................................ 40 ........................................................................................ 41 ........................................................................................ 42 .......................................................... 43 .......................................................... 43 ...................................................................... 44 ........................................................................ 87 ............................................................................................ 88 .................................................................................... 89. V.
(7) Muthén (2008). Chall (1996). 1.
(8) 2001. 1999 2002. Ho & Ma, 1999; Ho, Ng, & Ng, 2003; Ho, Wang, & Chan, 1999; Ho, Yau, & Au, 2003; Ku & Anderson, 2001; Shu & Anderson, 1997; Wu, Zhou, & Shu, 1999 Ho, Chan, Tsang, & Lee, 2002; Ho, Chan, Lee, Tsang, & Luan, 2004. 2004. 1999 2004. 2005. Liao, Georgiou, & Parrila, 2008; McBride-Chang, Sue, Zhou,. Wat, & Wagner, 2003; Tan, Spinks, Eden, Perfetti, & Siok, 2005 2005. 2.
(9) 2004 (Wagner & Torgesen, 1987) phonological processing deficits 2002. 1993. 1995 1997. 1996a 1997. Liao et al., 2008b. 1999. 1996 2006. 1997 Liao et al., 2008a. 1999 2004. 1996b 1999. 2007. Read, Zang, Nie, & Ding, 1986. item response theory, IRT. Huang & Hanley, 1994b. θ. group invariance IRT. 3.
(10) word recognition. word decoding letter recognition. phonetic activation. sematic encoding. Perffetti, 1984. 1993. 2001. 1999 1999. 4.
(11) National Reading Panel (2000) The Hong Kong Test of Specific Learning Difficulties in Reading and Writing (HKT-SpLD) Manual (Ho, Chen, Tsang, & Lee, 2000). 2004. 1997. Liao (2006) Phonological Awareness. Initial Sound Detection. Final Sound Detection. Tone Detection. 2004 Liao (2006) Automatized Naming, RAN Digits. Rapid. RAN Colours. RAN Zhu-Yin. RAN Characters. 5. RAN.
(12) 1991. (Miller, 2002) 1997. 2009. item response theory, IRT one-parameter logistic model, 1PLM; Rasch, 1960 2PLM; Birnbaum, 1968 1974. two-parameter logistic model, three-parameter logistic model, 3PLM; Lord,. IRT. 3PLM. 6.
(13) (Catts & Kamhi, 1999) Chall (1996) 6. 6 7 8 14. 7. 8. 13 18. 18 2003. word recognition. comprehension. 1994. 2001. 7.
(14) 1994. 2002. 1988 matching. Ehri (1982) recode. Chunks 1996. recode. 1997 1999. 6. Marsh. Chall Rayner. 7. 8.
(15) 7. 9. 1996a. 2000. 2003a. 1999 8. 9 2001. National Reading Panel (2000) Spear-Swerling (2006). 9.
(16) Laberge. Samuels (1974). 2007. automaticity theory. 1998. 1998b. Laberge. Samuel (1974). Leu Kinzer. (Samuels, 2002). Stanovish (1980) 2007. 10. 1998b.
(17) 2003 36. Liao. 36. 2008. 2009. Chall (1996) 8. 9. The Hong Kong Test of Specific Learning Difficulties in Reading and Writing (HKT-SpLD) Manual (Ho, Chen, Tsang, & Lee, 2000). 1999. 1991. 11.
(18) Gagné (1993). decoding (Samuels, 2002). literal comprehension 2004. inferential comprehension 1998 comprehension monitoring. 1998. 2004. 1992. 12.
(19) 1999. 2002. Lerner (2000). 80%. 1991. 40. 2001. 3. Catts (1993). 1999. phonological awareness. 13.
(20) Mattingly (1972). 1997. Goswami and Bryant (1990) syllable. phoneme. onset. onset and rime. rime built-in artificial 2004. /. 1999. /. /. /. /. onset. rime. /. /. phoneme 2-1. 1993. 2-1. – -. – -. –. dog. dog. d-og. d-o-g. paper. paper. pa-per. p-a-p-e-r. 1999. 14. /. /. /.
(21) phonemic segmentation tasks phoneme tapping tasks phoneme manipulation tasks syllable-splitting tasks blending tasks /m/ /a/ /p/. map. oddity tasks. bad. bell had. knowledge of nursery rhymes alliteration. rhymes. (Adams, 1990). Liao (2006, 2008). grapheme-phoneme correspondence 2004. orthography. 15.
(22) 2006 onsets. rimes. tones. 1997. 2003 2000. 1993 16 16. 5. 1996a. 16.
(23) 1997 32. 1999 102. Liao (2006). Huang and Hanley (1994a) 87. Huang and Hanley (1994b). 173. 8. 9. 2003. 17.
(24) 2004 1999. 2003. 2000. 1996. 1999 102. 18.
(25) 1997 366. 183. 183. 1999. 1997. 44. 1998. 2010. 19.
(26) 2004. 1993. 2004 Geschwind. 1965 Denckla (1972). Denckla and Rudel (1974, 1976a, 1976b) rapid automatized naming, RAN 2003. 1998. 20.
(27) Katz and Shankweiler (1985); Wolf, Bally and Morris (1986). sequential processing. 2004. Wolf, Bally and. Morris (1986). Korhonen (1995). 1998. 50. Blachman (1984). Manis. (2000). Parrila and Pfeiffer (2003) Cutting Carlisle and Denckla (1998) 2004. Wolf and Bowers (2000). double deficits hypothesis. 21. Kirby.
(28) 2004. 84 1999. 2006. (Wolf, 1991). 1998. 2000. 1999. 1998. 2004. 22. 1999.
(29) 1999. 1998. 2000 2005 2001. 2002. McBride-Chang et al. (2003). 2005. 2007. Liao. 23. 2008.
(30) 1991. (Wagner & Barker, 1994). 1995 1991. 1994. 2000. real chinese characters. pseudocharacters noncharacters. 2004. 24. (Ho, Yau & Anderson, 2003).
(31) 6. 7. 7. 9. 1991. -. 1991. 1993b 60. 1996. 25.
(32) Ho, Yau et al. (2003). 20. literacy measures. 2002 183. 1996. Ho et al. (2004) 57% 147,. rapid naming. orthographic. visual deficits. 26. 42%.
(33) 2004 Chung et al., 2010 Ho et al., 2002. Ho et al., 2004 (Ho et al., 2002. Ho. 2004. 1996. 1987 2000. 27. Ho et al., 2004).
(34) Tong and McBride-Chang (2010). 163. 163 .36. r r. .29. 63. Liao (2006) 64 r. .28. r. .54 1999. 1992a 1992b classical test theory, CTT. item response theory, IRT item response theory, IRT. Lord. 1980. latent traits IRT latent traits. abilities. 28. ability.
(35) item characteristic curve, ICC. 1992c. IRT. unidimensionality. local independence. non-speed test. ─. know-correct assumption. one-parameter logistic model, 1PL Rasch (1966). 1PL. 1. 29.
(36) Pi (θ ) = Pi (θ ). 1 1 + exp(−(θ − bi )) θ. i. 1 bi. i two-parameter logistic model, 2PL Birnbaum (1968). 2PL. Pi (θ ) = Pi (θ ). i. 1PL. 1 1 + exp(−ai (θ − bi )) θ. i ai. 2. 2 bi. i three-parameter logistic model, 3PL. Lord (1974). 3PL. 2PL. Pi (θ ) = ci + (1 − ci ) Pi (θ ). i. 3. 1 1 + exp(− ai (θ − bi )) θ. i ai. ci. i. 3PL. 30. 3 bi. i.
(37) 2010. 319. 293 8. 8. 9. 10. 9. 142. 151. 2. 3-1. IRT 2010. 31.
(38) 3-1. 32.
(39) SPM Parallel (J.C.Raven, I.Styles, & M.Raven) 8. 12. 6. 2008 12. 6. 8. 6. 60. 8. SPM-P .87. .92 1993 CPM. 12. 36 1 30 .53. ─. 36 15. CPM. .92. Graded Chinese Character Recognition Test. 2001. 33.
(40) 20 10. 200 A4. .81. .95 p. .001 ─. .99 p. .001. .99. p. .001. One-Minute Reading The Hong Kong Test of Specific Learning. Difficulties in Reading and Writing (HKT-SpLD) Manual (Ho, Chen, Tsang, & Lee, 2000). 10. 100 100. 60. ╳. 60. ─ 1999 6. 34. 6.
(41) 6. 9 1. 100. 60. .95. .88~.96 .85~.96. Liao (2006). 2. 12. 4. 1 12. 2. 3. 4. 6 6. Cronbach α. .592. .707. .777. Liao (2006) 5 10. 50. 2. 10. 35.
(42) .746. .811.. .865. .803. 2 4 5 7 9 10. 2 5. 10. 2 10. 5. 10. 2 10. 5. 10. 2 10. 5. 10. Muthén (2008). Muthén TRNL = log_2(RNL_TR / RNL_S + 0.1) RNL_S. /. RNL_TR. 36.
(43) Non-Character Recognition 2009. Hong Kong. Test of Specific Learning Difficulties in Reaning and Writing, HKT-SpLD; Ho et al., 2000 30. 30. 60 0. 2009. 2. 30 1 2. =. 2009 2. 25. 1 2 3 4. 37.
(44) 25. Cronbach α. 98-2410-H-142-001-MY2. 3-2. 3-2. 38. .777 .773. .636.
(45) 3-3. 100 ”. ”. 3-4. 39.
(46) 3-4. 2 12. 20. 40.
(47) 1 2 3 4. 0. 3-5. 3-5. 3-6. ”. ”. 41.
(48) 3-6. 30 60. 30. 30. 3-7. 42.
(49) 3-7. 3-8. 3-8. -. 43. 1 2.
(50) 3-9. 3-9. 1 2 3 4. -. SPSS for Window Bilog-MG IRT. 44. IRT.
(51) t. Pearson product-moment correlation. Hierarchical regression. t. 45.
(52) 46.
(53) 293 142. 151. 8. 8. 9. 10. 9. 2. 4-1 87.78. 16.26 200. 91.25. 26.21 100. 62.77. 15.33 4-1 7.30. 2.82. 2.51 9.02. 7.72 2.81 t. 4-2. 51.39. 47.
(54) 4.66. 27.40 1.28. 18.76. 3.43. 0.33. 3.44. 4-1. N=293 29.10. 4.75. 10. 36. 87.78. 16.26. 36. 133. 91.25 62.77. 26.21 15.33. 11 21. 170 91. 7.30 7.72 9.02. 2.51 2.82 2.81. 1 1 2. 12 12 12. 48.59 22.05 39.03 24.91. 13.89 5.81 8.50 5.68. 22.99 10.46 19.39 13.85. 104.58 52.81 71.77 51.42. 51.39 27.40 1.28. 4.66 3.43 0.33. 21 9 1.16. 60 30 1.48. 18.76. 3.44. 6. 25. / RT 1.. / RT. 2.. 48.
(55) 4-2. N=293 61% 61% 64% -. t -2.699 -7.860 -10.440. 64% 75% 75%. .007 .000 .000. 4-3 .139. .176 .214 .273. -.557 -.655 -.573. .229. -.647 .176 .099. .079. .049. 4-3 .50 .333 .350 .380. -.272 -.333 -.224. .349. -.411 .362. 49. .206.
(56) .254. -.053. 4-3 .085 .421. .419 .411. -.237 -.183. .368. -.295. -.150 .298 .170. .294. .000 4-3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. **. *.. .139* .176** .214** .273** .229** -.557** -.655** -.573** -.647** .176** .099 .079 .049 0.01 0.05. 50. .050 .333** .350** .380** .349** -.272** -.333** -.224** -.411** .362** .206** -.053 .254**. .085 .421** .419** .411** .368** -.237** -.183** -.150* -.295** .298** .170** .000 .294**.
(57) Liao (2006) 1999 1996a 1996. 2010. 1997. 1997. 1995. 1997. Liao, 2006; Liao et al., 2008a, 2008b 1997. Liao. 2007. 2001. 2005. 2002. 2003. (2008). Liao, 2006; Liao et al.,. 2008a, 2008b; McBride-Chang et al., 2003 2007. Liao (2006). 2010 1996. (2006, 2008). Ho, Yau et al. (2003) Liao. Tong and McBride-Chang (2010). 1993b. 2010. 51.
(58) 4-1. 1.28. 0.33. 1.5 27.40 2010. 30. 4-4 55.2% 47.6% 4-4 6% 46.5%. 1.9%. 52.
(59) 1% 39.4%. 0%. 4-4 β. B 1. .037 -.013. .198 .166. .008 -.004. 2 -.307 .638 .166. .332 .307 .296 .067 .201 .111 .205. -.136* -.273** -.174* -.216*. 4 .047 -.020 -.036. .175 .222 .223 .067 .201 .111 .205 .175 .222 .223. 53. .332 .307 .296. .522 .. .416***. .522. .000. .512. .465***. .512. .000. .522. .010. .014 -.004 -.008. 4 -.307 .638 .166. .060***. -.136* -.273** -.174* -.216*. 3 .047 -.020 -.036. .106. .014 -.004 -.008. 2 -.159 -.763 -.334 -.617. ∆R2 .046**. -.047 .111* .029. 3 -.159 -.763 -.334 -.617. R2 .046. -.047 .111* .029.
(60) 2 .047 -.020 -.036. .175 .222 .223 .332 .307 .296. *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. .128. .062***. .522. .394***. -.047 .111* .029. 4 -.159 .067 -.763 .201 -.334 .111 -.617 .205 * p-value<0.05. .019. .014 -.004 -.008. 3 -.307 .638 .166. .066. -.136* -.273** -.174* -.216*. 4-5 34.4% 23.2%. 4-4 11.3% 12.3%. 7.9%. 5.2% 4.2%. 54. 6.7%.
(61) 4-5 1. B -.016 .435. .374 .313. β -.002 .079. 2 1.022 1.228 1.029. .627 .580 .560 .127 .379 .210 .388 .330 .419 .421 .127 .379 .210 .388 .330 .419 .421 .627 .580 .560. 3. 55. .330 .419 .421. .344. .042**. .235. .123***. .292. .058***. .344. .052***. .190. .079***. .277. .087***. .098 .132* .110. 2 1.143 .093 .408. .077***. .203** .012 .054. 4 1.022 1.228 1.029. .302. .106 -.065 .019 -.285**. 3 1.143 .093 .408. .113***. .203** .012 .054. 2 .200 -.293 .060 -1.314. .225. .106 -.065 .019 -.285**. 4 1.143 .093 .408. ∆R2 .112***. .098 .132* .110. 3 .200 -.293 .060 -1.314. R2 .112. .203** .012 .054.
(62) 1.022 1.228 1.029. .627 .580 .560. .098 .132* .110 .344. .067***. β R2 .035 .180 .196** .304 .191** .134* .084 .323. ∆R2 .180***. 4. *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. .200 .127 -.293 .379 .060 .210 -1.314 .388 * p-value<0.05. .106 -.065 .019 -.285**. 4-6 34.2% 16.2%. 12.4%. 4.7%. 4-6. 4.5%. 7.7%. 1.8%. 1.9%. 4-6. 1. B .153 .631. .219 .184. 2 1.168 .731 .460 3. 56. .367 .340 .328. .124***. .020.
(63) .039 .318 -.023 -.587. .075 .222 .123 .227. .035 .121 -.013 -.217*. 4 .400 -.114 .343. .193 .245 .247 .075 .222 .123 .227 .193 .245 .247 .367 .340 .328 .193 .245 .247 .367 .340 .328. *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. 57. .342. .077***. .225. .045**. .324. .099***. .342. .018. .191** .134* .084. 4 .039 .075 .318 .222 -.023 .123 -.587 .227 * p-value<0.05. .037**. .121* -.026 .077. 3 1.168 .731 .460. .264. .191** .134* .084. 2 .400 -.114 .343. .047**. .121* -.026 .077. 4 1.168 .731 .460. .227 .035 .121 -.013 -.217*. 3 .400 -.114 .343. .019*. .121* -.026 .077. 2 .039 .318 -.023 -.587. .342. .035 .121 -.013 -.217*.
(64) Liao (2006, 2008). 1999 1995. 1993. 1997. 2010. 2005. 2010. Liao, 2006, 2008; Tan et al., 2005 2001. 2002. 1996a. Ho et al. ,2004. 2007 Liao et al. ,2008. McBride-Chang et al., 2003 1996. 2004. 2010. 2000. Tong & McBride-Chang, 2010. 58. Ho, Yau et al., 2003. Liao, 2006.
(65) 12.4%. 1.9%. 1997. 1.8%. 2003. 1993b. Muthén (2008). 2010. 4-7. 4-8 4-3. 0.024 0.27 0.86. 59. 4-8.
(66) 4-7. 4-8. 0.24 0.40 4-7 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. ( 13. **. *.. ( ( ( ). .033 .249** .244** .303** .289** -.403** -.633** -.447** -.585** .090** .127**. .042 .339** .352** .438** .510** -.249** -.361** -.326** -.386** .268** .356**. .075**. .064**. .242**. .415**. 0.01 0.05. 4-8. 1.. -.565**. -.286**. -.298**. -.427**. -.269**. 2. 3. 4. **. *.. -.679** -.583** -.667** 0.01 0.05. -.339** -.239** -.438**. -.203** -.236** -.343**. -.650** -.458** -.594**. -.366** -.366** -.421**. 60.
(67) 4-9 4-9. 4-4 52.2%. 46.5%. 55.5%. 3.3%. 50.1%. 39.4%. 42.7%. 4-9 β. B 1. .008 .001. .191 .161. .002 .000. 2 -.418 .599 .024. .321 .297 .286 2.235 3.171 2.602 3.808 .168 .214 .214. 61. 2.235 3.171 2.602 3.808. .060***. .555. .449***. .555. .000. .547. .501***. .007 .005 -.012. 2 -5.616 -14.849 -8.893 -10.770. .106. -.137* -.321*** -.185** -.202**. 4 .023 .026 -.058. ∆R2 .046**. -.064 .104* .004. 3 -5.616 -14.849 -8.893 -10.770. R2 .046. -.137* -.321*** -.185** -.202**.
(68) 3 .023 .026 -.058. .168 .214 .214 .321 .297 .286 .168 .214 .214 .321 .297 .286. *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. 12.3%. .019. .128. .062***. .555. .427***. -.137* -.321*** -.185** -.202**. * p-value<0.05. 4-10 34.4%. 2.235 3.171 2.602 3.808. .066. -.064 .104* .004. 4 -5.616 -14.849 -8.893 -10.770. .008. .007 .005 -.012. 3 -.418 .599 .024. .555 -.064 .104* .004. 2 .023 .026 -.058. .000. .007 .005 -.012. 4 -.418 .599 .024. .547. 4-5 35.1%. 13.8%. 0.3% 6.7%. 62. 0.5% 7.3%.
(69) 4-10 1. B .020 .372 .429 .312. β .003 .078. 2. ∆R2 R2 .112 .112*** .225 .113***. 1.039 .625 1.187 .578 .937 .557. .100 .128* .101. 3. .311 .087*** 4.462 -5.838 6.763 -26.176. 4.350 6.172 5.064 7.412. .068 -.078 .087 -.305***. 4. .351 1.105 .328 .144 .417 .344 .416. .040**. .196** .019 .045. 2. .250 .138*** 4.462 -5.838 6.763 -26.176. 4.350 6.172 5.064 7.412. .068 -.078 .087 -.305*** .304 .055***. 3 1.105 .328 .144 .417 .344 .416. .196** .019 .045 .351 .047***. 4 1.039 .625 1.187 .578 .937 .557. .100 .128* .101. 2. .190 .079*** 1.105 .328 .144 .417 .344 .416. .196** .019 .045 .277 .087***. 3. 63.
(70) 1.039 .625 1.187 .578 .937 .557. .100 .128* .101 .351 .073***. 4. *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. 4.462 4.350 -5.838 6.172 6.763 5.064 -26.176 7.412 * p-value<0.05. .068 -.078 .087 -.305***. 4-11 4-5 34.2%. 34.8%. 4.7% 3.7%. 7.4%. 7.7%. 3.4% 1.8%. 6.0% 2.4%. 4-11 β. B 1. .125 .611. .218 .183. .029 .189**. 2 1.067 .676 .356. .366 .339 .327. 64. ∆R2 .180***. .304. .124***. .331. .028*. .175** .124* .065. 3 -1.872 2.550 5.664 3.619. R2 .180. -.049 .130.
(71) -.379 2.969 -11.074 4.346. -.008 -.221*. 4 .359 -.110 .355. .192 .244 .244 2.550 3.619 2.969 4.346 .192 .244 .244 .366 .339 .327 .192 .244 .244 .366 .339 .327. *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. 65. .348. .060***. .225. .045*. .324. .099***. .348. .024*. .175** .124* .065. 4 -1.872 2.550 5.664 3.619 -.379 2.969 -11.074 4.346 * p-value<0.05. .034**. .109 -.025 .080. 3 1.067 .676 .356. .288. .175** .124* .065. 2 .359 -.110 .355. .074***. .109 -.025 .080. 4 1.067 .676 .356. .254 -.049 .130 -.008 -.221*. 3 .359 -.110 .355. .017. .109 -.025 .080. 2 -1.872 5.664 -.379 -11.074. .348. -.049 .130 -.008 -.221*.
(72) 2010. 4-12 47.3%. 49.3% 39.2%. 1%. 41.7%. 0.6%. 33.1%. 35.2%. 4-12 β 1. .012 .070. 2. R2 .064. ∆R2 .064***. .136. .072***. .072 .049 -.009 3. .334***. -.062 -.418*** -.032 -.176** .003. .011 .014 .062. .136. .072***. .491. .355***. .493. .002. .481. .417***. .487. .006. .011 .001 .049 .456. .392***. -.062 -.418*** -.032 -.176** 3. ∆R2 .064***. -.088 -.448*** -.028 -.157* .473. 2. -.002 .065. R2 .064. .073 .050 -.015 .470. 4. β. -.088 -.448*** -.028 -.157* .466. 66. .010.
(73) .011 .014 .062 4. .011 .001 .049 .473. .007. .072 .049 -.009 2. .035**. .011 .014 .062 .042**. .072 .049 -.009. p-value<0.001. .036**. .141. .042**. .493. .352***. .073 .050 -.015 .473. ***. .099 .011 .001 .049. .142. 4. .007. .073 .050 -.015 .099. 3. .493. -.062 -.418*** -.032 -.176** ** p-value<0.01. .331*** -.088 -.448*** -.028 -.157* * p-value<0.05. 4-13 43.8% 44.2% 12.4%. 14.6% 14.7%. 13.4% 6.4%. 4.5% 6.7%. 67. 4.9%.
(74) 4-13 β 1. .020 .077. 2. R2 .118. ∆R2 .118***. .323. .205***. .100* .071 .199** 3. .061***. .043 -.105 -.141* -.083 .053***. .095* .161** .133** .124***. .043 -.105 -.141* -.083 .147***. .095* .161** .133**. .390. .067***. .442. .052***. .264. .146***. .398. .134***. .442. .045***. .295. .177***. .112* .147** .127* .438. .049***. .100* .071 .199** 2. .205***. .038 -.113 -.146* -.078 .389. 4. .323. .112* .147** .127* .242. 3. ∆R2 .118***. .038 -.113 -.146* -.078 .438. 2. .019 .073. R2 .118. .097* .069 .189** .384. 4. β. .097* .069 .189** .291. .174***. .095* .161** .133**. .112* .147** .127*. 68.
(75) 3. .373. .082***. .100* .071 .199** 4. ***. .043 -.105 -.141* -.083 ** p-value<0.01. .064***. .442. .067***. .038 -.113 -.146* -.078 * p-value<0.05. 3.3%. 3.3%. .081***. .097* .069 .189** .438. p-value<0.001. .376. 1.4%. 1.5%. 0.6%. 0.6%. 2%. 0.4% 1.9%. 69. 0.3%.
(76) Muthén. 1.8 0.21 2.44. 0.99. 1.36 1.72. 1.30. 1.185. unidimensionality. IRT. 2010 IRT IRT. 70. 0.14. 1.58.
(77) Bilog-MG. 4-14 4-3 .099. .191. 71.
(78) 4-14 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **. *.. .206** .318** .218** .181** .191** .095. ( (. .371** .412** .357** .369** .300** .279**. .444** .464** .365** .290** .258** .327**. 0.01 0.05. IRT. 4-15. 4-9. 55.5%. 6%. 1.9%. 7.4%. 3.6%. 0.8% 0.7%. 0.1%. IRT. 72. 0%.
(79) 4-15 1. B .009 .007. .192 .159. β .002 .002. 2 -1.453 1.036 1.831 .986 .169 .897 2.255 3.175 2.601 3.822 .904 .897 .973 2.255 3.175 2.601 3.822 .904 .897 .973. 3. 73. .904 .897 .973. .555. .001. .547. .501***. .548. .001. .555. .007. .082. .036*. .143. .061***. -.070 .098 .009. 2 .348 .306 -.388. .433***. .018 .015 -.018. 4 -1.453 1.036 1.831 .986 .169 .897. .554. -.132* -.315*** -.183** -.204**. 3 .348 .306 -.388. .074***. .018 .015 -.018. 2 -5.417 -14.563 -8.817 -10.841. .121. -.132* -.315*** -.183** -.204**. 4 .348 .306 -.388. ∆R2 .046**. -.070 .098 .009. 3 -5.417 -14.563 -8.817 -10.841. R2 .046. .018 .015 -.018.
(80) -1.453 1.036 1.831 .986 .169 .897. -.070 .098 .009 .555. 4 -5.417 -14.563 -8.817 -10.841 *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. 2.255 3.175 2.601 3.822. .412***. -.132* -.315*** -.183** -.204**. * p-value<0.05. 4-16 4-10. 35.1%. 36.9%. IRT. 11.3%. 4.7%. 4%. 5.1%. 7.9%. 13%. 10.9%. 4.5% IRT. IRT. 74.
(81) 4-16 1. B .030 .428. .368 .305. β .004 .078. 2 3.292 1.987 3.958 1.892 3.560 1.721 4.325 6.090 4.990 7.331. 4.325 6.090 4.990 7.331. 3. 75. .369. .045***. .250. .138***. .319. .069***. .369. .051***. .220. .109***. .303. .083***. .099 .131* .121*. 2 5.937 1.733 2.753 1.720 .613 1.867. .083***. .187** .086 .018. 4 3.292 1.987 3.958 1.892 3.560 1.721. .325. .088 -.075 .096 -.302***. 3 5.937 1.733 2.753 1.720 .613 1.867. .130***. .187** .086 .018. 2 5.796 -5.612 7.452 -25.919. .242. .088 -.075 .096 -.302***. 4 5.937 1.733 2.753 1.720 .613 1.867. ∆R2 .112***. .099 .131* .121*. 3 5.796 -5.612 7.452 -25.919. R2 .112. .187** .086 .018.
(82) 3.292 1.987 3.958 1.892 3.560 1.721. .099 .131* .121* .369. 4 5.796 -5.612 7.452 -25.919. *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. 4.325 6.090 4.990 7.331. .066***. .088 -.075 .096 -.302***. * p-value<0.05. 4-17 4-11. 34.8%. 36.7%. 12.4%. 4.5%. 7%. 1.6%. 6.3%. 6%. IRT. 76. 1.7%. 14.8%.
(83) 4-17 1. B .133 .570. .216 .179. β .030 .177**. 2 3.361 1.165 3.083 1.109 .855 1.009 2.536 3.571 2.925 4.298. 2.536 3.571 2.925 4.298. 3. 77. .367. .016. .254. .074***. .297. .043**. .367. .070***. .242. .063***. .347. .105***. .172** .174** .050. 2 1.575 1.016 .427 1.008 1.625 1.094. .023*. .085 .023 .082. 4 3.361 1.165 3.083 1.109 .855 1.009. .350. -.027 .132 -.006 -.217*. 3 1.575 1.016 .427 1.008 1.625 1.094. .148***. .085 .023 .082. 2 -1.039 5.760 -.260 -10.859. .327. -.027 .132 -.006 -.217*. 4 1.575 1.016 .427 1.008 1.625 1.094. ∆R2 .180***. .172** .174** .050. 3 -1.039 5.760 -.260 -10.859. R2 .180. .085 .023 .082.
(84) 3.361 1.165 3.083 1.109 .855 1.009. .172** .174** .050 .367. 4 -1.039 5.760 -.260 -10.859 *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. 2.536 3.571 2.925 4.298. -.027 .132 -.006 -.217*. * p-value<0.05. IRT. IRT. IRT IRT. 2010 IRT. IRT. 78. .019.
(85) 2010 IRT. 4-18. t. 4-18. 4-1. 4-19. N=316. 44.68. 6.36. 19. 59. 109.76. 20.94. 41. 198. 133.51. 23.75. 56. 183. 9.04 9.49 10.07. 2.17 2.27 2.43. 1 1 1. 12 12 12. 37.36 16.25 29.18 19.67. 8.72 3.35 6.36 3.90. 19.18 8.76 15.99 11.20. 83.26 30.05 51.36 33.57. 54.95. 3.46. 28. 60. 79.
(86) 28.66 0.98. 2.33 0.14. 2 0.92. 30 1.08. 19.62. 4.01. 2. 25. 1. 2.. 4-19. t Levene. t. F. ( (. 5.098. .024. 10.646. .001. 30.086. .000. 14.260. .000. 36.032. .000. 49.150. .000. 20.125. .000. 22.370. .000. 9.975. .002. 43.232. .000. 22.659. .000. 5.639. .018. ) ). 80. t -20.875 -20.798 -9.138 -9.089 -8.569 -8.500 -4.935 -4.908 12.038 11.842 15.201 14.916 16.272 16.100 13.365 13.186 -10.774 -10.657 14.119 13.873 -5.359 -5.284 -2.805 -2.822. .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .005 .005.
(87) 4-20 4-3. 4-7. ( 4-14. 4-20. 4-3 4-7. .127 ( 4-14. 81. 4-20.
(88) 4-20 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **. *.. .248** .336** .254** .086 .064 .260**. ( (. .355** .461** .484** .234** .292** .435**. 0.01 0.05. 4-9 4-12 55.5%. 49.3%. 50.9%. 42.9%. 0.8% 42.7%. 0.7%. 35.2%. 0%. 82. 0.2%.
(89) 4-21 4-15 55.5% 50.1% 50.9%. 44.7% 0.7%. 1.2%. 41.2%. 34.2%. 0.1%. 0.6%. 4-21 1. B -.031 .217. .240 .153. β -.005 .066. 2 2.151 1.318 2.634 1.456 -1.391 1.383 3.028 4.300 3.684 4.674. 83. .078***. .495. .353***. .501. .006. .481. .417***. .020 -.059 .068. 2 -5.238 3.028 -32.123 4.300. .142. -.086 -.446*** -.026 -.155*. 4 .498 1.073 -1.790 1.366 1.523 1.103. ∆R2 .064***. .077 .097 -.054. 3 -5.238 -32.123 -1.756 -11.086. R2 .064. -.086 -.446***.
(90) -1.756 3.684 -11.086 4.674. -.026 -.155*. 3 .498 1.073 -1.790 1.366 1.523 1.103. *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. 3.028 4.300 3.684 4.674. .107. .043**. .159. .052***. .501. .342***. .077 .097 -.054. 4 -5.238 -32.123 -1.756 -11.086. .012. .020 -.059 .068. 3 2.151 1.318 2.634 1.456 -1.391 1.383. .501 .077 .097 -.054. 2 .498 1.073 -1.790 1.366 1.523 1.103. .008. .020 -.059 .068. 4 2.151 1.318 2.634 1.456 -1.391 1.383. .489. -.086 -.446*** -.026 -.155*. * p-value<0.05. 4-10 4-13 35.1%. 44.2% 23.9%. 84. 32.4%.
(91) 4.7% 7.3% 4%. 4.5%. 6.7%. 5.2%. 4-22. 4-16 36.9%. 41.7% 25.7% 29.9%. 5.1% 4.8%. 6.6% 4.5%. 3.3%. 4-22 β. B 1. .087 .339. 2. 85. .295 .188. .013 .091. R2 .118. ∆R2 .118***. .316. .198***.
(92) 3.119 1.615 3.249 1.785 5.050 1.696. .098 .106 .171**. 3 3.590 -10.443 -10.501 -6.213. 3.713 5.272 4.517 5.731. 3.713 5.272 4.517 5.731. 86. .106***. .417. .048***. .266. .148***. .351. .085***. .417. .066***. .098 .106 .171**. 4 3.590 3.713 -10.443 5.272. .369. .076 .065 .153**. 3 3.119 1.615 3.249 1.785 5.050 1.696. .146***. .098 .106 .171**. 2 2.153 1.316 2.234 1.675 3.878 1.352. .264. .076 .065 .153**. 4 3.119 1.615 3.249 1.785 5.050 1.696. .033**. .052 -.128* -.138* -.077. 3 2.153 1.316 2.234 1.675 3.878 1.352. .417 .076 .065 .153**. 2 3.590 -10.443 -10.501 -6.213. .068***. .052 -.128* -.138* -.077. 4 2.153 1.316 2.234 1.675 3.878 1.352. .384. .052 -.128*.
(93) -10.501 4.517 -6.213 5.731 *** p-value<0.001. ** p-value<0.01. -.138* -.077. * p-value<0.05. IRT IRT. IRT 4-1. 4-1. 87.
(94) IRT. 4-2. 4-2. 4-3. 88.
(95) 4-3. 89.
(96) 2010. IRT. 2001. 91.25 133.51. 90. 2002.
(97) Liao (2006) 1996. 0.5. 1996. 91.
(98) 1996. 92.
(99) 93.
(100) 94.
(101) 95.
(102) 30. 96.
(103) 2010. IRT. 97.
(104) 98.
(105) 1996. 1997. 9. 211-249 2001. 1992. 2001 11(4). 331-344. 2004 2001. 2004 15. 1. 33-66. 2003. 1999. 2007. 99.
(106) 1992a. ─. 8(6). ─. 9(1). 13-18 1992b 5-9 1992c. (. )─. 9(2). 6-10 2009. IRT. 1993 47-59 1999 2000. 2001. 2004. 2007. 2004. 2002 1998. -. E.D. Gagné, C.W. Yekovich, & F. R.. 100.
(107) Yekovich(1993). The Cognitive Psychology of School Learning. 1993 31-76. 1994. 74. 63-67. 1996a 7(1) 49-66 1999. (81-119). 2001. 1993. 1996 1999 35-57. 2002. 22. 1-26 2002. 3. 2003a 19 177-216. 101. 17-24.
(108) 2007. 14 10-19. 1999. 2000 18 191-206 1998. 1996. 1997 11. -66-110 1999. 17. 205-223 2004. 46 3. 259-263 2009. 1988 21. 17-38. 2000. 2003. 102.
(109) 1978. 20. 57-78 1996. 1996. 1996a. 1996b 323. 370. 1997. 1999 5-28 1999 5-28. 2003 14(2). 23-50 2003 48(2). 261-290. 2004 (2005). 103.
(110) (28) 123-144 2006. 1997 30 263-288 1997 5. 125-138. 1998. 2000 23 383-414 1991 .. —. 404-448. 1995 1998. 6 239-260. 1998b 6. 15-37. 1996. 1981. 23. 2. 137-153. 1991 (1993). -. 1996. 8 81-84. 104.
(111) 2010. -. 2002. 2002. 1999. 11. 100-133. 2003. 2004 15(2). 193-216. 1995. 1991. 2004. 129 21-28. 105.
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