Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 171
ඒߛઔߒႃע
รԼᙀรԫཚʳ 2003 ڣ 3 ִʳ 171-197
ωߑӈఀৱఀᏰ߬܈!
ЅڏԤਝఀᏰߒ౪Ϟंـ!
༁ Ꮠ റ ! ᄢ ! ौ
ءઔߒאፕקᗼؑഏ՛ॣٚඒஃኙွΔຘመം࠴ᓳհኔਜΔԱᇞഏ՛ॣ
ٚඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚ፖࠡڶயඒᖂ।ऱउ֗ࠡᣂএΖઔߒኙွএൕፕקᗼؑࢼ
࠷ 171 ࢬᖂீΔڃگ 410 ٝം࠴Ζം࠴ᓳᇷறᆖආڍ᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫Εᗨઌ ᣂ։࣫Εࠢীઌᣂ։࣫อૠֱऄΔၞ۩ᇷறऱ։࣫Ζઔߒ࣠࿇ԫࠄૹ
ᓵΔଈ٣ΔߊՖॣٚඒஃڇඒᖂॾ࢚Ղژڇထ֟ऱฆΔۖڇڶயඒᖂ।
ՂΔՖࢤॣٚඒஃ࿑პᚌ࣍ߊࢤॣٚඒஃΖ٦ृΔඒᖂॾ࢚ፖڶயඒᖂ।ࠠڶ ઌᣂࢤΔۖאய౨ᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ऱᣂএለയ֊ΖรԿΔඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ
૿ኙڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿Օપࠠڶ᜔᧢ฆၦԫګԿ۟ԫګऱቃྒྷԺΔࠀய౨ ᐋ૿່ࠠቃྒྷԺΖڼ؆Δءઔߒࠀࠉᖕছ૪ઔߒᓵΔ༼נԫࠄઌᣂ৬ᤜΖ!
ᜢᗖӷǺ௲Ꮲߞۺǵ௲Ꮲ߄ǵ߃Һ௲ৣ
ҁЎբޣࣁᆵчѱεᓪ୯λ௲ৣ
ႝηແҹࣁǺruchieh@ms35.hinet.net
ዺВයǺ2002 ԃ 6 Д 25 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 2 Д 14 В
172ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
Bulletin of Educational Research March, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 1 pp. 171-197
A Study of Novice Elementary School Teachers’
Teaching Beliefs and Their Performances in Teaching
Ju-Chieh Huang Abstract
Using questionnaire, this study aimed to understand current novice elementary teachers’ beliefs about teaching and their performances in effective teaching, and to investigate the relations among novice teachers’ teaching beliefs and their performances in effective teaching. Novice elementary teachers in Taipei City and Taipei County were administered questionnaires in this study. Four hundred and ten questionnaires were returned. MANOVA, correlations, and canonical correlations were used for data analysis. This study found some important conclusions. First, some differences in beliefs about teaching had been found between novice male teachers and novice female teachers, and novice female teachers’ performances in effective teaching is better. Second, beliefs about teaching were positive correlated to performances in
Teacher, Da-Long Elementary School, Taipei, Taiwan E-mail Ǻruchieh@ms35.hinet.net
Manuscript received: Jun. 25, 2002; Accepted: Feb. 14, 2003
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 173
effective teaching, The dimension of effectiveness belief about teaching was more closely related to performance in effective teaching. Third, the dimension of beliefs about teaching can predict 13% to 19% of the variation in performances in effective teaching. The dimension of “effectiveness belief ” about teaching has a stronger predictive effect. Suggestions for the study of teacher education are provided in the conclusions.
Keywords: beliefs about teaching, performances in teaching, novice teacher
Ju-Chieh Huang Novice Elementary School Teachers’ Teaching Beliefs
174ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ಥăჰ! ኢ
۞اഏԶԼԮᖂڣ৫ದΔඒஃኔࠫ৫բՕ༏ଥޏΔڂۖڶᣂॣٚඒஃऱઔ ߒΔࠠڶૹەᏝଖΖᄅऱኔࠫ৫Δլٵ࣍אऱኔֱڤΔլႛլ۾ኔΔ
ؘۖႊڇᇷඒஃ᎖ᖄՀΔൕࠃඒᖂኔΖڇຍጟኔࠫ৫ՀΔኔඒஃڶޓ ך։ऱழၴፖᖲᄎൕࠃኔᔆऱඒߛኔΔא༼֒ඒߛറᄐ౨ԺΔۖᆖመԫڣऱ ඒߛኔհ৵Δޓ౨ലඒߛᓵኔᎾᚨشڇඒᖂ೯Δ༼֒ኔᎾඒᖂऱ౨ԺΖۖ
ڇڼᄅࠫ৫ኔਜհॣΔၞ۩ڶᣂॣٚඒஃඒᖂൣݮऱ։࣫ΔլႛױאԱᇞᄅࠫኔ
ࠫ৫ՀΔॣٚඒஃऱኔګயΔٵழՈ౨ಾኙॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂംᠲΔ༼ࠎᔞ֊
ऱڇၞଥΔ༼֒ࠡറᄐव౨ΖڂڼΔڶᣂॣٚඒஃඒᖂൣݮऱԱᇞΔኔڶࠡૹ
ऱᏝଖΖ!
२ࠐΔൕᎁव֨ᖂऱᨠរࠐ൶ಘඒஃඒᖂᖵ࿓ऱֱڤΔດዬᓒড࿇୶Δআ ࠌඒஃऱփڇ֨ᖵ࿓ګઔߒऱૹྡྷរΖൕᎁव֨ᖂऱᨠរࠐΔඒஃല ᓰ࿓᠏֏ኔᎾඒᖂ۩ऱᖵ࿓խΔ௫֗ඒஃ৸ەऱխտᖵ࿓Ζڇຍଡᖵ࿓խΔ ඒஃऱᑨឆᓵፖॾ࢚ࠠڶૹऱு֨ᏝଖΔլႛᐙඒஃऱ৸ەፖެࡳΔٵழ Ոᄎᐙඒஃऱඒᖂ۩Ζڇ Clark and Petersonΰ1986αऱඒஃ৸ەፖ۩ᑓڤ խΰߠቹ 1αΔץܶඒஃऱ৸ەᖵ࿓ፖඒஃऱ۩֗ࠡױᨠኘऱ࣠Բຝ։Ζছृ
ץਔඒஃᑨឆᓵፖॾ࢚Εඒஃૠΰඒᖂছ৵ऱ৸ەαΔא֗ඒஃऱյ೯৸ەፖ
ެࡳԿଡյઌᐙऱփڇڂైΔඒஃऱᑨឆᓵፖॾ࢚լႛᄎᐙඒஃૠፖඒ ஃऱյ೯৸ە֗ެࡳΔۖඒஃऱૠፖඒஃऱյ೯৸ە֗ެࡳՈᄎᐙඒஃऱᑨ ឆᓵፖॾ࢚Ζۖ৵ृঞץਔඒஃऱඒ۩Εᖂسऱඒ۩Δא֗ᖂسګ༉
Կႈյઌᐙऱ؆ڇױᨠኘڂైΔٵᑌऱΔඒஃ۩լႛᄎᐙᖂس۩֗ګ༉Δ
ۖᖂس۩֗ګ༉Ոᄎᐙඒஃ۩Ζ؆Δඒஃ৸ەᖵ࿓ፖඒஃऱ۩֗ࠡױ ᨠኘऱ࣠Բຝ։ՈࠠڶઌյᐙऱᣂএΔඒஃ৸ەᖵ࿓ᄎᐙඒஃऱ۩֗ࠡ
ױᨠኘऱ࣠Δۖඒஃऱ۩֗ࠡױᨠኘऱ࣠Ոᄎᐙඒஃ৸ەᖵ࿓Ζطڼᑓ ڤࠐΔඒஃऱᑨឆᓵፖॾ࢚Δਢඒஃ৸ەᖵ࿓խऱૹփڇڂైΔۖਢᐙ
ඒஃ۩।ऱૹڂైΖ٦ृΔ്ঊำΰ1996αፖᏥᐚΰ1999αڇၞ۩ڶ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 175
ᣂඒஃ৸ەऱઔߒழΔ݁ਐנඒஃऱᑨឆᓵፖॾ࢚ਢඒஃ৸ەᖵ࿓ऱு֨Δۖ
Fangΰ1996αڇၞ۩ඒஃॾ࢚ፖኔᎾऱ֮൶ಘழΔਐנඒஃऱॾ࢚ࢨୃᖂᨠ រΔא֗ኙवᢝᖂऱᑨឆᓵᨠរΔᄎᐙඒஃऱඒᖂ۩Δၴ൷ᐙᖂسऱ ᖂൣݮΖ᧩قඒஃऱᑨឆᓵፖॾ࢚Δڇඒஃऱ৸ەፖ۩խࠠڶૹऱᏝଖΔ լႛᐙထඒஃڇඒᖂૠ֗ඒᖂյ೯Ղऱ৸ەፖެࡳΔٵழՈᄎᐙඒஃऱඒ ᖂ۩ፖඒᖂய࣠ΖڂڼΔڇԱᇞඒஃ؆᧩ऱඒᖂ۩ழΔլࡵ࢙ီᑨឆᓵፖ ॾ࢚ኙࠡඒᖂ۩।ऱᐙԺΖ
!
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ʳ ʳ ʳ
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ʳඒஃૠʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ඒஃյ೯ʳ ΰඒᖂছ৵ऱ৸ەαʳ ʳ ʳ ৸ەፖެࡳʳ
ඒஃ৸ەᖵ࿓ʳ ඒஃᓵፖॾ࢚ʳ
ʳ ʳ
ඒஃඒ۩ʳ ʳ ʳ ᖂسඒ۩
ඒஃऱ۩֗ʳ
ࠡױᨠኘ࣠ʳ ᖂسګ༉ʳ
! ! !
ყ 1! Clark and PetersonȞ1986ȟޟఀৱࡦՃᇄ࣏Ԓ
ڼ؆Δڶயඒᖂ۩ऱฤٽ࿓৫ਢྒྷၦඒᖂய౨ऱለࠋֱڤΔױאᝩ܍אᖂ سᖂګ࣠ࠐྒྷၦඒᖂய౨ऱ؈Δڂڼඒஃڇڶயඒᖂ۩Ղऱ।Δਢᘝၦ ඒஃඒᖂய࣠ऱૹਐᑑΖՕ᧯ۖߢΔඒᖂய౨ਢਐඒᖂ۩ऱڶயࢤࢨய࣠Δ ౨ജᘝၦඒᖂऱய࣠ΔࠡྒྷၦֱڤڶԲᣊΔԫᣊਢຘመᖂسᖂګ࣠ࠐྒྷၦΔ
ۖԫᣊਢ៶طڶயඒᖂ۩ऱฤٽ࿓৫ࠐྒྷၦΖኙ࣍ছृྒྷၦඒᖂய౨ऱֱ
ڤΔSlaveson, Webb and Bursteinΰ1986α༼נԱޅေΔהਐנڇຍጟൣݮՀΔኔ ᎾՂਢނඒஃඒᖂփ୲ፖྒྷ᧭փ୲ီԫᑌΔ࢙ۖฃԱԲृኔᔆՂऱฆΔۖ
ࢬྒྷၦඒᖂऱ࣠Δڕ࣠ਢԫଡ᜔ਔࢤऱ։ᑇΰsummary scoresαΔຍᑌऱಛஒ
176ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ࠀլ౨ജᒔࡳඒᖂࠃٙխڶய֗ྤயऱᐋ૿ፖዌګైΖڂڼΔڍᖂृආشڶ யඒᖂ۩ऱฤٽ࿓৫Δࠐྒྷၦඒᖂய౨Δץਔޕঊྋΰ1992αΕࣥ௧ॹΰ1996αΕ ຫֵ८ΰ1997α֗ Moneysΰ1992αΖطڼࠐΔඒஃڇڶயඒᖂ۩Ղऱ।Δ ਢᘝၦඒᖂய࣠ऱለࠋֱڤΔױא༼ࠎඒᖂய࣠ฆൣݮऱࠠ᧯ᅃᑑᄷΖ
ೈڼհ؆ΔڇઌᣂઔߒխΔױא࿇ඒᖂॾ࢚ፖڶயඒᖂ।ࠠڶയ֊ऱᣂ এΔۖඒᖂॾ࢚ࡉڶயඒᖂ।ױ౨ፖඒஃᔆࠠڶയ֊ऱᣂএΔڂڼॣٚඒ ஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚ፖࠡڶயඒᖂ।ऱᣂএΔא֗ॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚ፖڶயඒᖂ।
ڇඒஃᔆՂऱฆΔࠠڶၞԫޡઔߒऱૹᏝଖΖଈ٣Δڇඒᖂॾ࢚ፖڶய ඒᖂ।ऱઌᣂઔߒֱ૿Δץܶඒᖂॾ࢚ፖඒᖂய౨ऱᣂএΔא֗ඒᖂॾ࢚
ፖඒᖂ۩ऱᣂএԲᣊΖছृऱઌᣂઔߒΔ࿇ຝ։ᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚ፖඒᖂய౨ ࢨᖂسᖂᄐګ༉ڶയ֊ऱᣂএΖ്ঊำΰ1996α൶ಘլٵඒᖂய౨ॾ࢚ᣊীඒஃ ऱඒᖂ।֗ࠡඒᖂسขԺழΔ࿇ࠠڶᗨᄕඒᖂய౨ॾ࢚ऱඒஃΔڇඒᖂ
೯խऱඒᖂ।֗ᎁवඒᖂسขԺΔ࣍ԫඒᖂய౨ॾ࢚ऱඒஃΙࡌᄅ༄
ΰ1991αઔߒ࿇ඒஃய౨ॾ࢚ኙᖂسऱᑇᖂګ༉ڶ᧩ထऱᐙΔඒஃய౨ॾ࢚
။Δᖂسऱᑇᖂګ༉Ո༉။ΙClementsΰ1980αઔߒ࿇Δඒஃऱॾ࢚ױא ቃྒྷඒᖂऱመ࿓ፖ࣠Δຝ։ඒᖂॾ࢚ऱᒵࢤิٽΔፖࡳऱඒᖂመ࿓֗࣠ࠠ
ڶ᧩ထऱᣂএΔܛለऱߡۥሶΰrole separationαΕለऱอᖞᖂΔא֗ለ܅
ऱψषᄎऱൣტऱᣂ֨ωΰsocial-emotional concernsαհᒵࢤิٽΔᄎขسለ
ऱᓰᄐᖂ۩Εለऱᖂᄐګ༉Δא֗ᖂسኙඒஃඒᖂေᏝለ܅Ζۖ৵ृऱ ઌᣂઔߒΔڶԫࠄઔߒ࿇ඒᖂॾ࢚ᄎᐙඒᖂ۩ΔץਔΚ്ࠕᅛΕᓏए߶ΰ2000α ઔߒ࿇ڍᑇඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚ΔᐙඒஃऱඒᖂΖႚอ࠷ٻፖၞޡ࠷ٻඒᖂ ॾ࢚ऱඒஃΔԲृڇඒᖂՂڶࢬլٵΔႚอ࠷ٻऱඒஃΔႛኙ࿓৫ለړऱᖂ سΔൄش༼ق৸ەऱඒᖂΔۖႜٻ࣍ൄشඒஃᝑᇞฃΔۖၞޡ࠷ٻऱඒ ஃΔঞለᄎ༼ࠎᖂسፖٵᕦյ೯ᖂऱᖲᄎΙᆺدఇΰ1999αઔߒ࿇זΰᓰα ඒஃޅܒ৸ەऱଡԳඒᖂய౨ΰॾ࢚αΔᄎᐙ༼֒ᖂسޅܒ৸ەრٻऱඒᖂ۩
ΔԲृࠠڶ᧩ထऱઌᣂΖ٦ृΔڶԫࠄઔߒ࿇ඒᖂॾ࢚ፖඒᖂ۩ڶԫીࢤΔ
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ᖂઝඒᖂऱ।ΙᠱᎮݳΰ1995αਐנඒᖂॾ࢚ٻၞޡ࠷ٻऱൎ৫ყΔඒᖂ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 177
۩ٻၞ࠷ऱൎ৫Ո༉ყΙຫਟᖢΰ2000αઔߒ࿇ஃՕ֗ᖂ࿓ฅᄐऱኔ
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ᑇᖂඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚Δᄎᐙࠡڇඒᖂᄷໂፖඒඒᖂ೯ֱ૿ऱඒᖂ۩Ι Harvey, White, Prather and Alter ΰ1966αઔߒਐנॾ࢚ߓอլٵऱඒஃΔࠡඒᖂऱ
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ฆΔᠱᎮݳΰ1995αઔߒ࿇ߊՖඒஃڇٺᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚ՂΔࠀྤ᧩ထլٵΙ Onwuegbuzie, Witcher, Filer and Downing ΰ2000αઔߒ࿇ߊՖඒஃऱ൳ࠫॾ࢚Δ ࠀྤ᧩ထฆΖطڼࠐΔߊՖඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚ױ౨ڇਬࠄᐋ૿ڶࢬฆΖԫ
ֱ૿Δ༉റᄐહནࠐΔඒஃറᄐહནፖඒᖂॾ࢚ऱᣂএΔՈڶԫીऱઔߒ
࣠Ζڶऱઔߒ࿇ඒᖂॾ࢚ᙟထറᄐહནऱլٵۖڶฆΔץਔΚࣥತΰ1990α ઔߒ࿇Օᖂᖂᖵऱඒஃڇवᢝፖᖂ֗ᖂسऱڍᑌࢤԲଡᏆऱඒߛॾ࢚Δֺ
ஃᒤΕஃറࢨࠡהᖂீฅᄐऱඒஃႜٻ࣍ၞޡ࠷ٻΙྏոᗊΰ1993αઔߒ࿇ஃ ՕΕஃೃࢨՕᖂඒߛߓฅᄐऱഏ՛ඒஃΔࠡඒᖂॾֺ࢚ԫՕറೃீ֗ஃᒤࢨஃ റฅᄐृΔޓႜٻၞޡ࠷ٻΖ܀Ոڶઔߒ࿇ඒᖂॾ࢚ࠀྤլٵृΔᠱᎮݳΰ1995α ፖᏥᙔᣜΰ1998αऱઔߒ݁࿇ٺᣊറᄐહནऱඒஃհၴΔࠡඒᖂॾ࢚ࠀྤ᧩ထ
ฆΖطڼࠐΔլٵറᄐહནऱඒஃΔࠡඒᖂॾ࢚ױ౨ڇਬࠄᐋ૿ڶࢬฆΖ รԿΔڇڶயඒᖂ।ፖඒஃᔆऱઌᣂઔߒֱ૿Δ༉ࢤܑࠐΔඒஃࢤܑ
ፖඒᖂ।ऱᣂএΔࠀڶԫીऱઔߒ࣠Ζڶऱઔߒ࿇Ֆࢤඒஃऱඒᖂ।
ᚌ࣍ߊࢤඒஃΔץਔΚ५٢ΕຫࣔΕᄘۍΰ1999αઔߒ࿇៱ࠫֆ၄سኔ
178ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ඒஃڇᖂઝඒᖂऱᖞ᧯ګய۞ေՂΔՖࢤ᧩ထچᚌ࣍ߊࢤΙຫࣔΰ1998αઔ ߒ࿇ഏխՖࢤ៱ࠫኔඒஃڇԼնଡڶᣂᖂઝඒᖂ।հګயေ۷ऱᠲႈՂΔ ᚌ࣍ߊࢤኔඒஃΙۖՖࢤᄅࠫኔඒஃڇնଡڶᣂᖂઝඒᖂ।հګயေ۷ऱ ᠲႈՂΔᚌ࣍ߊࢤኔඒஃΙຫֵ८ΰ1997α࿇ՖࢤඒஃڇڍցڶயඒᖂݾΕ ڶயሎشඒᖂழၴΕ৬مࡉᘫஃسᣂএઃ᧩ထ࣍ߊࢤඒஃΙຫਟᖢΰ2000αઔ ߒ࿇ஃՕฅᄐՖࢤኔඒஃڇቤඒᖂૹរ֗ඒޗඒࠠऱ।Εሎشඒᖂᇷᄭ ፖඒᖂֱऄऱ।Εሎشඒᖂݾ؏ऱ।Εኔਜᔞࢤඒᖂऱ।Δא֗ᚵૡૠ
֗༳༽ၞ৫ऱ।ᐋ૿ऱᖂઝඒᖂ।Δᚌ࣍ߊࢤኔඒஃΖ܀սڶઔߒ࿇
ߊࢤඒஃऱඒᖂ।ᚌ࣍ՖࢤඒஃΔޕঊྋΰ1992αઔߒ࿇ഏ՛ߊࢤඒஃڇඒ ᖂฃᐋ૿ՂΔ࣍ՖࢤඒஃΖԫֱ૿Δ༉റᄐહནۖߢΔઌᣂઔߒ࿇ٺᣊ റᄐહནऱඒஃհၴΔࠡඒᖂ।ڶ᧩ထऱլٵΖޕঊྋΰ1992αઔߒਐנૠ
ฃΕඒᖂฃΕေᦸ೯֗ጥ೯ᐋ૿ඒᖂய౨Δאઔߒࢬ່Δࠡڻ
ஃՕஃೃΔ٦ࠡڻஃറஃᒤΔۖאԫՕᖂ֗խࢨᛀࡳለ܅Ιຫਟᖢΰ2000α ઔߒਐנΔֆمඒߛᖂ࿓ฅᄐኔඒஃڇ᎖ᖄᖂسอᖞᖂऱ।ᐋ૿Ղऱᖂઝ ඒᖂ।Δ࣍ኦ֏ஃՕฅᄐኔඒஃΙຫֵ८ΰ1997αઔߒ࣠࿇Δஃറፖ ஃᒤิඒஃڇᖞ᧯ඒஃඒᖂய౨ՂΔ࣍ԫՕᖂፖՕറิΖ
ഗ࣍Ղ૪ەၦΔאקᗼؑഏ՛ॣٚඒஃኙွΔຘመം࠴ᓳፖᓫհኔ ਜΔԱᇞഏ՛ॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚ፖࠡڶயඒᖂ।ऱउ֗ࠡᣂএΖࠡࠠ᧯ؾ ऱڕՀΚ
ԫΕԱᇞഏ՛ॣٚඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚֗ڶயඒᖂ।ऱउΖ
ԲΕ൶ಘഏ՛ॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚ፖڶயඒᖂ।ڇඒஃᔆՂऱฆΖ ԿΕ൶ಘഏ՛ॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚ፖࠡڶயඒᖂ।ऱᣂএΖ
ΕូՂ૪ઔߒ࣠Δ༼נڶᣂॣٚඒஃඒᖂൣݮऱ৬ᤜΔᕧࠎᖂீᅝݝ
ፖඒߛ۩ਙᖲᣂەΔ៶א༼ࠎᔞ֊ऱڇၞଥΔ༼֒ඒஃऱറᄐైᕆΖ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 179
෮ăࡁտ͞ڱᄃనࢍ
Ιȃंـᄇຫ!
ം࠴ᓳऱ࠷ᑌፖڃگൣݮΔڕ। 1 ࢬقΖءઔߒএ٣ಾኙקᗼؑ 342 ࢬ ᖂீऱඒ೭ٚΔബ࿇ψഏ՛ॣٚඒஃᓳ।ωΔԱᇞٺீॣٚඒஃऱԳᑇΔ٦ආ
։ᐋ࠷ᑌֱڤΔൕٺၢؑխ։ܑࢼ࠷Բ։հԫऱᖂீΔಾኙᇠீ٤ຝॣٚඒ ஃബ࿇ψഏ՛ॣٚඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚֗ڶயඒᖂ।ᓳം࠴ωΖ٥ૠࢼ࠷ 171 ࢬᖂ
ீΔബנം࠴ 556 ٝΔۖڃگ 410 ٝം࠴Δڃگ 73.7%Ζ!
ߒ 1 ߑӈఀৱڥኺᇄӱԝל
ߑӈఀৱᑪѿ ڥኺਮኵ ڥኺӋኵ ӱԝӋኵ ӱԝ
קؑ 71 139 84 60.4%
קᗼ 100 417 326 78.2%
ٽૠʳ 171 556 410 73.7%
Πȃंـώڎ!
ءઔߒᒳ፹ψഏ՛ॣٚඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚֗ڶயඒᖂ।ᓳം࠴ωΔၞ۩ᇷறऱ
፦ႃΖאՀಾኙᒳ፹ऱመ࿓ፖփ୲ऱᎅࣔԲֱ૿ΔၞԫޡףאᎅࣔΚ
)Ι*୰ڢጡᇧޟႆแ!ءം࠴ऱᒳ፹ץਔം࠴ॣᒚΕቃᇢം࠴֗إڤം࠴መ࿓Ζଈ٣Δڇݮګം
࠴ॣᒚመ࿓խΔءઔߒএࠉᖕઔߒؾऱΔەઌᣂ֮Δࠀၞ۩նۯॣٚඒஃऱ
ᓫΔאዌ৸ം࠴ᠲؾऱփ୲Δᒳ፹ം࠴ऱॣᒚΖࠡڻΔڇݮګቃᇢം࠴መ࿓խΔ
ץਔറ୮ᐉᔹፖॣٚඒஃᇢჄԲຝ։Ζറ୮ᐉᔹএᓮਐᖄඒ്ႂΕᖂृറ୮
ޕ༄ߢΕܦᇛఛΕᔤᤌΕࡱݛΕࣥၞޗΕຫ༡ဉΕ១દఇΕ႓ةࡉΔ֗Բۯ
ഏ՛۩ਙԳፖնۯഏ՛ᇷඒஃΔಾኙം࠴ᠲؾऱփ୲༼ࠎଥإრߠΖᆖە
180ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
റ୮რߠଥޏ৵Δ٦ᓮԲۯഏ՛ॣٚඒஃᇢჄം࠴ΔࠀಾኙჄൣݮ֗ࢬ༼რߠΔ
ၞ۩ଥޏΔݮګቃᇢം࠴Ζ່৵Δڇݮګإڤം࠴መ࿓խΔএၞ۩՛ᑌءऱቃᇢΔ ٥ڃگ 206 ٝΖ٦ەቃᇢᠲؾڇႈؾ։࣫Εڂై։࣫֗ Cronbach өଖ։࣫ऱ
࣠Δܔޏം࠴Δݮګإڤം࠴Ζ
)Π*୰ڢϱৠޟᇳ݂!ءം࠴ೈԱഗءᇷறຝ։ऱᠲؾΔො።ڶᣂඒஃᔆऱહནᇷறհ؆Δࠡה ᝫץܶඒᖂॾ࢚֗ڶயඒᖂ।Բຝ։ऱᠲؾΖඒᖂॾ࢚ຝ։ץਔ౨ԺױႿࢤΕ ᖂسฆࢤΕய౨ΕॾٚΕ൳ࠫ֗वᢝዌࢤքଡᐋ૿Δ౨ԺױႿࢤਢਐඒஃኙ
࣍ᖂس౨ԺऱᨠរΔႜٻ࣍ᎁࡳ౨ԺਢࡳऱᔆΔࢨਢᎁࡳ౨Ժਢױޏ᧢ऱण ኪΙᖂسฆࢤਢਐඒஃኙ࣍ᖂسฆࢤऱᨠរΔႜٻ࣍ൎᓳᖂسऱ٥ٵࢤΔ ࢨਢႜٻ࣍ૹီᖂسऱଡܑฆΙய౨ਢਐඒஃኙ࣍۞ա౨ജᐙᖂسᖂګ༉
հ࿓৫ऱॾ࢚ΙॾٚਢਐઌॾᖂسܛࠌڇڶඒஃऱᅮՀΔՈᄎᎁటऱ۞ݺᖂ
Ε۞ݺေၦፖ۞ݺຂΙ൳ࠫਢਐધ৳ࡉ൳ࠫऱᏁΙवᢝዌࢤਢਐवᢝࡉ ᓰ࿓ऱዌࢤΔܛൕൎऱዌࠩஇऱዌΖೈԱ౨ԺױႿࢤᐋ૿ᠲΔא֗൳ࠫ
ᐋ૿նᠲհ؆Δࠡהᐋ૿݁ڶքᠲΔٽૠԿԼԿᠲΖ
ڼ؆Δڶயඒᖂ।ץਔඒᖂૠΕඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԿଡᐋ૿Δඒᖂૠ
ਢਐඒᖂছऱڶயඒᖂૠ۩।Δࠡૹਐᑑૠᄷໂ֗ᓰ࿓ඒޗڜඈ ԲႈΙඒᖂյ೯ਢਐඒᖂյ೯መ࿓խऱڶயඒᖂ۩।Δࠡૹਐᑑࣔᒔඒ ᖄΕছᖄิ᧯ΕऴᖄඒᖂΕᓰᄐᖂழၴΕڃ㕘א֗൳ࡉඒᖂޡᓳքႈΙۖඒ ᖂࣷঞਢਐᛜທߜړඒᖂࣷऱڶயඒᖂ۩।ΔࠡૹਐᑑඒஃᑷݵΕ ඒࣷΕඒጥ֗ᝩ܍૿ޅေႈΖೈԱඒᖂૠԶᠲ؆ΔࠡהԲᐋ૿݁
ڶԼԫᠲΔٽૠ٥ԿԼᠲΖ
)έ*୰ڢᚠҬޟϷݙ!ءઔߒආၗऄࠀא Promax ऄٌ᠏ၗΔၞ۩ം࠴ᠲؾऱ൶ࢤڂై։࣫Ζ ଈ٣Δڇඒᖂॾֱ࢚૿Δᠲؾ։࣫ऱ࣠ፖٺڂైၴऱઌᣂൣݮΔڕ। 2 ۟। 3 ࢬقΖ༉ڂై։࣫ऱ࣠ࠐΔٺᠲؾፋᚹڇࢬ᥆ڂైऱൣݮࡸࠋΔڂై๛ၦ տ࣍ .830 ࠩ .265 հၴΔ᧩قٺڂైၴࠠڶࡸࠋऱᙃய࣠Ζ༉ Cronbach өଖ
ΔքଡڂైଡܑऱөଖΔտ࣍ .67 ࠩ .79 հၴΔ᧩قٺ։ၦ।ऱᠲؾၴࠠڶࡸ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 181
ࠋऱॾ৫Ζ༉ڂైၴऱઌᣂࢤࠐΔೈԱய౨ፖ౨ԺױႿࢤࠠڶ .4 ऱઌᣂࢤΔא
֗ய౨ፖॾٚࠠڶ .35 ऱઌᣂࢤ؆Δࠡᕉڂైࠟࠟհၴऱઌᣂࢤ݁܅࣍ .3Δઌᣂ ଖտ࣍ .007 ࠩ .254 հၴΖຍጟൣݮፖ Midgoey, Feldlaufer and Ecclesΰ1988αऱ ઔߒ࣠ᏅԫીΔהଚऱઔߒ࿇ॾٚΕ൳ࠫΕய౨ፖ౨Ժࡐࡳࢤଡڂైၴ
ႛࠠڶ .03 ࠩ .41 ऱઌᣂࢤΖ᧩قඒᖂॾ࢚քଡڂైڇᄗ࢚ՂڼᗑمΔ܀ኔᎾ ՂԾࠠڶ܅৫ઌᣂΖጵਔۖߢΔඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿ࠠڶࡸࠋऱய৫ፖॾ৫Ζ
ߒ 2! ఀᏰ߬܈ᚠҬӰશϷݙᇄ Cronbach αϷݙ๖ݎ
ӰશҬ
ᚠဴ ਝ ߬ӈ ޣᜋ๖ᄺܒ Ᏸҡ৯ܒ Ψџ༭ܒ ڙ Cronbach
α 15 .830 -.038 -.059 -.058 -.087 .066 18 .677 .140 -.099 -.013 -.029 -.046 17 .665 -.047 .059 -.071 .009 .018 16 .656 -.070 -.070 .097 .021 .123 13 .436 .051 .161 .021 .212 .025 14 .426 -.025 .039 -.043 .227 .017
.78
21 -.154 .798 -.038 .060 .058 .092 23 -.028 .766 -.027 .011 -.078 -.033 24 .023 .648 -.022 -.124 -.015 .075 22 .043 .641 .092 -.108 .070 .094 20 .203 .472 .072 .078 -.015 -.088 19 .213 .387 .044 .112 -.093 -.213
.79
36 -.036 .049 .749 -.038 .098 -.075 33 .077 -.064 .688 .117 -.171 .027 32 .068 -.041 .639 .078 -.033 .054 35 -.073 .097 .623 -.117 .103 .046 34 -.014 -.049 .575 -.143 .087 -.134 31 -.137 .105 .286 .155 .082 .102
.74
10 -.058 -.062 -.031 .746 -.025 .093 8 -.116 -.004 .035 .639 .063 -.068 9 .029 .039 .040 .623 -.122 -.225 12 -.037 .136 -.105 .448 .278 .158 11 .069 -.018 -.012 .386 .088 .115 7 .116 -.122 .049 .386 .110 -.157
.72
6 .107 -.103 .080 -.019 .735 -.054 4 -.087 -.054 .105 .085 .631 .027 5 .058 .034 -.130 .096 .594 .019 2 .094 .096 -.027 -.013 .429 -.029
.71 28 .077 .069 -.126 -.096 .075 .641 30 .081 -.029 .015 -.098 .052 .638 26 .114 -.050 .049 .153 -.145 .590 27 -.030 .021 .341 .024 -.113 .388 25 .024 .042 .193 .038 -.074 .265
.67
ຏǺҁ߄߯ 1ǵ3 ᆶ 29 ᚒմନࡕޑӢનϩ่݀Ǵ߄ϣኧӷࣁಔࠠॄໆȐpattern loadingȑǶ
182ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ߒ 3! ఀᏰ߬܈Ӱશࣺᜰઐଲ
ӰશҬ ਝ ߬ӈ ޣᜋ๖ᄺܒ Ᏸҡ৯ܒ Ψџ༭ܒ ڙ ய౨ --- .351 .087 .241 .401 -.093 ॾٚ --- .069 .123 .227 -.091 वᢝዌࢤ --- -.059 -.189 .254
ᖂسฆࢤ --- .198 -.007
౨ԺױႿࢤ --- -.148
൳ࠫ ---
ࠡڻΔڇڶயඒᖂ।ֱ૿Δᠲؾ։࣫ऱ࣠ፖٺڂైၴऱઌᣂൣݮΔڕ।
4 ۟। 5 ࢬقΖ༉ڂై։࣫ऱ࣠ࠐΔٺᠲؾፋᚹڇࢬ᥆ڂైऱൣݮࡸࠋΔڂ
ై๛ၦտ࣍ .894 ፖ .301 հၴΔ᧩قٺڂైၴࠠڶࡸࠋऱᙃய࣠Ζ༉ Cronbach өଖΔԿଡڂైଡܑऱөଖΔտ࣍ .81 ࠩ .86 հၴΔ᧩قٺ։ၦ।ऱᠲؾၴࠠ
ڶઌᅝړऱॾ৫Ζ༉ڂైၴऱઌᣂࢤࠐΔٺڂైၴ݁ࠠڶխ৫ऱઌᣂࢤΔٺڂ
ైࠟࠟհၴऱઌᣂଖտ࣍ .593 ࠩ .639 հၴΖጵਔۖߢΔڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿ࠠ
ڶߜړऱய৫ፖॾ৫Ζ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 183
ߒ 4! ԤਝఀᏰߒ౪ᚠҬӰશϷݙᇄ Cronbach αϷݙ๖ݎ
ӰશҬ!ᚠဴ! ఀᏰݥ! ఀᏰϣଢ଼! ఀᏰॎห! Dspocbdi!α!
29 .894 -.180 .025
27 .696 -.122 .174
30 .654 .020 .148
26 .644 .061 -.033
28 .637 -.034 .150
24 .571 .321 -.235
25 .553 .109 .052
23 .550 .103 -.068
32 .369 .061 .085
21 .343 .196 .027
22 .302 .227 -.264
.86
17 -.009 .798 -.097
18 .084 .695 -.075
9 -.040 .667 .082
10 -.013 .567 .139
11 -.067 .541 .235
16 .177 .438 .091
15 .208 .385 -.016
14 .166 .343 .051
19 -.057 .332 .165
20 .075 .325 .142
.85
12 .113 .301 .242
4 -.052 .058 .758
2 -.035 -.027 .723
3 -.031 -.037 .597
6 .005 .120 .597
1 .038 .031 .591
5 .270 -.019 .463
8 .078 .030 .429
7 -.085 .245 .309
.81
ຏǺҁ߄߯ 13 ᆶ 31 ᚒմନࡕޑӢનϩ่݀Ǵ߄ϣኧӷࣁಔࠠॄໆǶ
184ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ߒ 5! ԤਝఀᏰߒ౪Ӱશࣺᜰઐଲ
ӰશҬ ఀᏰݥ ఀᏰϣଢ଼ ఀᏰॎห
ඒᖂࣷ --- .639 .639
ඒᖂյ೯ --- .593
ඒᖂૠ ---
έȃၥਟ౩!
ءઔߒএലം࠴Ⴤᇷற࿆ᙕ࣍ሽᆰᚾூխΔࠀܓش SPSS อૠຌ᧯ऱႈؾ
։࣫Εڂై։࣫Εॾ৫։࣫Εڍ᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫Εᗨઌᣂ։࣫Εࠢীઌᣂ։࣫
อૠֱऄΔၞ۩ᇷறऱ༴૪Ε։࣫֗ە᧭Ζ
ણăࡁտඕڍᄃኢ
౿ലઔߒ࣠։ඒᖂॾ࢚ፖڶயඒᖂ।ऱउΕඒᖂॾ࢚ፖڶயඒᖂ।
ڇඒஃᔆՂऱฆΕඒᖂॾ࢚ፖڶயඒᖂ।ऱᣂএΔא֗ඒᖂॾ࢚ኙڶய ඒᖂ।ऱቃྒྷԺຝ։ΔףאᎅࣔፖಘᓵΖ
ΙȃఀᏰ߬܈ᇄԤਝఀᏰߒ౪ޟ౪ݷ!
ଈ٣Δ༉ॣٚඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚ऱउࠐΔॣٚඒஃჄඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿ऱ༴
૪อૠ։࣫Δڕ। 2 ࢬقΖط।խᇷறױא࿇Δඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿ऱޢᠲؓ݁ᑇ խΔ౨ԺױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕய౨֗൳ࠫଡᐋ૿݁࣍ 3 ։Δॾٚᐋ૿ଶړ 3 ։Δۖवᢝዌࢤᐋ૿່܅Δႛ 2.62 ։Ζ᧩ق༉ԫൣݮࠐΔॣٚඒஃՕຟ ڇ౨ԺױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕய౨֗൳ࠫଡᐋ૿ՂΔࠠڶለऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᐛΙ
ۖڇॾٚᐋ૿ՂΔࠠڶԫࢤխऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᐛΔለլࠠڶࣔ᧩ऱႜٻΙ܀ڇ वᢝዌࢤᐋ૿ՂΔঞࠠڶለ܅ऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᐛΔለႜٻ܅ዌࢤऱᨠរΖ
Ղ૪ઔߒ࣠Δຝ։ᐋ૿ፖྏոᗊΰ1993αኙԫඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚ऱઔߒΔڶ
ࠄᣊۿऱ࣠Δ܀Ոڶᐋ૿ፖࠡઔߒ࣠࿑ڶฆΖהऱઔߒ࿇Δഏ՛ඒஃڇ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 185
ᖂسฆΕᓰ࿓ፖᖂ֗ஃسᣂএٺᏆऱඒᖂॾ࢚݁ೣٻၞޡ࠷ٻΔܛڇᖂس
ฆֱ૿ΔለೣٻൎᓳᖂسऱଡܑฆΔᎁڇᓰ࿓Ε۩ঞ֗ඒᖂᇷᄭऱ։
ՂΔլᚨԫီٵոऱኙৱΙڇᓰ࿓ፖᖂֱ૿Δೣٻ࣍ൎᓳᓰ࿓ᚨፖࠝ࿙ᆖ᧭
ઌᣂᜤΕᖂਢอᖞऱΕवᢝਢ৬ዌऱᨠរΙۖڇஃسᣂএֱ૿Δೣٻ࣍ൎᓳፖ ᖂس৬مᘣ२ऱΕॺإڤऱΕᇨॾऱஃسᣂএΔא֗ᨃᖂسኙ۞աऱ۩ຂΖ ছԲृፖءઔߒڇᖂسฆࢤ֗वᢝዌࢤᐋ૿Ղऱઔߒ࣠ᣊۿΔ܀ڇॾٚᐋ
૿ՂΔԲृฃڶฆΔԫඒஃೣٻॾٚᖂس౨ജ۞ݺᖂፖ۞ݺຂऱᨠរΔ
ۖءઔߒխऱॣٚඒஃለխॾٚ࿓৫ΖߒࠡڂΔױ౨ਢط࣍ᖂسࠠڶଡ
ܑฆΔࠠ೯ᖂኪ৫ऱຝ։ᖂس౨ڶለऱॾٚ࿓৫ΔۖڇᖂՂለ೯ ऱຝ։ᖂسঞॾٚ࿓৫ለ܅Δڂۖᖞ᧯ࠐՕીՂਢխॾٚऱᨠរΖ
ߒ 6! ఀᏰ߬܈Өቹ७ޟජक़ಛॎᄢौߒ
ቹ७Ӫᆎ ᚠኵ ҁ֯ኵ ྥ৯
౨ԺױႿࢤ 4 4.08 .55
ᖂسฆࢤ 6 3.96 .57
ய౨ 6 3.57 .55 ॾٚ 6 3.00 .68
൳ࠫ 5 3.30 .60
वᢝዌࢤ 6 2.62 .63
ࠡڻΔ༉ॣٚඒஃڶயඒᖂ।ऱउࠐΔॣٚඒஃڇٺᐋ૿ڶயඒᖂ।
ՂჄൣݮऱ༴૪อૠ։࣫Δڕ। 3 ࢬقΖط।խᇷறױא࿇Δڶயඒᖂ।
ٺᐋ૿ऱޢᠲؓ݁ᑇխΔඒᖂૠΕඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԿଡᐋ૿݁࣍ 3 ։Δ
ࠡଖտ࣍ 3.87 ፖ 4.11 ։հၴΖ᧩قॣٚඒஃՕ᧯Ղႜٻ࣍ᎁ۞աڇඒᖂૠΕ ඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷᐋ૿հٺႈඒᖂ۩ՂΔຟࠠڶߜړऱඒᖂ।Ζ
Ղ૪ઔߒ࣠ΔڇઌᣂઔߒՈڶᣊۿऱ࿇Ζຫਟᖢΰ2000αઔߒ࿇ஃՕ ฅᄐऱഏխኔඒஃΔڇቤඒᖂૹរ֗ඒޗඒࠠऱ।Εሎشඒᖂᇷᄭፖඒᖂ
ֱऄऱ।Εሎشඒᖂݾ؏ऱ।Εኔਜᔞࢤඒᖂऱ।Εሎشඒᖂေၦ࣠ऱ
।Ε᎖ᖄᖂسอᖞᖂऱ।Δא֗ᚵૡૠ֗༳༽ၞ৫ऱ।ֱ૿ᖂઝඒ
186ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ᖂ।Δ݁ڶߜړऱඒᖂ।Ι५٢Գΰ1999αઔߒഏխኔඒஃऱඒߛኔ
ګயΔ࿇ᄅΕ៱ࠫኔඒஃڇቤඒᖂؾᑑΕᒳඈᖂઝඒޗΕඒᖂၞ৫Ε
܉ᆜඒᖂᛩቼΕ֧ದᖂ೯ᖲΕࠌشඒᖂ᧯ΕሎشඒᖂֱऄΕᚨشᖂฃΕ ኔਜඒᖂေၦΕኔਜጵٽ೯֗ኔਜᔞࢤඒᖂٺႈᖂઝඒᖂګயΔՕીՂࠠڶ ઌᅝ्ࡳऱඒᖂ।ΖطڼᨠհΔᄗਔۖߢΔॣٚඒஃڇᆖመԫڣऱඒߛኔհ
৵Δࠠڶߜړऱറᄐګ९ΔՕ᧯Ղ౨ڇٺႈඒᖂ೯խΔڶլᙑऱඒᖂ۩।Ζ
ߒ 7! ԤਝఀᏰߒ౪Өቹ७ޟජक़ಛॎᄢौߒ
ቹ७Ӫᆎ ᚠኵ ҁ֯ኵ ྥ৯
ඒᖂૠ 8 3.87 .53 ඒᖂյ೯ 11 4.06 .48 ඒᖂࣷ 11 4.11 .50
ΠȃఀᏰ߬܈ᇄԤਝఀᏰߒ౪ӵఀৱ੫፴ΰޟ৯!
)Ι*ఀᏰ߬܈ӵఀৱ੫፴ΰޟ৯!
լٵඒஃᔆऱॣٚඒஃΔڇքଡᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚հڍ᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫
࣠Δڕ। 8 ࢬقΖլٵറᄐહནऱॣٚඒஃΔڇքଡᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚Ղࠀլࠠڶ
᧩ထฆΰӛ= .977Δp> .05αΙ܀ਢߊՖॣٚඒஃၴΔڇքଡᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚Ղ ঞຟࠠڶ᧩ထऱฆΰӛ= .954Δp< .001αΖၞԫޡၞ۩᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫৵Δ࿇
ႛڶवᢝዌࢤᐋ૿ሒ᧩ထฆֽᄷΰF=18.86, p> .05αΔࠡอૠە᧭Ժऱଖ
.991Δ༉ Kirkΰ1995αࢬ༼נऱ .8 ᑑᄷࠐΔڼᐋ૿ऱฆࢤࠠڶৰړऱอ ૠە᧭ԺΖ܀ڇᣂᜤൎ৫ֱ૿ΔԀ
2 .045Δ༉ Kirkΰ1995αࢬ༼נऱᑑᄷࠐΔ
ႛฃ࣍܅ᣂᜤൎ৫ .01 ऱᑑᄷΔۖآሒխᣂᜤൎ৫ .059 ऱᑑᄷΔਚ݁ႛࠠڶ܅
৫ᣂᜤൎ৫ΖۖൕߊՖඒஃऱؓ݁ᑇࠐΔߊඒஃڇवᢝዌࢤՂऱඒᖂॾ࢚Δ
࣍ՖඒஃΔߊඒஃ 2.92 ։ΔۖՖඒஃ 2.56 ։Ζਚࠉ Kirk ࢬ༼נऱᣂᜤൎ ৫ᑑᄷࠐΔߊඒஃڇवᢝዌࢤՂऱඒᖂॾ࢚Δ࿑࣍ՖඒஃΖ
ጵՂࢬ૪ΔٺᣊറᄐહནऱॣٚඒஃհၴΔࠡڇ౨ԺױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 187
ய౨ΕॾٚΕ൳ࠫΕवᢝዌࢤքଡᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚Δࠀྤ᧩ထฆΖլመΔڇඒ ஃࢤֱܑ૿ΔՖࢤॣٚඒஃڇवᢝዌࢤᐋ૿Ղऱඒᖂॾ࢚Δฃ܅࣍ߊࢤॣٚඒஃΖ
ڼጟࢤܑฆऱൣݮΔڇઌᣂઔߒխٍڶᣊۿऱઔߒ࣠ΖReighartΰ1985α ઔߒ࿇Ֆᄷඒஃڇवᢝፖᓰ࿓ᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚Δֺߊᄷඒஃޓࠠڶၞޡ࠷ٻΙ
ࣥತΰ1990αऱઔߒٍ࿇ՖᄷඒஃڇवᢝፖᖂᏆՂऱඒߛॾ࢚Δֺߊᄷ ඒஃႜٻ࣍ၞޡ࠷ٻΖࠡࢬᘯऱၞޡ࠷ٻΔႜٻ࣍ለஇऱवᢝዌΔൎᓳवᢝऱ ଡԳࢤΕመ࿓ࢤΕլᒔࡳࢤΕอᖞࢤΔڂڼΔՈਢਐנՖࢤᄷඒஃለႜٻ࣍ᎁ ٵஇዌࢤऱอᖞवᢝհૹࢤΖ
ߒ 8! Ϛӣఀৱ੫፴ӵϲቹ७ఀᏰ߬܈ΰϞӻᡐ໔ᡐኵϷݙ
Ȟᡐ໔ȟFधශᡐቹ७ ͉
Ψџ༭ Ᏸҡ৯ ਝ ߬ӈ ڙ ޣᜋ๖ᄺ ࢤܑ .954*** 1.24 1.99 .98 .68 2.60 18.86*ΰ1>2α a
റᄐહན .977
ຏ aǺࡴဦϣኧӷࣁ٣ࡕКၨ่݀ǴȨ1ȩࣁت܄௲ৣǴȨ2ȩࣁζ܄௲ৣǶ ӭᡂໆ̻ॶ*** p< .001Ƕൂᡂໆ͉ॶ௦.05/6= .0083Ǵ*p< .0083Ƕ
)Π*ԤਝఀᏰߒ౪ӵఀৱ੫፴ΰޟ৯!
լٵඒஃᔆऱॣٚඒஃΔڇԿଡᐋ૿ऱڶயඒᖂ।հڍ᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫
࣠Δڕ। 9 ࢬقΖߊՖॣٚඒஃհၴΔא֗լٵറᄐહནऱॣٚඒஃհၴΔڇ Կଡᐋ૿ऱڶயඒᖂ।݁ࠠڶ᧩ထऱฆژڇΰӛ= .975Δp< .05Ιӛ= .962Δ p< .05αΖࠡխΔڇࢤֱܑ૿Δၞԫޡၞ۩᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫৵Δ࿇ڇඒᖂૠΕ ඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԿଡᐋ૿Ղ݁ሒ᧩ထฆֽᄷΰF=6.05, p< .05ΙF=9.97, p< .05ΙF=7.13, p< .05αΔࠡอૠە᧭Ժऱଖ։ܑ .689Ε .883 ֗ .759Δۖᣂᜤ ൎ৫Ԁ
2ଖ։ܑ .015Ε .024 ֗ .0171Δਚ݁ႛࠠ܅৫ᣂᜤࢤΔۖඒᖂૠፖ ඒᖂࣷԲଡᐋ૿ऱอૠە᧭࿑ΖൕߊՖඒஃऱؓ݁ᑇࠐΔՖඒஃڇඒᖂૠ
Εඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԿଡᐋ૿ऱඒᖂ।Δ݁࣍ߊඒஃΰ3.90>3.72Ι
4.09>3.89Ι4.13>3.96αΖਚࠉ Kirk ࢬ༼נऱᣂᜤൎ৫ᑑᄷࠐΔՖࢤॣٚඒஃڇ
188ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ڶயඒᖂ।ऱԿଡᐋ૿ՂΔ݁࿑ᚌ࣍ߊࢤॣٚඒஃΖࠡڻΔڇറᄐહནֱ૿Δ
ၞ۩᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫৵Δࠀڶ࿇ٚ۶ԫᐋ૿ሒ .05 ऱ᧩ထֽᄷΖڼጟൣݮΔ ਢط࣍ڍ᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ආشڍଡ۞᧢ႈၴ່Օ֏ᒵࢤิٽףᦞֱڤऱฆࢤە
᧭Δۖ᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ঞਢආشԫ۞᧢ႈऱฆࢤە᧭Ζೈڼհ؆Δ᧢ၦ
᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ࢬආشऱ։໊өଖΔՈਢԫႈڂΖڂڼΔ༉อૠᨠរۖߢΔএא
᧢ၦ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ऱ࣠࠷ެᑑᄷΔਚٺᣊറᄐહནऱॣٚඒஃհၴΔڇԿଡ ᐋ૿ऱڶயඒᖂ।Ղ݁լࠠڶኔᔆՂऱฆΖ
ጵՂࢬ૪ΔٺᣊറᄐહནऱॣٚඒஃհၴΔڇඒᖂૠΕඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂ
ࣷԿଡᐋ૿ऱඒᖂ।ՂΔլࠠኔᔆฆΖ܀ڇࢤֱܑ૿ΔՖࢤॣٚඒஃڇඒᖂ ૠΕඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԿଡᐋ૿Ղऱڶயඒᖂ।Δ݁࿑ᚌ࣍ߊࢤॣٚඒஃΖ
ڼጟࢤܑฆऱൣݮΔڇઌᣂઔߒխΔٍڶ࿇Ֆࢤඒஃڇඒᖂ।ՂΔᚌ
࣍ߊࢤඒஃऱൣݮΔࠏڕΚ׆ࣔໃΰ1997α࿇ഏխՖࢤኔඒஃڇඒᖂᄷໂΕ ඒᖂֱऄΕጵٽ೯Εඒᖂေၦ֗ᖂฃՂऱေ۷Δ݁ᚌ࣍ߊࢤኔඒஃΙ५ ٢Գΰ1999α࿇៱ࠫֆ၄سኔඒஃڇᖂઝඒᖂऱᖞ᧯ګய۞ေՂΔՖࢤ
᧩ထچᚌ࣍ߊࢤΙຫֵ८ΰ1997α࿇ՖࢤඒஃڇڍցڶயඒᖂݾΕڶயሎش
ඒᖂழၴΕ৬مࡉᘫஃسᣂএઃ᧩ထ࣍ߊࢤඒஃΖൕࠡڂࠐΔຫֵ८ΰ1997α
ᎁՖࢤඒஃڇඒᖂ।ՂΔᚌ࣍ߊࢤඒஃऱൣݮΔױ౨ڂਢՖࢤඒஃኙ۞ݺ
ݮွΕࣚ೭ጲళ֗ԳᎾᣂএऱवᤚΔለߊࢤඒஃΙۖ׆ࣔໃΰ1997αᎁՖࢤ
ኔඒஃڇᖂઝඒᖂ।Ղᚌ࣍ߊࢤऱൣݮΔ᧩قנՖࢤለา֨Δኙᓰ࿓ለ
ڍऱᄷໂΖطڼᨠհΔՖࢤॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂ।Δڶᚌ࣍ߊࢤॣٚඒஃऱൣݮΔ
ױ౨ਢՖࢤॣٚඒஃኙࠡඒᖂ।ڶለऱवᤚΔࢨਢለา֨ࢬીΖ൫ࠡటኔ
ऱڂսڶৱၞԫޡઔߒΖ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 189
ߒ 9! Ϛӣఀৱ੫፴ӵέቹ७ԤਝఀᏰߒ౪ΰϞӻᡐ໔ᡐኵϷݙ
ΰ᧢ၦαFહན᧢ႈᐋ૿ ӛଖ
ඒᖂૠ ඒᖂյ೯ ඒᖂࣷ
ࢤܑa .975* 6.05*ΰ2>1α 9.97*ΰ2>1α 7.13ΰ2>1α
റᄐહན .962* 1.87 .76 .01
ຏ aǺࡴဦϣኧӷࣁ٣ࡕКၨ่݀ǴȨ1ȩࣁت܄ǴȨ2ȩࣁζ܄Ƕ ӭᡂໆ̻ॶ*p< .05Ƕൂᡂໆ͉ॶ௦ .05/3= .017Ǵ*p< .017Ƕ
έȃఀᏰ߬܈ᇄԤਝఀᏰߒ౪ޟᜰ߽!
ءઔߒ٣אᗨઌᣂ։࣫ΔॣޡԱᇞඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿
ࠟࠟଡܑઌᣂൣݮΔ٦ආࠢীઌᣂ։࣫ΔԵ൶ಘඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।
ٺᐋ૿ᖞ᧯ऱઌᣂൣݮΖאՀ։ܑ༉ઌᣂ։࣫ፖࠢীઌᣂ։࣫ऱ࣠ףאᎅࣔ
ፖಘᓵΚ
)Ι*ఀᏰ߬܈ᇄԤਝఀᏰߒ౪ޟࣺᜰϷݙ!
ඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿ऱᗨઌᣂ։࣫࣠Δڕ। 10 ࢬقΖ
ೈԱ൳ࠫፖवᢝዌࢤԲᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ऱԿଡᐋ૿݁ڶ᧩ထઌᣂ؆Δࠡ
הଡᐋ૿ઃፖڶயඒᖂ।ऱԿଡᐋ૿ڶ᧩ထઌᣂΔຟሒ .01 ᧩ထֽᄷΔઌ ᣂଖտ࣍ .160 ࠩ .404 հၴΖૉאψ .70 אՂઌᣂΔ .40 ࠩ .69 ၴխઌ ᣂΔ .20 ࠩ .39 ၴ܅ઌᣂΔ .19 אՀᄕ܅ઌᣂωհ։ऄઌᣂᑑᄷࠐΔೈ
Աඒᖂॾ࢚ऱய౨ᐋ૿ፖඒᖂ।ऱඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԲଡᐋ૿݁ࠠխ৫ઌᣂ ࢤհ؆Δࠡהຝ։ऱઌᣂൣݮ݁܅ઌᣂࢨᄕ܅ऱઌᣂΖࠡխΔאய౨ॾ࢚ፖڶ யඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿ऱઌᣂ࿓৫ለΔઌᣂ݁ .3 אՂΔࠡᇞᤩၦ։ܑ 12.8%Ε 16.3%֗ 16.0%Δۖࠡהᐋ૿ऱᇞᤩၦঞտ࣍ 2.6%ࠩ 7.3%հၴΖطڼࠐΔඒᖂ ॾ࢚ऱٺᐋ૿խΔೈԱ൳ࠫ֗वᢝዌࢤԲଡᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿ࠀྤઌ ᣂࢤհ؆Δࠡהٺᐋ૿݁ႛፖڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿ڶխ܅৫ऱઌᣂΔࠡխאய౨ ॾ࢚ፖڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿ऱઌᣂࢤለΔࠠڶԫګڍऱᇞᤩԺΖ
༉൳ࠫፖवᢝዌࢤᐋ૿ࠐΔڼԲଡᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿݁ྤ᧩ထ
190ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ઌᣂΖڼጟൣݮױ౨ፖഏ՛ᖂسऱᔆ֗ڣԫᓰ࿓ޏऱᐙڶᣂΔ༉ছृ
ۖߢΔط࣍ഏ՛ᖂسࣹრԺऱᥛࢤլ९Δۖࡸآ৬مߜړऱᖂኪ৫Δڇᓰ ᄐᖂՂսᏁڶᔞ৫ऱ൳ࠫΔթլી࣍։֨ΔݱԱറ֨࣍ᓰᄐऱᖂΔڂڼΔ ܛࠌਢࠠڶߜړඒᖂ।ऱඒஃΔՈᏁኙᖂسආ࠷ᔞ৫ऱ൳ࠫΖਚ൳ࠫॾ࢚ኙ
࣍ڶயඒᖂ।ऱᐙΔ༉լ߷Ꮦࣔ᧩Ζ༉৵ृۖߢΔڣԫᓰ࿓ޏൎᓳආ
࠷อᖞᓰ࿓Δࠀאسխ֨ΰඒߛຝΔ1998αΔڂڼΔڇڼ࢚ऱංᐖՀΔڶࠄ
ءለૹီڶߓอΕڶิ៣ऱवᢝΔۖڇඒᖂ।Ղױ౨ለஇऱॣٚඒஃΔ࠹
ڼ࢚ऱᐙۖႜٻᚈอᖞवᢝࢨسᆖ᧭वᢝऱૹࢤΔ൫ڇඒᖂ۩Ղࡸ
آᙟհޏ᧢Ζਚवᢝዌࢤॾ࢚ኙ࣍ڶயඒᖂ।ऱᐙய࣠Δࡸآ᧩נࠐΖ ൫ኔᎾऱڂΔսڶৱآࠐၞԫޡઔߒףאᢞኔΖ
ߒ 10! ఀᏰ߬܈Өቹ७ᇄԤਝఀᏰߒ౪Өቹ७ޟᑖ৯ࣺᜰϷݙ
ఀᏰ߬܈
ఀᏰߒ౪ቹ७
Ψџ༭ Ᏸҡ৯ ਝ ߬ӈ ڙ ޣᜋ๖ᄺ ඒᖂૠ .187** .179** .358** .160** .063 .074 ඒᖂյ೯ .212** .193** .404** .258** .081 .000 ඒᖂࣷ .180** .233** .400** .271** .035 -.024
**p< .01
)Π*ఀᏰ߬܈ᇄԤਝఀᏰߒ౪ޟڐࣺᜰϷݙ!
ڇၞ۩ছ૪ᗨઌᣂ։࣫৵Δ࿇൳ࠫ֗वᢝዌࢤԲଡᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।
ٺᐋ૿ࠀྤ᧩ထઌᣂΔڂڼΔڇၞ۩ࠢীઌᣂ։࣫ழΔএಾኙඒᖂॾ࢚ऱ౨Ժ ױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕய౨֗ॾٚଡᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ऱඒᖂૠΕඒᖂյ ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԿଡᐋ૿ၞ۩ᖞ᧯ઌᣂൣݮऱ։࣫Ζࠡࠢীઌᣂ։࣫ऱ࣠Δڕ।
। 11 ࢬقΖ࣠࿇ڶԫิࠢীઌᣂڂైΔࠠڶխ৫ऱࠢীઌᣂΰӹ= .473Δ p< .001α Ζ᧩قඒᖂॾ࢚ऱଡᐋ૿ΔຘመڼิࠢীڂైΰӾ1 ፖӯ1αΔᐙ
ڶயඒᖂ।ऱԿଡᐋ૿Ζ༉ᇞᤩၦࠐΔඒᖂॾ࢚ऱࠢীڂైӾ1 এൕඒᖂॾ
࢚ٺᐋ૿᜔᧢ၦऱ 42.614%խࢼ࠷נࠐݮګΔۖࠢীڂైӾ1 ױאᇞᤩࠢীڂై
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 191
ӯ1 ᜔᧢ฆၦऱ 28.8%Ζط࣍ࠢীڂైӯ1 ױאᇞᤩڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿᜔᧢ฆၦ ऱ 75.787%ΔڂڼΔࠢীڂైӾ1 ױאᇞᤩڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿᜔᧢ฆၦऱ 16.967%Ζڼ؆ΔൕࠢীڂైዌࠐΔࠢীڂైӾ1 ፖ౨ԺױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕ ய౨֗ॾٚଡᐋ૿݁ڶઌᣂΔࠡխΔאࠢীڂైӾ1 ፖய౨ᐋ૿ऱઌᣂ࿓৫
່Δሒ.948 ऱ৫ઌᣂΔࠡᕉ݁խ৫ઌᣂΖۖࠢীڂైӯ1 ٍፖඒᖂૠΕ ඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԿଡᐋ૿ࠠڶ৫ઌᣂΖ
ڼ؆Δڇࠢীઌᣂڂైऱஉሁᣂএֱ૿Δඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ٺ ᐋ૿ࠢীઌᣂ։࣫உሁቹΔڕቹ 2 ࢬقΖൕࠢীઌᣂ։࣫உሁቹࠐΔڇ౨Ժױ ႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕய౨֗ॾٚଡᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚ለ܅ृΔᆖطڼิࠢীڂైΔ ᄎᐙࠡڶயඒᖂ।Δۖנለऱඒᖂૠ।Εඒᖂյ೯।֗ඒᖂࣷ
।Ζ᧩قඒᖂॾ࢚ऱ౨ԺױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕய౨֗ॾٚଡᐋ૿Δኙڶய ඒᖂ।ऱඒᖂૠΕඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԿଡᐋ૿Δ݁ࠠڶإٻᐙΖٺᐋ૿
ඒᖂॾ࢚ለृΔٍࠠڶለڶயඒᖂ।Ιۖٺᐋ૿ඒᖂॾ࢚ለ܅ृΔࠡڶய ඒᖂ।ٍለஇΖڼ؆ΔطஉሁএᑇխΔױא࿇ய౨ᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚Δኙڶய ඒᖂ।ࠠڶለऱቃྒྷԺΖ
ߒ 11! ఀᏰ߬܈Өቹ७ᇄԤਝఀᏰߒ౪Өቹ७ڐࣺᜰϷݙᄢौߒ
ڐӰશ ڐӰશ
ڙᡐ
ȞX ᡐȟ ͬ1
ਝᡐ
ȞY ᡐȟ ͝1
౨ԺױႿࢤ -.465 ඒᖂૠ -.765 ᖂسฆࢤ -.489 ඒᖂյ೯ -.922
ய౨ -.948 ඒᖂࣷ -.916
ॾٚ -.592
ࢼנ᧢ฆၦۍ։ֺ 42.614 ࢼנ᧢ฆၦۍ։ֺ 75.787
ૹᦤ 9.540 ૹᦤ 16.967
ӹ2 .288
ӹ .473***
***p< .001
192ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
౨ԺױႿࢤ -.465
-.765 ඒᖂૠ
ᖂسฆࢤ -.489
Ӿ1
.442
ӯ1 -.922
ඒᖂյ೯ ய౨ -.948
-.916 ඒᖂࣷ
ॾٚ -.592
ყ 2! ఀᏰ߬܈Өቹ७ᇄԤਝఀᏰߒ౪Өቹ७ڐࣺᜰϷݙ৷ၯყ
᜔ਔۖߢΔॣٚඒஃڇ౨ԺױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕய౨֗ॾٚଡᐋ૿Ղऱ ඒᖂॾ࢚ᨠរΔፖࠡڶயඒᖂ।ࠠڶയ֊ऱᣂএΖڂڼΔຘመᔞᅝֱڤ࠰ܗॣ
ٚඒஃ৬مᔞ֊ऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᨠរΔڶܗ࣍ᏺၞॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂ।ΖRathsΰ2001α ᎁᖂஈᆖ᧭ΰapprenticeship experiencesαΕআၞറᄐ࿇୶֗ᏝଖᑢֱڤΔڶ ܗ࣍ޏ᧢ඒஃऱॾ࢚ᨠរΖᖕڼۖߢΔຘመኔ᎖ᖄඒஃऱஃஈࠫኔ᎖ᖄΔ༼
ࠎඒᖂኔ೭ᆖ᧭ऱኔΔא֗ຘመٺႈڇၞଥፖஆᓫΔ༼ࠎআၞറᄐ࿇୶֗Ꮭ ଖᑢऱᖲᄎΔലڶܗ࣍࠰ܗॣٚඒஃ৬مᔞ֊ऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᨠរΔၞۖᏺၞࠡڶ யඒᖂ।Ζ
དྷăඕኢᄃޙᛉ
Ιȃ๖! ፣!
)Ι*ߑӈఀৱޟఀᏰ߬܈ᢎᘈӰቹ७ޟϚӣՄԤ৯!
طছ૪ઔߒ࣠वΔؾছഏ՛ॣٚඒஃՕ᧯Ղڇ౨ԺױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕ ய౨֗൳ࠫଡᐋ૿ՂΔࠠڶለऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᐛΔۖڇॾٚᐋ૿ՂΔለխ
ॾٚ࿓৫Δ܀ڇवᢝዌࢤᐋ૿ՂΔঞࠠڶለ܅ऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᐛΖᖕڼۖߢΔॣ
ٚඒஃڇٺᐋ૿Ղऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᨠរࠠڶฆࢤΔڍᑇᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚Δለႜٻ࣍
إٻᨠរΔ܀սڶຝ։ᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚խࢤᨠរΔࢨለٻऱᨠរΖ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 193
)Π*ߑӈఀৱσᑖྃΣఀᏰώհ!
طছ૪࣠ᛧवΔؾছഏ՛ॣٚඒஃՕ᧯Ղႜٻ࣍ᎁ۞աڇඒᖂૠΕඒ ᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷᐋ૿հٺႈඒᖂ۩ՂΔຟࠠڶߜړऱඒᖂ।ΖᖕڼۖߢΔ
ॣٚඒஃኙ࣍ٺႈඒᖂՠ܂ՕຟᗨᄕऱދԵ֨ԺΔܘԺ୶ᚌᔆऱඒᖂ۩Δ֧
ᖄᖂسᖂΔאᏺၞᖂسᖂய࣠ΔሒګඒᖂؾᑑΖ
)έ*ظτߑӈఀৱޟఀᏰ߬܈ᇄఀᏰߒ౪฿Ԥ৯!
طઔߒ࣠वΔࠉ Kirk ࢬ༼נऱᣂᜤൎ৫ᑑᄷࠐΔՖࢤॣٚඒஃ࿑პֺ
ߊࢤඒஃႜٻ࣍ᎁอᖞᖂઝऱᠲवᢝࢨسᆖ᧭ऱवᢝհૹࢤΔᚌ࣍ڶߓ อΕڶิ៣ऱवᢝΙۖՖࢤॣٚඒஃڇඒᖂૠΕඒᖂյ೯֗ඒᖂࣷԿଡᐋ
૿ऱඒᖂ।Δ࿑პᚌ࣍ߊࢤॣٚඒஃΖطڼۖߢΔߊՖॣٚඒஃڇඒᖂॾ࢚Ղ ژڇထ֟ऱฆΔۖڇڶயඒᖂ।ՂΔՖࢤॣٚඒஃ࿑პᚌ࣍ߊࢤॣٚඒ ஃΖ
)Ѳ*ఀᏰ߬܈Өቹ७ᇄԤਝఀᏰߒ౪ڎࣺᜰܒȂٮоਝቹ७ޟᜰ
߽ၶϸ!
ࠉᖕം࠴ᇷற։࣫࣠ױवΔඒᖂॾ࢚ऱ౨ԺױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕய౨֗
ॾٚଡᐋ૿Δ݁ፖڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿ڶխ܅৫ऱᗨઌᣂΔࠀאய౨ᐋ૿
ऱઌᣂࢤለΙۖطڼଡᐋ૿ऱᒵࢤิٽᣂএΔࢬݮګऱඒᖂॾ࢚ࠢীڂై
Ӿ1Δᄎᆖطࠢীڂైӯ1Δᐙٺᐋ૿ऱڶயඒᖂ।Δٵᑌאய౨ᐋ૿່ࠠᐙ
ԺΖطڼۖߢΔඒᖂॾ࢚ፖڶயඒᖂ।ࠠڶઌᣂࢤΔۖאய౨ᐋ૿ፖڶய ඒᖂ।ऱᣂএለയ֊Ζ
Πȃ࡚! ដ!
)Ι*ߑӈఀৱۣਢலࣸࡦՌϏޟఀᏰ߬܈Ȃоቨ໌ఀᏰਝ!
طءઔߒം࠴ᇷற։࣫࣠ױवΔඒᖂॾ࢚ऱ౨ԺױႿࢤΕᖂسฆࢤΕய ౨֗ॾٚଡᐋ૿Δ݁ፖڶயඒᖂ।ࠠڶઌᣂࢤΖ᧩قॣٚඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚ऱ
ฆൣݮΔᄎᐙࠡڶயඒᖂ।ΖڂڼΔআࠌඒᖂய౨ऱ༼֒Δॣٚඒஃࡵழ
ൄኙ۞աऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᨠរףאઊ৸Δլឰऱګ९ΕଥإΔݮګࠠڶإٻᗨᄕऱඒ
ᖂॾ࢚ᨠរΔא।נٺႈڶயඒᖂ۩Δ༼֒ඒᖂய࣠Ζ
194ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
)Π*ᖞᒲӨӵᙛ໌ওᇄ৴ፙȂඪټߑӈఀৱடཾЛࡻᡝفȂоඪ Ѐڏਝ߬܈!
ඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ऱᣂএխΔאய౨ᐋ૿ፖڶயඒᖂ।ऱᣂ এ່യ֊ΔڂڼΔ༼֒ॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂய౨ॾ࢚Δڶܗ࣍আၞߜړऱඒᖂ।Ζ Օ᧯ۖߢΔய౨ॾ࢚ऱᏺၞΔԫֱ૿Ꮑڇᖂृറ୮֗ᇷᚌߜඒஃࢬჸऱඒᖂ റᄐψᨓਮωխΔլឰၲ୶ࠡψױ౨࿇୶ωΰzone of proximal developmentαΔี
ᗨࠡറᄐైᕆΔא༼֒ࠡءߪኙ࣍ᖂسᖂய࣠ऱᐙԺΔԫֱ૿ঞԵԱ ᇞॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂംᠲΔ༼ࠎറᄐᘬᇬאᇞެࠡܺឫΔۖ྇֟ய౨ॾ࢚ऱჾΖ طڼࠐΔࡵಾኙॣٚඒஃᜰᙄٺႈڶᣂඒᖂऱڇၞଥፖஆᓫΔך։༼ࠎࠡڇ ඒᖂറᄐՂऱ֭᧯ߓΔא༼֒ࠡറᄐైᕆ֗ᇞެࠡඒᖂܺឫΔၞۖᏺၞࠡඒᖂ ய౨ॾ࢚Δআၞߜړऱඒᖂ।Ζ
)έ*ԤᜰఀᏰដᚠޟఀى८ȂϚۣሆ܇ఀᏰ߬܈ᄇఀᏰᄂሬޟኇ!
ඒᖂޏऱؾऱڇ࣍ຘመٺႈඒߛฃऱኔਜΔআګڇኔᎾඒᖂൣቼऱඒᖂ ޏΔ༼֒ඒᖂᔆΔሒګඒߛؾᑑΖطءઔߒհ࣠ױवΔඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿
ኙڶயඒᖂ।ٺᐋ૿Օપࠠڶ᜔᧢ฆၦԫګԿ۟ԫګऱቃྒྷԺΔ᧩قඒᖂॾ
࢚սࠠڶᐙඒᖂኔᎾऱૹᏝଖΖڂڼΔڇၞ۩ڶᣂඒஃඒᖂᤜᠲऱඒߛޏ
ൻਜழΔᏁ֗ࠩඒஃኙඒᖂઌᣂᤜᠲऱᑨឆॾ࢚ፖᓵհ᠖ፖൎ֏Δאཚ ౨ڇኔᎾඒᖂൣቼխᆵኔΔ༼֒ඒᖂᔆΖ
)Ѳ*ఀᏰ߬܈ޟंـȂۣ௴ӻቹ७ޟंـᢎᘈ!
ءઔߒം࠴ᇷற։࣫ऱ࣠࿇Δඒᖂॾ࢚ٺᐋ૿ᆖڂై։࣫৵սژڇٺᐋ
૿ᗑمऱքڂైิীΔۖڼၴႛڶ .4 אՀऱઌᣂΔ᧩قඒᖂॾ࢚ࠠڶڼڇ ᄗ࢚რොՂᗑمऱڍଡᐋ૿Ζڼ؆Δڇॣٚඒஃඒᖂॾ࢚ऱउ։࣫խΔٍ࿇
ॣٚඒஃڇٺᐋ૿Ղऱඒᖂॾ࢚ᨠរࠠڶฆࢤΔڍᑇᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚Δለႜٻ
࣍إٻᨠរΔ܀սڶຝ։ᐋ૿ऱඒᖂॾ࢚խࢤᨠរΔࢨለٻऱᨠរΖᖕڼ ࠐΔڶᣂඒᖂॾ࢚ऱઔߒΔለࡵආ࠷ڍᐋ૿ऱઔߒֱڤΔࠐ։࣫ඒஃऱඒᖂॾ
࢚ᨠរΖ
)Ϥ*໌ߝਢޟఀىҕఊᇬंـ!
ءઔߒএආം࠴ᓳၞ۩ᇷறऱ፦ႃΔࠠڶઔߒᐖ৫Δ౨ജ፦ႃࠩՕᒤᑌ
Ꮒണ ୯λ߃Һ௲ৣ௲ᏢߞۺϷځԖਏ௲Ꮲ߄ϐࣴزʳ 195
ءऱᇷறΔ܀ਢለᣄൕ֮֏ࢨسऱᨠរΔᇞᤩ۩೯ृऱრᆠΖڂڼΔ৬ᤜآ ࠐऱઔߒױאಾኙ՛ᑌءආ࠷ඒߛاගઔߒΔၞ۩९ழၴඒඒᖂऱፖᨠ ኘΔൕ֮֏ࢨسऱᨠរΔᇞᤩॣٚඒஃऱඒᖂॾ࢚֗ඒᖂ।Ζ
ણ҂͛ᚥ
׆ࣔໃΰ1997αΖҕϛᏰᄂಬఀৱޟੲငᕊᇄᏰऋఀᏰϞंـΖഏمႂஃᒤՕᖂඒ ߛᖂߓጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
ޕঊྋΰ1992αΖωఀৱடཾԙߝᇄఀᏰਝᜰ߽ϞंـΖഏمፕஃᒤՕᖂඒߛઔߒ ࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
ࡌᄅ༄ΰ1991αΖҕϛᏰఀৱடཾܛᒛȃఀৱਝ߬܈ᇄᏰҡᏰཾԙ൷ᜰ߽ϞंـΖഏ مႂஃᒤՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
ࣥ௧ॹΰ1996αΖխඒஃᖿᚐᑓڤፖඒᖂய౨հઔߒΖఀىᇄЖ౩ंـȂ2:Δ 59-92Ζ
ࣥತΰ1990αΖרҕωᏰఀৱఀى߬܈ϞࣺᜰंـΖഏمਙएՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬ໑Փ ᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
५٢ΕຫࣔΕᄘۍΰ1999αΖڍց֏ஃᇷഛߛࠫ৫Հഏاխᖂኔඒஃհඒߛኔ
ګயᄅΕ៱ඒߛኔࠫ৫ऱֺለေ۷ΖఀىᏰѐȂ26Δ 91-142Ζ
࠱ࠕੳΰ1999αΖҕϛᏰᄂಬఀৱఀᏰࡦՃϞंـΖഏمႂஃᒤՕᖂඒߛᖂߓጚՓᓵ
֮ΔآנठΖ
ຫֵ८ΰ1997αΖҕωᏰఀৱሴᏲѽȃੲငᕊ๊ᇄఀᏰਝᜰ߽ϞंـΖഏمਙ एՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬ໑Փᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
ຫࣔΰ1998αΖҕϛᏰཱིᙟڙᄂಬఀৱఀىᄂಬԙਝຟեϞंـΖഏمႂஃᒤՕᖂ ඒߛᖂߓጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
ຫਟᖢΰ2000αΖҕϛᏰᄂಬఀৱࡦՃϞंـৱጒσᏰᇄఀىᏰแཾҡϞШၶΖ ഏمႂஃᒤՕᖂඒߛᖂߓጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
ඒߛຝΰ1998αΖҕఀىࢲΞԑΙೱ፞แᖂᆪᆪौΖፕקΚඒߛຝΖ
്ࠕᅛΕᓏए߶ΰ2000αΖᓰഘփஃسംյ೯հઔߒΚഏ՛ᑇᖂᓰംյ೯խඒஃඒᖂ ॾ࢚ፖඒᖂऱᣂএΖఀىᇄЖ౩ंـȂ34Δ 99-122Ζ
്ঊำΰ1996αΖҕωᏰఀৱఀᏰਝϞंـϚӣఀᏰਝ߬܈ఀৱޟఀᏰߒ ౪ЅڏఀᏰҡΨΖഏمႂஃᒤՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬ໑Փᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
196ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ྏոᗊΰ1993αΖҕωᏰఀৱఀᏰ߬܈ᇄఀᏰ࣏ᜰ߽ϞंـΖഏمፕஃᒤՕᖂඒߛ ઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
ᆺدఇΰ1999αΖזΰᓰαඒஃޅܒ৸ەඒᖂറᄐवᢝΕଡԳඒᖂய౨֗ඒᖂ۩հ
उ֗ᣂএհઔߒΖҳࢇݽσᏰᏰൢȂ89Δ 55-79Ζ
Ꮵᐚΰ1999αΖఀৱఀᏰ߬܈فಛϞϷݙЅڏᇄఀᏰ࣏ᜰ߽ϞंـΖഏمፕஃᒤՕ ᖂඒߛ֨ፖ᎖ᖄઔߒࢬ໑Փᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
Ꮵᙔᣜΰ1998αΖۣ៌ᑪωఀৱස߬܈ᇄఀᏰ߬܈ϞंـΖഏمक़ᓊஃᒤᖂೃഏاඒ ߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
ᠱᎮݳΰ1995αΖҕωᏰఀৱఀᏰ߬܈ȃఀৱਝᇄఀᏰ࣏ϞࣺᜰंـΖഏمৠࣟஃ ᒤᖂೃഏاඒߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ
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