୯ҥᆵεᏢޗࣽᏢଣཥᆪᏢࣴز܌
ᅺγፕЎ
The Graduate Institute of Journalism College of Social Science
National Taiwan University Master Thesis
ϦӅቶႝᐒᄬӛϦ҇ୢೢޑڋࡋࣴزȋа CCD ࣁٯ Public Accountability in Public Service Broadcasting烉
the Case of!BBC
ଭӼڻ An-Chi Ma
ࡰᏤ௲Ǻ݅ റγ Advisor: Lihyun Lin, Ph.D.
ύ҇୯ 104 ԃ 6 Д June 2015
ҁፕЎᕇიݤΓϦӅႝຎЎϯ٣୷ߎ 3124 ԃࡋᏢՏፕЎᜅշ
ز
ز
ز܌ ܌ ܌ ܌
ᇞᖴ!
!
㛔䭯婾㔯ᶵ㗗ᶨấ⬠埻䞼䨞炻怬㧁娴ḮㆹṢ䓇ᷕ㚨慵天䘬ᶨ㭝ㆸ攟㬟䦳ˤ 堟⽫デ嫅】ⷓ㜿渿暚㔁㌰〱⽫㊯⮶炻ぐ㗗列ⷓ炻㊯⺽ㆹ㚨䱦㸾䘬䞼䨞㕡⎹炻⎴㗪 ḇ㗗ヰ㭵炻䴎Ḱㆹ㚨⮔⬷䘬⊭⭡ˤㆹ怬姀⼿⎋娎䳸㜇ᷳ⼴炻冯ぐᶨ⎴忯夳暐忶⣑
㘜⼴䘬⼑嘡炻恋㗪䘬デ㽨冯デ≽炻ㆹ㚫㯠怈所姀⛐⽫ˤ嫅嫅ℑỵ⎋娎⥼⒉烉櫷䌻 侩ⷓˣ䦳⬿㖶侩ⷓ栀シẀ↢㗪攻冯⽫≃炻よ岄㚨䱦斊䘬シ夳炻嬻㛔䭯婾㔯ℏ⭡㚜
≈寸ˤ嫅嫅忁㭝㗪攻昒Ờㆹˣ溻⊝ㆹ䘬㚱Ṣ炻ἈᾹ悥㗗ㆹ䓇␥ᷕ䘬屜Ṣ炻⚈
䁢㚱ἈᾹ䘬㓗㊩炻ㆹㇵ傥崲忶慵慵旣䣁ˤデ嫅ἈᾹ炻ㆸ⯙Ḯ⤪Ṳ䘬ㆹˤ!
㚨⼴炻㛔䞼䨞㈧呁屉⛀㱽Ṣ℔ℙ暣夾㔯⊾ḳ㤕➢慹㚫㍸ὃ⬠ỵ婾㔯岲≑炻䈡 㬌农嫅ˤ⎴㗪炻デ嫅昛ㄞ䩳䞼䨞⒉屣⽫⸓⾁炻᷎ᶼ䴎Ḱㆹ㚨⣏䘬ᾉảˤ!
⋫妨叔婆悥ᶵ⍲⮎晃埴≽炻ㆹ⎒傥ᶵ㕟ㆸ攟助⢗炻㈲冒㍍⍿䘬䧖䧖】ね 两临⁛怆䴎㚜⣂Ṣˤ!
! !
天䘬䘬䘬ᶨ㭝ᶨ㭝ᶨ㭝ᶨ㭝ㆸ攟ㆸ攟ㆸ攟㬟䦳㬟䦳㬟䦳䦳ˤˤ 䘬䞼䨞㕡䨞㕡䨞㕡⎹⎹⎹炻⎴炻⎴炻⎴㗪㗪㗪
iii
ᄔा!
冒 1980 ⸜ẋẍἮ炻劙⚳⺋㑕⋼㚫炷British Broadcasting Corporation, BBC炸
⬀⛐䘬㬋䔞⿏冯⽭天⿏ⰊⰊ⍿⇘岒䔹炻䁢Ḯ⚆ㅱ⢾䓴⡻≃炻㈿堉Ἦ冒㓧⹄ㆾⶪ⟜
䘬≃慷炻BBC ⼊ㆸ⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎炻䵕㊩䳬䷼䌐䩳䱦䤆炻2007 ⸜䘬䳬䷼廱✳㚜⻟
⊾Ḯ⎹℔㮹⓷屔䘬䈡刚ˤ㛔䞼䨞▿娎㍊妶烉BBC 䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬㬟⎚傰䴉 䁢ỽ烎廱✳⼴䘬 BBC 䎮ḳ㚫炷Trust炸⍰㗗⤪ỽ德忶⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎冯℔㮹Ḻ≽烎!
㛔䞼䨞ẍ㬟⎚⇞⹎ᷣ佑䁢夾奺炻ẍ㔯䌣屯㕁吸普㱽䁢ⶍ℟炻⮯ BBC 䘤⯽⨺
橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬忶䦳搚㕤㬟⎚傰䴉ᷕ䎮妋ˤ℞㫉炻㛔䞼䨞奨⮇䎮ḳ㚫冯℔㮹䘬Ḻ
≽忶䦳炻Ḯ妋⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬㪲≃斄Ὢˣ℔㮹埴䁢冯娵䞍ˣ℔ℙ⇑䙲䫱朊⎹ˤ 䞼䨞䳸㝄栗䣢炻BBC ⽆∝䩳㗪⯙℟⁁⎹ℐ⚳㮹䛦屈屔䘬㤪⾝炻㬌㤪⾝ㆸ䁢 䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬➢䢶㡅ẞˤ冒䳬䷼廱✳ᷳ⼴炻䎮ḳ㚫冯℔㮹䘬Ḻ≽⼊⺷↮䁢
⚃䧖栆✳烉(1)憅⮵㔜橼教倥Ṣ忚埴℔䛦シ夳婧㞍ˣ⭂㛇䘤ⶫ⸜⹎䆇忳⟙⏲冯䎮 ḳ㚫䘬㚫嬘姀抬炻シ⚾啱䓙䳬䷼℔攳德㖶炻⺢䩳冯℔䛦ᷳ攻䘬ᾉả斄Ὢˤ(2)⭂
㛇⎔攳教倥Ṣ媖娊⥼⒉㚫炻Ὣἧ䧵㤝䘬℔㮹⍫冯⓷屔橼䲣炻侴娚䭉忻䡢⮎㚱≑㕤 忼ㆸ⮑嬘⺷㮹ᷣˤ(3)⽝娊⇑䙲⛀橼シ夳炻倥攟㛇奨⮇䈡⭂嬘柴ᷳ℔㮹⛀橼⮵
㕤 BBC 䘬䫾䔍⺢嬘ˤ(4)㍍⍿⚳㚫岒娊炻䎮婾ᶲ㗗㚜≈㚱㓰䘬⓷屔≃慷炻䃞侴⮎
晃➟埴㗪⌣㚱㓧㱣⸚枸ᷳ⩴ˤ
㚨⼴炻㛔䞼䨞娵䁢 BBC ⇞⹎⎗䁢⎘䀋℔⺋㨇㥳䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎㍸ὃẍᶳ
⍫侫烉1.岎Ḱ㱽⼳⻟⇞≃炻㖶妪䓴⭂吋ḳ㚫冯℔㮹ˣㆾ侭℞Ṿ⇑⭛斄ὪṢᷳ攻䘬
⓷屔奺刚ˣ㪲⇑冯佑⊁ˤ2.⮯⓷屔㤪⾝句⮎㕤⎬ᾳ䭉䎮Ⰼ䳂ˣḳ⊁姽Ộ㧁㸾ˣ⮎
晃➟埴㕡㱽炻性⓷屔忶䦳冯䳬䷼㖍ⷠ忳ἄ僓戌ˤ
斄挝⫿烉劙⚳⺋㑕⋼㚫ˣ⨺橼⓷屔ˣ⇑⭛斄ὪṢˣ㬟⎚⇞⹎ᷣ佑ˣ⮑嬘⺷㮹ᷣ
po po
poraraaatititiononon, , BBBBBBCCC炸炸炸 堉Ἦ冒Ἦ冒Ἦ冒㓧⹄㓧⹄㓧⹄㓧⹄ㆾㆾㆾㆾⶪ⟜ⶪ⟜ⶪ⟜ⶪ⟜
Abstract
This thesis examines public accountability mechanisms in the British
Broadcasting Corporation: how historical context influenced the mechanisms, and how the BBC Trust has interacted with citizens based on the Royal Charter since 2007.
To figure out those two questions, this study takes historical institutionalism approach to analyze data. The finding suggests that the BBC took different actions in an attempt to respond to the public's need for services and expectations about the BBC in different stages. Moreover, the BBC has interacted with citizens in different ways based approach to accountability since organizational transformation in 2007.
First, for all licence fee payers, the BBC consults them by audience researches and regularly publishes information about how the BBC work. Second, for active citizen, the BBC selects representatives and regularly consults them in the audience council. The evidence shows that the council contributes to deliberative democracy.
Third, for interest groups, the BBC consults them for specific issues to improve organizational strategy. Fourth, for another form of citizen representative, the BBC accepts question in U.K. Parliament occasionally. Although Parliament may promote good governance, it may also trigger political interference in the governing process.
Last but not least, results from this study also demonstrate some important concerns of public accountability mechanism for public broadcasting service in Taiwan.
Keywords烉British Broadcasting Corporationˣmedia accountabilityˣstakeholderˣ historical institutionalismˣdeliberative democracyġ
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ಃ!ࣴزङඳᆶᐒǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ2!
ಃΒ!ࣴزୢᚒǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ4!
ಃΒക!!Ўӣ៝ᆶࣴزࢎᄬ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ5!
ಃ!൞ᡏୢೢǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ5!
ಃΒ!ࣴز৩!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ28!
ಃΟ!ࣴزБݤᆶകӼ௨!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ2:!
ಃΟക!!CCD วୢೢڋࡋޑᐕўે๎!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ32!
ಃ!ୢೢޑཀကȐ2:382:8:ȑǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ32!
ಃΒ!ӣᔈಔᙃѦճ্ᜢ߯ΓሡȐ2:8:2::1ȑǾǾǾǾǾ33!
ಃΟ!ׯ๓ಔᙃϣୢೢᡏ፦Ȑ2::33115ȑǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ35!
ಃѤ!ୢೢڋࡋԋȐ31153118ȑǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ37!
ǵġ ȠࣤৎᏦകȡೕጄǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ38!
Βǵġ ٣ᒦᒧᆶԋङඳ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ43!
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Οǵġ ٣ၮբᆶ୍୷ᘵ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ49!
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ಃѤക!٣ӛϦ҇ୢೢǺၸำᆶϣǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ51!
ಃġ ୢೢၸำǺаȨࠔ፦ಃȩׯॠीฝࣁٯ!ǾǾǾǾǾ53!
ǵġ ᡏ᎙᠋Γ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ54!
Βǵġ ᎙᠋Γᒌ၌ہ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ5:!
Οǵġ ճიᡏ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ69!
Ѥǵġ ୯፦၌!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ71!
ϖǵġ λ่!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ73!
ಃΒ!ୢೢϣǺ᎙᠋Γᒌ၌ہፕॊϣᡂϯǾǾǾǾǾ76!
ǵġ ΚՉ٬!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ76!
Βǵġ ཀـፂँ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ78!
Οǵġ ᚒᡂϯ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ79!
ಃϖക!่ፕᆶࡌ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ84!
ಃġ!ࣴزว!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ84!
ಃΒġ!ࣴزፕ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ89!
ǵୢೢڋࡋЎϯે๎ޑख़ा܄ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ89!
Βǵ!CCD ਢٯჹܭѠϦӅႝຎޑ௴ҢǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ91!
ಃΟ!ࣴزఈᆶࡌ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ94!
ୖԵਜҞǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ95!
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კҞᒵ!
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კ 3ǺCCD ٣ᒦᒧၸำҢཀკǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ45!
კ 4ǺϦӅሽॶᔠෳࢬำკǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ57!
კ 5ǺCCD ٣ӛϦ҇ୢೢޑϕᐒڋკǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ88!
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߄Ҟᒵ!
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߄ 3Ǻ3126 ԃ CCD ٣ԋϷځङඳӈ߄ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ47!
߄ 4Ǻ٣ӛϦᒌ၌ޑୢᚒӈ߄ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ52!
߄ 5Ǻ Ȩࠔ፦ಃȩׯॠਢϐϦཀـፓϣ!ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ58!
߄ 6Ǻ᎙᠋Γᒌ၌ہᑔᒧྗǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ61!
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߄ 8Ǻ᎙᠋Γᒌ၌ہፕᚒᜪࠠጓዸ߄ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ79!
߄ 9Ǻ᎙᠋Γᒌ၌ہፕԛኧी߄ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ7:!
߄ :Ǻ᎙᠋Γᒌ၌ہፕᚒᜪࠠКٯǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ82!
߄ 21ǺCCD วୢೢڋࡋޑᐕўે๎ǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾ86!
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ಃ ࣴزङඳᆶᐒ
冒 1980 ⸜ẋẍἮ炻劙⚳℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳柣柣⍿⇘⛘ỵ㬋䔞⿏冯⬀⛐⽭天⿏䘬岒 䔹炻⛐妶婾忶䦳ᷕ炻⣏农⎗ẍ↮䁢ℑ㳦ᷣ⻝炻ᶨ㗗娵䁢℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳娚䓙㓧⹄ᷣ
⮶烊Ḵ㗗ᷣ⻝娚Ṍ䓙ⶪ⟜ᷣ⮶ˤℑ䧖ᷣ⻝㉱㈗ᷳᶳ炻⌣ㆸ䁢⨺橼⓷屔炷media accountability炸㤪⾝䘬娽䓇㡅ẞ炷Hargrave & Shaw, 2009炸ˤ䓙㕤⓷屔㤪⾝㖊傥⛐ℑ 䧖ᷣ⮶≃慷ᷕ⍾⼿⸛堉炻⍰⎗ẍ德忶⨺橼⎹℔䛦⓷屔䘬忶䦳炻䲵ℍ℔㮹⍫冯炻忚 ᶨ㬍⻟⊾㮹ᷣ₡ῤ炻⚈侴ㆸ䁢℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳䘤⯽䘬慵天嬘柴ᷳᶨˤ
㩊夾㬟Ἦ㍊妶℔ℙ⺋暣⇞⹎䘬䚠斄䞼䨞炻⎗ẍ䚳↢⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝䴻⽆⿅゛
㤪⾝徸㬍句⮎䁢慵天䴻䆇㕡憅炻㚨℟ẋ堐⿏䘬 㱽⎗ẍ↮䁢ẍᶳᶱ䧖烉1ˣ农≃ㇻ 忈教倥Ṣ⮶⎹䘬⓷屔ⶍ℟炻⊭㊔倥⍾教倥Ṣシ夳䘬㬋⺷冯朆㬋⺷䭉忻烊2ˣ℔攳娛 䳘䘬䆇忳屯妲⇑㕤ᷣ䭉㨇斄䚋䜋炻⊭㊔㩊妶⟙⏲ˣ㛒Ἦ䚖㧁䫱烊3ˣ䘤⯽冒⼳䘬㧁 㸾炻⊭㊔⤪ỽ姽Ộ℔⺋㨇㥳䘬⑩岒冯䷦㓰 炷Baldi, 2007: 18-22炸 ˤ⮵䄏忁ṃ㧁㸾 冯 BBC ⛐ 2007 ⸜崟⮎㕥䘬䳬䷼廱✳炻⎗ẍ䘤䎦 BBC 䘬䳬䷼廱✳⯙㗗㟡㒂⨺橼⓷ 屔㤪⾝姕妰↢䘬℟橼䚋䜋㨇⇞ˤ
姙⣂⬠埻䞼䨞➢㕤ẍᶳᶱᾳ䎮䓙炻䴻ⷠ⮯ˬ劙⚳⺋㑕⋼㚫˭炷British
Broadcasting Corporation, BBC炸夾䁢℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳䘬䎮⾝⿏㧁䪧烉1ˣ℔ℙ⺋暣 㨇㥳䘤㸸冒大㫸炻BBC 㚜ㆸ䩳㕤 1927 ⸜炻㑩㚱えᷭ䘬㬟⎚烊2ˣBBC 晾㬟䴻⣂㫉 䳬䷼嬲朑炻⌣ᶨ䚜➭⬰℔ℙ㚵⊁䘬䱦䤆冯ἧ␥炷Tunstall,2010炸烊3ˣ˪䘯⭞ㅚ䪈˫炷Royal Charter炸㚜㕘㗪炻㚫ḳ⃰䴻忶℔䛦媖娊⮑㞍炻冯℔䛦㹅忂 BBC 䘬㛒Ἦ⭂ỵ炻ẍ 句⮎℔ℙ㚵⊁䱦䤆ˤ⚈㬌炻㛔㔯⮯ BBC 㕤 2007 ⸜䘬䳬䷼廱✳䔞ἄ⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎
䘬ẋ堐⿏㟰ἳ炻㚱℞⎰䎮⿏冯䞼䨞₡ῤˤ
㍊妶 BBC 䳬䷼廱✳䘬⚳ℏˣ⢾㔯䌣晾䃞寸炷Collins&Sujon,2007;Collins,2008;
櫷䌻,2008;Nakamua 2009;察䍚䍚&∱⸤䎵,2011炸炻⌣⣂⋲普ᷕ⛐廱✳⇅㛇䞼䨞炻军 㕤役⸜忳ἄㆸ㝄炻ṵ㚱⼭㊩临徥希烊㬌⢾炻䚠斄䞼䨞⣏⣂叿慵⇞⹎䘬朄ン䳸㥳炻
⚈㬌炻㛔䞼䨞ⶴ㛃德忶㡛䎮 BBC 䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬㬟⎚傰䴉炻᷎ᶼ奨⮇⮎晃忳 ἄ忶䦳炻Ḯ妋 BBC ⤪ỽ德忶⓷屔⇞⹎䘬姕妰冯忳ἄ炻Ὣ忚℔㮹⍫冯ˣ⮎嶸℔ℙ⇑
䙲ˤ
200007007;C;C;C;Cololollilinsns,2,22000000008;8;8;
廱 廱
廱✳⇅✳⇅✳⇅㛇⇅㛇㛇䞼䨞䞼䨞䞼䨞䞼 炻炻军军军军
⹎
⹎
⹎䘬朄䘬朄䘬朄朄ン䳸ン䳸ン䳸ン䳸㥳炻㥳炻㥳炻㥳炻
᷎ᶼ奨⮇⮇⮇⮎⮎⮎晃忳
ಃ ಃΒ ࣴزୢᚒ
㛔䞼䨞ẍ BBC ⛐ 2007 ⸜忚埴䳬䷼廱✳䁢ἳ炻㍊妶℔ℙ⺋暣⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎⛐
劙⚳䘬䘤⯽傰䴉炻᷎ᶼ㶙ℍḮ妋廱✳ᷳ⼴ㆸ䩳䘬㚨檀㪲≃㨇㥳ˬ䎮ḳ㚫˭炷Trust炸炻 德忶⒒ṃ㨇⇞冯⮎晃埴䁢⎹℔㮹⓷屔炻ẍ句⮎㉥尉䘬℔ℙ㚵⊁䱦䤆烎㛔㔯䘬䞼䨞
⓷柴⤪ᶳ烉
䞼䨞⓷柴 1烉BBC 䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬㬟⎚傰䴉䁢ỽ烎
䞼䨞⓷柴 2烉BBC 䎮ḳ㚫德忶⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎冯℔㮹Ḻ≽䘬忶䦳䁢ỽ烎
㛔䞼䨞ᷣ⻝炻BBC 䘬䳬䷼廱✳⭋䣢Ḯ䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬慵天⿏冯㬋䔞⿏炻 德忶⇞⹎姕妰⮯℔㮹シ夳䲵ℍ䎮ḳ㚫㰢䫾侫慷炻᷎ᶼ䓙䎮ḳ㚫偑屈Ὣ忚℔㮹⍫冯 䘬屔ả炻句⮎℔ℙ⨺橼⎹℔㮹屈屔䘬㤪⾝ˤ䃞侴炻䚖⇵䞼䨞 BBC 䳬䷼廱✳䘬㔯䌣
⣏⣂㍊妶⇞⹎䘬朄ン䳬ㆸ炻ẍ㨓㕟朊䘬⼊⺷奨⮇倴䎮炻⌣仢᷷⮵⇞⹎忳ἄ忶䦳䘬
䷙⎹㍊妶炻⊭㊔⨺橼⓷屔䘬䎮⾝⤪ỽ℟橼句⮎䁢㱽⭂⇞⹎烎⇞⹎冯ṢḺ≽䘬忶䦳
⍰⏰䎦↢⒒ṃ慵天シ佑烎⚈㬌炻㚱⽭天墄㖊㚱䞼䨞䘬㛒䪇ᷳ嗽ˤ
℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳ἄ䁢℔ℙ柀➇䘬慵天婾⡯炷forum炸炻℞⨺橼⓷屔㨇⇞䘬⬴⁁䦳
⹎℟㚱慵⣏シ佑炻㖊㗗⼘栗⨺橼䘬冒䓙冯⣂⃫₡ῤ炻⍰㗗㈞㢵℔㮹䣦㚫䘬慵天䭉 忻ˤ㛔䞼䨞娵䁢炻BBC 䘬⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎晾䃞⚈䁢㗪䨢㡅ẞ冯㔯⊾傰䴉ᶵ⎴炻䃉㱽 䚜㍍䦣㢵冢䀋炻⌣傥德忶⍫侫℞⇞⹎姕妰忳ἄ忶䦳炻⸓≑冢䀋㚜㚱䲣䴙⛘⿅侫
⨺橼⓷屔㨇⇞䘬㍐≽⍇⇯炻ẍ⍲⤪ỽ德忶娚㨇⇞⻟⊾℔㮹⍫冯ˤ➢㕤ᶲ徘䎮䓙炻 㛔䞼䨞ⶴ㛃Ḯ妋 BBC ⓷屔⇞⹎䘬ℏ㵝ˣ㝞㥳冯忳ἄ忶䦳炻墄㖊㚱䞼䨞䘬仢㺷ᷳ
嗽炻ḇἄ䁢㛒Ἦ㶙⊾⨺橼⓷屔㨇⇞䞼䨞䘬⍫侫ˤ
⨺橼橼橼⓷屔⓷屔⓷屔⓷屔⇞⹎⇞⹎⇞⇞⹎⛐⛐⛐
ಃ
ಃΒക Ўӣ៝ᆶࣴزࢎᄬ
㛔䞼䨞㫚妶婾 BBC 䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬傰䴉炻᷎ᶼ㩊夾 BBC ⤪ỽ德忶⓷屔
⇞⹎冯℔㮹Ḻ≽ˤ䁢Ḯ寸↮㜸夾奺ˣ⡆㶣䞼䨞₡ῤ炻㛔䪈䫔ᶨ䭨⮯⚆栏⨺橼⓷ 屔䚠斄䘬䎮婾冯⮎⊁䞼䨞炻㟡㒂⎬⬠侭䘬斄㆟夾奺冯䞼䨞䘤䎦炻厫⍾↢怑⎰㛔䞼 䨞䘬奨⮇㝞㥳烊㍍叿炻䫔Ḵ䭨⮯婒㖶怠㑯㕘⇞⹎婾ἄ䁢䞼䨞徼⼹䘬⍇⚈烊㚨⼴炻 䫔ᶱ䭨⇯㗗忚ᶨ㬍婒㖶䞼䨞㕡㱽冯䪈䭨⬱㌺ˤ
ಃ ൞ᡏୢೢ
⤪㝄㡛䎮⨺橼⓷屔炷media accountability炸㤪⾝䘬䘤⯽炻㚫䘤䎦㔜橼傰䴉㗗⽆
⒚⬠⿏␥柴↢䘤炻徸㻠䘤⯽↢夷䭬⿏シ㵝炻᷎ᶼ啱䓙寸䘬⮎⊁䞼䨞炻忚ᶨ㬍䘤
⯽↢⓷屔䘬傰䴉⿏夾奺ˤ⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻忁ṃ⬠䎮㍊妶⍰䁢⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝㶙ℍ⎬⚳⇞
⹎㍸ὃ⣏㕡⎹䘬⍇⇯炻⎬⚳䴻槿⍰㊩临㶙⊾㤪⾝炻᷎ᶼ搚军⎬⚳㔯⊾傰䴉ᷳᷕˤ 㔜橼Ἦ䚳炻⎗塓夾䁢䎮婾冯䴻槿Ḻ䁢ᷣ橼䘬䘤⯽忶䦳ˤ
ˬ⓷屔˭炷accountability炸忁ᾳ㤪⾝㚨⇅㗗㸸冒㕤⋩ḅᶾ䲨㍊妶⨺橼⛐㮹ᷣᷕ
㈖㺼䘬奺刚冯慵天⿏炻䚠斄䞼䨞䰚⨺橼⮵℔䛦屈屔炷Bardoel& d’Haenens, 2004;
Krogh,2012炸ˤ䚜⇘ Denis McQuail炷1997炸⮯ˬ⓷屔˭㤪⾝夾䁢䔞㗪⨺橼⚘⠫䘬妋 㕡炻᷎䁢℞シ㵝ἄ↢昶㭝⿏䘬䴙㔜ˤMcQuail 䘬届䌣㗗⮯⓷屔㤪⾝㓦⇘⨺橼冯䣦㚫 攻䘬Ḻ≽⿅侫炻㖊㔜⎰Ḯ⓷屔䘬夷䭬⿏シ㵝炻ḇ㍸ὃḮ↮㜸夾奺炻ἄ䁢䘤⯽℟橼
⓷屔㨇⇞䘬⿅侫奺⹎炻䁢⼴临䘬⮎⊁䞼䨞⤈⭂㍊妶䭬䔯ˤἳ⤪ẍ㱽⼳䑘⠫㗗⏎滲
⁁ˣ奨䛦暨㯪㗗⏎⎗塓㺧嵛ˣ⺋㑕侭冯℔䛦ᷳ攻㗗⏎傥㚱㓰Ḻ≽炻Ἦ姽Ộ⎬⚳⓷ 屔㨇⇞ㆸ䅇⹎炷Holznagel& Jungfleisch, 2007, pp. 54-74炸ˤ
McQuail ㊯↢炻⨺橼⮵䣦㚫䘬⼙枧≃㖍⡆炻Ữ晐叿䥹㈨⾓忇䘤⯽ˣ⨺橼⍣䭉⇞
⊾桐㼖ẍ⍲⓮㤕怷廗ᷣ⭘䳬䷼忳ἄ䘬⼙枧炻㖊㚱夷䭬栗⼿忶㗪炻⨺橼䭉⇞嬲⼿グ BC⤪ỽ⤪ỽ⤪ỽỽ德忶德忶德忶德忶⓷屔⓷屔⓷屔
Ἦグ⚘暋ˤṾⶴ㛃⨺橼䘬㬋朊≃慷⼿ẍ䘤㎖炻⎴㗪ḇᶵ军㕤䁢䣦㚫ⷞἮ屈朊⼴㝄炻
ẍ㍸↢⨺橼ㅱ⎹䣦㚫ˬ⓷屔˭炷McQuail, 1997, p. 511炸ˤ
䔞 McQuail ẍ⓷屔䘬奺⹎䚳⼭⨺橼冯䣦㚫ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ炻⯙ᶵ⼿ᶵ⃰朊⮵⓷屔 忶䦳ᷕ⎗傥㎵⭛⨺橼冒䓙ㆾἧ㓧⹄啱㓭⸚枸䘬岒䔹ˤMcQuail 娵䁢炻晾䃞⎹䣦㚫⓷ 屔䚳Ụ旸⇞Ḯ⨺橼冒䓙炻Ữℑ侭᷎ᶵ䈜妠炻⚈䁢⓷屔㚨䳪䚖㧁㗗ᾅ晄冯Ὣ忚⨺橼 冒䓙炻⬫ᶵ⎗ẍ㷃⮹⨺橼ⷞἮ䘬屈朊⼙枧炻㚜傥Ὣ忚⨺橼冯䣦㚫攻䘬㬋⎹斄Ὢ烊 㗗㓭炻McQuail ℵᶱ⻟婧⓷屔㗗ᶨ䧖䭉⇞炷regulation炸侴朆㍏⇞炷control炸ㇳ㭝烉
٠ߚࣁΑගрཥޑ൞ᡏڋЋࢤǴԶࢂགྷӧၲԋޗୢೢޑҞΠǴࣁ
ࡹᆶჴ୍य़๏ϒቶݱޑࡌচ߾ǹځԛǴΨࢂࣁΑٛЗ܈ज़ڋ൞ᡏё
ૈԋޑॄय़ࡕ݀ǹനࡕǴࢂࣁΑߦ൞ᡏჹޗޑ҅य़ਏǶ炷McQuail, 1997, p. 525炸
McQuail ⇅㬍䴙㔜Ḯ⓷屔䘬⬠䎮シ㵝烉ˬ冒䓙⨺橼㚱㊯⭂䘬炷㱽⼳炸ˣ䲬⭂䘬炷䣦 㚫炸冯冒ㆹ天㯪ㆾ㉺䳽䘬1 炷忻⽟炸ᶱ䧖Ⰼ㫉䘬屔ả炻侴⎹䣦㚫屈屔䘬⼊⺷⎗ẍ㗗
⮵℞忈ㆸ䘬 ⭛屈屔炻ㆾ侭⮵℞堐䎦⑩岒屈屔ˤ˭ 炷夳⚾ 1炸ˤ
1 ⛐ McQuail’s mass communication theory 㬌㚠䫔⚃䇰ᷕ炻Ṿ⮯冒ㆹ天㯪㉺䳽↮ㆸℑ䧖屔ả炻⇵
侭㊯䘬㗗⨺橼冒栀䁢Ḯ➭㊩ΐ䎮㧁㸾℔ℙ䚖䘬ἄ↢㈧媦炻⼴侭⇯㗗⍵楩㛒䚉屔ả䘬㊯㍏
㚫 㚫
㚫ⷞἮⷞἮⷞἮἮ屈屈朊屈朊屈朊⼴㝄⼴㝄⼴㝄㝄炻
ᶵ⼿⼿ᶵ⃰ᶵ⃰ᶵ⃰⃰朊⮵朊⮵朊⮵朊⮵⓷屔⓷屔⓷屔
⚾ 1烉⨺橼冒䓙ˣ屔ả冯⓷屔䘬斄Ὢ⚾炷McQuail,1997, p. 511炸
⽆ McQuail 䘬⭂佑冯ᷣ⻝⎗䩢夳㬌㗪⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝䘤⯽↢䘬⸦枭慵天⍇⇯:
炷ᶨ炸⓷屔㗗⨺橼⽭枰思⬰䘬屔ả炻ⷞ㚱⻟⇞⿏䘬シ㵝烊炷Ḵ炸㴱⍲⨺橼冯䣦㚫暁 㕡䘬Ḻ≽炻晐⼴ McQuail 㕤 2003 ⸜忚ᶨ㬍墄⃭⓷屔枰⊭㊔婳㯪冯⚆ㅱ䘬Ḻ≽斄Ὢ炻 侴ᶼ忁Ⰼ斄Ὢ暨啱䓙怑䔞䘬䦳⸷Ἦ䵕专:
܌ᒏȬୢೢȭǴੋډᚈБϐೢҺᆶက୍໔࣬ϕයࡑᆶӣᔈޑၸำǶБ ٩Ᏽೕጄྗ߾ȐopsntȑౢғϐයࡑᆶፎԶගрЬǴќБ߾аርӣ
܈௦ڗՉှញǴ܈ࢂҺՖࡕុ٬ளٿБکှޑำׇǶ炷McQuail, 2003ˤ
⸽䶂䁢䫮侭≈炸
冒䓙⨺橼 㚱屔ả
⯙ẍᶳ⼊⺷䘬佑⊁
㊯⭂䘬 䲬⭂䘬 冒ㆹ天㯪ㆾ㉺䳽䘬
⛐
㱽⼳ 䣦㚫 ㆾ忻⽟
䘬Ⰼ㫉ᶲ屈屔炷accountable)
⯙ᶳ↿ℑ䧖シ佑
⮵⨺橼忈ㆸ䘬 ⭛ ㆾ ⮵⨺橼䘬堐䎦⑩岒
ㅱ屈屔ả 䔞屈屔ả
炷liability) 炷answerability)
McQuail ㊯↢⓷屔忶䦳℟㚱ᷣ≽婳㯪ˣ婒㖶冯⚆ㅱ䘬䧵㤝シ㵝炻℞⮎㗗ㅱ⒚
⬠⭞ Mary Warnock炷1974炸䘬゛㱽炻Warnock 娵䁢⓷屔㗗䴻䓙ᶨᾳˬ⥼妿˭䦳⸷
侴䓊䓇暁㕡䘬㪲⇑冯佑⊁斄ὪˤMcQuail炷2003, p. 28炸ᷣ⻝炻⓷屔䦳⸷劍傥䫎⎰
⎰㱽⿏ˣ㬋䔞⿏冯⎰䎮⿏䘬䭉⇞⍇⇯炻ὧ⎗ẍἧ⼿⨺橼䵕㊩䌐䩳⿏炻᷎ᶼ嬻ˬ⨺
橼冯䣦㚫⛐⼤㬌ᾉả䘬➢䢶ᶲ傥㚱Ḻ䚠ᶼᶵ⎴䦳⹎䘬⭡⽵˭炻⽆侴性⨺橼䘬屈朊
⼴㝄䓊䓇ˤ⽆⎬⚳农≃䘤⯽䘬⨺橼⓷屔㨇⇞ᷕ炻䘮⎗䚳↢ McQuail 娵䁢⨺橼⓷屔 㵝味⥼妿斄Ὢˣ姽Ộ䦳⸷ᾅ晄⨺橼冒䓙忁ᶱ枭⍇⇯䘬䷖⼙ˤ
㬌⢾炻 McQuail ⯙⓷屔䘬⼊⺷旸⇞䦳⹎炻⮯㬌㤪⾝↮ㆸᶱ䧖㟮㝞2Ἦ↮㜸烉 䫔ᶨ䧖㗗㱽⼳夷䭬炷legal-regulatory炸㟮㝞炻ἳ⤪ẍ㔯⫿姀庱佑⊁ˣ㈧媦ˣ㱽夷冯
ᷣ⻝炻㶭㤂㖶䡢⛘慸㶭ᾳṢ冯⨺橼攻䘬㪲⇑屔ả炻㱽夷℟㚱檀⹎⻟⇞⿏炻Ữ㗗 仢᷷⻰⿏炻冯㗪ᾙ忚䘬忇⹎庫ㄊ炻⚈㬌ㅱ䥱㊩㚨Ỷ䦳⹎旸⇞䘬⍇⇯ˤ䫔Ḵ䧖㗗䴻 㾇炾ⶪ⟜炷financial/market炸 㟮㝞炻℞➢㛔怷廗㗗⻟婧冒䓙ˣ㓰䌯ˣ怠㑯ˣ䙰⇑
⣏䛦╄⤥炻檀⹎⻰⿏ᶵ傥䚜㍍⍵㗈㴰屣侭暨㯪侴炻⬫怬⎗ẍ⸓≑⨺橼⮵℔
䛦ね䵺ᾅ㊩㓷デ⿏烊䃞侴炻忁䧖㕡⺷⭡㖻忈ㆸ⢇㕟⯨朊炻ḇᶵ⇑㕤奢⮇ΐ䎮₡ῤ 冯℔㮹炷citizen炸暨㯪ˤ䫔ᶱ䧖㗗℔ℙ㚵⊁炾ᾉ妿炷public service/fiduciary炸 㟮㝞炻 ㆾ⎗䧙䁢℔䛦ᾉả炷public trust炸 㟮㝞炻⬫慵夾䚖㧁㚜⊅㕤㳩䦳炻㓗㊩℔ℙ⇑䙲ˣ 㲐慵䣦㚫ↅ倂≃烊ᶵ忶 McQuail ḇ㈧娵忁䧖䚖㧁㚵兢䘬”public good”⭡㖻嬲婧ㆸ 䁢⚢⬰ᷣ㳩₡ῤῷ堺⊊≃⻟⣏䘬⇑䙲⛀橼烊㬌⢾炻䓙㕤⬫ẍ䣦㚫ᾉả䘬⼊⺷忚 埴炻Ữ⤪㝄㰺㚱⻟⇞≃炻⨺橼䳬䷼忂ⷠ⎒㚫怠㑯⿏⛘思⽆ˤ炷1997: 520-6炸
McQuail ㍸↢⓷屔䘬夷䭬⿏シ㵝冯↮㜸夾奺炻ἄ䁢⼴临䘬⮎⊁䞼䨞➢䢶炻侴伶
⚳⬠侭 Claude-Jean Bertrand炷2000, p. 108炸⛐忁ᾳ➢䢶ᷳᶲ炻两临䘤⯽↢⓷屔䘬 ˬ⇞⹎˭シ㵝ˤBertrand ㊯↢炻⓷屔ㅱ塓夾䁢ˬ⎗ὃ䘤⯽⍲䚠Ḻ忋䳸侴ㆸ䘬橼䲣˭
2
㵝炻 㵝炻
㵝炻℞⮎℞⮎℞⮎℞⮎㗗㗗㗗ㅱㅱㅱㅱ⒚⒚⒚⒚ ᶨ
ᶨᾳˬᾳˬᾳˬ⥼妿⥼妿⥼妿妿˭䦳˭䦳˭䦳⸷⸷⸷
⓷屔屔屔䦳⸷䦳⸷䦳⸷⸷劍傥劍傥劍傥劍傥䫎⎰䫎⎰䫎⎰䫎⎰
⿏ ᷎ᶼᶼ嬻嬻嬻ˬ⨺
3炻⚈㬌㍸↢⨺橼⓷屔䲣䴙炷media accountability systems炻MAS炸䘬㤪⾝ˤṾ侫⮇
Ḯ劙ˣ㱽ˣὬ䫱 17 ⚳䘬⨺橼ΐ䎮⮎⊁䴻槿ᷳ⼴炻㍸↢Ḯ⨺橼⓷屔䘬⭂佑烉ˬảỽ
⎗嬻⨺橼⎹℔䛦屈屔䘬朆㓧⹄炷non-State炸ㇳ㭝ˤ˭⊭㊔㕘倆⥼⒉㚫炷press councils炸ˣ 䚋⮇⥼⒉炷ombudsmen炸㕘倆⮎⊁夷䭬䫱䫱悥Ⱄ㕤忁ᾳ䭬䔯ˤ
Bertrand 德忶姒婯⨺橼ΐ䎮⮰⭞冯⬠侭炻㔜䎮↢㓡┬⨺橼⑩岒㚱ᶱ䧖䭉忻:炷ᶨ炸 㱽⼳㱽⹕炷law and courts 炸ˣ炷Ḵ炸ⶪ⟜炷market炸ˣ炷ᶱ炸⨺橼ΐ䎮⓷屔䲣䴙 炷media ethics and accountability systems炸炷Bertrand,2003, p. 11; 廱⺽冒
Bardoel,2004: 9炸炻忁枭ㆸ㝄ㅱḮ McQuail ᶱ䧖↮㜸⓷屔䘬㟮㝞: 㱽⼳夷䭬ˣ䴻㾇 炾ⶪ⟜ˣ℔ℙ㚵⊁炾ᾉ妿炻ḇㆸ䁢⼴临䞼䨞㍊妶⓷屔㨇⇞姕妰䘬慵天朊⎹ˤ
㬌⢾炻Bertrand炷2000, p. 111炸怬㊯↢⎬䧖✳⺷䘬⨺橼⓷屔䲣䴙➢㛔ᶲ悥㗗德 忶妻䶜炷training炸ˣ姽₡炷evaluation炸ˣ䚋䜋炷monitoring炸冯⚆棳炷feedback炸⚃
䧖➢㛔天䳈忚埴忳ἄˤ⛐㬌ᷳ⇵炻⬠侭㍊妶⓷屔㤪⾝炻䘮⚵丆姽₡ˣ䚋䜋⚆棳 忁ᶱ䧖シ㵝炻Ữ Bertrand 㰺㚱⾥䔍ㇻ忈⓷屔橼䲣䘬⇵伖ἄ㤕炻ḇ⯙㗗ˬ妻䶜˭ˤṾ 奨⮇⎬⚳冒 1960 ⸜ẋẍἮ䘤⯽忶䘬 MAS炻䘤䎦㚨ⷠ↢䎦䘬䉨㱩㗗㭷ᾳ屈屔╖ỵ悥
⼰≒≃炻⌣ᶵᶨ⭂傥䘤㎖䚜㍍䘬⼙枧≃炻⎬䧖▿娎㳩㕤暞㔋ˤἳ⤪Ṿ娵䁢⟙㤕⥼
⒉㚫炷press council炸㗗㚨㚱㓰䘬⨺橼⓷屔䲣䴙炻⛐ℕ 0 ⸜ẋ㛓㛇军ᶫ 0 ⸜ẋ⇅㛇 攻㤝䁢䚃埴炻Ữḅ 0 ⸜ẋ㛓炻忁ṃ⥼⒉㚫⊭㊔吉厬䈁ˣ≈≺㭼㴟⛘⋨ˣ䶔䓠伶
⚳䘬 National News Council 悥㴰⣙Ḯ烊媠⤪⤏⛘⇑ˣ匟嗕䘬䚠斄⥼⒉㚫⣙⍣Ḯ⼙枧
≃炻侴劙⚳⇯㗗⽡⸽廱✳炻⚈䁢⥼⒉᷎ᷕ㰺㚱⛐借姀侭炻侴ᶼ㤕⊁ḇ⎒嗽䎮䓛姜 㟰ẞ侴炻㚜⛐ 1980 ⸜ẋ䘬⟙䳁朑␥ᷕ㮓䃉⺢㧡烊℞⬫⤪ᷡ湍⽟⚳䘬⟙㤕⥼⒉ 㚫晾䃞⬀⛐炻Ṏ䃉㱽䧙⼿ᶲ嵛ẍ㓡朑⨺橼炷Bertrand, 2000, p. 128-9炸炻⚈㬌炻Ṿ娵 䁢昌Ḯ⮎⊁㑵ἄᶲ䘬ˬ姽₡˭ˣˬ䚋䜋˭ˬ⚆棳˭炻劍怬傥≈ᶲ⁛㑕㔁做忁㕡≃慷炻
3 Susanne Fengler, Tobias Eberwein& Tanja Leooik-Bork炷2011)娵䁢 Bertrand 晾䃞㍉䓐 media accountability systems 䘬⎵䧙炻Ữ℞ℏ⭡⌣仢䲣䴙䎮婾炷systems theory)䘬➢䢶炻⚈㬌ㅱ夾䁢 media accountability instruments炷MAI)炻㛔㔯侣嬗Ἦ冒⍇ἄ侭ἧ䓐䘬⎵娆ˤ
䘬 䘬
䘬㤪⾝㤪⾝㤪⾝㤪⾝ˤˤṾ侫Ṿ侫Ṿ侫侫⮇⮇⮇⮇ 屔
屔
屔䘬䘬⭂䘬⭂䘬⭂佑烉佑烉佑烉ˬảˬảˬảỽỽỽ 炷prprpresese s s cocococounununu cicicicilslslsls炸炸炸炸ˣ
⛐⬠昊㗪⯙ˬ妻䶜˭⬠䓇忚埴⨺橼⓷屔䘬⿅侫⬠佺冯⇅㬍娎ἄ炻㚨䳪⎗⻕⸛⓷屔 㤪⾝䘬⬠䓴䎮⾝冯⮎⊁㑵ἄᷳ攻䘬泣㹅烊ℵ侭炻⎬⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎⎗䳬ㆸ⨺橼⓷屔 䵚䴉炷network炸炻⼤㬌䚠庼䚠ㆸ炻㥳忋↢⬴㔜橼䲣4炻忁㧋䘬゛㱽⼴Ἦㆸ䁢㫸䚇䘤
⯽䵚嶗⨺橼⓷屔䞼䨞䘬➢㛔䎮⾝炷MediaAcT, 2010炸ˤ
䚠庫㕤 McQuail 䁢⓷屔㍸↢䘬↮㜸㟮㝞炻Bertrand 䘬届䌣⛐㕤寸Ḯ⨺橼⓷屔 䘬䴻槿䞼䨞ㆸ㝄炻䁢⓷屔㤪⾝≈ℍḮ㬟⎚䷙㶙冯⛘➇ⶖ䔘䘬⿅侫炻᷎ᶼ椾⃰ẍ橼 䲣䘬㤪⾝䚳⼭⓷屔⇞⹎烊Ṿ㔜䎮↢⎬䧖⓷屔䘬⼊⺷炻怬⮯⬫Ᾱ㬠䲵ㆸℏ悐ˣ⢾悐 冯⎰ἄᶱ䧖⓷屔䲣䴙烉ℏ悐⓷屔䲣䴙ἳ⤪⨺橼䳬䷼ℏ悐䘬シ夳䭉忻烊⢾悐⓷屔䲣 䴙⇯㗗⊭㊔ NGO 䫱℔㮹⛀橼䘬䞼䨞冯䚋䜋烊⎰ἄ⓷屔䲣䴙⇯溆↢Ḯ⮵ἧ䓐侭䘬シ 夳媖娊㚱≑㕤句⮎⨺橼⓷屔ˤᶵ忶炻⼴临⬠侭⣏⣂ẍ⨺橼䳬䷼ἄ䁢∫↮㧁㸾炻⮯
⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎↮䁢ℏ悐冯⢾悐ℑ䧖朊⎹侴炷McQuail,2003; Hargrave& Shaw, 2009炸炻㚜慵天䘬㗗炻Bertrand 䘬↮栆怬㗗㛒傥㶭㤂斉慳忁ṃ⨺橼⓷屔㨇⇞䘬忳ἄ 忶䦳䨞䪇⤪ỽ忚埴ˤ
Bertrand ⮯⨺橼⓷屔夾䁢ᶨ⣿橼䲣炻晾䃞冯 McQuail 夾奺㚱⇍炻ỮℑṢ䘬⓷屔 䞼䨞䎮⾝䚠役ˤBertrand 娵䁢⨺橼⓷屔橼䲣䘬≇傥ᶵ⎒㗗嬻⨺橼㑩㚱ΐ䎮⬰⇯侴炻 侴㗗䁢Ḯ嬻㕘倆姀侭傥ẍ℔䛦㓗㊩➢䢶↢䘤炻ᾅ㊩䌐䩳䱦䤆炻ㅱḮ McQuail 娵 䁢⓷屔䘬䳪㤝䚖㧁㗗ᾅ晄⨺橼䌐䩳䱦䤆ˣὫ忚⨺橼冯䣦㚫攻㬋⎹斄Ὢ䘬ᷣ⻝烉
൞ᡏୢೢࢂࣁΑׯ๓൞ᡏჹϦޑ୍ܺǴࡠൺ൞ᡏᖂఈǴаόӕБԄߥៈ
قፕᆶ൞ᡏԾҗǴჹ൞ᡏΓԶقǴёаᕇளߦ҇Ь܌ሡޑᐱҥ܄Ǵׯ๓ ΓᜪޑڮၮǶ炷Bertrand, 2000, p. 151炸
4 伶⚳㖶⯤喯忼ⶆ㚦⛐ 1970 ⸜ẋ↢䎦忶忁䧖ἳ⫸炻㕘倆⁛㑕⬠昊冯䔞⛘姀侭⎰ἄ↢䇰㕘倆姽嬘㛇
↲炷Twin Cities Journalism Review) ℙ⎴㔁⮶㕘倆ΐ䎮炻娚㛇↲⍿䔞⛘⨺橼岲≑炻ḇㆸ䩳Ḯ䚠斄䘬
㚨 㚨
㚨䳪⎗䳪⎗䳪⎗䳪⎗⻕⻕⸛⻕⸛⓷屔⓷屔⓷屔⓷屔
⎗
⎗
⎗䳬䳬ㆸ䳬ㆸ䳬ㆸ⨺橼⨺橼⨺橼橼⓷屔⓷屔⓷屔 㱽⼴⼴⼴ἮㆸἮㆸἮㆸㆸ䁢㫸䁢㫸䁢㫸䁢㫸䚇䘤䚇䘤䚇䘤䚇䘤
⁛䴙ᶲ⮵⨺橼䘬䭉⇞夷⇯㕤㔠ỵ⋗㳩㗪ẋ徸㻠≃㚱㛒忖炻David A. Levy 炷1999炸䞼䨞㫸㳚㔠ỵ暣夾䘤⯽嵐⊊㗪㚦㊯↢炻䔞柣忻冯䭨䚖グἮグ⣂炻䭉⇞侭 䃉㱽㊩临䚋䜋屈朊ℏ⭡⍲℞⮵䣦㚫䘬⼙枧炻⚈㬌㛒Ἦ㚫㚜≈ẘṿ奨䛦䘬䓛姜烊⎎
ᶨ㕡朊炻䥹㈨忚㬍ἧ奨䛦㚜⭡㖻⍾⼿暨屯妲炻ḇ傥㚜ᷣ≽䧵㤝⛘⍫冯㔜橼䭨䚖 䓊墥㳩䦳ˤLevy 娵䁢炻℔ℙ⺋暣㚵⊁㧁冱䘬₡ῤ㚫⍵㗈㗪ẋ奨溆炻侴℔ℙ⺋暣 㚵⊁⛐䔞Ṳ㗪䨢傰䴉ᷕ䘬⭂ỵ炻⽭枰天傥≃㈿⓮㤕⊾ⷞἮ䘬屈朊⼙枧炻⽆㬋朊ン
⹎㍸Έ℔ℙ屉炷public goods炸₡ῤ炻怬傥䡢ᾅ⣏䛦傥ṓ㚱ᶨ⭂㯜㸾䘬ℏ⭡⑩岒炷1999, pp. 147-9炸ˤ昌Ḯ℔ℙ⺋暣䳬䷼ᷳ⢾炻奨䛦䘬奺刚ḇ㖍䙲慵天炻⚈䁢⛐㔠ỵ⋗㳩㗪 ẋ墉炻奨䛦⍿⇘ˬ㍐˭炷䥹㈨ἧ奨䛦㚜⭡㖻忚埴⨺橼䚋䜋炸冯ˬ㉱˭炷䭉⇞侭暨㯪炸 䘬≃慷⼙枧㚜䓂㕤ẍ⼨炻⽭枰偑屈㭼忶⼨㚜䓂䘬屔ả炻⊭㊔䚋䜋⨺橼ˤ
➢㕤ẍᶲ䎮䓙炻Levy ᷣ⻝⺢䩳ᶨ⣿傥ἧシ夳℔攳婾彗䘬⇞⹎橼䲣ˤ⁛䴙ᶲ娵 䁢⨺橼䭉⇞ㅱ䓙╖ᶨ䭉⇞侭忚埴䘬奨⾝炻⛐㔠ỵ㗪ẋ栗䃞↢䎦Ḯᶵ⎴䘬妋⣿㕡㱽炻
`⤪㫸䚇⛐⨺橼䭉⇞ᶲ㍉⍾╖ᶨ䭉⇞侭䘬⼊⺷炻⎗傥㙓㗪㚫↢䎦⎬⚳ↅ倂ℙ嬀䘬
⸣奢炻Ữ㗗㚨⼴⎗傥⮶农⺲䕭⎊䓇炻ἳ⤪⭀₂佺㯋㚫ἧ⼿䳬䷼暊℔䛦シ夳グἮグ 怈ˣ慵天㰢䫾㳩㕤湹䭙ἄ㤕䫱䫱烊⚈㬌炻⛐䭉⇞䚖㧁冯ℐ䃞㓦ảᷳ攻炻ㅱ娚德忶 ᶨ⣿⎰㱽䘬⇞⹎炻嬻シ夳℔攳㍍⍿㩊夾炷1999, pp. 154-5炸ˤCornwall & Gaventa炷2001) ḇ娵䁢炻⺢䩳⓷屔⇞⹎媖娊冯⊭⭡Ἦ冒℔㮹䘬⣂⃫シ夳炻ㇵ⼿ẍ嬻䳬䷼嶛僓䵕㊩
䎦䉨䘬忳ἄㄋ⿏ˤ
Paolo Baldi Uwe Hasebrink炷2007炸ḇ⽆㫸㳚䴻槿↢䘤炻㊯↢⁛䴙ᶲ䓙⇑䙲
⛀橼䳬䷼㋵堃䘬教倥Ṣ㪲䙲炻䎦⛐≈ℍḮ⨺橼䳬䷼㓧⹄䘬≃慷炻ἧ⼿ˬ⨺橼⓷ 屔˭⽆奨⾝Έ嬘廱嬲䁢㓧㱣嬘柴炻℞➢㛔䎮⾝㚱⚃烉炷ᶨ炸⨺橼⓷屔忶䦳⌛㗗朷⚢
㮹ᷣ₡ῤ烊炷Ḵ炸℔䛦/教倥Ṣ⽭枰㋵堃℞ἄ䁢㴰屣侭⍲℔㮹䘬ᷣ㪲烊炷ᶱ炸ὃ䴎℔
䛦䘬㚵⊁⽭枰℟⁁⎰㱽⿏℔ℙ⇑䙲烊炷⚃炸⨺橼⎗傥䓊䓇屈朊䘬䣦㚫⼙枧炻⚈㬌⬫
Ᾱḇ⽭枰㈧㑼㒂㬌侴䓇䘬䣦㚫ㆸ㛔ˤBaldi 冯 Hasebrink炷2007, p. 11炸Ṏᷣ⻝炻斄 Da
Da
Davivid d d d A.A.A. LLevevyvyy Ἦグ
Ἦグ
Ἦググ⣂炻⣂炻⣂炻䭉⇞䭉䭉⇞䭉⇞侭侭侭 奨䛦
奨䛦
奨䛦䘬䓛䘬䓛䘬䓛䘬䓛姜烊姜烊姜烊姜烊⎎⎎⎎⎎
⛘⍫冯㔜㔜橼橼橼䭨䚖
⽫⨺橼⓷屔ᶵ⎗⾥䔍奨䛦⍫冯炷viewers’ participation炸䘬朊⎹炻ℑ侭䋞⤪ᶨ橼ℑ朊炻
⼴侭䘬⑩岒檀⹎⍾㰢㕤⇵侭䘬⑩岒烊Ṏ⌛炻ⓗ㚱䡢䩳冯⺢㥳Ḯ⓷屔⇞⹎炻㕡傥Ὣ 忚奨䛦⍫冯⨺橼㱣䎮ˤ
Baldi 冯 Hasebrink炷2007, pp. 18-32炸娵䁢炻屯妲℔攳䘬ˬ岒˭冯ˬ慷˭㗗⋨
↮䘬斄挝炻德忶屯妲℔攳炻℔㮹⼿ẍ忚ℍ㰢䫾忶䦳炻᷎䚋䜋㨇㥳䘬ἄ䁢炻德㖶℔
攳ḇ㗗䳬䷼屈屔ả䘬ᶨ䧖堐䎦ˤṾᾹ㊯↢炻㫸㳚⚳⭞䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔㨇⇞䘬䦳⹎䚠 䔞↮㬏炻⣏农ᶲ⎗↮䁢ᶱ栆炻䫔ᶨ栆㗗⨺橼⓷屔ˬ䲣䴙˭㭼庫℟橼䘬⚳⭞炻ἳ⤪
劙⚳ˣ⽟⚳ˣ䐆℠ˣ剔嗕炻℞㨇⇞⛐⨺橼䳬䷼冯㓧⹄夷䭬忁ℑ䧖朊⎹悥庫䁢⬴┬炻 䐆℠䫱⚳怬ℤ㚱冒⼳⥼⒉㚫ˤ䫔Ḵ栆⚳⭞晾䃞䘤⯽↢⨺橼⓷屔ˬⶍ℟˭炻⎗傥㚱㓧
⹄ᷣ䭉㨇斄䚋䜋炻Ữㆸ㓰怬㚱⼭㓡忚炻ἳ⤪大䎕䈁ˣ吉厬䈁ˣ㱽⚳ˣ䐆⢓ˤ䫔ᶱ 栆⚳⭞⮵㕤⨺橼德㖶⿏ˣ⨺橼屔ả悥怬 䔁⛐㓧㱣ˬ⎋嘇˭䘬Ⰼ㫉炻忁ṃ⚳⭞➢
㛔ᶲ䓙⚳⭞㨇☐ᷣ⮶ᶨ↯炻仢᷷ⶪ㮹䣦㚫䘬≃慷冯ᷳ㈿堉炻≈ᶲ教倥Ṣ㪲䙲᷎朆
ᷣ㳩嬘柴炻⨺橼⍿⓮㤕≃慷ᷣ⭘炻⨺橼⛘㘗炷media landscape炸檀⹎㓧㱣⊾炻ἳ⤪
伭楔⯤Ṇˣ㌟ˣ䩳昞⭃䫱ˤ
䁢Ḯ嬻㫸䚇㚫⒉⚳悥傥䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎炻᷎➡㢵↢㔜ᾳ㫸㳚䘬⨺橼⓷屔䵚 䴉炻ᶨ枭⣏夷㧉䘬⨺橼⓷屔⮎⊁䞼䨞ˬ㫸㳚⨺橼⓷屔⇞冯德㖶⿏˭妰䔓炷Media Accountability and Transparency, MediaAcT炸㕤 2010 ⸜⯽攳炻娚妰䔓Ἦ冒 Bertrand 娵䁢⎬⚳⨺橼⓷屔䲣䴙炷media accountability systems炻MAS炸⎗ẍ䳬ㆸ⨺橼⓷屔 䵚䴉炷network炸ẍ䘤㎖䵄㓰䘬㥳⿅炻㫸䚇↢屯役 150 叔㫸⃫忚埴䁢㛇ᶱ⸜䘬䞼䨞炻 德忶嶐⚳⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬㭼庫炻≈ᶲ䥹⬠⿏㔠㒂姽Ộˣ㶙⹎姒婯炻㍸ὃ㚫⒉⚳斄 㕤䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔橼䲣䘬㓧䫾⺢嬘炻䚖㧁㗗嬻㚫⒉⚳ὅ䄏㊯⺽㧉⺷䘤⯽↢∝㕘䘬⓷ 屔⇞⹎炻ḇ傥㍐≽⨺橼悐攨德忶⨺橼⓷屔橼䲣Ⰽ埴ẩ㤕䘬䣦㚫屔ảˤ娚妰䔓⭂佑
⨺橼⓷屔⌛㗗ẍˬảỽ朆㓧⹄ㇳ㭝Ὣἧ⨺橼⎹℔䛦⓷屔˭炷any non-state means of making media responsible towards the public炸炷MediaAcT, 2010, p. 30炸炻娚妰䔓娵䁢炻
侭 侭
侭䋞⤪䋞⤪䋞⤪⤪ᶨ橼ᶨ橼ᶨ橼ℑ朊ℑ朊ℑ朊朊炻 屔⇞
屔⇞
屔⇞⇞⹎炻⹎炻⹎炻㕡傥㕡㕡傥㕡傥ὫὫὫ
⨺橼⓷屔䘬ˬ岒˭冯ˬ慷˭⎗夾䁢ᶨᾳ⚳⭞⨺橼⣂⃫⿏冯冒䓙䘬斄挝㊯㧁炻ㇻ忈 㚜⤥䘬⨺橼⓷屔䲣䴙⯙㗗⡆忚㮹ᷣ䘬⑩岒ˤ⛐㫸㳚⨺橼㖍嵐普ᷕ⊾䘬㗪⇣炻⤪傥
➡梲䩳㱽侭ˣ㕘倆ⶍἄ侭ˣ⨺橼䭉䎮侭℔㮹忁⚃䧖⇑⭛斄ὪṢ炷stakeholders炸
ᷣ≽⍫冯⨺橼⓷屔炻᷎⮯㤪⾝㘖⍲炻恋湤㕘倆冯⨺橼ḳ㤕⯙傥⛐ᶵ⍿㓧㱣≃ṳℍ 䘬ね㱩ᶳᾅ晄℞⣂⃫⿏ˤ
Lucy Küng-Shankleman 娵䁢炻⇑⭛斄ὪṢ㗗䳬䷼䘬㓗㊩佌橼炷constituencies炸炻
℞埴䁢℟㚱㱽⼳⇑䙲炷legitimate interest炸炻ḇ㚱傥≃䚜㍍⼙枧䳬䷼堐䎦ˤ⇑⭛斄Ὢ ṢἮ㸸⊭㊔䳬䷼ℏ悐䘬⒉ⶍˣⶍ㚫烊䳬䷼⢾悐䘬㴰屣侭ˣ偉㜙ˣ䪞䇕侭䫱䫱ˤ䳬
䷼冯⇑⭛斄ὪṢ䘬Ḻ≽㚫⍿⇘㔯⊾傰䴉⼙枧炻᷎ᶼ⍵㗈⛐䳬䷼䘬⃒⃰ả⊁ᶲˤ⍵
忶Ἦ婒炻⇑⭛斄ὪṢ⮵㕤䳬䷼䘬天㯪ˣẍ⍲䳬䷼⤪ỽ⚆ㅱ炻ὧ㗗㔯⊾傰䴉䘬℟橼
䷖⼙炷Küng-Shankleman, 2000, pp.19-20炸ˤ
䞼䨞⨺橼ΐ䎮䘬⬠侭 Plaisance炷2000, p. 258炸ḇ娵䁢炻⓷屔㤪⾝ⷠ塓夾䁢ˬ朄 ン䘬⮎橼˭炷a static entity炸炻⚈侴⺢䩳Ḯ⎬⺷⎬㧋䘬㷔慷㊯㧁烊Ữ㗗炻⓷屔㤪⾝℞
⮎ㅱ娚塓夾䁢ᶨ䧖㳩≽⿏岒䘬Ḻ≽斄Ὢ炷fluid dynamic of interaction炸炻シ⌛⨺ṳἧ 䓐侭⨺ṳ妲〗ᷳ攻₡ῤ奨㚫䚠Ḻ⼙枧炻⚈㬌炻䃉㱽⺢䩳ᶨᾳ⚢⭂䘬㪲≃㧉✳炻 侴㗗ㅱ娚奨⮇ℑ侭䘬Ḻ≽斄Ὢˤ
McQuail ㊯↢炻㍊妶⓷屔㝞㥳䘬ℑ枭斄挝⊭㊔烉炷1炸⨺橼ẋ䎮Ṣ炷agent炸
天㯪侭炷claimant炸ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ炻忁ấ斄Ὢ㚫⯽䎦⛐暁㕡ὅ⽒䈡⭂夷䭬䘬⇵㍸ᶳ炻 㗗⤪ỽ妶婾䇕嬘⿏䘬嬘柴ˤ炷2炸⓷屔䘬夷䭬炷rules炸ˣ䦳⸷炷procedures炸⼊⺷炷forms炸 䁢ỽ炷1997: 521炸ˤ㍊妶⓷屔㨇⇞⇑⭛斄ὪṢ㗪炻⽭枰奨⮇⨺橼䳬䷼ẍᶳ奺刚⛐
ᶵ⎴㗪攻⬀⛐叿ᶵ⎴⻟⹎ˣ㕡⎹䘬㍐㉱ἄ䓐烉炷1炸⨺橼侩敮ˣ炷2炸㚱⣹䲬ㆾ佑⊁
斄Ὢ侭炷⤪⺋⏲⓮ˣἄ侭炸ˣ炷3炸䭉⇞侭炷4炸䣦㚫炷ẍ㮹シ䘬⼊⺷⯽䎦炻Ữḇ⎗
傥㗗䣦㚫㨇㥳ˣ⇑䙲⛀橼炸炷5炸 㴰〗Ἦ㸸ˣ⟙⮶⮵尉炷6炸教倥Ṣˤ啱䓙忁ᶨ忋
ᷚ㍐冯㉱䘬忶䦳炻ˬ൞ᡏаޔௗ܈໔ௗޑБԄӣᔈޗჹځࠔ፦ک0܈рހࠔࡕ݀Ƕ˭
斄挝 斄挝
斄挝挝㊯㊯㧁㊯㧁㊯㧁炻炻ㇻ忈ㇻ忈ㇻ忈ㇻ忈
⊾
⊾
⊾䘬䘬㗪䘬㗪䘬㗪⇣炻⇣炻⇣炻⤪傥⤪傥⤪傥 炷
炷
炷stststakakkkeheheheholololodededeersrsrsrs炸炸炸炸
⍿㓧㱣㱣≃≃ṳ
炷McQuail, 2003, p. 20炸
Mark Bovens炷2005炸ḇ娵䁢炻⓷屔忶䦳㴱⍲⣂慵䣦㚫斄Ὢ炻℞ᷕ⍰ẍ℔䛦⓷ 屔炷public accountability炸㚨䁢慵天炻忁墉㊯㴱䘬ˬ℔䛦˭㚱ℑ䧖ℏ㵝炻ᶨ㗗㊯
䳬䷼䘬忳ἄ妲〗ˣ㰢䫾婾彗悥傥⎹ᶨ凔⣏䛦炷the general public炸℔攳炻Ḵ㗗⽆℔
䛦柀➇炷public domain炸䘬奺⹎↢䘤炻䃉婾㗗ᶵ䈡⭂℔䛦ˣㆾ侭℔㮹炷citizens炸䘮
⎗䚋䜋℔ℙ屯慹䘬㓗↢ˣ䳬䷼ἄ䁢⍲℞㪲≃埴ἧ炻シ⛐天㯪䳬䷼⮵℔ℙ⇑䙲炷public interest炸屈屔ˤ
Toby Mendel⇯⻟婧⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝⮵㕤℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳䘬慵天⿏ˤ䓙㕤℔ℙ⺋暣 㨇㥳⭡㖻⍿⇘㓧⹄ˣ㓧源ˣ䥩Ṣẩ㤕℔㮹䫱⎬䧖≃慷䚠Ḻ㉱㈗炻䁢Ḯᾅ㚱䌐䩳
⿏炻㉝㈿㓧㱣冯⓮㤕䘬⸚枸炻℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳⽭枰⎹℔㮹⓷屔炻侴ᶼ⓷屔忶䦳⽭枰 䡢ᾅ傥嬻䳬䷼䛇㬋朊⎹℔䛦炻⏎⇯⭡㖻嬻䳬䷼䭉䎮昶Ⰼ⒉ⶍ䘬⇑䙲ⅴ楽㕤℔䛦
⇑䙲ᷳᶲ炷Mendel, 2011, pp. 60-1) ˤSteve Buckley 䫱Ṣḇ娵䁢炻℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳䘬
⓷屔⇞⹎椾⃰⽭枰℟⁁㱽⼳㓰≃炻ㇵ㚱Ẁ媠⮎嶸䘬⎗傥烊℞㫉㗗䘤⯽ᶨ䲣↿㖶䡢 䘬屔ả堉慷㧁㸾炻⺢䩳⎹℔䛦⓷屔炷accountability to general public炸䘬㬋⺷䭉忻炻 ἧ⼿℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳⼿ẍ倥ᶵ⎴䘬倚枛炻∝忈℔ℙ㚵⊁₡ῤ炷public service value炸 炷Buckley et al., 2011, pp. 162-3, 191-8炸ˤMendel炷2011, pp. 61-4炸ḇᷣ⻝炻ᶨ㖎㚱 朆㓧⹄䳬䷼ˣ⬠䓴ˣ㴰屣侭⛀橼䫱⎬⺷⎬㧋℔㮹䣦㚫䘬埴≽侭炷actors炸⍫冯⓷屔 忶䦳炻ㇵ傥ἧ⼿℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳⼿ẍ䵕专䓙℔䛦㌰㪲ˣẘ岜℔䛦㓗㊩䘬䱦䤆ˤ㎃ᾳ 奺⹎Ἦ婒炻⓷屔⇞⹎Ὣἧ℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳℔䛦ᷳ攻 ↢㈧媦炻⺢䩳ᾉả斄Ὢˤ
ᶲ徘䧖䧖䞼䨞⎗ẍ䚳↢炻䃉婾㗗⬠埻柀➇ㆾ侭⮎⊁柀➇炻悥シ嬀⇘䣦㚫ᷕ䘬 䳬ㆸ↮⫸墯暄炻ㅱ娚㶙䨞⨺橼⓷屔㴱⍲䘬⇑⭛斄ὪṢ㚱⒒ṃ炻忁ṃ⇑⭛斄ὪṢ Ḻ≽忶䦳䓊䓇Ṩ湤㧋䘬ἄ䓐≃炻⍰喲⏓ḮṨ湤㧋䘬シ佑ˤ
Torbjörn von Krogh炷2012炸⇯⮯⨺橼⓷屔ㆸ㝄搚⇘㬟⎚傰䴉ᷳᷕ炻↠栗Ḯ
⇞⹎䘬㔯⊾シ㵝炻Ṿ㔜䎮Ḯ 1940 ⸜⇘ 2010 ⸜ᷳ攻䐆℠䘬⨺橼⓷屔㨇⇞䘤⯽炻㍸
炻℞
炻℞
炻℞ᷕ⍰ᷕ⍰ᷕ⍰ẍ℔ẍ℔ẍ℔䛦⓷䛦⓷䛦⓷⓷ ℑ䧖ℏ䧖ℏ䧖ℏ㵝炻㵝炻㵝炻㵝炻ᶨ㗗ᶨ㗗ᶨ㗗ᶨ㗗㊯㊯㊯㊯
攳 㗗㗗㗗⽆
↢⨺橼⓷屔㗗ᶨ䧖Ḻ≽䘬忶䦳炻᷎朆⎒㗗╖⎹䘬㉙⿐冯ᷣ⻝侴炻侴㗗⎬⇑⭛斄 ὪṢὅ㒂⣂慵≽㨇Ṍ䷼Ḻ≽ˤἳ⤪炻䐆℠ἄ䁢㮹ᷣ䴙⎰㧉⺷䘬℠䭬炻⛐ 1960 ⸜ẋ 㚱⎬⺷⎬㧋䘬↢䇰侭⋼㚫ˣ姀侭⋼㚫炻嬘㚫墉怬㚱ⷠ姕䘬⨺橼⥼⒉㚫炻ᶵ忶晐叿 㗪攻䘤⯽炻⓷屔忶䦳ᶵℵẘ岜㓧㱣普㚫忚埴婯⇌ˤ⤪Ṳ䘬ᷕ⣖⨺橼㨇㥳ᶵℵᷣ
⮶嬘柴炻慵天⿏⣏㷃炻⍵侴㗗⨺橼䳬䷼墉朆ⷠン⿏ˣ㟡㒂䈡㬲暨㯪ㇵㆸ䩳䘬䞕㛇
⓷屔㨇⇞⡆≈ˤKrogh 䘬䞼䨞ㅱ McQuail ᷣ⻝⓷屔夷䭬ˣ䦳⸷⼊⺷䘬慵天⿏炻
⚈䁢䐆℠⓷屔㨇⇞ᷕ䘬忶䦳冯埴䁢嬲怟炻㓡嬲Ḯ⇑⭛斄ὪṢ埴ἧ⓷屔㪲≃䘬㕡
⺷ˤ
㔜橼侴妨炻⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝䘤⯽⽆夷䭬⿏シ㵝⇘⮎⊁䴻槿䞼䨞炻ℵ䘤⯽↢傰䴉
⿏夾奺ˤ㚨⇅䘬夷䭬⿏シ㵝⊭㊔⛐⒚⬠䭬䔯㍊妶⓷屔㤪⾝㗪炻溆↢℞℟㚱⚈⥼妿 侴䓇䘬㪲⇑冯佑⊁斄Ὢ炻侴⓷屔晾㗗⨺橼ㅱ屈䘬䣦㚫屔ả炻Ữ⍰⣂Ḯ⻟⇞⿏ˣ
ᷣ≽⿏䘬シ㵝炻⬠侭ᷣ⻝䘤⯽↢ᶨ⣿忳ἄ橼䲣炻Ὣ忚⨺ṳ䳬䷼冯⨺ṳἧ䓐侭ᷳ攻 䘬Ḻ≽斄Ὢˤ⓷屔㨇⇞晾䃞Ⱄ㕤ᶨ䧖䭉⇞ㇳ㭝炻㚨䳪䚖㧁⌣㗗䁢Ḯᾅ晄⨺橼冒䓙 冯Ὣ忚㮹ᷣ⑩岒炻忁㗗⬫冯℞Ṿ⨺橼㍏⇞ㇳ㭝䘬㚨⣏⋨⇍ˤ忁ṃ䞼䨞䁢⼴临䞼㒔
⓷屔⇞⹎䘬朊⎹冯䚖㧁㍸ὃḮ慵天⿅侫➢䢶炻᷎ᶼ䘤⯽↢搚㕤⎬⚳㔯⊾傰䴉䘬 奨⮇夾奺ˤ
佩䥨䏒炷2008炸䘬䞼䨞ḇ㗗⮯⓷屔㤪⾝搚⇘冢䀋䘬㗪䨢傰䴉ᷳᷕ炻⤡ẍ℔
夾䫔⚃⯮吋ḳ㚫㍸⮑忶䦳ἄ䁢䞼䨞䃎溆炻㍊䳊冢䀋℔⺋普⛀䘬⓷屔橼䲣䃉㱽枮⇑
忳ἄ䘬⍇⚈炻Ữ⤡⮯忁⟜忶䦳㓦ℍ冢䀋℔⺋普⛀䘬䘤⯽側㘗ˣ䓂军㗗冢䀋℔ℙ柀
➇䘬䘤⯽傰䴉ᷕˤ➢㕤⨺橼⓷屔䘬䎮⾝炻℔夾吋ḳ㚫䘬㍸⮑㧁㸾⽭枰℔攳德㖶5炻 Ữ⤡䘤䎦㍸⮑⎵╖⨺橼⟙⮶悥⍿⇘⎬冒䘬㓧㱣シ嬀✳ン侴㚱㖶栗ⶖ䔘炻⌘嫱冢
5 Bardoel & D’Haenens炷2004炸㊯↢炻⮯℔ℙ⺋暣㚵⊁冯⓷屔⇞⹎忋䳸⥳㕤㫸䚇 1994 濜⎔攳䘬䫔
⚃⯮悐攟䳂㚫嬘炷Minister Conference炸炻℞䘤堐ˬⶫ潳㟤⭋妨˭炷the Prague Declaration炸炻娵䁢℔ℙ
⺋暣㚵⊁㓠斄⺋⣏教倥Ṣ䘬䣦㚫冯㔯⊾暨㯪炻⚈㬌⮯℔ℙ⓷屔↿䁢⚃⣏天⊁ᷳᶨ炷廱⺽冒佩䥨 䏒,2008: 196)ˤ
炻侴 炻侴
炻侴侴㗗㗗⎬㗗⎬㗗⎬⇑⭛⇑⭛⭛⭛斄斄斄斄 䭬炻
䭬炻
䭬炻炻⛐⛐⛐19199606060⸜ẋ⸜ẋ⸜ẋẋ
⒉㚫
⒉㚫
⒉㚫炻ᶵ炻ᶵ炻ᶵ炻ᶵ忶晐忶晐忶晐忶晐叿叿叿叿
⨺橼㨇㥳ᶵ㥳ᶵᶵℵᷣ
䀋㮹ᷣ⍿ˬ㔝ㆹ✳㓧㱣奨˭奨⼙枧䓂㶙炻ḇ⚈㬌⥐䣁Ḯⶪ㮹䣦㚫䘬䘤⯽烊侴吋ḳ ả借冯⏎䘬㰢⭂夾䁢⎹㓧⹄⭀⒉ˬ Ṣね˭炻ḇ⍵㗈Ḯ冢䀋ˬ⛐⛘㪲濘奨䘬Ṣね㧉
⺷˭忳ἄ䈡刚ˤ佩䥨䏒娵䁢炻劍⮯㍸⮑忶䦳夾䁢冢䀋ⶪ㮹䣦㚫忳ἄ℔ℙ瀂➇䘬⮎
槿⟜炻㔝ㆹ⮵䩳奨冯Ṣね忳ἄ㧉⺷栗䃞ᶵ⇑㕤暨天䎮⿏⿅彐䘬℔㮹䣦㚫䘤⯽ˤᶵ 忶炻佩䥨䏒䘬䞼䨞倂䃎㕤吋ḳ㚫㍸⮑忶䦳炻㛒㍸⍲⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎ᷕ℔⺋㨇㥳冯
℔㮹攻䘬Ḻ≽忶䦳ˤ
㚡䏔ⅴ䫱炷2008炸娵䁢ㇻ忈℔⺋㨇㥳⓷屔橼䲣䘬䫔ᶨ㬍㗗⃰⮯㧉䱲䘬夷䭬ἄ
↢㶭㤂⭂佑炻慸㶭䳬䷼゛天∝忈⒒ṃˬ℔ℙ₡ῤ˭炻ㇵ傥㒂㬌䘤⯽↢℟橼㨇⇞ˤ㚡 䏔ⅴ䫱Ṣ德忶岒⊾䞼䨞冯⽟厚㱽婧㞍䫱㕡㱽炻⺢䩳Ḯˬ℔⺋普⛀℔ℙ₡ῤ姽慷㊯
㧁˭炻⊭㊔妠忼ˣ⑩岒ˣ⼙枧≃ˣ℔ℙ㚵⊁ˣ屉⊁冯ḳ㤕䆇忳㓰䌯Ḽ⣏朊⎹炻シ⚾
䁢冢䀋㈦↢㓞夾䌯ẍ⢾䘬䷦㓰堉慷ㇳ㭝炻⺢㥳↢怑⎰冢䀋䘬℔ℙ⺋暣㚵⊁⓷屔㧁 㸾ˤ
⛐⮎⊁ᶲ炻⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝ḇㆸ䁢㋵堃℔ℙ暣夾䌐䩳䱦䤆䘬₡ῤ➢䢶ˤẍ䫔⚃
⯮℔夾吋ḳ㚫䇕嬘ẍ⍲䫔Ḽ⯮℔夾吋ḳ㚫㍸⮑忶䦳Ἦ䚳炻⨺㓡⛀橼⣂㫉䰚℔夾 吋ḳ㚫⮑㞍⥼⒉㚫ㅱ娚䥱㊩ˬ℔ℙ䱦䤆˭冯ˬ⨺橼⮰㤕˭炻℔攳德㖶⛘⮑㞍埴㓧昊
㍸⎵ᷳ吋ḳ⎵╖炻⊭㊔冱勸䦳⸷℔攳ˣ⮑㞍忶䦳德㖶炻ㅱ䥱㊩㮹ᷣ⍫冯䱦䤆炻⛐
⮑㞍ᷳ⇵℔ỰṢ怠⍲῁怠䎮䓙ᷳ⢾炻ẍ姀⎵㈽䤐㕡⺷忚埴⮑㞍炻᷎婒㖶⏎㰢ᾳ⇍
Ṣ怠ᷳ䎮䓙䫱䫱ˤ
Ϧ໒ܴωࢂᆢៈϦӅ൞ᡏϦӅ܄ޑಃǴӝᝄᙣޑቩำׇǴωૈ
ᒧрᆀᙍޑϦຎဠᅱ٣Ǵफ़եΓ҇ჹࡹ༈ΚࢉࡰϦӅ൞ᡏᅪቾǶѠࡹ
ݯวவ࠶وӛ҇ЬǴࠅϝଶ੮ӧажࡹݯࣁ୷ᘵޑᅱ࿎ڋᑽࡘᆢǴ ᗨฅ೭ࢂ҇ЬޗѸाޑᐒڋǴՠӵՖᘉεӄ҇ୖᆶǴوӛܴࡹݯ׳ࢂ
Ѡ҇Ьวޑख़ाᜢᗖǶ炷⎘䀋⨺橼奨⮇㔁做➢慹㚫,2012 ⸜ 8 㚰 8 㖍炸 䘬䘤
䘬䘤
䘬䘤䘤⯽⯽烊⯽烊⯽烊侴吋侴吋吋吋ḳḳḳḳ
⛘㪲
⛘㪲
⛘㪲濘奨濘奨濘奨䘬䘬䘬䘬ṢねṢねṢね㧉㧉㧉㧉 ἄ℔
ἄ℔
ἄ℔ℙ瀂ℙ瀂ℙ瀂ℙ瀂➇䘬➇䘬➇䘬➇䘬⮎⮎⮎⮎ 㮹䣦㚫䘤䘤⯽⯽⯽
ẍᶲ䞼䨞ˣḳẞ⛯栗䣢⎘䀋攳⥳慵夾⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝⮵㕤㈞㢵℔㮹䣦㚫ˣ㍸⋯
℔ℙ⇑䙲䘬慵天⿏ˤ䃞侴炻㬌㤪⾝ὅ䃞怬 䔁⛐⎋嘇⭋䣢䘬Ⰼ㫉炻⯂㛒䘤⯽↢℟
橼⓷屔㨇⇞ˤ➢㕤ᶲ徘⍇⚈炻姙⣂⬠侭ῇṾ⚳⓷屔⇞⹎炻シ⚾䁢⎘䀋℔⺋普⛀
䘤⯽⓷屔㨇⇞㲐ℍ㕘䘬⿅侫ˤ察䍚䍚ˣ∱⸤䎵炷2011炸侫⮇Ḯ劙ˣ㖍ˣ伶ˣ杻䘬
℔ℙ暣夾㓧䫾炻啱叿㶙⹎姒婯ˣ⮰⭞䃎溆⛀橼℔倥㚫溆↢䔞⇵℔⺋普⛀䘬䴻䆇
⚘⠫炻ἳ⤪⛐⓷屔橼䲣ᶲㅱ≈⻟屉⊁ℏ悐䧥㟠ˣㅱẍ℔ℙ₡ῤ姽慷㊯㧁忚埴䭨䚖 姽慷炻᷎ㆸ䩳㬋⺷䘬ℏ⭡媖娊⥼⒉㚫炻忚埴⣂⃫ᶼ德㖶䘬℔䛦㹅忂ˤ櫷䌻炷2008炸 䞼䨞 BBC 廱✳⇯䁢冢䀋䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔䘬㱽⼳夷䭬㍸ὃḮ慵天䘬⿅侫⍇⇯ˤṾ㊯↢炻
⚈䁢 BBC 㓡列Ḯ㨇㥳㱣瀲䘬德㖶灏ˣ屈屔㨇⇞䳬䷼㝞㥳ᷳ⢾炻怬䵕㊩Ḯ℔ℙ⺋
暣䘬➢㛔䱦䤆⍇⇯炻⊭㊔䌐灅冒ᷣˣ⣂⃫㚵⊁℔ℙ澹冯䫱炻⚈㬌ῤ⼿冢䀋⍫
侫ˤṾ⍫䄏 BBC 䘬㓡朑天溆炻㍸↢冢䀋˪℔夾㱽˫䘬ᾖ㱽⺢嬘: ㅱ叿慵䫔⋩ᶱ㡅
⇘Ḵ⋩瀟㡅㚱斄吋ḳ㚫冯䷥䴻瀲ᷳ姕伖借㪲ˤ天溆ᶨ㗗⡆墄㔯⫿⻟婧吋ḳ䘬ˬ℔
䛦ẋ堐˭幓ấ炻ẍ⍲⮯㍸⮑忶䦳℔攳德㖶炻⇑㕤⢾䓴䚋䜋烊㚱⽭天⛐㱽瀦℔䛦 暨㯪䘬➢䢶ᶲ㖶䡢⊾吋ḳ㚫ᷳ㌴瀲ḳ枭炻᷎忚灖䚋䜋姽Ộˤ天溆Ḵ㗗㖶妪姕伖
➟灖⥼⒉㚫炻⛐借㪲ᶲ≈⻟冯吋ḳ㚫ᷳ攻䘬⋨昼斄Ὢˤ天溆ᶱ㗗㖶妪姕伖ⷠ姕
⿏䘬教倥Ṣ媖娊⥼⒉㚫炻᷎夷⭂吋ḳ㚫⽭枰⭂㛇媖娊シ夳炻ᶼἄ䁢ᶲⰌ㰢䫾䘬澹 侫ˤ䌳Ṇ䵕炷2012炸⇯⚆栏劙⚳ㆸ䩳䫔ᶱ㕡⺋暣⨺橼䚋䎮㨇㥳 Ofcom 䘬ἄ㱽炻⿅
侫⮯⓷屔㨇⇞⮶ℍ⎘䀋ˬ⚳⭞忂妲⁛㑕⥼⒉㚫˭炷National Communications
Commission炻NCC炸䘬⎗傥㕡⎹ˤ䌳Ṇ䵕㊯↢炻Ofcom 㚱劙⚳˪2003 ⸜⁛㑕㱽˫
炷Communication Act 2003炸ἄ䁢㱽㸸➢䢶炻ㇵ⼿ẍ句⮎ẋ堐℔㮹冯㴰屣侭⎹⨺橼
⓷屔䘬䱦䤆炻Ữ㗗⎘䀋䘬⁛㑕䚠斄㱽⼳᷎㰺㚱䁢 NCC 岎Ḱˬ⓷屔˭ℏ㵝炻⼰⭡㖻 塓暣夾⨺橼夾䁢ˬ㒦㮹˭ㆾ忽㱽埴㓧ˤ
䵄⎰奨ᷳ炻䔞⇵⚳ℏˣ⢾憅⮵ BBC 䘬㟰ἳ䞼䨞炻䘮ῷ⎹朄ン䘬⇞⹎⏰䎦炷櫷 䌻炻2008烊察䍚䍚ˣ∱⸤䎵炻2011炸炻Ữ㗗炻㟡㒂 McQuailˣMendel 冯 Krogh 䘬ᷣ
℔㮹
℔㮹
℔㮹㮹䣦㚫䣦㚫䣦㚫ˣ㍸ˣ㍸ˣ㍸⋯⋯⋯ 炻⯂㛒⯂㛒⯂㛒㛒䘤⯽䘤⯽䘤⯽䘤⯽↢℟↢℟↢℟↢℟
䁢⎘䀋℔℔⺋⺋⺋普⛀
⻝炻⨺橼⓷屔䞼䨞⎗ẍ⽆䣦㚫傰䴉↢䘤炻叿䛤㕤Ḻ≽忶䦳炻᷎ᶼ斄㲐℔㮹⍫冯℔
ℙ⨺橼⓷屔ẋ堐䘬㪲屔シ㵝炻㩊夾⓷屔⇞⹎Ὣἧ℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳℔䛦ᷳ攻⼤㬌
㈧媦ˣḺ䚠㓗㊩冯ᾉả䘬䱦䤆ˤ⚈㬌炻㛔㔯ᷣ⻝㍊妶⨺橼⓷⇞⹎屔ㅱ⃰㡛䎮㗪䨢 傰䴉ἄ䁢側㘗ˤ
䓙㕤⓷屔㨇⇞⎗夾䁢℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳䌐䩳⿏䘬⃰㰢㡅ẞ炻ḇ㓠斄教倥Ṣ冯℔ℙ
⺋暣㨇㥳ᷳ攻䘬Ḻᾉ⑩岒炻冯℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳䘬℔ℙ㚵⊁䱦䤆ᶵ媨侴⎰炻⚈㬌炻㛔 䞼䨞娵䁢炻怑⎰ẍ℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳ἄ䁢⓷屔㨇⇞䘬䞼䨞⮵尉烊侴劙⚳ BBC 㕤 2007
⸜䘬䳬䷼廱✳㗗㍊妶⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬ẋ堐⿏㟰ἳ炻㓭㛔㔯⮯忚ᶨ㬍㍊妶 BBC ⛐廱
✳ᷳ⼴德忶⓷屔⇞⹎冯℔䛦Ḻ≽䘬忶䦳ˤ
ಃ
ಃΒ ࣴز৩
㛔䞼䨞⍾⼹㗗ẍ㕘⇞⹎婾ᷕ䘬㬟⎚⇞⹎ᷣ佑炷historical institutionalism炸䁢夾 奺炻啱䓙㡛䎮⇞⹎䘤⯽䘬㗪攻⸷↿炻㈦↢⇞⹎⤪ỽ搚⛐㬟⎚傰䴉ᷕ炻⛐斄挝㗪
⇣⍿⇘⒒ṃ⼙枧炻⚈侴⮶农⇞⹎䘬⺞临ㆾ侭嬲怟ˤ
Peters炷1999炸㚦㊯↢炻⇞⹎㚨慵天䘬䈡⽝㚱⚃烉椾⃰炻⇞⹎䘬ℏ⭡㝸䧖䦳⹎
ᶲ㗗䣦㚫ㆾ㓧㱣䳬䷼䘬䳸㥳䈡⽝炻⛐℞㧉⺷⊾䘬Ḻ≽ᷕ炻⇞⹎崭崲ᾳṢ᷎㴱⍲ᾳ Ṣ䳬ㆸ䘬普橼炻忁䧖Ḻ≽斄Ὢ➢㕤埴䁢侭ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ⼿ẍ枸㷔ˤ℞㫉炻⇞⹎℟
⁁䲬㜇≃炻㚫⮵ᾳṢ埴䁢䓊䓇⼙枧ˤℵ侭炻⇞⹎ᷕ䘬ㆸ⒉ℙṓ䈡⭂䘬₡ῤㆾシ佑ˤ 㚨⼴炻⇞⹎⬀⛐晐㗪攻嬲⊾侴⏰䎦䘬䨑⭂⿏炷1999, pp. 94-5炸ˤ
⛐⇞⹎↮㜸䘬⬠埻䞼䨞ᷕ炻㖑㛇奨溆㍊妶㔜ᾳ⚳⭞䲣䴙䘬⇞⹎䈡⽝炻⻟婧㱽
⼳⛐㬋⺷㓧⹄⇞⹎ᷕ䘬慵天⿏炷啃㙱㸸ˣ昛⭞∃,2008: 83-5炸炻䧙䁢⎌℠⇞⹎ᷣ佑 炷institutionalism炸炻䲬㳩埴㕤⋩ḅᶾ䲨㛓军Ḵ⋩ᶾ䲨ᶲ⋲叱ˤ⎌℠⇞⹎ᷣ佑ᷣ⻝Ṣ 㗗搚⛐㬟⎚ᷳᷕ炻ᾳ橼䘬埴䁢⽭枰㟡㒂℞⛐⇞⹎ᷕ䘬ỵ伖㕡傥塓䎮妋ˤ䃞侴炻
斄㲐 斄㲐
斄㲐㲐℔℔㮹℔㮹℔㮹⍫冯⍫冯冯冯℔℔℔℔
℔
℔
℔℔䛦ᷳ䛦ᷳ䛦ᷳ攻⼤攻攻⼤攻⼤㬌㬌㬌 屔ㅱ
屔ㅱ
屔ㅱ⃰⃰⃰⃰㡛䎮㡛䎮㡛䎮㡛䎮㗪䨢㗪䨢㗪䨢㗪䨢
㟡㒂⎌℠⇞⹎ᷣ佑䘬䚳㱽炻ᾳ橼⛐⇞⹎ᷕ㰺㚱冒ᷣ䨢攻炷㛶劙㖶炻2005炻枩 4炸炻
⚈侴㳩㕤䳸㥳㰢⭂婾ˤ䫱⇘Ḵ⋩ᶾ䲨 70ˣ80 ⸜ẋ炻大㕡䣦㚫䥹⬠柀➇䘤⯽↢㕘⇞
⹎ᷣ佑炷neoinstitutionalism炸䘬㤪⾝炻ㇵ攳⥳斄㲐Ṣ⛐⇞⹎ᷕ䘬⮎嶸忶䦳ˤ
Hall &Taylor炷1996炸⮯㕘⇞⹎ᷣ佑㊱䄏`姕ẍ⍲䞼䨞徼⼹↮䁢ᶱ䧖烉䫔ᶨ䧖 㗗䎮⿏怠㑯⇞⹎ᷣ佑炷rational choice institutionalism炸ˣ䫔Ḵ䧖㗗䣦㚫⬠⇞⹎ᷣ佑 炷sociological institutionalism炸炻䫔ᶱ䧖⇯㗗㬟⎚⇞⹎ᷣ佑炷historical
institutionalism炸ˤ䎮⿏怠㑯⇞⹎ᷣ佑䘬䎮婾`姕⛐㕤烉ᾳṢ思⬰⇞⹎㗗䴻忶䎮⿏妰 䬿炻娵䁢䳸㝄䫎⎰冒幓⇑䙲炻侴⇞⹎㗗➢㕤ᾳṢ暨㯪ㇵ塓∝忈↢Ἦˤ䣦㚫⬠⇞⹎
ᷣ佑⇞⹎⌣ᶵ娵⎴ᾳṢ思⽒⇞⹎䘬埴≽㗗㓰䌯侫慷ᶳ䘬䎮⿏怠㑯炻⍵侴ᷣ⻝⮯Ṣ Ᾱ䘬埴≽夾䁢ᶨ䧖䈡㬲䘬㔯⊾⮎嶸炻`姕ᾳ橼⛐䣦㚫⊾忶䦳ᷕℏ⊾Ḯ冯奺刚䚠忋 䘬⇞⹎夷䭬炻啱䓙思⽒⇞⹎炻ᾳṢ⼿ẍ⛐㔜橼䣦㚫傰䴉ᶳ⭂ỵ冒炻ℙṓ䣦㚫₡
ῤˤ䣦㚫⬠⇞⹎ᷣ佑㍉⍾㔯⊾徼⼹炻娵䁢⇞⹎⯙㗗䓙ⷠ夷ˣ䫎嘇ˣ∯㛔㥳ㆸ䘬䵚 䴉炻䓐Ἦ㍸ὃṢᾹ埴䁢䘬㧋䇰ˤ⚈㬌炻ᶵㅱ娚⎒斄㲐㱽夷ˣ㬍樇ㆾ夷䭬侴炻怬 天Ḯ妋ἄ䁢Ṣ栆埴䁢シ佑㟮㝞炷frames of meaning炸䘬䫎嘇橼䲣炻⽆ΐ䎮ˣ忻⽟ˣ シ嬀✳ンˣ㔯⊾ˣ₡ῤ奨䫱䫱奺⹎Ἦ䞼䨞⇞⹎炷1996, pp.13-15)ˤ㬟⎚⇞⹎ᷣ佑⇯
⮯⇞⹎⭂佑䁢搚⛐䳬䷼䳸㥳ᷕ䘬㬋⺷ㆾ朆㬋⺷䘬䦳⸷炷procedures炸ˣㄋἳ 炷routines炸ˣ夷䭬炷norms炸冯⋼⭂炷conventions炸ˤ㬟⎚⇞⹎ᷣ佑娵䁢ᶨ枭⇞⹎崟 㸸冯嬲怟㗗⇞⹎䑘⠫ᷕˬ嶗⼹ὅ岜˭炷path dependent炸䘬嬲怟忈ㆸ䘬ˤ䓙㕤⎬䧖⚈
䳈䘬⼙枧⮶农⇞⹎嬲怟炻䃞侴炻⌣ᶵ⁷䳸㥳㰢⭂婾ᷣ⻝⎴㧋䘬㑵ἄ㚫䓊䓇⚢⭂䳸 㝄炻侴㗗ᷣ⻝⇞⹎㗗䈡⭂㬟⎚側㘗ᶳ䘬䓊䈑炻⌛ἧ⎴㧋ḳẞ䘤䓇炻ḇ㚫晐叿㗪䨢 㡅ẞᶵ⎴炻䓊䓇㕤䃉㱽枸㷔䘬朆シ⚾⿏⼴㝄炷unintended consequences炸ˤ㬟⎚⇞⹎
ᷣ佑㈲䳬䷼Ṣ忋䳸⛐ᶨ崟炻斄㲐⇞⹎⛐䘤⯽冯忳ἄ忶䦳ᷕ炻䓊䓇䘬㪲≃ᶵ⮵
䫱斄Ὢ炻奨⮇⇞⹎㗗⏎⼙枧㝸ṃ⛀橼⍫冯㰢䫾忶䦳䘬㨇㚫炻ẍ⍲⁛怆↢䘬䎮⾝
炷ideas炸⤪ỽ㓡嬲埴≽侭䘬ῷ⤥冯䫾䔍炻⼊⟹埴≽侭䘬怠㑯冯娵䞍炷1999, pp.
8-10炸ˤ
炻 炻
炻20202005050505炻枩枩444炸炸炸炸炻
⬠
⬠
⬠柀➇柀➇柀➇䘤⯽➇䘤⯽䘤⯽↢↢↢㕘⇞㕘⇞㕘⇞⇞
⮎
⮎
⮎嶸忶嶸忶嶸忶忶䦳䦳䦳䦳ˤ
Hall &Taylor炷1996炸怬㊯↢炻䃉婾㗗⒒ᶨ䧖㕘⇞⹎ᷣ佑炻悥⛐㍊⮳⇞⹎冯Ṣ Ᾱ埴䁢ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢ炻⊭㊔⇞⹎⤪ỽ䓊䓇ἄ䓐ˣᾳ橼⤪ỽ埴≽炻ẍ⍲⇞⹎㚫晐㗪攻 嬲⊾侴⬀⛐ㆾ侭嬲怟䘬⍇⚈ˤ
㛔䞼䨞㍉⍾㬟⎚⇞⹎ᷣ佑䞼䨞⍾⼹炻⮯ BBC 䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎䘬忶䦳㓦ℍ㬟
⎚䘤⯽傰䴉Ἦ䎮妋炻㈦↢忶⍣㚦䴻⚈䁢⒒ṃḳẞ⮶农⓷屔⇞⹎䘬娽䓇ˣ⺞临ㆾ侭 嬲怟烊㬌⢾炻德忶⏰䎦䎮ḳ㚫冯℔㮹䘬Ḻ≽炻Ḯ妋⇞⹎⤪ỽ䓊䓇㪲≃斄Ὢ炻⼙枧 ṢᾹ䘬埴䁢冯娵䞍炻奨⮇⤪ỽὫ忚℔ℙ⇑䙲ˤ
ಃ
ಃΟ ࣴزБݤᆶകӼ௨
㛔㔯㖐⛐䞼䨞 BBC ⤪ỽ⛐䈡⭂䘬㬟⎚傰䴉ᶳ炻徸㻠䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝炻᷎ᶼ 㕤 2007 ⸜䘬䳬䷼廱✳ᷕ姕妰↢ᶨ⣿⓷屔⇞⹎炻᷎ᶼ奨⮇⮎嶸忶䦳炻⚈㬌炻㛔䞼䨞
㍉⍾㔯䌣屯㕁吸普㱽炻屯㕁Ἦ㸸↿冱⤪ᶳ烉
1. 㬟⎚傰䴉烉㟡㒂⚳ℏ⢾⬠埻婾㔯ˣ↢䇰㚠䯵ˣ䞼䨞⟙⏲ˣ劙⚳⚳㚫岒娊䲨抬炻 㔜䎮⇞⹎䘤⯽䘬㬟⎚傰䴉ˤ
2. ⮎嶸忶䦳烉吸普䭬⚵㚱ᶱ䧖Ἦ㸸炻ᶨ㗗 BBC 䵚䪁䘬㚱媖娊⟙⏲ˣ⸜⹎⟙⏲ˣ 㕘倆䧧ˣ㚫嬘姀抬ˣ䘤妨䲨抬ˣ⨺橼⟙⮶䫱㚠朊屯㕁烊Ḵ㗗劙⚳䚠斄⇑䙲⛀橼 䘬℔攳㔯ẞ烊ᶱ㗗劙⚳⚳㚫䵚䪁ᶲ䘬℔攳屯妲炻⊭㊔岒娊ℏ⭡冯嬘㟰䲨抬ˤ⎎
⢾炻㛔㔯䫔⚃䪈↮㜸Ḯ BBC ⓷屔ℏ⭡嬲⊾炻㗗ẍ劙㟤嗕⛘⋨教倥Ṣ媖娊⥼⒉ 㚫 2009 ⸜ 2 㚰军 2015 ⸜ 1 㚰ℙ 40 ấ㚫嬘䲨抬 䁢↮㜸㔯㛔ˤ忁ṃ㚫嬘䲨抬 䘮㗗䓙 BBC 䎮ḳ㚫䵚䪁䘬℔攳屯妲ᷕ⍾⼿ˤ
㛔䞼䨞䘬䪈䭨⬱㌺ℙ↮䁢Ḽ䪈炻⎬䪈婒㖶⤪ᶳ烉䫔ᶨ䪈斉徘䞼䨞側㘗ˣ≽㨇冯 䞼䨞⓷柴炻㊯↢㍊妶 BBC ⓷屔⇞⹎䘬慵天⿏ˤ䫔Ḵ䪈⚆栏⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝䚠斄㔯䌣炻
悥
悥⛐⛐⛐㍊⮳㍊⮳㍊⮳㍊⮳⇞⹎⇞⹎⇞⹎冯Ṣ冯Ṣ冯Ṣ冯Ṣ
⍲⇞
⍲⇞
⍲⇞⇞⹎㚫⹎㚫⹎㚫晐㗪晐晐㗪晐㗪攻攻攻
ἄ䁢⼴临↮㜸䘬㊯⺽炻᷎ᶼ婒㖶㛔㔯㍉⍾㬟⎚⇞⹎ᷣ佑䘬䞼䨞徼⼹炻㡛䎮 BBC ⓷ 屔⇞⹎䘬䘤⯽烊㍍叿㗗德忶㔯䌣屯㕁吸普㱽⚆䫼䞼䨞⓷柴ᷕ㫚Ḯ妋䘬⓷屔忶䦳ˤ 䫔ᶱ䪈㔜䎮 BBC 䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔㤪⾝䘬㬟⎚傰䴉炻᷎ᶼ婒㖶 BBC 㕤 2007 ⸜䳬䷼廱
✳䘬䚠斄妶婾ˤ䫔⚃䪈㟡㒂 BBC 廱✳⼴䘬⓷屔⇞⹎姕妰炻↮㜸䎮ḳ㚫冯℔㮹ᷳ攻 䘬Ḻ≽忶䦳冯シ㵝ˤ䫔Ḽ䪈䷥䳸Ḯ䞼䨞䳸㝄炻᷎ᶼ婒㖶 BBC ⓷屔⇞⹎⮵㕤⎘䀋䘬 シ佑冯┇䣢炻ẍ⍲㛔婾㔯䘬䞼䨞旸⇞ˤ
㛔
㛔䞼䨞㝞㥳⚾
䣦㚫傰䴉!
BBC
㓧⹄! ⚳㚫!
教倥Ṣ!
⼹炻
⼹炻
⼹ 㡛䎮㡛㡛䎮㡛䎮 BBBBBCCCC⓷⓷⓷⓷ 妋䘬
妋䘬
妋䘬䘬⓷屔⓷屔⓷屔忶䦳忶忶䦳忶䦳ˤ 㕤
㕤
㕤20202 07070707⸜䳬⸜䳬⸜䳬⸜䳬䷼廱䷼廱䷼廱䷼廱 ḳ㚫冯℔℔℔㮹㮹ᷳ攻
ಃ
ಃΟക BBC วୢೢڋࡋޑᐕўે๎
㟡㒂䫔Ḵ䪈䘬㔯䌣⚆栏⎗䞍炻⨺橼⓷屔㨇⇞⤪ỽ䓙㤪⾝句⮎䁢℟橼⇞⹎炻⽭
枰⽆䔞⛘䘬㬟⎚傰䴉↢䘤ˤ⚈㬌炻䁢Ḯ⚆䫼䞼䨞⓷柴 1烉ˬBBC 䘤⯽⨺橼⓷屔⇞⹎
䘬㬟⎚傰䴉䁢ỽ烎˭㛔䪈⮯㡛䎮 BBC 䘤⯽㬟⎚炻᷎ᶼ⇾㜸ᶵ⎴昶㭝䘬䈡⿏炻啱㬌 奨⮇℔ℙ⺋暣㨇㥳怩⤪ỽ徸㬍句⮎℔攳德㖶ˣ冯℔䛦⮵娙ˣ⎹℔㮹⓷屔䘬䱦䤆ˤ
ẍᶳ⚃ᾳ⮷䭨⮯忳䓐⇞⹎婾䁢䞼䨞夾奺炻㍷徘 BBC ⽆∝䩳⇘ 2007 ⸜廱✳䘬
⓷屔㤪⾝䘤⯽炻᷎ᶼ↮ㆸ屔ảシ嬀厴剥ˣ䳬䷼朊冐⌙㨇⁔䓇⓷屔㤪⾝ˣ⼴临ᶵ㕟 㓡朑⓷屔㨇⇞ˣẍ⍲⓷屔㨇⇞䘬⇞⹎⊾忶䦳⚃ᾳ昶㭝Ἦ婒㖶ˤ
ಃ ୢೢޑཀကȐ1927~1979ȑ
1927 ⸜炻劙⚳⚳⭞⺋㑕⋼㚫炷British Broadcasting Corporation炻BBC炸㟡㒂˪䘯
⭞ㅚ䪈˫㌰㪲㬋⺷ㆸ䩳ˤ㟡㒂ㅚ䪈夷䭬炻BBC 㓞ℍἮ㸸㗗℔䛦㓗Ẁ䘬➟䄏屣炻
⍿⚳㚫ㆾ䆇⇑䚖䘬ᷳ㍏⇞炻ᾅ晄䌐䩳⛘ỵ烊㬌⢾炻屈屔柀⮶䳬䷼䆇忳䘬吋ḳ 炷governors炸䓙劙䘯ả␥ˤ䧖䧖姕妰炻ἧ⼿ BBC ㆸ䁢ᶨ䧖℔ℙ屯䓊炻ẍˬ䁢ℐ⚳
㮹䛦妿Ẁ˭䘬䱦䤆⺢䩳⬀⛐䘬㬋䔞⿏炷Curran, 1979ɬ楖⺢ᶱ嬗炻1992炸炻侴吋ḳ 㚫炷Board of Governors炸ㆸ䁢ℐ橼⚳㮹妿䭉℔ℙ⇑䙲䘬ẋ䎮侭炷Briggs, 1979炸炻㚱 佑⊁䵕嬟屯㸸↮惵℔⸛⿏ˤ䫔ᶨ⯮䷥䴻䎮 John Reith ḇᷣ⻝⺋㑕㗗ᶨ䧖⎹䣦㚫屈屔ˣ ẍ℔ℙ⇑䙲䁢ὅ㬠䘬㔯⊾ḳ㤕炻⛐ Reith ᷣ⮶䳬䷼䆇忳㛇攻炻Ṿ娵䁢ˬҁڐޑೢ
Һࢂ๏εٗ٤ךॺᇡࣁдॺ܌ሡǴԶߚдॺ܌టޑ٣ނǶѝࢂǴૈΑှ᠋
܌టޑΓόӭǴ׳όҔᇥޕၰдॺ܌ሡޑΓΑǶ˭炷Crisell, 2002, p. 35炸Reith 䘬゛
㱽栗䣢炻㬌㗪 BBC 䘬䚖㧁ᶵ㗗㺧嵛⣏⣂㔠Ṣ䘬ˬῷ⤥˭炷preferences炸炻ḇᶵ㗗㭷 ᶨᾳṢ䘬ῷ⤥炻侴㗗㭷ᶨᾳṢ䘬ˬ暨㯪˭炷needs炸炻䓴⭂暨㯪䘬㧁㸾䓙屈屔㒔⭂䳬 䁢℟橼℟橼℟橼橼⇞⹎⇞⹎⇞⹎⇞⹎炻⽭炻⽭炻⽭
䷼䫾䔍冯墥ἄ䭨䚖 BBC 檀ⰌṢ⢓㰢⭂䘬炻⊭㊔䭨䚖天傥⣈㍸⋯℔䛦䘬㘢嬀ˣ㔯
⊾䳈梲ˣ㉻⯽䛤䓴䫱䫱炷Crisell,2002, p. 35炸ˤ䓙㬌⎗ẍ䚳↢炻ˬ⎹ℐ⚳㮹䛦屈屔˭
㖑⛐∝䩳⇅㛇⯙ㆸ䁢 BBC 䘬慵天➢⚈炻晾䃞 Reith 娵䁢䘬倥䛦暨㯪㖶栗ⷞ㚱卩劙
ᷣ佑刚⼑炻Ữ㗗Ṿ䡢⮎䁢㬌㗪ṵⰔ㕤⢇㕟⿏岒䘬 BBC 㲐ℍˬ奢⮇教倥Ṣ暨㯪˭䘬 シ嬀ˤ
ᶵ忶炻㬌㗪仢᷷ᶨ⣿層役℔䛦暨㯪䘬姽Ộ㧁㸾炻嬻 BBC ⇌㕟⒒ṃ㚵⊁ㇵ㗗㮹
ᷳ㫚ˤReith 䘬⭞䇞攟⺷㔁⊾⿅䵕⛐Ḵ㫉ᶾ䓴⣏㇘㛇攻⍿⇘㊹㇘炻䓙㕤⊆幵暨㯪炻 BBC 徸㻠㎂㡬 Reith 䘬℔ℙ㚵⊁奨溆炻廱侴攳⥳婧㞍倥䛦╄⤥ˤ怬ㆸ䩳倥䛦婧㞍悐 炷Audience Research Department炸㍊䞍倥䛦䘬㚵⊁ἧ䓐䉨㱩炻ẍ庽枛㦪⍾ẋ♜倭䘬 㔁做䭨䚖炻ẩ⚾ẍ㒜⣏倥䛦夷㧉Ἦ䵕㊩ BBC 㓞⍾➟䄏屣䘬㬋䔞⿏炷Curran&Seaton, 1997ɬ櫷䌻ˣ∱㖴⽟嬗炻2001炸ˤ
䯉妨ᷳ炻BBC ⽆∝䩳㗪⯙℟⁁⎹䣦㚫屈屔䘬㤪⾝炻䃉婾㗗 Reith ᷣ㓧㗪㛇ㆾ㗗
㇘⼴䭨䚖䫾䔍䘬婧㔜炻悥㗗ẩ⚾⚆ㅱ䳬䷼゛⁷䘬℔䛦暨㯪ˤ
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ಃΒ ӣᔈಔᙃѦճ্ᜢ߯ΓሡȐ1979~1990ȑ
1979 ⸜炻㞜⣹䇦炷Margaret Thatcher炸䁢椾䘬劙⚳ᾅ⬰源㓧⹄⍾ẋḮ攟㛇➟㓧 䘬ⶍ源㓧⹄ˤ⛐㞜⣹䇦➟㓧䘬 11 ⸜攻炻⮯劙⚳䣦㚫冒 1945 ⸜崟㍉埴䘬ˬ䤷⇑⚳
⭞˭嶗䶂㓡䁢ⷞ⼨⻟婧ˬ䓇䓊≃冯䴻㾇ㆸ攟˭䘬嶗䶂烊㕥㓧㕡⎹⽆ˬ⣏㚱䁢㓧⹄˭
炷big government炸廱嬲䁢ˬ㚨Ỷ旸⹎⚳⭞˭炷minimal state炸ˤ㞜⣹䇦ὅ⽒㕘冒䓙ᷣ
佑䘬佑䎮炻`姕ᾳṢ㗗䎮⿏䘬炻ⓗ㚱ᾳṢ㑩㚱Ḯ⃭↮䘬怠㑯冒䓙炻℔ℙ⇑䙲ㇵ⼿
ẍ䡢ᾅ炻⚈侴ᷣ⻝㷃⮹㓧⹄䘬⸚枸炻㓡㍉ⶪ⟜ὃ暨㧉⺷Ἦ䭉䎮⚳⭞ˤ⛐忁㧋䘬⿅
䵕ᶳ炻㞜⣹䇦⮯ BBC 䘬℔ℙ㚵⊁䎮⾝夾䁢徫性ⶪ⟜䪞䇕䘬啱⎋炻ᶵ㊯㍏ BBC
⋯
⋯
⋯℔䛦℔䛦℔䛦䛦䘬䘬㘢䘬㘢䘬㘢嬀ˣ嬀ˣ嬀ˣ㔯㔯㔯㔯
⎹ℐ
⎹ℐ
⎹ℐ⚳㮹⚳㮹⚳㮹䛦屈䛦屈䛦屈屔屔屔˭˭˭ 暨㯪㯪㯪㖶栗㖶栗㖶栗栗ⷞ㚱ⷞ㚱ⷞ㚱ⷞ㚱卩劙卩劙卩劙卩劙
⮇教倥Ṣ暨暨暨㯪㯪㯪 䘬
⮵㕤䤷嗕佌Ⲟ㇘䇕䘬㍒录⣙䔞6炻ḇ㉐㑲 BBC ㍉姒⊿ッ䇦嗕ℙ幵炷IRA)炻㗗⛐
䁢⿸⾾ᷣ佑側㚠(Curran&Seaton,1997, p. 364)ˤ㞜⣹䇦ᶨ㕡朊啱䓙⡻≃⛀橼ᷳ⎋炻
㈡⇌暣夾⮶农忻⽟㶒╒炻⻟婧ⶪ⟜䪞䇕⎗ẍ㍸⋯⨺橼䘬妨埴㧁㸾烊Ḵ㕡朊䓂军ᷣ
⻝塩㑌 BBC炻ẍ⺋⏲㓞ℍ⍾ẋ➟䄏屣炻ἧ⼿ BBC 朊冐⇵㛒㚱䘬㓧㱣冯⓮㤕⡻≃炻
⛘ỵⰴⰴ⎗⌙ˤ
1985 ⸜炻㞜⣹䇦㓧⹄ㆸ䩳⫼晨⥼⒉㚫炷The Peacock Committee炸炻䓙䴻㾇⬠侭 Allan Peacock 柀扄姽Ộ BBC 㗗⏎怑⎰ẍ⺋⏲㓞ℍ⍾ẋ➟䄏屣炻㓡┬屉㓧⓷柴炻᷎
ᶼ䴎㴰屣侭㚜⣂柣忻怠㑯炻㍸⋯㴰屣㪲䙲ˤ昼⸜ 7 㚰↢䇰䘬⫼晨⟙⏲炷Peacock Report炸ᷣ⻝炻䵕㊩ BBC ℔ℙ㚵⊁䈡⿏㗗ℤ栏ℏ⭡⣂㧋⿏冯䭨䚖⑩岒䘬㚨Ἓ㕡⺷炻
⚈㬌⺢嬘ᾅ䔁 BBC炻᷎ᶼ䵕㊩㓞⍾➟䄏屣䘬㧉⺷炻屣䓐ḇ⎗ẍ晐叿㭷⸜䈑₡㻚ⷭ
婧㔜炻性攳⺋⏲㓞ℍ⮵℔ℙ㚵⊁ℏ⭡忈ㆸᶵ列⼙枧ˤ
晾䃞 BBC ⛐㞜⣹䇦㓧⹄䘬㔝シᶳ⹎忶Ḯ⬀ṉ⌙㨇炻䃞侴炻⌣䃉㱽性忁㲊㕘 冒䓙ᷣ佑シ嬀⼊ンⷞἮ䘬堅㑲ˤ1980 ⸜ẋ㛓㛇炻⓷屔炷accoutability炸㤪⾝ㆸ䁢 劙⚳㓧⹄天㯪℔ℙḳ㤕忚埴㓡朑䘬㟠⽫ᷣ⻝炷Born, 2004, p.214炸ˤ㬌㗪⓷屔シ㵝㊯
䘬㗗德忶䧥㟠炷auditing炸忶䦳℔攳屉⊁䭉䎮䉨㱩炻ẍ⍲䚋䜋䳬䷼䷦㓰ˤ㞜⣹䇦㓧
⹄⮵㕤 BBC 嬘柴ᶲ䘬䚳㱽㗗烉教倥Ṣ㓗Ẁ➟䄏屣䵕专 BBC 忳ἄ炻⚈侴㚱㪲天㯪 BBC ┬≈忳䓐䴻屣烊㬌⢾炻⫼晨⟙⏲ḇᷣ⻝ BBC ㅱ娚⡆≈㚜⣂柣忻冯⸛⎘䘬怠㑯炻 ẍ㺧嵛㴰屣侭㪲䙲炷consumer sovereignty炸ˤẍᶲ⚈䳈⮶农 BBC ⽭枰㌐㡬䓙ᶲ侴ᶳ ˬ㔁做˭℔䛦䘬ン⹎炻廱侴朊⎹㴰屣侭ˣ朊⮵ⶪ⟜炻德忶㺧嵛教倥Ṣ暨㯪Ἦ嫱㖶 冒⬀⛐䘬₡ῤˤ
ẍᶲ婒㖶⎗䞍炻㞜⣹䇦㓧⹄⺢㥳䘬㓧㱣シ嬀⼊ン㓡嬲Ḯ劙⚳⺋暣⇞⹎䘬側㘗炻 ḇ㓡嬲 BBC 冯劙⚳㓧⹄ᷳ攻䘬㪲≃⸛堉炻㚜㓡嬲Ḯ℔ℙ㚵⊁䘬シ佑ˤBBC 䁢Ḯ⚆
ķġ㞜⣹䇦娵䁢炻ŃŃń 㕘倆ᷳ⣄炷NewsnightĪ➭㊩䧙⇵⼨䤷嗕佌Ⲟ䘬幵昲㗗ˬthe British troops˭炻
幵幵幵炷炷炷炷IIRIRIRA)A)炻㗗炻㗗炻㗗㗗⛐⛐⛐⛐ 䓙⡻
䓙⡻
䓙⡻≃≃⛀≃⛀≃⛀橼ᷳ橼ᷳ橼ᷳ橼 ⎋炻⎋炻⎋炻 烊Ḵ
烊ḴḴ㕡朊㕡朊㕡朊㕡朊䓂军䓂军䓂军䓂军ᷣᷣᷣᷣ 㓧㱣冯⓮㤕㤕㤕⡻⡻⡻≃
ㅱ忁偉⢾⛐䑘⠫⡻≃炻⽭枰㚜従↯⛘⮳㯪㚜⣂教倥Ṣ䘬Ḻ≽炻㋵堃冒幓⬀⛐ˤ
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ಃΟ ׯ๓ಔᙃϣୢೢᡏ፦Ȑ1992~2004ȑ
䁢Ḯ⚆ㅱ㞜⣹䇦㓧⹄天㯪㍸⋯ⶪ⟜䪞䇕≃䘬⢾⛐⡻≃炻BBC 冒 1991 ⸜崟剙Ḯ
⮯役ᶨ⸜㗪攻⿅侫䳬䷼㓡忈炻᷎ᶼ㕤 1992 ⸜䘤堐㔯ẞ˪㒜⣏怠㑯˫炷Extending Choice—The BBC’s Role in the New Broadcasting Age炸ˤ吋ḳ攟 Marmaduke
Hussey 㧁冱Ḯᶱ枭㓡朑天溆烉㓰䌯炷efficiency炸ˣ⓷屔 炷accountability炸ẍ⍲⻟⊾
㉝㈿㓧㱣⡻≃冯⓮㤕⇑䙲䘬䌐䩳䱦䤆 炷robust spirit of independence from political pressures and commercial interests炸ˤ7
䔞㗪㑼ả BBC ䷥䴻䎮䘬 John Birt ㍉䓐ˬ㕘℔ℙ䭉䎮˭炷new public management炸 㝞㥳ἄ䁢㖍ⷠ䴻䆇䭉䎮䘬㧁㸾ˤ忁⣿㝞㥳䈡刚⛐㕤⻟婧ㆸ㛔㍏⇞冯屉⊁德㖶炻⽭
枰姕⭂䷦㓰㧁㸾㍸⋯䴻屣忳䓐㓰傥炻德忶䚖㧁姕⭂䷦㓰徥希⮯䳬䷼ℏ悐䘬㪲≃
慵⽫⽆⮰㤕⨺橼ⶍἄ侭䦣廱䴎屯㶙䭉䎮侭炻᷎ᶼ啱䓙䷦㓰姽Ộ⮯ⶪ⟜冯栏⭊⮶⎹
䘬シ嬀㿴廠䴎㚱䳬䷼ㆸ⒉ˤ
忶⍣炻BBC 䳬䷼㔯⊾ᶨ⎹慵夾墥ἄ悐攨䘬∝シ冯冒ᷣ⿏烊䃞侴炻⛐ Birt ⷞ柀 ᶳ炻1990 ⸜ẋ䘬 BBC ⌣㗗埴㓧悐攨军ᶲ炻⮰㲐㕤䫾䔍夷∫ˣⶪ⟜䞼䨞冯↮㜸ˣ䷦
㓰㩊妶䫱䫱炻徥㯪㓰䌯䴻㾇⇑䙲ˤ㚱墥ἄṢ堐䣢烉ˬ㕡㟰夷∫炷program planning炸
⛐ℕ 0 ⸜ẋ㗗⎒㚱ℓˣḅṢ⛐ 䘬ḳ炻Ữ役Ἦ㚱Ṣ悥⛐⾁夷∫㕡㟰ˣ㍏⇞屉⊁
屯㸸ˤ˭炷Born, 2004, p. 212炸墥ἄṢ⽭枰妰䬿剙⛐㭷ᶨỵ奨䛦䘬ㆸ㛔ˣἄ⑩⎗
ẍ妠⍲⣂⮹奨䛦䫱䫱炻᷎ᶼ⬴ㆸ㧁㸾埴㓧㳩䦳炻ㇵ㚱㨇㚫䳬䷼ℏ悐℞Ṿ妰䔓ᶨ 崟䪞䇕䭨䚖䴻屣ˤ⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻屯㶙䭉䎮Ⰼ䳂ḇ⮶ℍ⊭㊔湍偗拓℔⎠炷McKinsey炸
⛐ℏ䘬⣏✳䭉䎮栏⓷℔⎠ἄ䁢䳬䷼冒ㆹ䭉⇞炷self-regulation炸䘬ㇳ㭝ˤ㟡㒂䭉栏℔
⎠䘬橼㩊㓡┬䳬䷼忳ἄ㓰䌯炻㷃⮹ᶵ⽭天䘬ㆸ㛔㴒屣炻᷎ᶼ㊱䄏♜嫡䘬↮㜸䳸㝄
7 忁ấ㔯ẞḇ㗗 BBC 䁢Ḯ⚈ㅱ 1996 ⸜ㅚ䪈㚜㕘⮑㞍⯽攳䘬⟙⏲ˤ
㋵
㋵
㋵堃冒堃冒堃冒堃冒幓幓⬀幓⬀⛐⛐⛐⛐ˤˤˤˤ
⺢䩳䶐廗⬰⇯烊㬌⢾炻Birt 德忶ⶪ⟜婧㞍Ἦ㒔⭂䫾䔍炻ḇἧ⼿教倥Ṣ䞼䨞ㆸ䁢⚢⭂
侴慵天䘬屯㸸↮惵㊯㧁ˤ㬌㗪䘬 BBC ẍⶪ⟜埴扟䘬㤪⾝䴻䆇暣夾㤕⊁炻ℵὅ㒂㓞 夾䌯ˣ⼙枧≃ˣ㺧シ⹎䫱ⶪ⟜婧㞍䳸㝄⬱㌺䭨䚖炻᷎ᶼ忚埴⸜⹎䷦㓰㩊妶炻⸦᷶
㭷ᶨᾳ䴻䆇䑘䭨悥ẍ㓰傥䁢↢䘤溆ˤ1992 ⸜⇘ 2000 ⸜ John Birt 㑼ả➟埴攟㛇攻炻 㭷⸜剙屣 2500 叔劙挲婳䙲䭉栏℔⎠8ˤ
Birt 柀⮶䘬䭉䎮朑␥⮵ BBC ⼙枧㶙怈ˤ⮵⢾炻忁ṃἄ㱽㷃庽Ḯ㓧⹄⮵㕤 BBC 䘬㔝シ炻㕤塓䥩㚱⊾䘬␥忳ˤ⚈䁢⛐㓧⹄㍺ㇳ䚋䜋ᷳ⇵炻BBC ⯙⃰⼘栗Ḯ冒⼳
冯㶭炷Born, 2004, p. 68炸ˤ⮵ℏ炻忁⟜朑␥≽㎾Ḯ䳬䷼ℏ悐䘬㪲≃䳸㥳炻㓡嬲䳬
䷼㔯⊾炻⽆忶⍣慵夾屯㸸↮惵㬋佑炻廱侴嬲䁢㓰傥侫慷ˤ1990 ⸜ẋ㛓㛇炻䳬䷼䘬
⎬䧖Ⰼ䳂悥⛐忚埴䧥㟠炷auditing炸姽Ộ炷Born, 2003, p. 71炸炻⮷军䭨䚖䫾䔍ˣ⣏军 䳬䷼⸜⹎堐䎦炻悥塓天㯪ㅱ娚⏰Ṍ娛䚉䘬姽Ộ屯㕁ˤ忁ṃ屯㕁⊭㊔䶐廗㕡憅ˣ⼙
枧㕷佌ˣ枸䬿冯㓗↢屣䓐ˣṢㇵ䭉䎮ˣ䚠斄㱽夷ˣ℞Ṿ⎰ἄ⣍Ờ䫱䫱炻ὃ㚫妰ⷓˣ
⓮㤕冯䫾䔍↮㜸ⷓ忚埴㩊夾ˤᶨấ㇚∯䭨䚖䘬姽Ộ⟙⏲⎗傥忼㔠䘦枩ᷳ⣂炻⊁㯪 䫎⎰⎬䧖䧥㟠枭䚖䘬暨㯪ˤBirt ⮯䥩Ṣẩ㤕䘬䲨⼳冯䪞䇕⿏㟤⮶ℍ BBC炻⡆≈䳬
䷼ㆸ⒉⮵㕤㴰屣侭炾教倥Ṣ䘬⚆ㅱ⡻≃ˤ⛐⓮㤕怷廗䘬侫慷ᶳ炻➟䄏屣₡ῤ炷value for money炸䚜㍍䫱⎴㕤教倥Ṣ䷦㓰炷audience performance炸㓞夾䌯炷rating炸炻军 㕤℞Ṿ斄㕤ˬ∝忈≃˭ˬ⑩岒˭䫱䃉㱽慷⊾䘬炻⛐ˬ䭉䎮军ᶲ˭䘬䳬䷼㯋㯃ᷕ
㻠㻠塓怲䶋⊾ˤ
㞜⣹䇦➟㓧㛇攻ẍ㴰屣侭㪲䙲䘬ᷣ⻝従ἧ BBC ⚆ㅱ教倥Ṣ暨㯪炻⛐忁㧋䘬㗪 䨢側㘗ᶳ炻BBC ䷥䴻䎮 John Birt 忚埴䳬䷼ℏ悐䘬䭉䎮朑␥炻⊭㊔⽆䓊墥⇘䭉䎮⎬
ᾳⰌ朊悥⮶ℍ慷⊾㊯㧁冯㧁㸾㳩䦳炻嬻㕡㟰ᷳ攻⼤㬌䪞䇕炻ḇḺ䚠姽㭼➟埴㓰䌯炻
⻟婧ㆸ㝄℟⁁ⶪ⟜䪞䇕≃炻晾䃞⺽䘤㈤㭢∝シ䘬䇕嬘炻ᶵ忶 BBC ⼴临䘤⯽䘬⓷屔
⇞⹎悥⎗ẍ䚳↢忁ṃἄ㱽䘬䕽嶉炻晾䃞 Birt ᷎朆㚱シ嬀⛘⮯ BBC ⮶⎹℔㮹⓷屔炻
倥 倥
倥Ṣ䞼Ṣ䞼Ṣ䞼䞼䨞䨞ㆸ䨞ㆸ䨞ㆸ䁢䁢䁢⚢⭂⚢⭂⚢⭂⚢⭂
夾 夾
夾㤕㤕⊁⊁⊁炻ℵ炻ℵ炻ℵℵὅ㒂ὅ㒂ὅ㒂㓞㓞㓞㓞
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䷦㓰㩊妶㩊妶㩊妶㩊妶炻⸦炻⸦炻⸦炻⸦᷶᷶᷶᷶ 㑼ả➟埴攟㛇攟㛇攟㛇攻
Ữ㗗Ṿ䘬 㱽⌣ㆸ䁢⼴临䘤⯽⓷屔⇞⹎䘬㔚攨䢂ˤ
2000 ⸜ Greg Dyke 㑼ả䷥䴻䎮㛇攻㱧多Ḯ John Birt 䘬嶗䶂炻德忶䭉䎮ㇳ㭝㍸
⋯ℏ悐䪞䇕≃炻Ṿ慵㔜䳬䷼䳸㥳炻㷃⮹ᶵ⽭天䘬䭉䎮Ⰼ䳂ㆾ㰢䫾㳩䦳炻3 ⸜攻⮯㖍
ⷠ䆇忳屣䓐⌈➟䄏屣䷥㓞ℍ䘬㭼ἳ䓙 24%旵军 13%ˤ䃞侴炻ℑṢ䘬ⶖ䔘⛐㕤炻Dyke
⮯㓡忈䚖㧁⭂ỵ⛐㒜⣏℔ℙ㚵⊁䘬䭬⚵冯シ佑ˤ忁ṃ䚩ᶳ䘬䴻屣㗗䁢Ḯ䓐Ἦ㈽屯 㕘䭨䚖冯㕘㚵⊁炻㍸⋯䳬䷼䘬∝忈≃ˤ㚱㔠㒂㊯↢炻Ṿảℏ柕ℑ⸜䓐㕤䭨䚖䘬㓗
↢忼 4 € 5 ⋫叔炻∝ᶳ BBC ⎚ᶲ㚨檀䲨抬 (Born, 2005, pp. 468-9)ˤ㬌⢾炻Ṿḇ⮯
BBC 夾䁢忋䳸冯⋗普⎬䧖䣦㚫斄Ὢ䘬ᷕ㧆炻ἳ⤪⡆≈冯㔁做ˣ㔯⊾冯䥹⬠䫱㨇㥳 䘬⎰ἄṌ㳩炻㍸ὃ⸜庽⬠⫸㍍妠 BBC 䥹⬠䭨䚖䘬㨇㚫ˤBBC ⁷㗗⋗普㚱⋨➇暣 儎䘬普䶂☐炷hub炸炻ᶨ㕡朊ἧ⼿ BBC ㍸ὃ䘬㚵⊁℟㚱⻟䁰䘬⮎䓐⿏炻⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻 ḇ㗗⛐⚆ㅱ㕘教倥Ṣˣ㕘ⶪ⟜ˤDyke 㒜⣏℔ℙ㚵⊁䘬シ佑冯⎗傥⿏炻怠㑯ᷣ≽∝
忈冯教倥Ṣᷳ攻䘬Ḻ≽斄Ὢ炻忁ṃἄ㱽ḇㆸ䁢⼴Ἦ姕妰⓷屔⇞⹎䘬慵天䱦䤆ˤ
ಃ
ಃѤ ୢೢڋࡋԋȐ2004~2007ȑ
John Birt 冯 Greg Dyke ⃰⼴忚埴䘬䳬䷼㓡朑ㆸ䁢 BBC 䘤⯽⓷屔㨇⇞䘬㡅ẞ炻 侴 2004 ⸜℔ⶫ䘬崓枻⟙⏲炷Hutton Inquiry炸⇯㗗Ὣㆸ⓷屔㤪⾝⇞⹎⊾䘬慵天㬟⎚
側㘗ˤ2003 ⸜ 5 㚰 BBC ⺋㑕䭨䚖ˬṲ㖍˭炷Today炸岒䔹劙⚳㓧⹄䁢⍾⼿↢ℝẲ㉱
䘬㬋䔞⿏炻娯⣏ḮẲ㉱㑩㚱⣏夷㧉㭨㹭⿏㬎☐䘬ね⟙ˤ㬌⟙⮶⺽䘤劙⚳㓧⹄
ᶵ㺧烊侴⚳旚悐㬎☐⮰⭞㚜䔹Ụ⚈䁢塓㆟䔹㗗㶙┱♐炻农ἧ⡻≃忶⣏侴冒㭢ˤ劙
⚳ᶲ嬘昊ⷠảᶲ姜㱽⭀崓枻⊃䇝屈屔ᷣ㊩婧㞍忁ỵ⚳旚悐㬎☐⮰⭞䘬㬣⚈炻崓枻
⛐ 2004 ⸜↢䇰䘬婧㞍⟙⏲㊯↢炻BBC 嗽䎮㔜崟ḳẞ䘬忶䦳ᷕ↢䎦慵⣏䏽䕝烉椾⃰炻 BBC 姀侭 Andrew Gilligan 㞍嫱ᶵ嵛炻侴 BBC ḇ㛒⛐⮵婯㑕↢ᷳ⇵⮵㕤姀侭䘤妨 ℏ⭡忚埴⮑ヶ姽Ộ烊䭨䚖㑕↢ᷳ⼴炻ˬṲ㖍˭䶐廗 Kevin Marsh ⎹⺋㑕㕘倆ᷣ䭉㈽
姜⟙⮶㍒录仢᷷♜嫡⇌㕟炻ᷣ䭉⌣㰺㚱㬋夾忁枭シ夳烊㬌⢾炻BBC ⮵㕤劙⚳椾䚠 德
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德忶忶䭉忶䭉忶䭉䎮ㇳ䎮ㇳ䎮ㇳ㭝㍸㭝㍸㭝㍸㍸ 㳩䦳炻䦳炻䦳炻333⸜攻⸜攻⸜攻⸜攻⮯㖍⮯㖍⮯㖍
⹄䘤妨Ṣ䘬Ἦ↥䓛姜炻ḇ㰺㚱䲵ℍ䭨䚖䓛姜㳩䦳忚埴嗽䎮ˤ崓枻⟙⏲ᷳ⼴炻BBC 㩊妶Ḯℏ悐䓛姜䲣䴙炻⊭㊔ㆸ䩳㕘倆⥼⒉㚫炷Journalism Board炸㔜⎰䚋䜋⎬ᾳⰌ 䳂䘬㕘倆╖ỵ炻ⶴ㛃傥彭忇ˣ德㖶⛘⚆ㅱ䓛姜ḳẞ䫱䫱ˤ
ǵȠࣤৎᏦകȡೕጄ
崓枻⟙⏲℔ⶫ㗪炻BBC 怑忊 10 ⸜ᶨ㫉˪䘯⭞ㅚ䪈˫㚜㕘⮑㞍㛇攻ˤ䁢Ḯ⚆ㅱ 䔞㗪天㯪 BBC 㚜≈德㖶䘬廧婾㯃⚵炻ㅚ䪈㚜㕘䘬䃎溆⚈㬌⚵丆⛐䳬䷼ㅱ娚⤪ỽ䲵 ℍ⢾悐シ夳ˣ⤪ỽ⺢䩳㚜㚱㓰䘬䓛姜䭉忻䫱ˤ
劙⚳㔯⊾ˣ⨺橼冯橼做悐炷Department for Culture, Media and Sport, DCMS炸冒 2003 ⸜ 12 㚰崟⯙┇≽⮑㞍㳩䦳炻᷎ᶼ⛐ 2004 ⸜忚埴℔䛦シ夳婧㞍ˣ冱彎℔䛦㚫 嬘ˣㆸ䩳䌐䩳婧㞍⮷䳬炻⺋䁢吸普⎬䓴⮵㕤ㅚ䪈㚜㕘ℏ⭡䘬シ夳ˤDCMS 㕤 2005
⸜ 3 㚰䘤堐䵈䙖㚠ˬᶨᾳ⻟⢗䘬 BBC炻䌐䩳㕤㓧⹄ᷳ⢾˭炷A strong BBC, independent of government炸炻⋗普Ḯ㛔㫉℔䛦シ夳婧㞍ㆸ㝄烊᷎ᶼ㕤 2006 ⸜ 3 㚰䘤堐㬋⺷⟙⏲
䘥䙖㚠ˬ䴎㚱Ṣ䘬℔ℙ㚵⊁烉㔠ỵ㗪ẋᶳ䘬 BBC˭炷A public service for all烉the BBC in the digital age炸炻斉㖶㕘ㅚ䪈䘬廱✳天溆ˤ㕘ㅚ䪈᷎㕤 2007 ⸜ 1 㚰 1 㖍崟㬋⺷䓇 㓰 DCMS 㕤 2005 ⸜ 3 㚰䘤堐䵈䙖㚠ˬᶨᾳ⻟⢗䘬 BBC炻䌐䩳㕤㓧⹄ᷳ⢾˭炷DCMS, March, 2006炸ˤ
䵈䙖㚠吸伭℔䛦シ夳䘬ℑ⣏慵溆⊭㊔ˬBBC 䘬䴻䆇䭉䎮ㅱ娚⤪ỽ忳ἄ烎˭ˣˬ⤪
ỽ姽Ộ BBC 䘬堐䎦烎˭婧㞍䳸㝄栗䣢炻℔㮹ⶴ㛃 BBC 廱✳ᷳ⼴傥⣈㚜≈℔攳德 㖶炻侴ᶵẘ岜䳬䷼冒⼳侴烉
Ϧ׆ఈ࣮ډय़ჹץຑਔ׳уܴᆶϦ໒ޑ CCDǶ٣ȐThe Trsutȑޑ
،ǵ٣ᑽໆ BBC ߄ޑБݤǴᔈ၀Ќਥܭᢀᆶ᠋ޑཀـǶ ךॺ׆ఈ໒Ϧ໒ፕ៏Ǵፕ࡛ሶኬωૈᡣ٣ک BBC ૈ׳уୢ
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ፓൔǴаϷቻᒧڀԖж߄܄ޑӧӦ炷local councils炸 炷DCMS,2005,p.6炸
䵈䙖㚠墉慵䓛炻BBC 䘬⛘ỵ䌐䈡炻⬫䚜㍍㈋忋➟䄏屣Ẁ屣侭炻侴ᶼ⬫℞Ṿ
℔ℙḳ㤕ᶵ⎴ᷳ嗽⛐㕤烉BBC 幓䁢℔ℙ⨺橼炻偑屈叿㓗㊩㮹ᷣ䘤⯽䘬佑⊁ˤ䵈䙖 㚠㊯↢炻㚱⽭天⺢䩳ᶨᾳ㕘䘬㱣䎮炷governance炸䳸㥳炻忁ᾳ䳸㥳天傥橼娵冯㓗㊩
忁ᾳ䌐䈡⛘ỵˤ䎦埴吋ḳ㚫晾䃞ᷣ天ả⊁㗗䚋䜋䳬䷼堐䎦炻⎗㗗⚈䁢夷䭬ᶵ⣈⬴
┬炻⼨⼨㚫冯➟埴悐攨䘬㪲旸慵䔲炻⚈㬌炻㕘䘬㱣䎮䳸㥳暨天㶭㤂∫↮䚋䜋 炷oversight)冯⁛怆㚵⊁炷Delivery)䘬≇傥ˤ䵈䙖㚠⺢嬘 BBC 㚨檀㪲≃㨇㥳䓙吋ḳ 㚫炷the Board of Governors炸廱✳䁢䎮ḳ㚫炷The Trust炸炻䎮ḳ㚫ẋ堐➟䄏屣Ẁ屣侭 䚋䜋 BBC 䘬㚵⊁堐䎦炻㈡Ⅾ䫾䔍冯枸䬿ˤ⽆䵈䙖㚠䘬⺢嬘⎗ẍ䚳↢炻㛔㫉⮑㞍゛
⮎晃⛘妋㰢忁ᾳ⓷柴ˤ`⤪廱✳⼴ㆸ䩳䘬䎮ḳ㚫傥⣈≈⻟⎹℔㮹⓷屔䘬忋䳸斄Ὢ 冯Ḻ≽㨇⇞炻㖊傥䡢䩳䎮ḳ㚫ẋ堐℔㮹シ⽿䚋䜋䳬䷼忳ἄ䘬䱦䤆炻ḇ㗗㓡朑忶⍣
吋ḳ㚫⺲䕭䘬ᶨ䧖⭋䣢ˤ
➢㕤ᶲ徘䎮⾝炻䵈䙖㚠䈡⇍㊯↢炻䎮ḳ㚫⽭枰䵕专➟䄏屣Ẁ屣侭ᷳ攻䘬⣹
䲬炷contract炸炻㚱ἄ䁢⛯⽆⚆ㅱ冯㈧媦℔䛦シ夳↢䘤炻ẍ句⮎℔ℙ⇑䙲炻ἳ⤪㭷 ᶨ枭㚵⊁䘬㚵⊁➟䄏炷Service licences炸悥暨䴻忶䎮ḳ㚫㈡Ⅾˤ侴➟埴悐攨炷The Executive Board炸䘬≇傥㗗⛐䎮ḳ㚫⺢䩳䘬屉⊁冯䭉䎮㝞㥳ᶳ➟埴㖍ⷠḳ⊁
䘥䙖㚠䘬ℏ⭡➢㛔ᶲὅ⽒䵈䙖㚠⺢嬘ˤ䘥䙖㚠㊯↢炻䔞⇵䘬暣夾冯⺋㑕怠㑯 㭼忶⍣ảỽ㗪῁悥怬天⣂炻BBC 㚱⽭天㼰⸽℔攳䴻䆇䚖㧁冯姽Ộ䘬忶䦳炻嫱㖶冒
㚱屯㟤ṓ㚱➟䄏屣䈡㪲ˤ⚈㬌炻㛔㫉˪䘯⭞ㅚ䪈˫㚜㕘䃎溆⛐㕤 BBC 㭷ᶨ枭㳣
≽悥⽭枰ẍ℔䛦シ夳ἄ䁢➢䢶ˤ
⛐忁㧋䘬側㘗ᶳ炻㕘䘬˪䘯⭞ㅚ䪈˫⮯⺢䩳ˬᶱ慵㍏䭉䲣䴙˭炷triple lock system炸ˤ 䫔ᶨ慵炻㭷枭㚵⊁悥ὅ⽒㚵⊁➟䄏炷Service Licence炸ℏ⭡忳ἄ炻㚵⊁➟䄏暨↿↢
