以延滯基準研發多車種基本列車當量模式

ᅺγፕЎ 

Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering

National Taiwan University Master Thesis



аۯᅉ୷ྗࣴวӭًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆኳԄ

Development of Delay-Based Base Train Equivalents for Multiple-Type Train Operations

݅࠮໡  Tzu-Ya Lin

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻᒘ߿ԋ റγ Advisor: Yung-Cheng Lai, Ph.D.



ύ๮҇୯ 101 ԃ 6 Д

June 2012

ޑࡰᏤᆶٿՏٌधޑα၂ہ঩׵ݯᆜԴৣᆶᗛדԋറγޑࡌ᝼Ǵᡣ೭ঁࣴزԖ׳

ֹ᏾ޑև౜Ƕ

!

! ! ่״ࣴز܌ޑ؃Ꮲ໘ࢤǴઔᅽᝩុ؃Ꮲޑܻ϶ࣴز໩ճǴઔᅽ຾Εᙍ൑ޑܻ

϶πբ໩ճǴઔᅽ྽ծޑܻ϶΋Ϫ໩ճǴനࡕǴӆԛགᖴǴઔᅽεৎ೿ૈӧӚঁ

໘ࢤᏱԖࣔ຦ऍӳޑӣᏫǼ

݅࠮໡! ᙣ᛽

୍ǴԶ೭٤੝܄όӕޑӈًӕਔՉᎭܭ࣬ӕၡࢤύǴஒගϲၡᆛޑ౦፦܄Ǵჹܭ

৒ໆԖᡉ๱ޑፂᔐǶฅԶǴၸѐޑ৒ໆीᆉБԄǴதਥᏵёௗڙۯᅉΠ೯ၸၡࢤ ϐനεӈًኧǴޔௗᕴी܌ԖӈًǴ۹ౣΑӈً౦፦܄ϷځቹៜǴܰᒱ՗៓ၡ৒

ໆǶӢԜǴҁࣴزගрӭًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆኳԄǴᙖҗ࣬ӕۯᅉϐΠё೯ၸၡࢤ ϐ୷ҁӈًൂՏᔈ࣬ӕϐύЈཷۺǴࡌҥଆ୷ҁӈً྽ໆၮᆉኳԄǴ٠ёਥᏵ୷ ҁӈً྽ໆǴᙯඤόӕӈًԋࣁӕ΋ӈًൂՏǴຑ՗ࢬໆܭၡࢤύϐჴሞቹៜǶ

! ! ୷ҁӈً྽ໆኳԄࡌҥܭ৒ໆϩ݋Бݤϐ୷ᘵ΢ǴӢԜख़ाቹៜୖኧᆶቹៜ

৒ໆϐӢηࣣ࣬ӕǴх֖ၡࢤచҹǵӈً੝܄ᆶᔼၮ੝܄฻ΟεᜪǶࣉԜǴ୷ҁ ӈً྽ໆϐኧॶΨᒿ๱ୖኧಔӝϐόӕԶᡂϯǴฅԶჹܭൂ΋ၡࢤԶقǴനख़ा

ޑቹៜӢηߡࣁࢬໆᆶӈً౦፦܄Ǵҁࣴز२Ӄගр୏ᄊӈً྽ໆኳԄǴёਥᏵ όӕޑࢬໆᆶӈً౦፦܄ಔӝीᆉځჹᔈϐӈً྽ໆॶǶฅԶǴਥᏵϩ݋ϐ่݀

ёаว౜Ǵӈً౦፦܄ჹܭ୷ҁӈً྽ໆϐቹៜǴᇻεܭࢬໆϐቹៜǴࣁΑቚ຾

ीᆉޑБߡ܄Ǵҁࣴز׳຾΋؁ගрڰۓӈً྽ໆኳԄǴଞჹ੝ۓၡࢤǵ੝ۓ౦

፦܄Ǵࡌҥ΋ಔё೯Ҕϐӈً྽ໆॶǴගϲၮҔ΢ޑߡճ܄ǶନԜϐѦǴ୷ҁӈ

ً྽ໆኳԄࡌҥΞӢ੝܄όӕǴሡϩࣁٿًᅿᆶӭًᅿٿᅿόӕϐ௃ნϩձࡌᄬǶ ӧਢٯϩ݋ύǴҁࣴزӃճҔኳᔕݤᕇளόӕୖኧచҹΠϐӈًۯᅉၗ਑Ǵམଛ

୏ᄊٿًᅿӈً྽ໆኳԄǵ୏ᄊӭًᅿӈً྽ໆኳԄǵڰۓٿًᅿӈً྽ໆኳԄ ᆶڰۓӭًᅿӈً྽ໆኳԄ฻ीᆉࢬำࡌҥӚӈً྽ໆॶǴ่݀ᡉҢӧٿًᅿᆶ Οًᅿϐӈً྽ໆॶࣣԖ࣬ӕᖿ༈Ƕҁࣴز܌ගрϐኳԄБݤёቶݱᔈҔܭаۯ ᅉीᆉ৒ໆ୷ᘵϐॉၰس಍ǴЪᙖҗ྽ໆᙯඤࡕࡌҥ࣬ӕӈًൂՏǴڐշ៓ၡس

಍ྗዴޑຑ՗س಍ϐ৒ໆǴඓඝس಍ޑٮሡૈໆϷ୍ܺНྗǶ!

ᜢᗖӷǺӈً྽ໆǵ৒ໆϩ݋ǵ৒ໆӢηǵኳᔕБݤǵӈًۯᅉǶ!

service patterns operating on the same line. This difference in train characteristics lead to different capacity impacts on the system. Recently a new concept was proposed to use Base train equivalent (BTE) standardize different train type into base train; this concept is similar to Passenger car equivalent (PCE) on highway. By convert these non-base trains to a standardized unit we call the convert volume as base train units (BTU). However, previous study focuses on the development of BTE with analytical capacity models as opposed to delay-based capacity models, such as parametric or simulation models. Consequently, this research develops delay-based BTE models for delay-based capacity models.

Since BTE is developed based capacity models its value also varies with key capacity factors, such as traffic, operating and route characteristics. However, in terms of a particular route, BTE would only vary with traffic volume and heterogeneity since most of the other factors will be fixed. Therefore, this study first develops dynamic BTE models with consideration of volume and heterogeneity. Besides that, this study also develops fixed BTE model with consideration of heterogeneity since its impact is far more significant than traffic volume.

Another variation in the development is the number of train types. For only two-type train operations, BTE can be directly computed based on the developed BTE models. However, the same model cannot be directly applied to multiple-type train operations (three or more types) due to due to limited output of variables from the capacity models. This study adopts the concept of vector projection to identify single value for each BTE in this case.

capacity measurements from different lines or systems can be compared and evaluated.

Keywords: Base Train Equivalent, Capacity Analysis, Capacity Factor, Simulation Mode, Train Delay.

! !

α၂ہ঩཮ቩۓਜ ... I

ठᖴ ... II

ᄔा ... III Abstract ... IV Ҟᒵ ... VI

კҞᒵ ... VIII

߄Ҟᒵ ... IX

ಃ΋കǵ

ᆣፕ ...1

1.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ ... 1

1.2 ࣴزҞޑ ... 2

1.3 ࣴزጄൎ ... 3

1.4 ࣴزБݤ ... 4

1.5 ፕЎࢎᄬ ... 4

ಃΒകǵЎ᝘ӣ៝ ...7

2.1 ॉၰ৒ໆीᆉኳԄ ... 7

2.1.1 ኳᔕݤ৒ໆीᆉኳԄ ... 8

2.1.2 ୖኧݤ৒ໆीᆉኳԄ ... 10

2.2 λ࠼ً྽ໆीᆉኳԄ ... 12

2.2.1 аۯᅉࣁ୷ᘵϐλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄ ... 13

2.2.2 аೲࡋکஏࡋࣁ୷ᘵϐλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄ ... 14

2.2.3 а٬Ҕ౗ࣁ୷ᘵϐλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄ ... 16

2.2.4 а໔ຯࣁ୷ᘵϐλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄ ... 16

ಃΟകǵ  ࣴزБݤ...21

3.1 ኳԄཷۺ ... 21

3.2ኳԄࡌᄬ ... 23

3.2.1 ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶ ... 23

3.2.2 ڰۓ྽ໆॶ ... 34

3.3 λ่ ... 48

ಃѤകǵ  ਢٯϩ݋...49

4.1 ၂ᡍ೛ी ... 49

4.2 ٿًᅿϐൂًᅿၮՉ୷ҁӈً྽ໆ ... 51

4.3 ٿًᅿϐᚈًᅿၮՉ୷ҁӈً྽ໆ ... 52

4.3.1 ୏ᄊٿًᅿϐᚈًᅿၮՉ୷ҁӈً྽ໆ ... 52

4.3.2 ڰۓٿًᅿϐᚈًᅿၮՉ୷ҁӈً྽ໆ ... 56

4.4 Οًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆ ... 62

4.4.1 ୏ᄊΟًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆ ... 62

4.4.2 ڰۓΟًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆ ... 65

4.5ࢬໆ୷ྗᆶۯᅉ୷ྗБݤϐӈً྽ໆॶКၨ ... 71

4.6ѳ֡ǵനλѳБᇤৡᆶനλ๊ჹᇤৡБݤϐӈً྽ໆॶКၨ ... 73

4.7୷ҁӈً྽ໆϐᔈҔ ... 75

4.8λ่ ... 77

ಃϖകǵ  ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼...79

5.1่ፕ ... 79

5.2ࡌ᝼ ... 80

ୖԵЎ᝘ ...81

კ 2.1 RTC ኳᔕำׇҢཀკ ... 9

კ 2.2 CN ୖኧኳԄۯᅉ.ӈًኧԔጕ ... 11

კ 2.3 ۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔጕ (ቅϢ࠹Ǵ҇ 100) ... 18

კ 3.1 ࣬ӕۯᅉϐషӝᆶ୷ҁࢬໆКၨ... 21

კ 3.2 ୏ᄊٿًᅿӈً྽ໆॶ... 24

კ 3.3 ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶϐۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔጕ(a)ᙯඤ߻ǵ(b)ᙯඤࡕ ... 26

კ 3.4 ୏ᄊӭًᅿӈً྽ໆॶीᆉࢬำკ... 27

კ 3.5 ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶϐٿًᅿΟᆢޜ໔Ңཀკ... 30

კ 3.6 ٿًᅿϐ BTU ࢬໆޜ໔... 32

კ 3.7 ୏ᄊΟًᅿ྽ໆॶ BTU ࢬໆޜ໔Ңཀკ... 33

კ 3.8 ڰۓٿًᅿӈً྽ໆॶीᆉࢬำკ... 35

კ 3.9 ڰۓ྽ໆॶϐۯᅉ.ࢬໆკ... 36

კ 3.10 όӕ྽ໆಔӝϐۯᅉ.BTU კ... 36

კ 3.11 ॏжࡕϐۯᅉ.BTU Ԕጕ ... 39

კ 3.12 ڰۓӭًᅿӈً྽ໆॶीᆉࢬำკ... 40

კ 3.13 ॏжࡕషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬКၨҢཀკ... 43

კ 3.14 ڰۓ྽ໆॶϐٿًᅿΟᆢޜ໔Ңཀკ... 44

კ 3.15! ٿًᅿ.Ӛࢬໆϐηޜ໔... 45

კ 3.16! ΟًᅿϐΟᆢޜ໔Ңཀკ... 46

კ 3.17 Οًᅿ.Ӛۯᅉ୷ྗηޜ໔... 47

კ 4.1 ٿًᅿϐ࠼ً୏ᄊӈً྽ໆॶ... 54

კ 4.2 ۯᅉቚуᆶࢬໆᙯඤКၨ... 55

კ 4.3 ٿًᅿ୏ᄊًࢬۯᅉКၨ... 56

კ 4.4 ٿًᅿϐ࠼ًڰۓӈً྽ໆॶ... 58

კ 4.5 ڰۓٿًᅿًࢬۯᅉКၨ... 59

კ 4.6 Οًᅿϐ୏ᄊӈً྽ໆ-౦፦܄Ԕጕ ... 63

კ 4.7 ࣬ӕӈًኧϐۯᅉКၨ... 64

კ 4.8 Οًᅿڰۓ྽ໆॶ... 66

߄ 4.1 ӈً੝܄... 50

߄ 4.2 ٿًᅿϐൂًᅿၮՉ୏ᄊᆶڰۓ྽ໆॶКၨ... 52

߄ 4.3 ӈًۯᅉᆶ྽ໆॶКၨ... 56

߄ 4.4 ٿًᅿϐᚈًᅿၮՉ୏ᄊᆶڰۓ྽ໆॶКၨ... 61

߄ 4.5 Οًᅿ୏ᄊᆶڰۓ྽ໆॶКၨ... 68

߄ 4.6 ӈً྽ໆॶीᆉᆶᡍ᛾ȐaȑኳԄ΋ȐቅϢ࠹Ǵ҇ 100ȑǵȐbȑኳԄΒȐҁ ࣴزኳԄȑ ... 71

߄ 4.7 ѳ֡ȐБݤ΋ȑǵനλѳБᇤৡȐБݤΒȑᆶനλ๊ჹᇤৡȐБݤΟȑ Бݤϐӈً྽ໆॶКၨ ... 75

߄ 4.8 ؂В٬Ҕ౗... 76

߄ 4.9 όӕၡࢤКၨ... 77

ಃ΋കǵġ ᆣፕ

1.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ

! ! ӧ౜ϞΓαࢲ୏ஏ໣ޑ௃ݩΠǴ࣬ჹޑΨቚуΑၮᒡሡ؃ޑѸा܄ǴҗܭԖ ೭٤ሡ؃ౢғǴΨගଯၮᒡس಍ޑ୍ܺख़ा܄Ǵ΋ঁ೿ѱޑၮᒡس಍୍ܺΨ೴ᅌ ԋࣁ೿ѱว৖ޑᜢᗖࡰ኱Ƕ!

! ! җܭॉၰس಍ڀԖଯӼӄ܄ǵଯၩၮໆ٠ᏱԖၨଯޑਏ౗܄ǴӧҬ೯ၮڀޑ ว৖ၸำύǴॉၰس಍೴ᅌڙډख़ຎǶᗨฅϦၡၮᒡჹܭਓ࠼ԶقёаԖၨଯޑ ёϷ܄Ǵՠॉၰၮᒡ࣬ၨܭϦၡၮᒡԶقёаӧ΋ۓޑਔ໔ၩၮၨӭޑਓ࠼܈೤

ނǴԶӼӄ܄ᆶਏ౗ΨၨϦၡၮᒡٰޑଯǴځᚳεޑၩၮ৒ໆىаॄ಻Ҟ߻ޑਓ ၮሡ؃Ƕӧ߈ٰᕉߥཀ᛽ޑܩᓐΠǴҗܭدԖλًؓکᐒً౗ۚଯόΠǴࡺځ܌

ౢғޑԡࢉΨၨଯǴԶ೭٤ԡࢉࢂࣁၮᒡၸำύ܌ౢғޑѦ೽ԋҁǴ໔ௗޑઇᚯ ғᄊѳᑽǴคݤफ़եჹᕉნ҉ុޑ੃઻ǴࣁΑ෧ϿၮᒡჹᕉნޑፂᔐǴว৖ॉၰ ၮᒡس಍ࢂࣁ΋ёՉޑ฼ౣǶ!

! ! ࣁΑᅈىόӕਓၮሡ؃ǴॉၰᔼၮൂՏёૈ཮ගٮόӕًᅿޑӈ୍ًܺǴԶ ӚӈًޑଶઠኳԄᆶӈً੝܄ࣣό࣬ӕȐᗛדԋ฻ΓǴ҇ 94ȑǴӢԜӧीᆉॉၰ

৒ໆਔǴεӭࢂаൂՏਔ໔ϣёၮՉޑനεӈًኧࣁԜၡࢤ΢ϐӈً৒ໆǴՠԜ

৒ໆёૈж߄όӕޑًᅿಔӝǴ٠҂ૈϸࢀрჴሞ܌೷ԋϐቹៜǶቅϢ࠹Ȑ҇ 100ȑ ଞჹόӕًᅿගрΑ΋ঁᙯඤཷۺǴ୷ҁӈً྽ໆȐBase Train Equivalent, BTEȑǴ ᔈҔϦၡλ࠼ً྽ໆޑཷۺჹॉၰӈً຾ՉᙯඤǴԖᙖܭԜǴஒॉၰӈً኱ྗϯ ࣁӕ΋ًᅿӈًǴᙯඤࡕϐࢬໆᆀࣁ୷ҁӈًൂՏȐBase Train Units, BTUȑǴՠ ӧځኳԄύࢂа࣬ӕࢬໆΠКၨ୷ҁᆶషӝًࢬϐۯᅉǴЪӭଞჹٿًᅿ຾Չ૸

ፕǴ٠҂ֹӄ௖૸ԿӭًᅿኳԄǴࡨҞ߻ࣽמ຾؁܌፥Ǵॉၰӈً܄ૈВ੻ගϲǴ Ψቚуӈً໔ޑӭኬ܄Ǵගٮཇٰཇӭόӕًᅿ୍ܺǴջ٬ࣁ࣬ӕًᅿǴӈً໔ ऩԖόӕଶઠኳԄǴΨሡϩࣁόӕًᅿٰ௖૸ǶӢԜǴۘሡा௖૸ӭًᅿ୷ҁӈ

ً྽ໆᙯඤϐीᆉኳԄǶԶҗܭॉၰ৒ໆӭаёௗڙۯᅉਔ໔Πё೯ၸϐനεӈ

ًኧ܌ुۓǴόӕܭ߻ΓᒧҔϐࣴزБݤ.а࣬ӕࢬໆࣁ୷ྗȐቅϢ࠹Ǵ҇ 100ȑǴ ҁࣴزஒа࣬ӕۯᅉ௃ݩ૸ፕ୷ҁᆶషӝًࢬǴԶஒӈً྽ໆբࣁٿًࢬϐ໔ࢬ ໆᙯඤ٩ᏵǴӧࢬໆᆶ৒ໆࣣᙯඤࣁ࣬ӕൂՏࡕǴёຑໆჴሞၡࢤ৒ໆϐ٬Ҕ௃

ݩǴҔа኱ྗϯӭًᅿӈًǴ٠ӧ࣬ӕൂՏΠ຾Չၡࢤࢬໆᆶ৒ໆϩ݋πբǶ

1.2 ࣴزҞޑ

! ! җܭҞ߻ॉၰس಍ύ཮Ԗӭًᅿӕਔӧӕ΋ၡᆛύၮՉǴӧόӕӈًಔԋ௃

ნΠǴሡࡌҥӭًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆኳԄǴа፾Ҕܭॉၰًࢬ੝܄ϐᙯඤၸำǶҗ ܭॉၰًࢬ཮ᒿ๱όӕ৒ໆୖኧచҹԶౢғόӕቹៜǴࡺӈً྽ໆॶΨ཮ᒿϐౢ

ғᡂ୏ǴฅԶჹܭൂ΋ၡࢤԶقǴၡࢤ੝܄ᆶӈً܄ૈ٠ό཮ᒿཀׯᡂǴԶख़ा

ቹៜӢηߡࣁࢬໆᆶӈً౦፦܄ǴਥᏵόӕޑࢬໆᆶӈً౦፦܄ಔӝीᆉځჹᔈ ϐӈً྽ໆॶǴܭҁࣴزύа୏ᄊӈً྽ໆኳԄᆀϐǶϩ݋่݀ว౜Ǵӈً౦፦

܄ჹܭ୷ҁӈً྽ໆϐቹៜǴᇻεܭࢬໆϐቹៜǴࣁΑගଯ٬Ҕߡճ܄Ǵҁࣴز

຾΋؁ଞჹ੝ۓ౦፦܄Ǵࡌҥ΋ಔܭ၀౦፦܄Πё೯Ҕϐӈً྽ໆॶǴᆀࣁڰۓ ӈً྽ໆॶኳԄǴҔаफ़ե୏ᄊ྽ໆॶ٬ҔϐᕷፄǶՠҗܭၡࢤ΢ًࢬಔԋ௃ݩ ёૈࣁൂًᅿǵٿًᅿ܈ӭًᅿǴԶൂًᅿࣁॉၰس಍ύ໻ᔼၮൂ΋ًᅿȐӵ௘

ၮس಍ȑځًᅿ੝܄ᆶଶઠኳԄࣣ࣬ӕǴӢԜ٠όሡा຾Չ྽ໆᙯඤёޔௗ຾Չ

৒ໆϩ݋ǹԶٿًᅿ߾ࣁس಍ύ֖ٿᅿᔼၮًᅿǴ΋ёۓကࣁ୷ҁӈًќ΋ًᅿ ࣁߚ୷ҁӈًǴҗܭ໻֖΋ߚ୷ҁӈًȐ΋ঁ҂ޕ྽ໆॶȑࡺё؃ள୤΋ှǴځ Ξёϩࣁٿᅿ௃ݩǴ२Ӄࣁၡࢤ΢ܭ၀ਔࢤ໻ၮՉߚ୷ҁӈًځًࢬ҂֖୷ҁӈ

ًǴځΒࣁٿᅿًᅿӕਔࣣܭၡࢤ΢ၮՉǹԶӭًᅿ߾఼ᇂӭᅿߚ୷ҁӈًǴ཮

ԖӭಔёՉှౢғǴࡺሡϩձ૸ፕǴӢԜҁࣴزҞޑ׆ఈёаࡌҥ୏ᄊᆶڰۓϐ ٿًᅿᆶӭًᅿӈً྽ໆኳԄǴ٠ӧࡕុਢٯϩ݋ύ௖૸ӚኳԄΠӈً྽ໆॶϐ ᖿ༈Ǵനࡕ຾Չӈً྽ໆᔈҔǴᙖҗᙯඤࢬໆᆶ৒ໆࣁ࣬ӕൂՏ຾Չϩ݋πբǴ

ׯ๓Ҟ߻ޔௗуᕴӈًኧբࣁࢬໆ܈৒ໆϐᇤৡǴගр΋ঁ኱ྗϯॉၰ৒ໆीᆉ БԄǴ٠٬όӕၡࢤϐًࢬᙯඤࣁ࣬ӕ኱ྗǴܭၡࢤϐ໔Ԗ࣬ӕྎ೯ޑ୷ྗǴа Αှόӕၡࢤϐًࢬ௃ݩǶǶ

1.3 ࣴزጄൎ

! ! ॉၰس಍৒ໆϩ݋ύத٬Ҕӈًനλၮᙯਔ႖܈ӈًۯᅉբࣁ৒ໆϩ݋٩ᏵǴ

٬Ҕӈًനλၮᙯਔ႖ीᆉၡࢤ৒ໆǴࢂҔ߻ǵࡕӈً໪໔႖ϐѳ֡ၮᙯਔ႖ٰ

ीᆉൂՏਔ໔ϣёၮՉϐӈًኧȐKittleson and AssociatesǴ2003ǹJongǴ2009ȑǹ Զаۯᅉբࣁϩ݋ၡࢤ৒ໆ٩ᏵǴࢂӧයఈ୍ܺޑӈًۯᅉచҹΠё೯ၸϐനε ӈًኧȐKruegerǴ1999ȑǴऩаۯᅉբࣁ୷ᘵϩ݋ၡࢤ৒ໆǴё࣮рၡࢤύ᏾ᡏ ӈًᔼၮރݩǴ፾ӝೕჄΓ঩຾Չӈًࡰࢴ܈ፓࡋπբǴࡺӧҁࣴزύஒаӈً

ۯᅉբࣁीᆉӭًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆϐ୷ྗǶ

! ! ӧҁࣴزύஒачऍၡᆛࣁङඳ೛ۓၡࢤၗ਑ǴӃࡌҥٿًᅿӈً྽ໆኳԄ

ཷۺӆ຾Զ௖૸ӭًᅿӈً྽ໆኳԄǴӧӭًᅿޑ೽ϩҁࣴزаΟًᅿࣁٯǴӧ ਢٯϩ݋ϩձ௖૸ٿًᅿᆶΟًᅿϐӈً྽ໆॶᖿ༈Ǵӧٿًᅿϩࣁٿ೽ҽǴϩ ࣁൂ΋ًᅿၮՉ௃ݩᆶٿًᅿၮՉ௃ݩ٠٬Ҕ೤ၮӈًᆶ࠼ၮӈًǴΟᅿًᅿ೽

ϩ٬Ҕٿᅿ೤ၮӈًу΢΋ᅿ࠼ၮӈًǶҗܭӧၡࢤ΢ӈً܈ၡࢤୖኧᡂ׳ਔǴ ߡ٬ӈً྽ໆॶׯᡂǴӢԜว৖୏ᄊ྽ໆॶኳԄёྗዴޑϸᔈрًࢬރݩǹࣁΑ ᙁϯ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶ٬ҔᕷፄǴҗܭၡࢤచҹӧ҅தᔼၮރݩό཮ᒿཀׯᡂǴЪӈً

୷ҁ੝܄Ψᡂ୏όεǴࡺቹៜًࢬރݩӢનǴёᘜયࣁᔼၮࢬໆᆶ౦፦܄ǴฅԶǴ ਥᏵϩ݋ϐ่݀ёаว౜Ǵӈً౦፦܄ჹܭ୷ҁӈً྽ໆϐቹៜǴᇻεܭࢬໆϐ ቹៜǴࣁΑቚ຾ीᆉޑߡճ܄Ǵӧҁࣴزύ჋၂ܭόӕ౦፦܄Πפрж߄Ӛ౦፦

܄ϐӈً྽ໆॶǴᆀࣁڰۓӈً྽ໆॶǴ٠ܭࣴزύϩձ௖૸ٿًᅿᆶΟًᅿϐ

୏ᄊᆶڰۓӈً྽ໆॶǶ

1.4 ࣴزБݤ

! ! ҁࣴزаॉၰ৒ໆኳԄϐࢬໆᆶۯᅉᜢ߯Ǵ௖૸ӚًࢬచҹΠϐۯᅉރݩǴ ٠ஒճҔኳᔕБݤᕇளόӕୖኧచҹϐӈًۯᅉၗ਑Ƕࣴزύஒаᒧۓޑ୷ҁӈ

ًӃ٬Ҕኳᔕݤᕇளۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔጕǴԶԜԔጕ΢ࣣࣁ୷ҁӈًًࢬǴ٬Ҕޣё٩ ځᔼၮӈًԾՉۓက୷ҁӈًǴӆϩձኳᔕόӕషӝًࢬచҹϐۯᅉำࡋǴҁࣴ

زύЈཷۺࣁ࣬ӕۯᅉ௃ݩΠǴ೯ၸၡࢤޑ୷ҁӈًൂՏȐBTUȑᔈ࣬ӕǴࡺа ۯᅉ.ࢬໆᜢ߯ࡌҥٿᅿӈً྽ໆᙯඤኳԄǺ୏ᄊӈً྽ໆኳԄᆶڰۓӈً྽ໆኳ ԄǴ٠೸ၸࢬໆൂՏϐ໔ޑᙯඤȐӈً0ϺǵBTU0ϺȑǴीᆉӈً྽ໆॶǴٿᅿӈ

ً྽ໆኳԄύӃ௖૸ٿًᅿኳԄǴҗܭٿًᅿኳԄύ໻х֖΋ᅿߚ୷ҁӈًǴࡺ

ёीᆉ୤΋ှǴӧӭًᅿ೽ϩǴҗܭ཮Ԗӭᅿߚ୷ҁӈًܭًࢬύǴౢғӭಔှ

ރݩǴࡺሡஒߚ୷ҁӈًϩ໒૸ፕаࡌҥӭᆢޜ໔ཷۺǴޜ໔ύ௖૸୷ҁًࢬᆶ షӝًࢬϐϸࢀ੝܄Ǵ٠פрًࢬ܌ჹᔈ০኱Ǵ٬Ҕӛໆ׫ቹஒ୷ҁًࢬ০኱׫

ቹԿёՉှ୔ୱύǴפр׫ቹ০኱բࣁ၀௃ნΠϐߚ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶǴനࡕ຾Չ ӈً྽ໆКၨᆶϩ݋Ƕ 

1.5 ፕЎࢎᄬ

ҁፕЎϩࣁϖകǴځӚകϣ৒ϩձӵΠǺ

ಃ΋കǵġ ᆣፕǺϟಏࣴز୏ᐒǵࣴزҞޑǵࣴزጄൎᆶࣴزБݤǶ

ಃΒകǵġ Ў᝘ӣ៝ǺϩࣁΟঁ೽ϩǴ२Ӄӣ៝ॉၰ৒ໆϩ݋ኳԄǴӆ຾ՉϦၡλ

࠼ً྽ໆीᆉኳԄǴനࡕ௖૸Ҟ߻ॉၰ୷ҁӈً྽ໆीᆉБݤǶ

ಃΟകǵġ ࣴزБݤǺճҔኳᔕ೬ᡏ຾Չኳᔕπբ٠᏾౛ኳᔕኧᏵǴӆճҔॉၰ৒

ໆϐۯᅉ.ࢬໆᜢ߯Ǵࡌҥ୏ᄊᆶڰۓ୷ҁӈً྽ໆኳԄǴᇥܴӧ྽ໆ ᙯඤᆶ׫ቹၸำύӵՖפрߚ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶǶ

ಃѤകǵġ ਢٯϩ݋ǺаٿًᅿᆶΟًᅿࣁٯǴᔈҔࣴزБݤаीᆉߚ୷ҁӈً྽

ໆॶǴ٠ଞჹόӕᙯඤ୷ྗȐࢬໆ୷ྗǵۯᅉ୷ྗȑᆶόӕၗ਑಍ीБ

Ԅ຾ՉКၨϩ݋Ǵനࡕ຾Չ୷ҁӈً྽ໆКၨᆶᔈҔϩ݋Ƕ

ಃϖകǵġ ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼Ǻᕴࡴ΢ॊക࿯Ǵ٠ගрҁࣴز่ፕǵࡌ᝼ᆶ҂ٰᔈҔǶ

კ 1. 1 ࣴزࢬำკ



ಃΒകǵЎ᝘ӣ៝

! ! җܭ྽ໆཷۺࢂҔܭ኱ྗϯၡࢤࢬໆᆶ৒ໆǴᙖҗᙯඤόӕًᅿࣁӕ΋኱ྗ

ϐၸำǴӢԜว৖྽ໆཷۺܭॉၰس಍߻ǴሡӃ௖૸ॉၰ৒ໆኳԄीᆉ౛ፕᆶ୷ ᘵǴаΑှॉၰ৒ໆۓကǴځԛҗܭ୷ҁӈً྽ໆཷۺࢂٰԾܭϦၡλ࠼ً྽ໆǴ

ࡺ຾Զ௖૸Ϧၡλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄϐϩ݋٩ᏵǴҗܭϦၡᆶॉၰًࢬ੝܄όӕǴӃ ᙖҗΑှॉၰ৒ໆۓကӆ௖૸λ࠼ً྽ໆीᆉཷۺаΑှځᔈҔᜢ߯ǴԶԜٿ೽

ϩࢂࣁբࣁว৖ॉၰ୷ҁӈً྽ໆϐ୷ᘵǴനࡕஒӣ៝Ҟ߻୷ҁӈً྽ໆว৖Ǵ ٠ΑှځኳԄཷۺᆶόىϐೀǴբࣁҁࣴزว৖٩ᏵǶԜക࿯ஒϩࣁॉၰ৒ໆी

ᆉኳԄǵλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄᆶॉၰӈً྽ໆीᆉኳԄΟ೽ϩ຾Չ૸ፕǶ!

2.1 ॉၰ৒ໆीᆉኳԄ

! ! ॉၰ৒ໆϩ݋ࢂϩ݋ॉၰس಍ॄ಻ૈΚکၮՉ௃׎ޑځύ΋ঁख़ाࡰ኱Ǵଞ ჹॉၰ৒ໆϩ݋ࣴزǴςว৖ኧᅿॉၰ৒ໆ՗ᆉБݤǴॉၰ৒ໆीᆉ٠ؒԖ΋ঁ

ڰۓޑीᆉྗ߾ǴӢόӕࣴزൂՏଞჹόӕࣴزჹຝکҞޑǴว৖όӕॉၰ৒ໆ

ीᆉݤǴΞόӕॉၰ৒ໆीᆉБԄԖځόӕ੝ՅǶԶॉၰ৒ໆीᆉ୷ᘵεӭࣁӈ

ًനλၮᙯਔ႖ȐKittleson and AssociatesǴ2003ǹ JongǴ2009ǹ PachlǴ2002ǹ ᗛדԋ฻ΓǴ҇ 94Ǵ҇ 99ȑᆶӈًۯᅉȐKruegerǴ1999烊 GormanǴ2009烊Murali

฻ΓǴ2010烊Sogin ฻ΓǴ2011烊DinglerǴ2011ȑǶ

! ! аനλၮᙯਔ႖ࣁ୷ᘵϐीᆉኳԄӭࣁှ݋ှБݤǴۓက౟ᓍًઠ٠ीᆉൂ

Տਔ໔ϣ೯ၸϐനεӈًኧǴ೯தࢂ೸ၸኧᏢϩ݋ीᆉԶٰǴаނ౛ཀကࣁ୷ᘵ Ȑӈًу෧ೲਔ໔ǵྩًຯᚆ฻ȑٰीᆉॉၰ৒ໆǴаനλၮᙯਔ႖ԶقǴऩӚ

ًઠ܈୔໔ଛ࿼όࣁ΋ठǴЪًᅿኧຫӭǴቹៜӈًനλၮᙯਔ႖ޑӢનಔӝ཮

ຫӭǴԶஒ཮٬Ӛ྽ໆॶڙज़ܭ੝ۓ୔໔ǹаӈًۯᅉࣁ୷ᘵϐॉၰ৒ໆኳԄǴ ӭࣁ٬Ҕୖኧݤ܈ኳᔕБԄǴᙖҗׯᡂόӕୖኧ੝܄аᕇளًࢬۯᅉ௃ݩǴ٠ӧ

ёௗڙϐۯᅉΠीᆉ೯ၸၡࢤϐനεӈًኧǴଞჹӈًۯᅉ௃ݩࣁ୷ᘵǴ٩೛ۓ చҹǴКၨӚۯᅉ௃ݩΠӈً೯ၸၡࢤϐًࢬރݩǴё࣮р᏾ᡏӈًၮՉ௃ݩǴ ӢԜа᏾ᡏۯᅉ௃ݩ௢՗᏾ᡏၡࢤϐӈً྽ໆॶǴё፾Ҕܭ᏾ᡏၡࢤރݩǴӢԜ ҁࣴزஒаۯᅉࣁ୷ྗ௖૸ۯᅉ࣬ᜢϐኳᔕݤᆶୖኧݤॉၰ৒ໆीᆉኳԄǶ!

2.1.1 ኳᔕݤ৒ໆीᆉኳԄ

ኳᔕݤሡा၁ಒޑၗ਑ኧᏵǴᖐΥӈً܄ૈǵᔼၮၗ਑Ϸ୷ᘵ೛ࡼ฻࣬ᜢၗ

ૻǴ֡ሡբࣁᒡΕୖኧǴЪӧᒡΕӢનБय़ၨό཮Ԗ܌ज़ڋǴаၲү੿ਏ݀ǶӢ ԜǴ٬Ҕኳᔕݤ຾Չϩ݋Ǵӭъёаளډၨࣁຠ߈ჴ୍س಍ᔼၮރݩǴ፾ӝҔܭ ᔼၮीฝȐAbrilǴ2007ǹDinglerǴ2011ȑǴՠኳᔕޑၸำሡा޸຤ၨߏޑਔ໔Ǵ Ψሡाֹ๓ޑၗ਑৤଺ࣁᒡΕᆶᒡрǶԶ Martin ᇡࣁॉၰኳᔕπڀ᏾ӝሡाԵቾ Ӛঁ೽ϩ:ൂ΋ӈًኳᔕǵॉၰӈً܄ૈǵ୏Κ೛ഢǵӚ໨໒ว(πำ೛ीǵᔼၮ

೛ीǵဦᇞ೛ी)Ǵ҂ٰ᏾ӝӚ໨ॉၰኳᔕπڀஒჹԋҁਏ੻Ԗཱུεޑׯ๓ȐMartinǴ 1999ȑǶKrueger ฻Γа CN ៓ၡࣁٯǴឍॊ៓ၡኳᔕᕉნᡉ๱ޑࡷᏯǵճ੻ᆶ࣬

ᜢᔈҔǶӵ:ኳᔕኳԄว৖ᆶࡷᏯǵኳᔕӈًࡰࢴޑਏ੻ǵኳᔕ฼ౣೕჄ฻ȐKrueger

฻ΓǴ2000ȑǴ

ྷγࣴวޑॉၰኳᔕ೬ᡏ OpenTrackǴᙖҗ٬Ҕޣ܌ۓကޑӈًǵ୷ᘵ೛ࡼ

ᆶਔڅ߄ǴኳᔕрӈًၮՉკǵ࣬ᜢ಍ीၗ਑ǵೲࡋ-ຯᚆᜢ߯Ԕጕ฻ȐNash ک HuerlimannǴ2004ȑǶачऍҞ߻ቶݱ٬Ҕޑॉၰၮᒡኳᔕ೬ᡏ RTCȐRail Traffic ControllerȑࣁٯǴ٬ҔޣёаᙖҗࡌᄬచҹၡᆛکࡰࢴӈًᅿᜪǵኧໆǴኳᔕჴ ሞวғ௃ݩǴҗܭӧόӕ௃ნΠ཮Ԗόӕޑӈً྽ໆǴRTC ё٩Ᏽ٬Ҕޣ܌௨ӈ ϐӈًԛׇ຾ՉኳᔕǴനࡕ؃ள࣬ᜢ௃ნΠϐӈًၮՉރݩᆶۯᅉȐWilsonǴ2008ȑǴ ځբ཰ࢬำӵკ 2.2 ܌ҢǶ

კ 2. 1 RTC ኳᔕำׇҢཀკ

! ! Welch ᆶ Gussow ճҔኳᔕ่݀௖૸ऩा٬৒ໆᘉкǴׯ๓БԄх֖ቚуဦᇞ ਔ࣬ǵᚈጕ୔໔Кٯ฻ǴՠሡԵቾځ஥ٰޑԋҁਏ੻ȐWelch ᆶ GussowǴ1986ȑǶ DinglerȐ2011ȑаѤᅿًᅿȐΟᅿ೤ً+΋ᅿ࠼ًȑճҔኳᔕϩ݋౦፦܄ჹॉၰ ၡᆛϐቹៜǴҗܭၡᆛ΢Ԗ౦፦܄ޑቹៜஒ཮फ़եၡᆛё٬Ҕϐ৒ໆǴᙖҗׯᡂ ӈًኧໆǵӈًКٯᆶӈًಔӝȐӈًᓬӃ܄ৡ౦ȑǴפрቹៜ౦፦܄ޑख़ाӢનǴ җܭ࠼ၮӈً܄ૈ٫ЪᓬӃ܄ଯǴߡ཮೷ԋၡᆛύ೤ၮӈًࡑᗉ฻ۯᅉǴࡺऩу Ε࣬ӕኧໆϐ࠼ၮӈًᆶ೤ၮӈًǴ࠼ၮӈً܌೷ԋޑۯᅉၨଯǶSogin ฻ΓȐ2011ȑ

٬Ҕ΋ᅿ೤ًᆶ΋ᅿ࠼ً຾ՉኳᔕǴ٠ᡂϯ࠼ًೲࡋ 50ǵ79ǵ90 ک 110 mphǴӧ

࠼ًೲࡋࣁ 90 mph ܌೷ԋ೤ًۯᅉനεǴຬၸԜೲࡋǴೲࡋޑᜐሞቹៜஒ໒ۈ Πफ़Ƕ

Vromans฻ΓȐ2006ȑᇡࣁၡࢤ΢౦፦܄ޑቹៜஒ཮೷ԋӈًྗᗺ܄کё᎞

ࡋफ़եǴࣁΑफ़եόӕӈًৡ౦ޑቹៜǴᇙ೷ӕ፦܄ًࢬёаගٮ׳ӭޑӈًܺ

୍ǴගрΑٿᅿीᆉБԄǴճҔӈًനอၮᙯਔ႖ᆶӈً຾ઠၮᙯਔ႖ཷۺǴٰ

ຑ՗ё᎞ࡋᆶਔڅ߄ύ౦፦܄ޑቹៜǴ٠аኳᔕБԄКၨٿঁόӕਢٯǶ

! ! Liotta ฻ΓȐ2009ȑஒॉၰ৒ໆीᆉϩٿ໘ࢤǴӧԖዴۓޑਔڅ߄ΠǴӃճ Ҕᓸᕭਔڅ߄ޑБԄפрന٫৒ໆǴ٠аኳᔕ຾Չᡍ᛾πբǴճҔኳᔕၸำٰዴ ۓၡጕ৒ໆǶ

2.1.2 ୖኧݤ৒ໆीᆉኳԄ

ୖኧݤࢂ΋ϟܭှ݋ှϷኳᔕݤϐ໔ޑ৒ໆीᆉБݤǴёаံىԜٿᅿБݤ ϐৡ౦ȐLaiǴ2008ǹLai and BarkanǴ2009ȑǶLeilichȐ1998ȑᇡࣁॉၰϩ݋ኳᔕ πڀԖځόӕᜪࠠǴԶόӕޑॉၰኳᔕБԄ೿཮Ԗ҂ԵቾډޑӢનǴЪ๱ख़Եໆ ޑБय़όӕǴLeilich ᇡࣁ٬Ҕޣᔈຑ՗܌ሡаᒧ᏷ኳᔕπڀǴ٠჋၂ගрॉၰୖ

ኧ৒ໆኳԄаཷࡴኳᔕ೬ᡏޑৡ౦ǶԶୖኧݤёᙖҗኳᔕၸำᆶ࣬ᜢၗૻࡌᄬ΋

಍ीБݤٰႣෳᆶ՗ीၗྍԋҁǵໆϯਔ໔܈ё᎞ࡋ฻ȐSherriff ฻ΓǴ 2005ȑǴ

ୖኧݤගрቹៜॉၰ৒ໆޑख़ाӢનǴх֖ၡᆛచҹȐӵǺୁጕ୔໔ǵဦᇞ୔໔

฻ȑǵҬ೯੝܄ȐӵǺӈًᓬӃ܄ǵೲࡋК฻ȑϷᔼၮୖኧȐӵǺଶઠਔ໔฻ȑ฻Ǵ ӆ೸ၸ଑ᘜϩ݋ளډӈًۯᅉރݩȐKruegerǴ1999ǹGormanǴ2009ȑǶ

ачऍதҔϐୖኧ৒ໆኳԄǴCN ୖኧኳԄȐCanadian National Parametric ModelȑࣁٯǴӧ CN ୖኧኳԄύǴჹܭ৒ໆϐۓကࣁӧၡࢤ΢੝ۓޑҬ೯ᆶᔼၮ

ीฝΠǴόຬၸߐᘖॶϐё೯ၸനεӈًኧǴԶߐᘖॶεठ೛ۓܭόຬၸӈً४

୍Γ঩ϐπբਔኧǴԶӧԜߐᘖॶϣх֖ӈًനอၮᙯਔ໔ǵӈًۯᅉکӈًଶ

฻ਔ໔Ǵаკ 2.3 ёа࣮рǴӧߐᘖॶΠϐۯᅉਔ໔Ȑ1 λਔȑǴё೯ၸϐӈًኧ ࣁ 25 ፶ӈًǴऩԔጕၨଥ৘ࣁۯᅉቚуȐआጕȑǴၨԔጕ጗ࣁۯᅉ෧ϿȐᙔጕȑǶ

 კ 2. 2CNୖኧኳԄۯᅉ.ӈًኧԔጕ



ӧӚᅿόӕషӝًࢬރݩΠёаளډόӕۯᅉɡҬ೯ࢬໆࡰኧԔጕȐӵკ 2.3ȑǴ٬Ҕޣёᙖҗׯᡂόӕޑ៓ၡ৒ໆӢηॶǴҗόӕୖኧಔӝ܌׎ԋϐԔጕ

ࣣό࣬ӕǶCN ୖኧኳԄޑԄηࣁΠӈ܌ҢȐԄ 2.1ȑӵკ 2.3 ܌ҢӈًۯᅉȐDȑ کӈًኧȐVȑϐ໔཮և౜ࡰኧᜢ߯ǴԶ AǵB ࣁᒿ๱៓ၡ৒ໆӢηԶᡂޑ߯ኧॶǴ ߄Ң྽ӈًኧຫӭǴۯᅉਔ໔཮ᒿӈًኧໆԋࡰኧԋߏǶ

D AeBV ^Ȑ2.1ȑ



Abril ฻ΓȐ2007ȑᇡࣁॉၰ৒ໆ཮٩ӈًၮՉԶᡂϯǴAbril ฻Γࡰрቹៜ

ॉၰ৒ໆୖኧёϩࣁΟε೽ϩǴх֖୷ᘵ೛ࡼୖኧȐၡࢤߏࡋǵॉၰೲज़฻ȑǵҬ ೯ୖኧȐӈًಔԋǵӾঢ়λਔǵӈًᓬӃ܄฻ȑǵᔼၮୖኧȐଶઠਔ໔ǵᆢঅǵё

᎞ࡋ฻ȑǴӧόӕ௃ݩΠǴ཮٬ၡࢤ΢ёၮՉӈًኧׯᡂȐAbril ฻ΓǴ2007ȑǶ

! ! GormanȐ2009ȑஒᕴၮՉਔ໔ϩࣁനอਓՉਔ໔ᆶۯᅉਔ໔ǴቹៜനอၮՉ ਔ໔ޑख़ाӢηх֖ӈً܄ૈȐӵǺऩଭΚຫம߾ӈًу෧ೲૈΚᆶၮՉೲࡋཇ

٫ȑǵၡᆛ੝܄ᆶॉၰೲज़฻ǹቹៜۯᅉख़ाӢનࣁЬाۯᅉǵԛाۯᅉᆶ৒ໆ٬

Ҕ౗ǴЬाۯᅉӵӈًຬ཮ًਔ܌೷ԋޑۯᅉǴԛाۯᅉࣁڙډځдӈًቹៜ܌

೷ԋޑۯᅉǴ৒ໆ٬Ҕ౗ࣁᕴӈًλਔᆶӈً໔ຯᡂ౦Ǵऩ೭ٿӢηཇεۯᅉ൩

཮ཇεǴGorman ճҔ଑ᘜפрӚӢનᆶۯᅉᜢ߯Ǵ٠ҔаႣෳၮՉਔ໔ǶMurali

฻Γаࢶ׼ᕚၡᆛࣁٯǴଞჹൂጕᆶᚈጕၡᆛǴӃҔኳᔕБԄளډӚచҹΠޑۯ ᅉ௃׎Ǵୖኧх֖ηၡࢤߏࡋǵೲज़ǵୁጕ܈ᐉ෠ጕޑኧໆϷϩѲރݩ฻Ǵӆஒ ۯᅉᆶӚୖኧ຾Չ଑ᘜϩ݋ȐMurali ฻ΓǴ2010ȑǴ໳ຐӼȐ2011ȑΨճҔӭϡ଑

ᘜᆶᜪઓ࿶ᆛၡޑБԄӧӚᅿୖኧȐୁጕ໔ຯǵဦᇞ໔ຯǵॉၰೲज़ǵࢬໆǵ౦

፦܄฻ȑΠ຾ՉۯᅉႣෳǶ

2.2 λ࠼ً྽ໆीᆉኳԄ

! ! җܭӧϦၡၰၡ΢Ǵًࢬࢂҗόӕًᅿ܌ಔӝԶԋǴԶ೭٤όӕًᅿԖόӕ ޑً፶܄ૈᆶً፶Ёκ฻Ǵ೭٤࣬౦చҹΠѸ໪Ԗ΋Ӆӕޑ኱ྗൂՏǴҔаຑ՗

Ϧၡ୍ܺྗ߾Ǵλ࠼ً྽ໆࢂаλ࠼ًࣁ୷ҁൂՏǴஒځдًᅿ٩ځً፶ၮբ੝

܄ǵ՞Ҕၰၡय़ᑈ܈ቹៜًࢬำࡋ฻Ǵᙯϯԋځ฻ӕܭӭϿ፶λ࠼ًǶԶϦၡၮ ᒡೕჄύǴᙖҗਓԛวғǵϩթᆶၮڀᒧ᏷ᙯඤளډӚϩ୔ϐًਓԛȐλ࠼ًൂ

ՏȑǴ٠௢՗ӚၡࢤϐҬ೯ໆϷਓՉਔ໔Ǵᙖҗஒًᅿᙯࣁ࣬ӕൂՏΠ຾Չၮᒡٮ

๏ᆶሡ؃ຑ՗ᑽໆȐঐྷ፣Ǵ҇ 95ȑǶλ࠼ً྽ໆޑཷۺനԐࢂҗ 1965 ԃ Highway Capacity ManualȐHCMȑ܌ۓကǴԶλ࠼ً྽ໆว৖ԿϞςѤΜᎩԃǴҔа߄Ң ӧࢌঁၰၡచҹکҬ೯ރݩΠǴஒьً܈ϦًჹܭϦၡ৒ໆޑቹៜǴඤᆉаλ࠼

ًբࣁൂՏǴ߯΋ঁؒԖൂՏޑኧॶȐHCMǴ 1965ȑǶΞόӕޑషӝًࢬᆶၰၡ చҹࣣ཮ቹៜډख़ًᆶλ࠼ًϐ໔ޑᜢ߯Ǵҭջ܌՗ᆉޑख़ًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆॶஒ ڙډቹៜǴࡺࡕុޑࣴزջଞჹ΢ॊ੝܄ፓ᏾ࡽԖޑ྽ໆॶȐHCMǴ1985ǹHCMǴ 2000ȑǶԶӧၸѐ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ύǴϩձଞჹόӕًࢬӢન຾Չλ࠼ً྽ໆᙯඤǴаό ӕفࡋբࣁλ࠼ً྽ໆϐᙯඤ୷ᘵǴаΠஒϩձଞჹӚᙯඤ୷ᘵ຾Չ௖૸Ƕ!

!

2.2.1 аۯᅉࣁ୷ᘵϐλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄ

! ! аۯᅉࣁ୷ᘵٰीᆉλ࠼ً྽ໆǴࢂҗܭషӝًࢬύλ࠼ًӢځдًᅿ܌Ꮴ ठޑۯᅉک୷ҁًࢬύλ࠼ً໔܌࣬ϕᏤठޑۯᅉৡ౦Ǵٰ௢Ꮴόӕًᅿޑλ࠼

ً྽ໆॶǶ!

! ! ӧ 1980 ԃਔǴCraus ฻ΓճҔً፶ຬًکً፶ਓՉਔ໔ৡ܌೷ԋޑۯᅉǴа ٿًၰϦၡࣁٯ٠ԵቾϸӛًࢬރݩǴКၨၡࢤ΢ख़ً೏ຬً܌೷ԋޑѳ֡ۯᅉǴ کၡࢤ΢ࣣࢂλ࠼ًًࢬ࣬ϕຬً܌೷ԋޑѳ֡ۯᅉǴՠҗܭӧᇆ໣ຬًԛኧᆶ ϸӛًࢬၗ਑཮ၨᕷፄǴЪၨᜤ୺Չᡍ᛾ޑπբǶCunagin ک Messeru ΨࢂճҔ ຬًཷۺᆶً፶ਓՉਔ໔ৡ౦ीᆉ྽ໆǴКၨٿًࢬǴӧషӝًࢬύǴख़ً೏λ

࠼ًޑຬً౗४΢ख़ًᆶλ࠼ًޑਓՉਔ໔ৡǴӧ୷ҁًࢬύǴ߾ࣁλ࠼ً໔ޑ ຬً౗४΢λ࠼ً໔ޑਓՉਔ໔ৡȐCunagin ک MesseruǴ1983ȑǶ!

Benekohal ک Zhoa ܭ 1999 ԃਔǴ௖૸ଞჹဦᇞϯၡαǴ཮Ԗً፶ଶ฻ϐୢ

ᚒǴ܌аۯᅉࣁӧ฻ংً໗ύً፶ଶ฻ਔ໔ᆶу෧ೲ܌೷ԋޑۯᅉǴӧӕ፦܄ً

ࢬᆶ౦፦܄ًࢬࣣࣁ࣬ӕً፶ኧΠǴճҔ౦፦܄ًࢬύख़ًѳ֡ۯᅉǴᆶӕ፦܄

ًࢬѳ֡ۯᅉϐК౗ीᆉख़ًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆȐD_PCEȑǶRahman ฻ΓаᐉծࣁٯǴ ӕኬ௖૸ӧဦᇞၡαਔǴً፶ଶ฻ϐۯᅉਔ໔ǴԶۯᅉ཮ᒿ๱ख़ًӧ฻ংً໗ύ ޑόӕՏ࿼Ԗ܌όӕǴଷ೛ً፶ࣣӧ҂ႫکًࢬύǴ฻ংً໗ಃ΋፶ऩࣁख़ًǴ ځ܌೷ԋޑᕴۯᅉஒ཮നεǴख़ًӧً໗നࡕБ܌೷ԋޑᕴۯᅉനλǴऩӧً໗ ύख़ًКٯཇଯख़ً྽ໆॶ൩཮ཇεȐRahman ฻Γ炻2003ȑǶRodriguez Seda ک Benekohalӧ 2006 ԃа೿ѱϦًࣁЬǴۯ՜ D_PCE ޑཷۺǴӕኬ௖૸྽Ϧًӧ ဦᇞϯၡαΠ྽ϦًӧόӕًࢬՏ࿼܌೷ԋޑۯᅉ௃ݩஒ཮όӕǴቹៜ྽ໆӢન ନΑϦًܭًࢬύՏ࿼ѦǴᗋхࡴϦً຾Εᆶᚆ໒ၡࢤਔޑဦᇞᐩဦǴдॺᇡࣁ Ϧًӧຫ߻Бޑ฻ংՏ࿼྽ໆॶஒ཮ຫεǴӧआᐩখ຾ΕًࢬЪᆘᐩ໒௴຾Εઠ จଶ฻܌೷ԋޑۯᅉനࣁᝄख़ǴԶဦᇞຼයёૈ཮٬྽ໆॶౢғᇤৡȐRodriguez Sedaک BenekohalǴ2006ȑǶ!

! ! җܭቹៜλ࠼ً྽ໆӢનԖ೚ӭǴࡺ Chitturi ک Benekohal Ҕୖኧޑفࡋीᆉ work zoneύλ࠼ً྽ໆॶǴճҔ D_PCE ीᆉཷۺǴᡂϯଯೲϦၡ΢ϖᅿόӕୖ

ኧॶǺwork zone ߏࡋǵً፶ࢬໆǵख़ًᜪࠠǵً፶໔ϐೲࡋৡᆶख़ًКٯǴ྽

ୖኧׯᡂ཮Ԗόӕۯᅉਔ໔ǴࣴزύࡰрǴλ࠼ً྽ໆ཮ᒿ๱ work zone ߏࡋǵ

ً፶ࢬໆǵً፶໔ϐೲࡋৡቚуԶᡂεǴՠऩख़ًКٯቚуਔǴ྽ໆॶஒ཮फ़եǴ

ࢂҗܭख़ًКٯቚу೷ԋё຾Εၡࢤޑᕴً፶ኧफ़եǴࡺᕴۯᅉफ़եǴλ࠼ً྽

ໆ཮ᒿख़ًКٯቚуԶ෧ϿȐChitturi ک BenekohalǴ2008ȑǶ

!

2.2.2 аೲࡋکஏࡋࣁ୷ᘵϐλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄ

! ! HCMȐ1985ȑ೸ၸ᏾ӝೲࡋکஏࡋаۓကȨ୍ܺНྗȩǴӢԜ೚ӭᏢޣǴ໒ ۈ௖૸ೲࡋکஏࡋჹλ࠼ً྽ໆϐቹៜǴҗܭࢬ౗Ȑً/λਔȑ฻ܭஏࡋȐً/Ϧ

ٚȑ४аೲࡋȐϦٚ/λਔȑǴࡺԜΟᅿӢન࣬ϕቹៜࣗεǴᜢᖄཱུଯǴӧԜ࿯ஒ

᏾౛ᆶೲࡋǵஏࡋϐ࣬ᜢλ࠼ً྽ໆЎ᝘Ƕ

! ! ೸ၸً፶ೲࡋࣁϩ݋ޑࣴزǴ Van Aerde ک YagarȐ1984ȑࢂਥᏵًࢬύ؂

΋ًᅿаϷჹӛًٰϐೲ౗ש෧౗ǴीᆉӚًᅿϐλ࠼ً྽ໆǶځБݤࢂᒡΕό ӕԭϩК୔໔ϐೲࡋϷӚًᅿϐࢬໆኧǴਥᏵԾҗࢬ౗کًᅿኧໆࡌᄬӭϡጕ܄

଑ᘜǴ٠а଑ᘜԄύӚًᅿ߯ኧᆶλ࠼ً߯ኧКٰ՗ीӚًᅿϐλ࠼ً྽ໆǶ

1

2 3 4

Percentile speed Free speed C number of cars C number of trucks

C number of recreational vehs C number of

 u

 u

 u

 u

5 opposing other vehs

C number of vehs

 u

 炷2.2炸

/ 1

n n

PCE C C  炷2.3炸

ġ ġ ԄύǺ!

Ci i ًᅿϐೲ౗ש෧߯ኧȐ i=1~4ȑ

C5 ϸӛً፶ϐೲ౗ש෧߯ኧ

PCEn n ًᅿϐλ࠼ً྽ໆ Ȑn=1~5ȑ



ġ ġ ԶѠ᡼ܭ 2001 ԃঅुϐϦၡ৒ໆЋнύΨаೲࡋϐཷۺٰीᆉ྽ໆॶǴӧЋ нύࡰрǴӵஒεًᙯඤԋλ࠼ًǴ߾ࢬໆϷஏࡋϐॶ཮ᒿ๱ᡂ୏Ǵՠೲࡋᔈߥ

࡭όᡂωԖཀကȐ݅ᙦറ฻ΓǴ҇ 90ȑǶ



(1 ) (1 )

av a av a bv b bv b

Q P Q P E Q P Q P E 炷2.4炸 ԄύǺ

! ! Q_av ೲ౗.ࢬ౗ᜢ߯Ԕጕ a ӧѳ֡ೲ౗ࣁ v ਔϐࢬ౗Ȑ፶/λਔȑ

! ! Q_bv ೲ౗.ࢬ౗ᜢ߯Ԕጕ b ӧѳ֡ೲ౗ࣁ v ਔϐࢬ౗Ȑ፶/λਔȑ

! ! P_a ًࢬQavύϐεًКٯ

! ! P_b ًࢬQ_bvύϐεًКٯ

! ! E εًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆ

! ! ਥᏵԜচ߾Ǵӵٿًࢬࢬ౗ᆶೲ౗ϐᜢ߯ԔጕԖ࣬ӕϐԾҗೲ౗Ǵҗ΢Ԅё а࣮рǴ฻ဦѰѓٿᜐࣁ aǴ bషӝًࢬϐλ࠼ًൂՏǴԶٿًࢬϐλ࠼ًൂՏ ӧ࣬ӕೲࡋΠ໪࣬฻Ƕ! !

! ! аஏࡋޑفࡋٰ࣮Ǵऩӧ࣬ӕޑ୍ܺНྗΠǴషӝًࢬک୷ҁًࢬஒڀԖό ӕޑًࢬஏࡋȐHuberǴ1982ȑǴ೸ၸख़ًКٯᆶख़ًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆॶёаפрٿ

ًࢬϐஏࡋᜢ߯Ǵ٠аԜᜢ߯ёа᏾౛рख़ًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆॶǴӵΠǺ

1( ^B 1) 1

M

PCE q

P q    炷2.5炸



ԄύǺ!

! ! q_B ୷ҁًࢬࢬ౗

! ! q_M షӝًࢬࢬ౗

!

! !!Tiwari ฻ΓȐ2000ȑӧ࣬ӕՉًೲࡋکሡ؃ਔКၨӕ፦܄ًࢬᆶ౦፦܄ًࢬǴ җܭ٬Ҕၰၡय़ᑈόӕࡺ཮ԖόӕޑஏࡋǴӧϤᅿόӕၰၡచҹΠǴКၨٿًࢬ ޑஏࡋʏًၰቨࡋϐКॶǴբࣁӚ௃ნΠϐख़ً྽ໆॶǶ!

!

2.2.3 а٬Ҕ౗ࣁ୷ᘵϐλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄ

а٬Ҕ౗ࣁ୷ᘵ຾Չϩ݋ޑ೽ϩǴLinzer ฻ΓԖձܭ 1965 ԃ HCM ύѝ௖૸

ٿًၰǴځ௖૸Ѥًၰᆶӭًၰϐλ࠼ً྽ໆᡂϯǴ٬Ҕ࣬ӕޑ٬Ҕ౗ᙯඤځख़

ًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆॶǴᙖҗڰۓషӝًࢬک୷ҁًࢬޑ٬Ҕ౗ٰीᆉख़ًϐλ࠼ً

྽ໆǶLinzer ฻ΓӃճҔኳᔕᛤᇙр๏ۓޑ೛ीೲࡋΠǴ٬Ҕ౗ᆶషӝࢬ౗ᜢ߯

კ٠у΢όӕڵࡋԔጕǴவკύճҔ࣬ӕ٬Ҕ౗Πёаפр๏ۓచҹΠϐషӝࢬ

౗ǴӆճҔషӝࢬ౗ᆶ୷ҁࢬ౗ϐᜢ߯פрख़ًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆॶȐLinzer ฻ΓǴ 1979ȑǶ

!

2.2.4а໔ຯࣁ୷ᘵϐλ࠼ً྽ໆኳԄ

! ! ԖձܭۯᅉǵೲࡋᆶஏࡋޑКၨ୷ྗΠѝԵቾډًࢬՉࣁǴճҔ໔ຯբࣁᙯ ඤ୷ᘵΠஒёԵቾᎯᎭΓϐЈᄊǴฅ Werner ک MorallȐ1976ȑࡰра໔ຯࣁ୷ ᘵޑ྽ໆीᆉБԄ፾Ҕܭե୍ܺНྗޑѳय़ၰၡǴ٠ᇡࣁख़ًӧၰၡ΢ޑೲࡋၨ

ᄌǴ܌՞ޑޜ໔ΨၨεǴӃҔೲࡋᆶຬًК౗פр୍ܺНྗǴӆճҔషӝًࢬᆶ

୷ҁًࢬϐѳ֡໔ຯǴᆶషӝًࢬϐًᅿКٯפрख़ًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆॶǶSeguin

฻ΓȐ1982ȑۓက໔ຯࣁ lagging headway ࣁ߻ǵࡕًޑࡕߥᓀఎ໔႖ਔ໔Ǵගр

྽ໆॶᔈ೛ۓࣁӧ๏ۓచҹΠȨख़ً i ѳ֡໔ຯȩکȨλ࠼ًѳ֡໔ຯȩϐКॶǶ

! ! ԶࡕǴKrammers ᆶ CrowleyȐ1986ȑᇡࣁόӕޑًᅿಔӝ௃ნஒ཮Ԗόӕޑ ໔ຯǴٯӵǺȨ߻ًࣁख़ًǵࡕًࣁλ࠼ًȩ܈Ȩ߻ًࣁλ࠼ًǵࡕًࣁख़ًȩ฻Ǵ

ԜӭᘜӢܭᎯᎭΓϐЈᄊԶჹܭόӕًᅿஒߥ࡭όӕՉً໔ຯǴӵख़ًऩӧλ࠼

ًࡕБਔǴख़ًᎯᎭߡ཮ᆶλ࠼ًߥ࡭ၨߏޑ໔ຯǴа฼ӼӄǴӢԜ Krammers ک CrowleyࢂКၨషӝًࢬѳ֡໔ຯᆶλ࠼ً໔ϐ໔ຯբࣁख़ًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆǶ

[(1 ) ] /

T T TP TT P

E P H PH H  炷2.6炸

ԄύǺ

! ! P_T ख़ًКٯ

! ! H_TP ߻ًࣁλ࠼ًࡕًࣁख़ًϐ໔ຯ

! ! H_TT ख़ً໔ޑѳ֡໔ຯ

! ! H_p λ࠼ً໔ޑѳ֡໔ຯ

ՠ٬Ҕ Krammers ᆶ Crowley ໔ຯݤٰीᆉख़ًϐλ࠼ً྽ໆਔǴ൩ό཮Ե ቾډᎯᎭޣϐຬًཀᜫϷຬًՉࣁǴً፶ࣣаߥ࡭΋ۓ໔ຯՉᎭǴӢԜёૈ཮۹

ౣ௞΋٤ቹៜ྽ໆελޑӢનǶ

2.3 ୷ҁӈً྽ໆीᆉኳԄ

! ! ୷ҁӈً྽ໆኳԄӧҞ߻ۘឦཥᑉޑ᝼ᚒǴቅϢ࠹Ȑ҇ 100ȑගр٬ҔΟᅿ

ॉၰ৒ໆኳԄ຾Չ୷ҁӈً྽ໆϐीᆉȐှ݋ှǵኳᔕݤᆶୖኧݤȑǴӧှ݋ှޑ

೽ϩ٬Ҕᆵ៓৒ໆኳԄǴճҔӈً໔നλၮᙯਔ႖ᆶϦၡख़ًӢηཷۺٰीᆉ୷ ҁӈً྽ໆॶǴ٠Ҕ߈՟ှޑБԄ௢՗ӭًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆǴԶҁࣴزஒаۯᅉ ࣁ୷ྗǴࡺӧԜኩό૸ፕှ݋ှኳԄǶୖኧݤᆶኳᔕݤࣣаӈًۯᅉࣁ୷ᘵǴୖ

Ե Benekohal ک ZhoaȐ2000ȑޑ D_PCE բݤǴӧ࣬ӕࢬໆΠǴКၨѳ֡΋፶ߚ

୷ҁӈًܭًࢬύ܌ቚуޑۯᅉǴᆶѳ֡୷ҁӈًۯᅉǴ຾Չ྽ໆᙯඤȐԄ 2.7ȑǴ ӧୖኧݤޑ೽ϩ٬Ҕ CN ୖኧኳԄ຾Չϩ݋ǹӧኳᔕݤ೽ϩ٬Ҕኳᔕ೬ᡏ RTC ڗ

ளۯᅉၗ਑Ǵӆ຾Չ྽ໆीᆉȐቅϢ࠹Ǵ҇ 100ȑǶ

კ 2. 3 ۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔጕ (ቅϢ࠹Ǵ҇ 100)

ġ ġ

B i

d BTE d

D_ 1' 炷2.7炸

ԄύǺ!

di

' !>ѳ֡΋፶ߚ୷ҁӈً܌ቚуޑۯᅉ!

dB!>୷ҁӈًϐѳ֡ۯᅉ!

!

! ӧԜբݤύࢂа࣬ӕࢬໆΠǴКၨ୷ҁًࢬᆶషӝًࢬۯᅉৡ౦Ǵ٠ஒۯᅉৡ ౦ѳ֡ϩଛԿߚ୷ҁӈًύǴ຾Զीᆉрӈً྽ໆॶǶՠܭ၀ࣴزύ໻૸ፕډٿ

ًᅿǴӧ၀ኳԄύคݤӕਔ૸ፕӭًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶीᆉǴ໻ёளޕಃ i ᅿߚ

୷ҁӈًᆶ୷ҁӈًϐᜢ߯ǴคݤΑှӭᅿًᅿܭًࢬϐ࣬ϕᜢ߯Ǵၨࣁځόى ϐೀǶ

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

0 8 16 24 32

Delay per 100 miles in hour

Volume (trains/day) RTC Base

RTC Mix

2.4 λ่

! ! ᕴፕа΢ଞჹаӈًۯᅉ௃ݩࣁ୷ᘵϐॉၰ৒ໆኳԄǴ٩೛ۓచҹǴКၨό ӕӈًಔӝܭၡࢤ΢܌ቚуޑၮՉਔ໔Ǵё࣮р᏾ᡏӈًၮՉ௃ݩǶаୖኧݤԶ قǴόӕୖኧݤ܌ԵቾޑୖኧచҹόӕǴёૈ೷ԋӧӭًᅿਔԖ٤ୖኧคݤ຾Չ

ीᆉǴ٬ளୖኧݤӧ٬Ҕ΢཮Ԗ٤೚ज़ڋǹ࣬ၨܭୖኧݤǴኳᔕݤᗨኳᔕਔ໔ၨ

Φՠၨό཮Ԗୖኧݤϐ٬Ҕज़ڋǴё٩٬Ҕޣ٩ځ೛ۓచҹኳᔕǴӢԜҁࣴزஒ

཮௦ڗኳᔕБԄаᕇளًࢬۯᅉၗ਑Ƕ!

! ! ᙖҗॉၰ৒ໆኳԄёளډӈًۯᅉ௃ݩǴࡺаӈًۯᅉբࣁ྽ໆᙯඤ୷ᘵǴ Ҟ߻λ࠼ً྽ໆаۯᅉࣁ୷ᘵϐीᆉኳԄǴӢࣁϦၡᆶॉၰًࢬ੝܄όӕǴऩа ຬًۯᅉБԄȐCraus ฻ΓǴ1980ǹCunagin ک MesseruǴ1983ȑٰीᆉǴҗܭॉ

ၰӈًคݤႽϦၡً፶ԾՉᡂඤًၰǴ཮Ԗިၰज़ڋǴЪӈًೲࡋ཮٩Ӛ୔໔ज़ ڋόӕࣗԿ෧ೲଶઠǴคݤႽϦၡً፶ߥ࡭΋ۓೲࡋՉᎭǹऩ٩ D_PCEȐBenekohal ک ZhoaǴ1999ǹRahman ฻ΓǴ2003ǹRodriguez Seda ک BenekohalǴ2006ǹChitturi ک BenekohalǴ2008ȑБԄीᆉǴа᏾ᡏۯᅉރݩٰ࣮ǴόሡӵӕຬًБԄሡԵ ቾًࢬ੝܄Ǵՠ໻ёளޕಃ i ᅿًᆶλ࠼ًϐᜢ߯ǴคݤΑှӭًᅿӧၡࢤ΢࣬

ϕቹៜᜢ߯Ƕ

! ! ቅϢ࠹Ȑ҇ 100ȑୖԵ Benekohal ک Zhoa ܭ 1999 ܌ගрБԄᔈҔܭॉၰӈ

ًύǴځࣴزςගр୷ҁӈً྽ໆϐ߃؁ཷۺǴӧҁࣴزύஒۯ՜୷ҁӈً྽ໆ

ཷۺǴ٠׆ఈёගраӈًۯᅉ௃ݩࣁЬǴЪԵቾӭًᅿܭًࢬύ࣬ϕቹៜᜢ߯

ϐӭًᅿ୷ҁӈً྽ໆኳԄǶ

! !



ಃΟകǵ ࣴزБݤ

3.1 ኳԄཷۺ

ҁࣴزࢂ٬Ҕӈًۯᅉբࣁीᆉ୷ྗǴԶۯᅉۓကࣁӈًჴሞ೯ၸၡࢤ܌޸

຤ਔ໔ᆶӈًനอၮՉਔ໔ϐৡ౦ǴԶЬाቹៜӈًനอၮՉਔ໔Ӣનࣁӈً܄

ૈȐଭΚ฻ȑᆶၡጕ੝܄ȐڵࡋǵԔ౗ᆶॉၰೲज़฻ȑǴԶჴሞӈًၮՉਔ໔ёૈ

ᗋх֖ЬाۯᅉȐຬǵ཮ً฻ȑ܈ځдӈًቹៜ܌೷ԋޑԛाۯᅉȐGormanǴ2009ȑǶ ҁࣴزа࣬ӕۯᅉ೯ၸၡࢤϐ୷ҁӈًൂՏȐBTUȑᔈ࣬ӕཷۺٰࡌᄬཥޑ୷ҁ ӈً྽ໆኳԄǴόӕܭቅϢ࠹Ȑ҇ 100ȑа࣬ӕӈًኧКၨషӝᆶ୷ҁًࢬϐۯ ᅉৡ౦Ǵځৡձӧܭॉၰ৒ໆ೯தۓကࣁӧᔼၮΓ঩ёௗڙޑۯᅉਔ໔ϣ೯ၸޑ നεӈًኧǴࢂаዴۓޑۯᅉਔ໔КၨӈًࢬໆރݩǴӢԜа࣬ӕۯᅉբࣁ୷ྗ

Кၨًࢬ௃ݩ཮ၨ಄ӝॉၰ৒ໆኳԄϐۓကǴЪӧीᆉၸำύၨёа࣮рӈًࢬ ໆᙯඤ௃ݩǴࡺӧҁࣴزஒа࣬ӕۯᅉ௃ݩКၨషӝᆶ୷ҁًࢬϐࢬໆᙯඤǴځ

ीᆉཷۺӵკ 3.1ǴԶа࣬ӕࢬໆ଺ࣁ୷ᘵᆶ࣬ӕۯᅉբࣁ୷ᘵǴٿޣ྽ໆॶ܌ж ߄ϐཀကΨ཮Ԗ܌όӕǴӢԜܭಃѤകਢٯϩ݋ύǴΨஒ௖૸ٿᅿᆉݤϐ྽ໆॶ ৡ౦Ǵ຾ՉКၨϩ݋Ƕ

კ 3. 1 ࣬ӕۯᅉϐషӝᆶ୷ҁࢬໆКၨ 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 20 40 60 80

ۯᅉ(Ϻ)

ࢬໆ (ӈًኧ)

୷ҁًࢬ షӝًࢬ

җܭቹៜॉၰ৒ໆӢηεӭёϩࣁΟ೽ϩǴӵǺၡࢤచҹȐୁጕǵဦᇞଛ࿼ǵ ၡࢤߏࡋȑǵҬ೯੝܄Ȑӈًኧໆǵ౦፦܄ǵًᅿᆶ܄ૈȑ܈ᔼၮచҹȐଶઠਔ໔ǵ ଶઠኳԄȑ฻ǴԶ೭٤Ӣηׯᡂࡕߡ཮ቹៜၡࢤ৒ໆǴऩၡࢤ৒ໆׯᡂߡ཮ቹៜ ࢬໆᙯඤǴӢԜቹៜၡࢤ৒ໆӢη฻ӕܭቹៜӈً྽ໆӢηǴࡺӧόӕӢનచҹ Π཮ीᆉрόӕӈً྽ໆॶǴၸѐλ࠼ً྽ໆࣴزЎ᝘ύεӭ௖૸ӧόӕ௃ნΠ

܌ளрόӕ྽ໆॶǴԶځ྽ໆॶёж߄၀ًᅿӧӚًࢬ௃ݩύޑၮՉރݩȐLinzer

฻ΓǴ1979ǹHuberǴ1982ǹVan Aerde ک YagarǴ1984ǹBenekohal ک ZhoaǴ2000ȑǹ ՠӧ೭ኬޑ௃ݩΠ཮٬ᔼၮᆅ౛Γ঩ӧ٬Ҕ΢ԖၨӭόߡǴӢࣁؒԖ΋ঁዴۓޑ

྽ໆॶёа፾ҔܭӚًࢬύǴࡺ྽ໆॶ཮ӚచҹόӕԶ΋ޔวғᡂ୏ǴӧϦၡ৒

ໆЋнύගډࣁΑϩ݋Бߡёࡌ᝼ख़ً྽ໆॶǴ๏ۓ྽ໆॶܭᔼၮᆅ౛ൂՏϩ݋

БߡȐ݅ᙦറ฻ΓǴ҇ 90ǹHCMǴ1985ǹHCMǹ2000ȑǶ

! ! ܭൂ΋ၡࢤٰ࣮Ǵၡࢤᆶӈً੝܄ό཮ᒿཀׯᡂǴӢԜҁࣴزӃаόӕًࢬ ᆶ౦፦܄௃ݩीᆉӈً྽ໆॶǴԶԜ྽ໆॶஒёྗዴޑϸᔈрӚచҹ௃ݩΠ܌೷

ԋޑӈًۯᅉǴᆀࣁ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶǹࣁΑ٬ҔߡճǴӧ௖૸ࢬໆᆶ౦፦܄ϐቹៜё ว౜Ǵၡࢤ΢౦፦܄܌೷ԋޑቹៜεܭࢬໆǴࡺҁࣴز຾΋؁჋၂ӧ࣬ӕӈً౦

፦܄ΠǴ๏ۓ΋ಔӈً྽ໆॶǴஒόӕ౦፦܄ϩձ૸ፕǴҔа߄Ңόӕ౦፦܄ϐ ӈً྽ໆॶǴᆀࣁڰۓ྽ໆॶǴڰۓ྽ໆॶόӵ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶёаֹӄϸᔈрӈً

ቹៜ௃ݩǴՠёаᙁϯӈً྽ໆॶ٩చҹόӕԶᡂ୏ޑ௃ݩǶ

! ! җܭၡࢤ΢ӈًࢬໆಔԋёૈԖӭᅿ௃ݩǴӵǺൂًᅿࢬໆǵٿًᅿࢬໆಔ ԋ܈ӭًᅿࢬໆಔԋǴӧൂًᅿ௃ݩΠǴӵӕ௘ၮس಍Ǵࣣࣁ࣬ӕًᅿӢԜόሡ

຾Չ྽ໆᙯඤǹԶٿًᅿёϩࣁٿᅿ௃ݩǴ΋ࣁ၀ၡࢤܭൂՏਔࢤ܌೯ၸϐӈً

ࣣࣁߚ୷ҁӈً҂֖୷ҁӈًǴΒࣁٿᅿًᅿӕਔၮՉܭၡࢤ΢ǹԶӭًᅿ߾ࣁ س಍ύх֖Οᅿа΢ًᅿǴஒܭಃѤകਢٯϩ݋຾ՉٿًᅿȐൂًᅿၮՉ௃ݩǵ ᚈًᅿၮՉ௃ݩȑᆶӭًᅿӈً྽ໆीᆉǴаКၨၡࢤӈً྽ໆॶǶӧ୏ᄊᆶڰ ۓӈً྽ໆॶኳԄύǴҗܭٿًᅿኳԄѝԖ΋ᅿߚ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶሡाीᆉǴࡺ

ёޔௗ຾ՉᙯඤǴՠӭًᅿБय़х֖ӭᅿߚ୷ҁӈًǴࡺԖӭᅿߚ୷ҁӈً྽ໆ ॶሡाԵቾǴ཮Ԗߚ୤΋ှޑ௃ݩౢғǴ୷ܭ࣬ӕཷۺΠǴӃࡌҥٿًᅿ྽ໆኳ ԄӆаٿًᅿኳԄཷۺ຾Զۯ՜૸ፕӭًᅿӈً྽ໆኳԄǴӧಃѤകϐਢٯϩ݋

Ψஒ௖૸ٿًᅿᆶӭًᅿϐӈً྽ໆᖿ༈Ƕ

3.2 ኳԄࡌᄬ

ӧኳԄࡌᄬ೽ϩஒϩࣁٿ೽ϩٰ௖૸ǴӃ൩όӕًࢬރݩٰϩ݋Ǵ3.2.1 ࿯ஒ

຾Չ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶኳԄࡌᄬǹӆٰǴ൩࣬ӕ౦፦܄Πܭ 3.2.2 ࿯຾Չڰۓ྽ໆॶኳԄ ࡌᄬǴаΠஒϩձ຾Չ૸ፕǶ

3.2.1 ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶ

! ! ӵӕ߻य़܌قǴ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶ྽ًࢬύԖҺ΋໨৒ໆӢηׯᡂǴߡ཮٬྽ໆॶ ׯᡂǶҁࣴزஒаۯᅉբࣁኳԄࡌᄬ୷ᘵǴаӈً᏾ᡏۯᅉ௃ݩբࣁ྽ໆᙯඤޑ ٩ᏵǴҗܭӧٿًᅿޑ೽ϩ໻Ԗ΋ᅿߚ୷ҁӈًǴӧࢬໆᙯඤीᆉၨ৒ܰǴԶӭ

ًᅿਔх֖ӭᅿߚ୷ҁӈًǴӢԜӧीᆉၸำύόӵٿًᅿёޔௗ࿶җࢬໆᙯඤ Զளډ྽ໆॶǴӢԜǴҁࣴزӧኳԄࡌᄬޑ೽ϩ཮ϩࣁٿًᅿᆶӭًᅿٰ૸ፕǶ

୏ᄊٿًᅿӈً྽ໆीᆉࢬำᆶኳԄ

ӧ୏ᄊٿًᅿӈً྽ໆኳԄύх֖΋ᅿߚ୷ҁӈًᆶ୷ҁӈًǴаΠࣣаٿ

ًᅿϐᚈًᅿၮՉ௃ݩࣁٯǴԶӧൂًᅿၮՉ௃ݩΨёᔈҔ࣬ӕБԄ຾ՉीᆉǴ Ӄᙖҗኳᔕၸำڗளًࢬۯᅉၗ਑ǴԶӧа࣬ӕۯᅉ௃ݩКၨ୷ҁًࢬᆶషӝً

ࢬϐࢬໆǴ٠୷ܭ࣬ӕۯᅉΠ೯ၸϐ BTU ᔈ࣬ӕϐཷۺǴஒࢬໆൂՏ຾ՉᙯඤǴ аीᆉрߚ୷ҁӈًϐ྽ໆॶǶკ 3.2 ࣁ୏ᄊٿًᅿӈً྽ໆीᆉϐࢬำკǴа ΠϩࣁӚ؁ᡯ຾ՉᇥܴǺ

( ) /

i B b i

E n n n

(1, )E_i

 კ!3.2 ୏ᄊٿًᅿӈً྽ໆॶ!



؁ᡯ΋Ǻኳᔕၗ਑

! ! ࡺӃаኳᔕ೬ᡏϩ݋୷ҁًࢬᆶӚόӕ௃ნΠϐӈًۯᅉރݩǴӧԜ໘ࢤሡ ዴۓၡࢤ΢ޑًᅿኧໆᆶஒаՖᅿӈًࣁ୷ҁӈًǴ٠ᕇளόӕషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁ

ًࢬޑۯᅉၗ਑Ƕ߄ 3.1 ࣁኳᔕၸำύϐᒡΕᆶᒡрǺ

߄ 3.1 ኳᔕၸำϐᒡΕᆶᒡр

؁ᡯΒǺКၨ࣬ӕۯᅉϐషӝᆶ୷ҁًࢬࢬໆ

! ! ӧ؁ᡯ΋ਔёаᙖҗኳᔕၗ਑ڗள୷ҁًࢬϐۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔጕǴҗܭӧ࣬ӕۯ ᅉރݩΠǴёа೯ၸၡࢤޑᕴӈً྽ໆࢬໆᔈ࣬ӕȐBTU ᔈ࣬ӕȑǴࡺаషӝً

ࢬޑۯᅉࣁЬǴёפр࣬ჹᔈۯᅉϐ୷ҁًࢬࢬໆǶ

! ! Ԅ 3.1 ύ߄Ңӧ࣬ӕۯᅉ௃ݩΠషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬ܌೯ၸϐ BTUǴځ฻ဦ

ᒡΕ ᒡр

ၡࢤ੝܄ Ҭ೯ୖኧ ᔼၮୖኧ

ၡࢤߏࡋ

ୁጕ୔໔ ဦᇞ୔໔ ᚈጕКٯ

ӈًᓬӃ܄

ӈًೲࡋ ӈًଭΚ ౦፦܄

ࢬໆ

ӈًଶઠਔ໔ ӈًۯᅉਔ໔

Ѱᜐ฻ܭ၀షӝًࢬܭ၀ۯᅉ௃ݩ܌ౢғޑࢬໆȐBTUȑǹ฻ဦѓᜐޑ฻ܭ୷ҁً

ࢬܭ࣬ӕۯᅉޑࢬໆȐBTUȑǴҗܭӧ࣬ӕۯᅉΠǴӢԜٿًࢬё೯ၸޑ BTU ᔈ

࣬ӕǴӢԜࢬໆൂՏ࿶җ྽ໆᙯඤࡕҗȐӈً0ϺȑׯࣁȐBTU0ϺȑǴӧკ 3.3a ύషӝًࢬচҁࣁ 25 ፶ӈًЪۯᅉࣁ 5.3 ϺǴՠܭ࣬ӕۯᅉΠᔈё೯ၸऊ 41 ፶

୷ҁӈًǶᙖҗ྽ໆᙯඤࡕȐკ 3.3bȑǴӧ࣬ӕۯᅉΠǴషӝࢬໆ০኱ஒ཮ک୷ҁ ࢬໆ০኱ख़᠄Ǵ߄Ңᙯඤࡕ࣬ӕۯᅉޑ BTU ॶᔈ࣬ӕǶԶऩࣁٿًᅿϐൂًᅿၮ Չ௃ݩਔǴаԄ 3.1 ࣁٯǴ฻ဦѰБ߾ё࣪ౣ୷ҁӈًǴ໻х֖ߚ୷ҁӈًኧᆶ ځ྽ໆॶǶ

b b i i B B

n uE  u n E n uE  炷3.1炸 Ԅύ;!

nb>ࣁషӝًࢬύϐ୷ҁӈًኧ!

ni>ࣁషӝًࢬύϐߚ୷ҁӈًኧ!

nB>ࣁ୷ҁًࢬύϐ୷ҁӈًኧ!

Ei>ߚ୷ҁӈًޑ྽ໆॶ!

Eb>షӝًࢬϐ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶȐ>1ȑ EB>୷ҁًࢬϐ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶȐ>1ȑ

(a) (b)

კ 3.3 ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶϐۯᅉɡࢬໆԔጕ(a)ᙯඤ߻ǵ(b)ᙯඤࡕ

؁ᡯΟǺीᆉߚ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶ

! ! ӧٿًᅿϐᚈًᅿၮՉޑ௃ݩǴషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬϐ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶȐE_bǵ EBȑࣣࣁ 1ǴҗܭѝԖ΋ᅿߚ୷ҁӈًǴ࿶җ౽໨ஒԄȐ3.1ȑቪԋԄȐ3.2ȑǴ໻

Ԗ΋ঁ҂ޕኧǴёа؃р୤΋ှE_iǴi ًᅿϐӈً྽ໆॶǹԶൂًᅿၮՉ௃ݩΠǴ ΨёճҔ࣬ӕБԄஒԄ 3.1 ຾Չ౽໨Ǵаीᆉӈً྽ໆॶǶ

( _{B b})

i

i

n n

E n

  炷3.2炸



୏ᄊӭًᅿӈً྽ໆीᆉࢬำᆶኳԄ

! ! ӧ୏ᄊӭًᅿ྽ໆኳԄύх֖Α୷ҁӈًᆶӭᅿߚ୷ҁӈًǴࡺًࢬύஒԖ Οᅿа΢ًᅿǴᙖҗኳᔕၸำᕇளόӕًࢬۯᅉၗ਑Ǵ٠а࣬ӕۯᅉ೯ၸϐ BTU ᔈ၀࣬ӕཷۺКၨ୷ҁًࢬᆶషӝًࢬϐࢬໆǴՠܭӭًᅿύ཮ౢғӭಔёՉှǴ

ࡺஒচҁۯᅉ.BTU Βᆢޜ໔ޑ BTU ϩձܨԋӚًᅿϐ BTUǴࡌҥӭᆢޜ໔ཷۺ ٠а০኱׫ቹБԄפډ΋ှǴΠკ 3.4 ࣁ୏ᄊӭًᅿӈً྽ໆीᆉϐࢬำკǴа Πϩ൳ঁ؁ᡯ຾Չ၁ಒᇥܴǺ

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

ۯᅉ(Ϻ)

ࢬໆ (ӈً/Ϻ)

୷ҁًࢬԔጕ షӝًࢬ

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

ۯᅉ(Ϻ)

ࢬໆ (BTU/Ϻ)

୷ҁًࢬԔጕ షӝًࢬ

3. ёՉှϐޜ໔ϩѲ

4. ࡌҥӭᆢޜ໔ (N+1ᆢޜ໔)

5. ০኱׫ቹ

6.ीᆉӭًᅿ୏ᄊӈً

྽ໆॶ (1, , ,...)E E_{i i}1

1.ኳᔕًࢬۯᅉၗ਑

2.ीᆉ࣬ӕۯᅉΠ

୷ҁًࢬӈًኧ

კ 3.4 ୏ᄊӭًᅿӈً྽ໆॶीᆉࢬำკ

؁ᡯ΋Ǻኳᔕၗ਑

! ! Ӄаኳᔕ೬ᡏڗள୷ҁًࢬᆶӚόӕ௃ნΠϐӈًۯᅉރݩǴ٠ዴۓၡࢤ΢

ޑًᅿኧໆᆶஒаՖᅿӈًࣁ୷ҁӈًǴЪளډόӕషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬޑۯᅉ

ၗ਑ǴԶኳᔕၸำ܌ሡϐᒡΕᆶᒡрӵ߄ 3.1Ƕ

؁ᡯΒǺКၨ࣬ӕۯᅉϐషӝᆶ୷ҁًࢬࢬໆ

! ! ӵӕٿًᅿǴᙖҗኳᔕၗ਑ڗள୷ҁًࢬϐۯᅉɡࢬໆԔጕǴҗܭӧ࣬ӕۯ ᅉރݩΠǴёа೯ၸၡࢤޑᕴӈً྽ໆࢬໆᔈ࣬ӕȐBTU ᔈ࣬ӕȑǴࡺаషӝً

ࢬޑۯᅉࣁЬǴёפр࣬ჹᔈۯᅉ௃ݩΠ୷ҁًࢬϐࢬໆǴёஒԄȐ3.1ȑۯ՜ࣁ ԄȐ3.3ȑǶ

! ! ӧӭًᅿ௃ݩǴӧ࣬ӕۯᅉ௃ݩΠǴࡺٿًࢬё೯ၸޑ BTU Ψᔈ࣬ӕǴԄ

3.3 ύ฻ဦѰᜐ฻ܭ࣬ӕۯᅉ௃ݩΠషӝًࢬޑࢬໆȐBTUȑǴӚًᅿኧ४΢ځ྽

ໆॶࡕ٠уᕴǴߡࣁషӝًࢬϐᕴࢬໆȐBTUȑǹ฻ဦѓᜐޑ฻ܭ୷ҁًࢬӧ࣬ӕ ۯᅉΠϐࢬໆȐBTUȑǶ



1 I

b b i i B B

i

n uE ¦n u E n uE ^{ 炷3.3炸} ԄύǺ

I=ߚ୷ҁӈًᜪࠠኧ

! ! ! i =ಃ i ᅿߚ୷ҁӈً

ġ ġ ġ n_b, , , , , n n_{i B} E_b E E_{i B}ӵ߻ॊ

؁ᡯΟǺёՉှϐޜ໔ϩѲ

! ! ঃऩࣁӭًᅿӧషӝًࢬύਔǴҗܭѝԖ΋ঁԄηǴՠࠅԖӭঁᡂኧȐԄ 3.3ȑǴ

཮׎ԋӭಔёՉှޑ௃ݩวғǴԶऩ٬Ҕ೭٤ёՉှӧ྽ໆᙯඤၸำύǴࣣёа ளډ࣬ӕޑ BTU ॶǴӵǺΟᅿًᅿύǴӈًኧໆࣁ A ᅿӈًኧ 1 ӈǴB ᅿӈً

ኧ 2 ӈǴC ᅿӈًኧ 2 ӈǴऩ A ًᅿࣁ୷ҁӈًǴԶ BǵC ӈًϐ྽ໆॶࣁ 2 ᆶ 3ǵ3 ᆶ 2ǵ…฻Ǵуᕴࡕ཮ளډ΋ኬޑ BTUǶӧԜ؁ᡯஒפрӚёՉှϐಔӝޜ ໔ǴਥᏵԄ 3.3 ஒځ᏾౛ԋаӚًᅿϐ BTU ࣬уǴӵԄ 3.4ǴҗܭBTU_B, BTU_bё ޔௗவషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬϐ୷ҁӈًኧளޕǴࡺஒٿ໨᏾౛Կ฻ဦѓᜐӵԄ 3.5Ǻ

1 I

b i B

i

BTU ¦BTU BTU ^{ (3.4)}

1 I

i B b

i

BTU BTU BTU

¦ ^(3.5)

ԄύǺ

BTUB>୷ҁًࢬ BTUȐ>n_BuE_Bȑ!

BTUb>షӝًࢬύ୷ҁӈً BTUȐ>n_bu ȑ!E_b BTUi>షӝًࢬύಃ i ᅿӈًϐ BTUȐ>n_iu ȑ!E_i

!

!!!!аΠаΟًᅿࣁٯǴऩаΟًᅿٰ࣮Ǵషӝًࢬёຎࣁ୷ҁًࢬ BTU у΢ಃ

iᅿߚ୷ҁӈً BTUǴӆу΢ಃ i+1 ᅿߚ୷ҁӈً BTUǶ

b i i 1 B

BTU BTU BTU_ BTU  Ȑ3.6ȑ

i i 1 B b

BTU BTU_ BTU BTU Ȑ3.7ȑ

! ! аԄ 3.6 ٰ࣮ǴҁᔈࣁΟϡ΋ԛБำԄǴՠҗܭBTU_bࣁۓॶǴ౽໨ࡕёޔௗ

ीᆉٿًࢬϐ୷ҁӈًኧ࣬ৡॶǴӢԜຎBTUˣ_i BTU_i1ࣁٿ҂ޕኧǴԄ 3.7 ёຎ ࣁ΋ঁΒϡ΋ԛБำԄǴӧޜ໔ύࣁ΋ޔጕᜢ߯ǴԶӧԜޔጕ΢ϐҺ΋ᗺࣣࣁё ՉှǴᙯඤࡕёளډ࣬ӕϐ BTUǴԶԜޔጕܭޜ໔ύஒϩѲࣁBTU_bࣣ฻ܭ΋ۓ ॶ௃ݩΠǹऩӧѤًᅿਔǴҗܭ୷ҁӈًኧࣁςޕࣁ΋ۓॶǴ౽໨ࡕǴߡࣁΟϡ

΋ԛБำԄǴӧޜ໔ύёՉှϩѲࣁ΋ѳय़ᜢ߯ǴԜѳय़΢ϐҺ΋ᗺࣣࣁёՉှǴ ԶځϩѲࣁBTU_bࣣ฻ܭ΋ۓॶ௃ݩΠǴӭًᅿਔёளޕёՉှϐӭϡ΋ԛБำ ԄǴԶځӭϡ΋ԛБำԄ٠ߚࣁܭޜ໔ύϐ੿҅БำԄ)ӢࣁBTU_bࣁۓॶЪςӃ

౽໨ೀ౛*ǴԶפډБำԄϐҞޑǴࢂࣁΑளޕёՉှӧޜ໔ύϐϩѲ௃ݩǴஒҔ ܭϐࡕޑ׫ቹ؁ᡯύբࣁीᆉБӛӛໆϐ٩ᏵǴਥᏵӭϡ΋ԛБำԄϐϩթޜ໔Ǵ ΑှԜޜ໔ԿϿሡҗӭϿБӛӛໆ܌ಔԋǶ!

!

؁ᡯѤǺࡌҥӭᆢޜ໔০኱

! ! ࣁΑှ،ӭಔёՉှޑୢᚒǴஒӧ೭٤ёՉှύפр΋ಔёа߄ҢԜ௃ݩΠ ޑ྽ໆॶǴаΟًᅿࣁٯǴBTU ࢂҗӚᅿᜪӈًኧ४΢ځ྽ໆॶ܌уᕴԶٰǴӢ Ԝёஒ BTU ܨԋӚًᅿϐ BTU ॶǴךॺஒۯᅉ.BTU Βᆢޜ໔৖໒ԋѤᆢޜ໔Ǵ

ࡺӧԜѤᆢޜ໔ޑѤঁ০኱ືϩձࣁǺۯᅉǵ୷ҁӈًኧBTU_bǵಃ i ᅿߚ୷ҁӈ

ًϐBTU_iȐn_iu ȑǵಃ i+1 ᅿߚ୷ҁӈًϐE_i BTUi_1Ȑn_i1uE_i1ȑǶঃऩషӝًࢬ Ԗ N ᅿًᅿǴ߾৖໒ޜ໔ࣁ N+1 ᆢȐN ᅿًᅿ BTU+ۯᅉȑǶҗܭٿًᅿ٠όሡ

ाԜ؁ᡯࡌҥӭᆢޜ໔൩ёीᆉр୤΋ှǴՠӧޜ໔კࠠ৖Ң΢Ǵ໻ૈډΟᆢޜ ໔Ȑ2 ᅿًᅿ BTU+ۯᅉȑǴӢԜკ 3.5 Ӄаٿًᅿཷۺ߄ҢǴஒচҁΒᆢϐۯᅉ .BTUȐკ 3.3bȑ৖໒ԋΟᆢޜ໔Ȑკ 3.5ȑǴځΟঁ০኱ືࣁۯᅉǵBTU_bکBTU_iǶ კύᙔᗺᆶआᗺ߄Ңӧ࣬ӕۯᅉǴ୷ҁًࢬکషӝًࢬޑ০኱Տ࿼Ǵӧٿًᅿύ

໻Ԗ୤΋ှǴ܌аӧ৖໒ࡕȐკ 3.5ȑ໻཮ᡉҢ΋ঁషӝًࢬ০኱Ƕ

BTUb

ۯᅉ

BTUi

୷ҁًࢬ০኱

షӝًࢬ০኱

(15, 12, 8)

(15, 20, 0)

კ 3.5 ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶϐٿًᅿΟᆢޜ໔Ңཀკ

! ! ӧޜ໔ύǴ؁ᡯΟаפрޑӚёՉှӧӭᆢޜ໔ύϐБำԄǴԄηύϐӚᗺ ০኱ࣣࣁ΋ಔёՉှǴځཀကࣁӚಔёՉှΠǴёаౢғ࣬ӕޑ BTUǹӕኬޑǴ

Ψёаפр࣬ӕۯᅉ௃ݩΠ୷ҁًࢬӧޜ໔ύϐ০኱ǴԶ୷ҁًࢬ০኱ஒ཮ӧۯ ᅉکBTU_b೭ٿື܌ᄬԋޑय़΢ǴӢࣁؒԖҺՖߚ୷ҁӈًǴࡺӧдື০኱ࣣࣁ 0Ƕ

؁ᡯϖǺ০኱׫ቹ

ԶӭًᅿύǴҗܭ཮ౢғӭಔёՉှǴՠჴሞၮᆉ΢ǴѸ໪ाவ೭٤ёՉှ

ύפр΋ಔж߄ှǴωૈᡣᔼၮΓ঩Ԗ٬Ҕ٩ᏵǴӢԜा჋၂ӧёՉှޜ໔ύפ р΋ಔှࣁ٬Ҕ୷ྗǶ؁ᡯѤਔςࡌҥషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬϐޜ໔০኱ཷۺǴӧ ԜӃϩࣁٿ೽ϩٰ૸ፕǴ२Ӄࣁ୷ҁًࢬ০኱Ǵ၀০኱ܭޜ໔ཀကёϸࢀрᆶష ӝًࢬ࣬ӕۯᅉᆶ࣬ӕ BTUǴځԛࣁషӝًࢬёՉှޜ໔ǴΨࣁ؁ᡯΟ܌ளϐё Չှޜ໔ϩѲǴӧԜޜ໔ύҺ΋ᗺ০኱ཀကࣣϸᔈک୷ҁًࢬ࣬ӕۯᅉᆶ࣬ӕ BTUǴΨ൩߄Ң೭ٿ೽ϩ܌ж߄ޑ੝܄ȐۯᅉǵBTUȑࣣ࣬ӕǴҗܭӧӃ߻ᙯඤ ࢬໆၸำࣣа୷ҁًࢬᆶషӝًࢬ࣬ϕჹᔈКၨǴӢԜ჋၂פрܭޜ໔ύ୷ҁً

ࢬ০኱ჹᔈܭёՉှޜ໔ϐ০኱ǴԶჹᔈၸำΨࣁפрځ׫ቹ০኱ǴҔځ׫ቹ০

኱բࣁж߄ှǴӧԜ٬Ҕ০኱׫ቹޑཷۺפр୷ҁًࢬ০኱׫ቹԿషӝًࢬޜ໔ ϐ০኱ᗺǴаж߄Ԝًࢬ௃ݩΠޑӈً྽ໆॶǶ

! ! ޜ໔ύճҔБӛӛໆᆶݤӛໆϣᑈࣁ႟ᜢ߯ȐԄ 3.8ȑǴёפр׫ቹϐ০኱Ǵ ӧ؁ᡯΟёаளډёՉှϐӭϡ΋ԛБำԄǴаᙖԜΑှёՉှܭޜ໔ύޑϩѲ

௃ݩǴЪΑှԜޜ໔നϿሡҗ൳ঁБӛӛໆ܌ಔԋȐԄ 3.9ȑǴԶځޜ໔ύҺཀٿ ᗺߡёಔԋБӛӛໆǴЪз׫ቹ০኱ࣁБำԄύ΋ᗺ(BTU_b, BTU_i, BTU_i1,...)Ǵ Զݤӛໆߡёࣁ୷ҁًࢬ০኱ᆶ׫ቹ০኱܌ಔԋǴճҔБӛӛໆᆶݤӛໆϣᑈࣁ

႟ᜢ߯Ǵё؃ள׫ቹ০኱Ƕ

൫ܝሬሬറɄܞሬറ൯ ൌ Ͳ Ȑ3.8ȑ

቎

ܝ_૚ ܝ_૛ ሬሬሬሬറ ǥ ሬሬሬሬറ

቏ ൥ ܞሬറ ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ

ǥͲ൩ 炷3.9炸

 

ԄύǺ

! ! ܝሬሬറ=Бӛӛໆ ܞሬറ=ݤӛໆ

! ! җܭΒϡ΋ԛБำԄࣁ΋ޔጕǴ߄ҢёՉှܭޜ໔ύࣁޔጕᜢ߯ǴځҺٿᗺ

܌ᄬԋϐБӛӛໆࣣࣁ७ኧᜢ߯Ǵࡺ໻ሡ΋БӛӛໆᆶݤӛໆբϣᑈǴऩࣁΟϡ

΋ԛБำԄǴ߄ҢԿϿሡҗٿঁБӛӛໆಔԋ΋य़ǴࡺڗόӕϐҺٿБӛӛໆᆶ ݤӛໆբϣᑈࣁ႟ǴӭًᅿёаԜᜪ௢פډݤӛໆᆶ܌ሡϐБӛӛໆаीᆉр׫

ቹ০኱ǶҗܭӚًࢬࣣӧ࣬ӕۯᅉΠբКၨǴӧԜёӃஒۯᅉ۹ౣǴаٿًᅿԶ قவკ 3.5 Οᆢޜ໔࣪ౣۯᅉᙁϯࣁBTU_bǵBTU_iΒᆢ BTU ࢬໆޜ໔Ǵًࢬ০኱

ࣣϩѲܭԜޜ໔ύȐკ 3.6ȑǶ

BTUi

კ 3.6 ٿًᅿϐ BTU ࢬໆޜ໔

! ! ԶӧΟًᅿޑ೽ϩคݤҔѤᆢޜ໔ٰკҢǴҗܭ೿а࣬ӕۯᅉΠٰКၨǴࡺ

࣪ౣۯᅉࡕа BTU ࢬໆΟᆢޜ໔ٰ߄ҢǴΟືϩձࣁBTU_bǵBTU_iǵBTU_i1Ǵ ӵკ 3.7 ܌ҢǴკύᙔᗺࣁ୷ҁًࢬǴआᗺࣣࣁషӝًࢬёՉှǴඤѡ၉ᇥǴӚ

ঁआᗺ০኱ࣣёϸࢀр࣬ӕޑ BTUǴԶӧΟًᅿύёՉှ཮ևޔጕᜢ߯Ƕ

1

BTUi_

BTUi

BTUb

(6, , )_{i i}1

C BTU BTU_

კ 3.7 ୏ᄊΟًᅿ྽ໆॶ BTU ࢬໆޜ໔Ңཀკ

!

! ! аკ 3.7 ࣁٯǴз׫ቹ০኱ࣁ(6, , )BTU_i BTU_i1 Ǵӧ࣬ӕۯᅉΠ೯ၸၡࢤϐ BTU࣬ӕཷۺύȐBTU_bBTU_iBTU_i1 BTU_BȑǴҗܭషӝᆶ୷ҁًࢬϐ୷ҁ ӈًኧࣣςޕǴёࣁ6BTU_iBTU_i1 Ǵ౽໨ࡕࣁ10 BTU_iBTU_i1 ǴБӛӛ4 ໆᆶݤӛໆӵΠ܌ҢǺ!

БӛӛໆǺܝሬሬറ ൌ ۯ۰ሬሬሬሬሬറ (6 6, 0 - 4, 4 - 0) (0, -4, 4)   

ݤӛໆǺܞሬറ ൌ ۱۲ሬሬሬሬሬറ>(10 6, 0 -  BTU_i, 0 - BTU_i1) (4, -BTU_i, -BTU_i1)

ϣᑈǺ

> @

1

4

0, -4, 4 - 0 -

i i

BTU BTU_

ª º

« »

« »

« »

¬ ¼

ġ Ÿ4BTU_i4BTU_i¹ 0!

٠ᆶBTU_iBTU_i1 4ᖄҥࡕǴё؃ள׫ቹ০኱ࣁǺ!

ȐBTU_bǴBTU_iǴBTU_i1ȑ=Ȑ6Ǵ2Ǵ2ȑǶ

!

؁ᡯϤǺीᆉ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶ

! ! ளډ׫ቹࡕޑ০኱ǴԶԜ০኱ߡࣁ୷ҁًࢬ০኱ჹᔈܭషӝًࢬޜ໔ϐ࣬ჹ Տ࿼ǴаΟًᅿࣁٯǴځ০኱ࣁȐBTU_bǴBTU_iǴBTU_i1ȑନаӚًᅿӈًኧǴ ߡёளԜషӝًࢬ௃ݩϐӈً྽ໆॶȐ1ǴE_iǴE_i1ȑǴӧѤًᅿа΢ߡคݤаკ Ң৖౜Ǵՠϝёа࣬ӕۯᅉ೯ၸၡࢤBTU࣬ӕϐཷۺǴפрёՉှܭޜ໔ύϩѲ ރݩפрБӛӛໆᆶݤӛໆǴ٠ीᆉ׫ቹࡕޑ০኱ளډӈً྽ໆॶǶ

3.2.2 ڰۓ྽ໆॶ

! ! ӧ߻΋࿯ύς࿶ϟಏΑ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶǴԜ࿯ύஒाᇥܴӵՖӧ࣬ӕ౦፦܄ύפ рёаж߄Ԝӈً౦፦܄ϐӈً྽ໆॶǶӵӕ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶǴӃаࢬำკٰև౜ी

ᆉၸำǴ٠ஒٿًᅿᆶӭًᅿӚϩࣁ൳ঁ؁ᡯ຾Չ૸ፕǶ

ڰۓٿًᅿӈً྽ໆीᆉࢬำᆶኳԄ

! ! ӧڰۓٿًᅿ྽ໆॶ೽ϩǴӵӕ୏ᄊٿًᅿ྽ໆॶǴаᚈًᅿၮՉ௃ݩࣁٯǴ ԶൂًᅿၮՉਔΨёճҔ࣬ӕБԄ຾ՉीᆉǶڰۓ྽ໆॶᆶ୏ᄊ྽ໆॶόӕǴஒ ёౢғ୷ҁًࢬԔጕᆶ࣬ӕ౦፦܄ϐషӝًࢬԔጕǴԜኳԄ໻х֖΋ᅿߚ୷ҁӈ

ًǴᙖҗ྽ໆॶॏжޑၸำǴஒౢғόӕషӝًࢬԔጕǴᙖаפрᆶ୷ҁًࢬന

ௗ߈ϐషӝԔጕ྽ໆॶǴΠკ3.8ࣁڰۓٿًᅿӈً྽ໆीᆉϐࢬำკǴаΠϩ ࣁঁ؁ᡯ຾Չ၁ಒᇥܴǺ

(1, )E_i

1

min ( )

C

mc bc

c

BTU BTU

¦

კ 3.8ڰۓٿًᅿӈً྽ໆॶीᆉࢬำკ

؁ᡯ΋Ǻኳᔕၗ਑

! ! аኳᔕ೬ᡏڗள୷ҁًࢬᆶӚόӕ௃ნΠϐӈًۯᅉރݩǴ٠ዴۓၡࢤ΢ޑ

ًᅿኧໆᆶஒаՖᅿӈًࣁ୷ҁӈًǴЪளډόӕషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬޑۯᅉၗ

਑ǶԶኳᔕၸำ܌ሡϐᒡΕᆶᒡрӵ߄3.1Ƕ

؁ᡯΒǺࡌҥషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬԔጕ

! ! ӧ؁ᡯ΋ਔёаᙖҗኳᔕၗ਑ڗள୷ҁًࢬϐۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔጕǴՠӧԜషӝً

ࢬόӆࣁ΋ঁ০኱ᗺǴࣁΑפрڰۓ྽ໆॶǴёаӧόӕࢬໆՠ࣬ӕ౦፦܄Πפ р΋చషӝًࢬޑۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔጕǴӵკ3.9ጄٯ܌ҢǴxືࣁࢬໆȐӈً0ϺȑǴy

ືࣁۯᅉǴआՅ຀ጕࣁ࣬ӕӈً౦፦܄ՠόӕࢬໆΠǴ܌ඔᛤрޑషӝًࢬԔጕǴ ᙔጕࣁ୷ҁًࢬԔጕǶ

კ 3.9 ڰۓ྽ໆॶϐۯᅉ.ࢬໆკ

؁ᡯΟǺॏжߚ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶ

! ! аٿًᅿԶقǴஒ x ືᙯඤࣁ BTUǴ஥Ε྽ໆॶஒচҁషӝًࢬൂՏȐӈً

0Ϻȑᙯඤԋ BTUȐBTU0ϺȑǴԶжΕόӕ྽ໆॶஒ཮ౢғόӕషӝًࢬԔጕǴ ӢԜόᘐॏжၸำύǴߡ཮ౢғӭచషӝًࢬԔጕǴკ 3.10 ύआՅ୔ୱጄൎࣣࣁ ӧόӕ྽ໆॶΠǴషӝًࢬԔጕёૈౢғϐ୔ୱǺ

კ 3.10 όӕ྽ໆಔӝϐۯᅉ.BTU კ 0

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

ۯᅉ(Ϻ)

ࢬໆ (ӈً/Ϻ)

୷ҁًࢬ షӝًࢬ

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

ۯᅉ(Ϻ)

ࢬໆ (ӈً/Ϻ)

୷ҁًࢬ షӝًࢬ



! ! ԶआՅ຀ጕࣁ྽ໆॶаεܭ0໒ۈٰ࣮Ǵࢂҗܭॏжၸำύ྽ໆॶࣣሡεܭ 0ǴӢࣁӧीᆉBTUᙯඤਔǴᗋࢂ୷ܭషӝᆶ୷ҁًࢬӧ࣬ӕۯᅉ௃ݩΠǴ೯ၸ ϐBTUᔈ࣬ӕޑཷۺǴऩа߻ॊȐԄ3.1ȑٰ࣮Ǻ

b b i i B B

n uE  u un E n E  炷3.1炸

ऩ྽ໆॶࣁॄဦǴ߄Ң࣬ӕۯᅉރᄊΠǴ୷ҁًࢬ܌೯ၸޑᕴӈًኧϿܭష ӝًࢬύޑ୷ҁӈًኧǴ೭٠ό಄ӝჴሞ௃ݩΨ࣬྽όӝᡄᒠǴࡺӧၸำύࣣа

྽ໆॶεܭ0຾ՉॏжǶ

؁ᡯѤǺीᆉߚ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶ

ӧٿًᅿύ໻Ԗ΋ᅿߚ୷ҁӈًǴ߄Ң໻Ԗ΋ঁ྽ໆॶሡाॏжǴ،ۓаՖ

྽ໆॶࣁԜ௃ნΠϐڰۓ྽ໆॶǴஒڗ،ܭॏжၸำύǴషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬϐ BTUৡ౦നλϐ྽ໆॶǶ

! ! Ԅ3.10ύǴҗܭόӕషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔጕޑ໼௹ำࡋόӕǴ ऩаൂ΋ࢬໆۯᅉ௃ݩٰ଺ीᆉǴ߾คݤዴߥ၀షӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬԔጕࣁന࣬

߈ǴаCࣁ܌ᒧڗϐۯᅉ୷ྗঁኧԶۯᅉ୷ྗёаӚషӝًࢬϐۯᅉࣁЬǴڗC

ঁۯᅉ୷ྗٰ߄ҢܭӚۯᅉ௃ݩΠीᆉٿًࢬϐBTUৡ౦Ǵ܌ڗޑۯᅉ୷ྗঁኧ ຫӭǴషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬԔጕஒຫௗ߈Ƕӧ೭٤షӝًࢬԔጕύǴа࣬ӕۯᅉ

௃ݩΠǴڗషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬBTUϐ࣬ৡനλޑ၀ಔ྽ໆॶբࣁٿًᅿϐڰۓ

྽ໆॶǴ܌ளϐషӝًࢬԔጕΨࣁനௗ߈୷ҁًࢬԔጕȐკ3.11_ȑǶ

2 1

min ( )

C

mc bc

c

BTU BTU

¦ ^{ 炷3.10炸}

mc ic i bc b

BTU n u E n uE _{ 炷}3.11_炸

! ! E_i !0_{ 炷}3.12炸

ԄύǺ!

! ! C = ᒧڗۯᅉ୷ྗঁኧ

BTUmc=ಃCঁۯᅉ୷ྗϐషӝًࢬBTU BTU =bc ಃCঁۯᅉ୷ྗϐ୷ҁًࢬBTU Ei iًᅿϐॏж྽ໆॶ

ic, bc

n n ಃCঁۯᅉ୷ྗϐషӝًࢬiًᅿӈًኧᆶ୷ҁӈًኧ

ΠӈаڗΟᅿۯᅉ୷ྗঁኧȐC=3ȑ௃ݩΠࣁٯǴीᆉӚۯᅉ௃ݩΠǴషӝ

ًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬϐBTUനλৡ౦ǴஒԄ3.10৖໒ࡕӵԄ3.13Ǻ

^ `

2 2

,1 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,2 ,2

2

,3 ,3 ,3

min ( ) ( )

( )

i i b b B B i i b b B B

i i b b B B

n E n E n E n E n E n E

n E n E n E

u  u  u  u  u  u

 u  u  u  (3.13)

ӧԄ3.13ύǴషӝᆶ୷ҁًࢬύӚًᅿӈًኧࣣςޕǴ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶΨࣣ

ࣁ1 (Eˣ_b E_B 1)ǴࡺԄ3.13ύ҂ޕኧѝԖE_iǴёаפр୤΋྽ໆॶǴЪషӝًࢬ ᙯඤࡕஒᆶ୷ҁًࢬനࣁௗ߈Ƕ ٿًᅿܭൂًᅿၮՉރݩਔǴ฻ܭషӝًࢬύ໻

֖ߚ୷ҁӈًȐ΋҂ޕ྽ໆॶȑǴΨёᔈҔ࣬ӕБԄǴճҔॏжၸำפрᆶ୷ҁً

ࢬԔጕനௗ߈ϐߚ୷ҁӈً྽ໆॶǶ

კ 3.11ॏжࡕϐۯᅉ.BTUԔጕ



ڰۓӭًᅿ྽ໆॶीᆉࢬำᆶኳԄ

ӧڰۓӭًᅿ྽ໆॶीᆉБय़Ǵёౢғ୷ҁًࢬԔጕᆶ࣬ӕ౦፦܄ϐషӝً

ࢬԔጕǴԜኳԄύх֖ӭᅿߚ୷ҁӈًǴࡺᙖҗ྽ໆॶॏжޑၸำύǴౢғόӕ షӝًࢬԔጕǴԶӧԜᆶ୷ҁًࢬനௗ߈ϐషӝًࢬԔጕ٠ό୤΋Ǵඤѡ၉ᇥ཮

ౢғӭಔёՉှǴځӚಔ྽ໆॶᙯඤࡕࣣёளډ࣬ӕϐBTUǴЪёౢғ࣬ӕϐష ӝԔጕǴӢԜஒۯᅉ.BTUΒᆢޜ໔ϐBTUܨԋӚًᅿϐBTUǴ৖໒ԋӭᆢޜ໔Ǵ аޜ໔׫ቹБԄפр΋ಔှǴΠკ3.12ࣁڰۓӭًᅿӈً྽ໆीᆉϐࢬำკǴа Πஒϩࣁঁ؁ᡯ຾Չ၁ಒᇥܴǺ

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

ۯᅉ(Ϻ)

ࢬໆ (ӈً/Ϻ)

୷ҁًࢬ షӝًࢬ

4. ࡌҥӭᆢޜ໔ (N+1ᆢޜ໔)

5. ০኱׫ቹ

6.ीᆉӭًᅿڰۓӈً

྽ໆॶ (1, , ,...)E E_{i i}1

1. ኳᔕًࢬۯᅉၗ਑

2.ीᆉ࣬ӕۯᅉΠ

୷ҁًࢬӈًኧ

3.ёՉှϐޜ໔ϩѲ -ॏжӈً྽ໆॶ -ीᆉٿًࢬৡ౦

1

min ( )

C

mc bc

c

BTU BTU

¦

კ 3.12ڰۓӭًᅿӈً྽ໆॶीᆉࢬำკ

؁ᡯ΋Ǻኳᔕၗ਑

! ! аኳᔕ೬ᡏڗள୷ҁًࢬᆶӚόӕ௃ნΠϐӈًۯᅉރݩǴ٠ዴۓၡࢤ΢ޑ

ًᅿኧໆᆶஒаՖᅿӈًࣁ୷ҁӈًǴЪளډόӕషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬۯᅉၗ਑Ƕ Զኳᔕၸำ܌ሡϐᒡΕᆶᒡрӵ߄3.1Ƕ

؁ᡯΒǺࡌҥషӝًࢬᆶ୷ҁًࢬԔጕ

! ! ӧ؁ᡯ΋ਔёаᙖҗኳᔕၗ਑ڗள୷ҁًࢬϐۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔጕǴ٠ӵӕڰۓٿ

ًᅿ྽ໆॶёаӧόӕࢬໆՠ࣬ӕӈً౦፦܄פр΋చషӝًࢬޑۯᅉ.ࢬໆԔ ጕǴԜਔࢬໆࣁൂՏϝࣁӈً0ϺǴ྽ໆॶۘ҂ᙯඤࢬໆǶ