加勒比海共同體（CARICOM）與台灣之間的僑民外交及能力養成 - 政大學術集成

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(1)國立政治大學亞太研究英語碩士學位學程 International Master’s Program in Asia-Pacific Studies College of Social Sciences National Chengchi University 碩士論文 Master’s Thesis. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. Diaspora Diplomacy and Capacity Building between the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and Taiwan 加勒比海共同體（CARICOM）與台灣之間的僑民外交及能力養成. ‧ er. io. sit. y. Nat. n. Student: Cleisha-Bernise Una Springer 克莉沙 a v. i l C n Advisor: Dr. Chuing h e n gPrudence c h i U Chou 周祝瑛中華民國 104 年 7 月 July 2015. Copyright © Cleisha-Bernise Una Springer 2015.

(2) Diaspora Diplomacy and Capacity Building between the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and Taiwan 加勒比海共同體（CARICOM）與台灣之間的僑民外交及能力養成. 研究生：克莉沙指導教授：周祝瑛. Student: Cleisha-Bernise Una Springer Advisor: Dr. Chuing Prudence Chou 國立政治大學. 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程碩士論文. A Master’s Thesis. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. ‧. er. io. sit. Nat. Studies. y. Submitted to International Master’s Program in Asia-Pacific. n. aNational iv l C Chengchi University n hengchi U In partial fulfillment of the Requirement For the degree of Master of Arts in Social Sciences. 中華民國 104 年 7 月 July 2015 Copyright © Cleisha-Bernise Una Springer 2015.

(3) Acknowledgements If I could express my gratitude to all the people who helped me, encouraged me with best wishes and prayers and most importantly pushed me towards completing this research, this section would equate to one chapter of this thesis. Nevertheless, the attempt will be made to include everyone in this space.. Firstly, I must thank God, the Almighty; the source of my strength. My faith in Him has held me steady throughout this time and I believe that without him, I would not have been able to present the fruition of two years of my academic career. To those who look. 政治大 I have also received your立 strength. Peace.. down on me from above (my grandparents, relatives and those who have gone before me). ‧ 國. 學. To my parents: as cliché as it sounds, no words can ever express my appreciation for the sacrifices you both made in order to help me reach my goals. It was through your. ‧. unceasing support and love that I was able to persevere amidst times where I truly felt. y. Nat. that I could not continue. You both are my greatest cheerleaders, my strongest support. sit. system. And may this thesis stand as a testament to your belief in me, and may it be yet. er. io. another affirmation of more things to come.. al. n. iv n C To my advisor Professor Chuing-Prudence Chou, committee h e n g c h i U members Professor Jorge Liu, Professor Deng Zhong-jian and Professor Chang Wen-yang, whose thorough guidance, patience, valuable criticisms and most of all support and approval of this topic aided in the completion of this thesis. I am relieved and happy that it is up to their standards.. To the distinguished participants in my research including the Ambassador of Saint Kitts and Nevis to Taiwan, Ambassador Jasmine E. Huggins and Ambassador of Belize Ambassador Cherie Nisbet, Director-general of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, Dr. Didacus Jules, Mr. Allen Hung and Mr. Chia Ming of the Foundation of International Cooperation and Higher Education of Taiwan and Director Mark Van Pelt i.

(4) of the Global Exchange Division at the Quanta Cultural and Enrichment Foundation: your time and willingness to contribute your knowledge and input to this novel topic is greatly appreciated.. I also extend my thanks to my classmates and friends. Cheers to those late nights, unstable wireless connection, stacks of research, cups of coffee and malfunctioning technology. Cheers to those talks of encouragement and promises of meeting personal deadlines that we failed to meet. Cheers to the late night talks and bouts of laughter that kept us going. Cheers to you all and thank you for your support, memories and friendship particularly during this time. I hope that I was able to provide the same to you.. 政治大 And lastly, I would like to thank my uncle Denys who urged me to take the chance to 立. come to Taiwan in 2011. Thank you. What started off as a one-year language exchange. ‧ 國. 學. program has turned into a four-year journey without any regrets. This thesis and this Master's degree also go to you.. ‧. To friends and family near and far, immediate and extended, calling each of you by name. y. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. would be a feat in and of itself. I hope this show of thanks can reach you all nonetheless.. Ch. engchi. ii. i n U. v.

(5) Abstract Through the availability of educational scholarships and cooperation exchanges offered by Japan, China and Taiwan to CARICOM nationals, a resource of human capital is present in the Asia-Pacific that has not been utilized. This diaspora is of mutual benefit to both regions in several ways, and is in need of specific mechanisms and structures to ensure effective diaspora mobilization. The thesis aims to re-introduce the topic of diaspora diplomacy and present its potential towards the creation of a collective CARICOM-specific initiative in Taiwan. These recommendations take into consideration the limitations and specificity of this case. Through the inclusion of document analyses, relevant supplementary studies, interviews and surveys, recommendations for a collective diaspora engagement strategy have been proposed. Thus, the research findings reiterated the potential of the diaspora in Taiwan, their willingness to be involved and emphasized the need for further engagement and diaspora mobilization to take place. This thesis, in its novelty serves as an impetus for additional research and much needed discussion with regards to diaspora engagement.. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. Keywords: CARICOM, Diaspora diplomacy, Capacity building, Students. ‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. iii. i n U. v.

(6) 摘要多年來，日本、中國大陸與台灣為加勒比海共同體，透過提供獎學金與合作交流等策略，來加強人力資本的開發。儘管如此，這些雙方的國際合作，並未在亞太地區獲得足夠的重視。尤其對於各方有利的僑民外交，更需要建構足夠的機制與制度，來建構彼此的僑民交流成效。有鑑於此，本研究擬重新檢視並探討僑民外交中，台、加雙方如何建立一個以加勒比海共同體為主的合作交流機制，及其對於雙方之可能影響。研究方法採用文件分析、訪談與問卷等方式，進行資料蒐集。研究結果發現，如何妥善運用在台的加勒比海共同體的僑民，尤其是來台的留學生等人力資源，以加強上述地區民眾的僑民外交能力養成，將有助於雙方未來進一步的交流與合作。論文最後並提出若干加強台、加兩地僑民外交的具體建議，也進一步呼籲未來學界投入相關研究之必要性。。. 治政關鍵字：勒比海共同體、僑民外交、能力養成、留學生大立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. iv. i n U. v.

(7) List of Tables Table 1. Population of CARICOM nationals in Taiwan………………………………3 Table 2. Definitions of ‘Many Caribbeans’…………………………………………..12 Table 3. List of Projects and Schemes in Saint Lucia Assisted by the Government of Taiwan……………………………………...34 Table 4. Jamaica’s Development Ideology…………………………………………..39 Table 5. Summary of Economic and Social Benefits of Diaspora Engagement……..47. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. v. i n U. v.

(8) Acronyms ACP AOSIS ASA-TS ASEAN AUN CARICOM CGYPN COFCOR FICHET. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. y. sit. n. al. er. io. USLOA UWI WTO. 立. Nat. ICDF ICFI ICT IDB IOC IOM JET MPI NASJ OECS PIF PYC QCEF SIDS UNCED. African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Alliance of Small Island States African students Association in Telangana State (India) Association of South East Asian Nations ASEAN University Network Caribbean Community CARICOM Global Youth and Professionals Network Council of Foreign and Community Relations Foundation of International Cooperation and Higher Education in Taiwan International Cultural and Development Foundation International Congress for Fiji Indians Inc. Information, Communication Technology International Development Bank Indian Ocean Commission International Organization for Migration Japan Exchange and Teaching Program Migration Policy Institute Network of African Students in Japan Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Pacific Island Forum Pacific Youth Council Quanta Culture and Education Foundation Small Island Developing States The United Nation’s Conference on Environment and Development Union of Saint Lucian Overseas Associations University of the West Indies World Trade Organization. Ch. engchi. vi. i n U. v.

(9) Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ i Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii List of Tables...................................................................................................................... v Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Background ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Motivation and Rationale ................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research Goals and Questions ........................................................................................... 5 1.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 6 Document Analysis ................................................................................................................. 6 Definition of Terms: ................................................................................................................ 8 1.5 Research Limitations ........................................................................................................... 9. 立. 政治大. Chapter 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................... 10. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 2.1 Strength in Many: SIDS and Regional Blocs .................................................................. 10 2.2 CARICOM: The Caribbean Community ........................................................................ 12 2.3 Overview of CARICOM-Asia-Pacific Relations ........................................................... 14 2.3.1 Diaspora Heritage: The Connecting Factor between the East and West .................... 15 2.3.2 CARICOM-Japan Relations ....................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 CARICOM and China Relations ................................................................................ 18 2.3.4 CARICOM and Taiwan Relations................................................................................ 19 2.4 The Diaspora, Brain Drain and Monetary Gain ............................................................. 20 2.4.1 Small-Island States amidst the Waves of Emigration. .................................................. 21 2.4.2 Diaspora Diplomacy: Utilizing Nationals Abroad ....................................................... 22 2.4.3 Diaspora Affairs: Where Does It Fit? ........................................................................... 23 2.4.4 Engaging the Diaspora ................................................................................................. 25 2.5 Culture: A Discourse on Definition ................................................................................. 26 2.6 CARICOM and the Importance of Culture .................................................................... 27 2.6.1 Carifesta: Embodiment of Caribbean Cultural Expression and Cooperation ............... 28 2.6.2 The Caribbean Diaspora in North America .................................................................. 29 2.6.3 The Diaspora as part of Civil Society .......................................................................... 30. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Chapter 3 Introduction to Case Studies ........................................................................ 32 3.1.1 Brief Overview of Saint Lucia Foreign Policy ............................................................. 32 3.1.2 Saint Lucia-Taiwan Relations ...................................................................................... 33 3.1.3 Saint Lucia’s National Diaspora Policy ....................................................................... 35 3.2 Jamaica: Mapping and Mobilization ............................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Brief Overview of Jamaican Foreign Policy ................................................................ 38 3.2.2 Jamaica-China Relations .............................................................................................. 39 3.2.3 Jamaica and the Diaspora ............................................................................................. 41. Chapter 4 Findings and Discussion ............................................................................... 44 4.1 Survey ................................................................................................................................. 44 4.2 Interviews ........................................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Discussion of Findings ....................................................................................................... 47. vii.

(10) Chapter 5 Recommendations and Conclusion ............................................................. 66 5.1. Recommendations............................................................................................................. 66 5.2 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 72. References ........................................................................................................................ 73 Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 80. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. viii. i n U. v.

(11) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background Migration has produced positive and negative effects on nations and regions. In 2011, The Economist (2011) stated that diaspora communities (particularly first-generation migrants) accounted for 3% of the world’s total population. The mass movement of peoples to more and less developed countries alike has led to a depletion of much needed talent and human capital in countries of origin. Small-island developing states (SIDS) in. 政治大 increased diaspora communities 立 abroad, their home countries have also benefited in. the Caribbean are not exempt from this extra-regional migratory trend. However, with. ‧ 國. 學. several ways.. Diaspora communities aid in the social and economic development of their home. ‧. countries through remittances and additional capital flows of foreign exchange.. y. Nat. Additionally, the diaspora has allowed local Caribbean businesses to enter into extra-. sit. regional markets. Most importantly, diaspora communities serve the purpose of. er. io. enhancing global awareness and cultural sensitivity of their host countries. Their presence. al. iv n C spurred activism and engagement. This draws attention h e n g c h i U to diaspora diplomacy and its importance in national and regional foreign relations approaches. n. and innate need for cultural expression has fostered people-to-people interactions,. Diaspora Diplomacy is noted as having three lucrative characteristics: (i) it promotes trust, (ii) spurs creativity and collaboration and (iii) allows for the ease and speed of communication links (Economist, 2011). Through mass emigration of Caribbean nationals to the United States, Europe, Canada and Latin America, the region’s rich culture has further diversified the socio-cultural fabric of these host countries. The AsiaPacific region, in recent years, has also become a destination of a small portion of these migration flows.. 1.

(12) Through the availability of scholarships and training programs offered by Japan, China, Taiwan and South Korea to nationals of Caribbean countries, an untapped resource of human capital exists in Asia-Pacific. This resource has the potential to augment in a real and beneficial way the formal foreign relation efforts between regional organizations such as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and Asia-Pacific. This can be especially enhanced through fostered cultural interactions between the two regions. CARICOM was formed in 1973 with the signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas in Trinidad and Tobago. However, The Community’s origins trace back to the West Indies Federation of 1958. Birthed from the Caribbean Federation Act two years prior, the West. 政治大 the British-Caribbean colonies. Presently, CARICOM officially consists of 15 island 立. Indies Federation was the region’s first attempt at integration which at the time comprised nations and land-locked territories namely, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas,. ‧ 國. 學. Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and. ‧. Tobago.. y. Nat. sit. The Caribbean Community’s foreign policy towards Asia-Pacific does not exist as a. al. er. io. jointly constructed policy. Rather, the Caribbean region’s approach to the Asia-Pacific. n. region exist as separate approaches of individual countries and are based on a variety of. Ch. i n U. v. factors including, national, economic and development goals and the respective foreign. engchi. policy positions on certain issues, such as the ‘One China’ policy. Yet, it is the Caribbean region’s vibrant and eclectic culture that has transcended political and economic barriers, allowing for widespread opportunities for building and strengthening relations among countries. As of April 2nd 2015, the National Immigration Agency of Taiwan totaled the number of foreign residents in Taiwan at over 636,000. This figure accounts for nearly 3% of Taiwan’s total population of 23.4 million people. Of this statistic, 386 foreign nationals come from 11 CARICOM member states which in turn represent 0.06% of Taiwan’s total international community (National Immigration Agency, Table 1). 2.

(13) Table 1. Population of CARICOM Nationals in Taiwan (April 2015) Population of CARICOM Nationals in Taiwan Country. No. of residents. Barbados. 4. Belize. 118. Dominica. 1. Grenada. 1. Guyana. 1. Haiti. 86. Jamaica. 3. 政治 44大 74. Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia. 立. Suriname. 1. Total. 386. ‧ 國. 53. 學. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Source: 104.2 Foreign Residents by Nationality 2015/4/2 (National Immigration Agency) 2015.. ‧. Of the 11 CARICOM countries listed above, Taiwan has established formal diplomatic. sit. y. Nat. relations with Haiti (1956), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1981), Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983), Belize (1989) and Saint Lucia (1984-1997, 2007). Though a small. io. n. al. er. percentage of the foreign population in Taiwan, the CARICOM diaspora can serve as a. i n U. v. vital and viable link that can produce avenues for enhanced cooperation and long-lasting friendship.. Ch. engchi. In presenting the potential of CARICOM nationals in Taiwan, the study aims to incite thorough discussion on the topic of collective CARICOM diaspora engagement in AsiaPacific; influencing a critical review of the foreign policy frameworks and promote targeted investments in cultural policy and diaspora engagement between CARICOM and Asia-Pacific states.. 1.2 Research Motivation and Rationale People-to-people interactions carry a strong, enduring impact on the way in which people view the world, the people in it and themselves. Globalization and migration, though with 3.

(14) its negative aspects has created global villages; hubs for cross-cultural exchanges. As countries try to compete economically and developmentally, what tends to be overlooked is how aware people are of those of different creeds and cultures in their respective homelands. In the rather homogenous societies of Asia-Pacific, the presence of multicultural communities is important to breaking down barriers, while promoting a spirit of social cohesion. In this way, hospitable social and economic environments can be created that effectively utilize the knowledge gained from sustained interactions between local and foreign communities. The connection between the Caribbean region and Asia-Pacific is. 政治大 Caribbean region and Asia-Pacific go beyond political recognition and dollar diplomacy. 立. not as distant as would be presumed. As will be explained further, relations between the Yet, it is not sufficient to solely focus on this link as through the presence of the. ‧ 國. 學. Caribbean diaspora a multidimensional learning experience laden with opportunities for even further connection and investment exists.. ‧. The Caribbean diaspora serves as the region’s collective voice around the world.. y. Nat. sit. Strengthening this voice via equipping and utilizing these communities ensures that it is. al. er. io. heard. As small-island developing states, this voice is imperative to ensuring the well-. n. being of countries and their citizens amidst their respective challenges. Cultural. Ch. i n U. v. expression serves as the outward preservation and affirmation of Caribbean identity. To. engchi. aid in the enablement and engagement of the Caribbean diaspora only enforces Taiwan’s view on identity as an important component of national sovereignty. For CARICOM to aid in this process by supporting its nationals in Taiwan, the link between the diaspora and the home region is bolstered. Additionally, there is a transfer of cultural knowledge that can further prepare the region for Asia-Pacific investment in innovative and sustainable sectors. In writing this thesis, there is a realization that the role of the diaspora in Taiwan is not only restricted to a certain demographic. The research provides an outlet; serving as a means for the community in Taiwan to expand their capacities and for the Caribbean 4.

(15) Community to understand that the presence of the diaspora in Taiwan is an opportunity abundant with potential. This research gives purpose and validation to a community limited by size and other disadvantages. It also aids in reducing the time taken to consider what would need to be done by actualizing it through specific practical recommendations. In so doing, the community, though small and distant is not rendered incapable.. 1.3 Research Goals and Questions The thesis presents diaspora diplomacy as an important option worthy of consideration by the CARICOM member states, where the cross-cultural exchange is maximized for the continued strengthening of relations between the two regions and the furtherance of their. 政治大. development goals. More specifically, this thesis seeks to achieve the following goals:. 立. To present relevant national and regional diaspora-based strategies that may be. 學. ‧ 國. 1.. employed collectively by CARICOM countries to strengthen relations between CARICOM and Taiwan.. ‧. 2.. To propose a strategy for active citizen mobilization of CARICOM nationals in. Nat. er. io. sit. y. Taiwan, by identifying and presenting potential opportunities for maximum engagement. The thesis will also seek to answer the following questions:. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 1. What tangible, mutual socio-economic benefits have such strategies produced in both the countries of origin and the host countries? 2. What specific aspects of regional diaspora-based diplomacy strategies can be applied to the CARICOM-Taiwan context?. 3. In what ways can the CARICOM diaspora in Taiwan enhance the environment and opportunities presented to them by their host country? 4. What obstacles must be addressed if the projected benefits are to be achieved? 5. Could such strategies progress to noted significance that could warrant concern. amidst tension brought on by the ‘One China’ Policy?. 5.

(16) 1.4 Methodology In aiming to answer the questions and address the above-stated goals, this thesis comprises of a literature review combined with analysis of selected national and regional diaspora-based policies and strategies. The thesis is also informed by in-depth face-toface and email interviews with relevant parties. The paper presents diaspora diplomacy as an important option worthy of consideration by the CARICOM member states. It concludes with several policy recommendations and limitations as they pertain to the aforementioned goals of this research. The paper presents diaspora diplomacy as an important option worthy of consideration by the CARICOM member states, whereby cross-cultural exchanges in the host countries are maximized for the continued. 政治大. strengthening of relations between the two regions and the furtherance of their. 立. development goals.. ‧ 國. 學. Document Analysis. ‧. The research review and analysis section provides concise introduction to CARICOM,. y. Nat. and CARICOM-Asia-Pacific relations. By addressing, Japan, China and Taiwan’s. sit. relations with CARICOM and its member states, the reader is presented with a general. er. io. overview of how Asia-Pacific states have become important to CARICOM and vice. al. n. iv n C thesis highlights historically and socially. In addition, h ethe i U the importance of the diaspora h n c g culture, capacity building and civic engagement in the development of their home versa. The thesis addresses what connects the two regions politically, economically,. territories and host countries.. In-depth Interviews As the thesis sought to present diaspora engagement in Taiwan as an undertaking of the Caribbean Community, three (3) in-depth interviews were conducted with the 6.

(17) Ambassadors of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Belize and the Director-General of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). These three interviews were conducted in order to determine the probability of a collective CARICOM diaspora policy in Asia-Pacific, what this policy would entail, and how can the diaspora be mobilized effectively in this regard. Additionally, two representatives from the Foundation for International Cooperation in Higher Education (FICHET) and the Quanta Culture and Education Foundation (QCEF) were also interviewed. These non-profit organizations were targeted for the sole purpose of understanding how the international community is incorporated into their missions.. 政治大. Analysis of diaspora-based policies. 立. Two pertinent examples from the Caribbean were included in this research. In so doing,. ‧ 國. 學. the analysis of these supplementary case studies highlighted areas of much needed development if a diaspora initiative in Taiwan were to come to fruition.. ‧. Recommendations were subsequently made for the purpose of creating a CARICOM. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Diaspora policy specific to the peculiarities of Taiwan.. Ch. engchi. 7. i n U. v.

(18) Definition of Terms: Diaspora diplomacy Diaspora diplomacy is a style of diplomacy whereby the role of diaspora communities extends into diplomatic and foreign policy-making processes (Mwagiru, 2012, p.76). The Economist (2011) notes diaspora diplomacy as having three lucrative characteristics: trust, creativity and collaboration, and communication. Capacity Building At the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environmental Development (UNCED), capacity building was defined as a country’s human, scientific, technological,. 政治大 evaluate and address the crucial questions related to policy choices and modes of 立 implementation among development options, based on an understanding of environment organizational, institutional and resource capabilities “.....enhanc[ing] the ability to. ‧ 國. 學. potentials and limits and of needs......" perceived by the people of the country concerned”. It describes a long term process that, according to the Urban Capacity. ‧. Building Network’s definition, includes providing people with the necessary resources and creating an enabling environment to allow them to be effective in their actions.. y. Nat. n. al. er. io. Cultural Diplomacy. sit. (Global Development Research Center).. Ch. i n U. v. Cultural Diplomacy is defined by the U.S. State Department as the exchange of ideas,. engchi. information, art and other aspects among nations and their peoples in order to form mutual understanding1.. 1. Cultural Diplomacy: The Linchpin of Public Diplomacy, U.S. Department of State, September 2005. 8.

(19) 1.5 Research Limitations This thesis is by no means exhaustive. Surveys were designed to gather qualitative and quantitative data on the CARICOM diaspora’s perceptions of their presence in Taiwan and their interest and willingness to be involved in engagement strategies. Though these surveys provided a quantitative and qualitative input to this research, a more in-depth follow up study would be suggested for future research on this topic Literature on the role of the Diaspora in CARICOM policy is not as abundant as would have been expected, especially in relation to Taiwan and the Asia-Pacific. In designing a. 治政 into consideration. For a CARICOM-Asia-Pacific culture-based 大 diaspora policy to be 立 factors that may have gone unnoticed in this study would considered plausible, various. policy geared towards a non-Western country and region, a lot of factors need to be taken. ‧ 國. 學. need to be further researched and addressed.. ‧. Restricted to Taiwan, the study does not incorporate contributions from the CARICOM diaspora in Japan, South Korea and China. Inclusion of data from these countries would. y. Nat. provide a more all-encompassing image as to the plausibility and effectiveness of the. er. io. sit. proposal being put forward.. al. n. iv n C U other SIDS regional blocs such as of the member states of the Caribbean h e nCommunity g c h i and It would also have proven interesting to compare the culture-based and diaspora policies the Pacific Island Forum. In so doing, additional evidence to support the argument that SIDS regional blocs can benefit from collective culture-based and diaspora-based approaches could be further reinforced. It is hoped that future research will be able to explore the communities in these countries and ultimately combine the studies into a formal document.. 9.

(20) Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Strength in Many: SIDS and Regional Blocs The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 recognized Small Island Developing States (SIDS) as a distinct group of nations with peculiar characteristics that warrants special consideration and assistance (Bass: Clayton, 1995). Though not unanimously accepted, the definition of SIDS includes the following characteristics: size, remoteness, vulnerability to external shocks, narrow resource base,. 政治大. and exposure to global environmental challenges2.. 立. The Barbados Programme of Action (1992) and the Mauritius Strategy of Implementation. ‧ 國. 學. (2008) echoed the complexity of the situation faced by 38 UN-recognized island states across the Caribbean, Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Asia-Pacific region3. These. ‧. challenges include, but are not limited to problems and disparities caused by increased globalization, trade liberalization benefits, and depletion of natural resources. The. y. Nat. Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) serves as the main all-encompassing negotiating. sit. body that also includes non-UN recognized territories. Other international bodies of. n. al. er. io. which SIDS are members includes the Commonwealth of Nations, the World Trade. i n U. v. Organization (WTO), and the African Caribbean Pacific Group of States (ACP).. Ch. engchi. In addition to CARICOM (Caribbean Community), other regional blocs such as the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), the Pacific Island Forum (PIF) and the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) serve as specific hubs for cooperation and integration among SIDS, based on their geographic location. The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States is a sub-regional bloc consisting of nine member states in the English speaking Eastern Caribbean. The Organization was. 2. Definition of SIDS is derived from the Developing States Network, About Us. http://www.sidsnet.org/ Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, UNDocuments, http://www.un-documents.net/sids-act.htm. 3. 10.

(21) established to promote cooperation on defense issues, international diplomacy and economic policies. Six of the OECS member states namely, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, Grenada and Antigua and Barbuda are also members of CARICOM. The Pacific Island Forum is an inter-governmental organization that acts as the collective body of 16 independent nation states. Founded in 1971 as the South Pacific Forum, the PIF seeks to effectively implement executive decisions that are in the best interest of the people in the Pacific. The organization’s goals include strengthening regional cooperation and integration, policy formation and enhancing the political governance and security for the region4.. 立. 政治大. Due to their unique situations, SIDS and their respective regional groupings have focused. ‧ 國. 學. on (and continue to focus on) developing policies and strategies aimed at addressing their individual and collective challenges and needs.. ‧. With the current global shift towards the Asia-Pacific region, Taiwan, China, Japan and. y. Nat. sit. South Korea (for example) have been increasingly reaching out to lesser developed. al. er. io. nations in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and the Pacific. Japan conducts. n. negotiations with CARICOM as a bloc as well as bilaterally. These efforts include. Ch. i n U. v. tailored strategies based on the needs and circumstances of target nation states, and/or. engchi. collective approaches based on the goals of regional organizations. Most of these efforts have been made in the area of climate change and sustainable development, information technology, infrastructure, agriculture, fisheries and marine resources. In light of the aforementioned challenges affecting small-island developing states, their foreign policies have been designed and implemented to compensate for such limitations by relying on cooperation with intra-regional actors with like challenges, and by seeking assistance from more developed extra-regional nations.. 4. About Us, The Pacific Island Forum General Secretariat, http://www.forumsec.org/. 11.

(22) Discourse on the most effective approaches to small-island state foreign policy includes multilateralism, regionalism and bilateralism. Keohane (1990) defines multilateralism as the coordination of policies by three or more countries via institutions or makeshift arrangements. Regionalism stresses the importance of the collective unit and involves formal, informal, institutional and non-institutional relations among countries of the same geographic grouping (Riedel, 2004). This thesis argues for multilateralism as the most suitable approach via the CARICOM diaspora in Taiwan and by extension, the AsiaPacific. First, an introduction to CARICOM and its relations to the Asia-Pacific will be presented.. 政治大 2.2 CARICOM: The Caribbean Community 立 Girvan echoes the importance of stating the context within which the definition of the. ‧ 國. 學. Caribbean region should be framed (Girvan, 2001). In answering the question ‘What is the Caribbean?’ the author illustrates the concept of “Many Caribbeans” based on several. ‧. interpretations according to their ethno-historical, geo-political, geo-economic or neocolonial peculiarities as seen in the table below.. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. io. Table 2. Definitions of “Many Caribbeans”. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Source: Girvan, Norman, Reinterpreting the Caribbean, (UWI Press 2001), p. 2. 12.

(23) This paper will adopt the ‘Caribbean of CARICOM’ definition of the region.. Brief History of the Caribbean Community CARICOM first came into existence in 1973 through the Treaty of Chaguaramas signed in Trinidad and Tobago. It was the transformation of the Caribbean Free Trade Agreement (CARIFTA) of 1968. But its origins began a decade earlier. The West Indies Federation of 1958 was the Caribbean’s first attempt at regional integration. Birthed from the Caribbean Federation Act two years prior, the West Indies. 政治大 Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, the then St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, 立 Saint Lucia, St Vincent and Trinidad and Tobago that had not yet gained independence Federation initially consisted of British Caribbean territories: Antigua and Barbuda,. ‧ 國. 學. from England and relied heavily on agricultural–based economies (CARICOM, 2011).. ‧. During the British colonial era, Caribbean countries were prime exporters of agricultural related products (sugarcane, molasses, bananas, tobacco and cotton) to Britain and the. y. Nat. sit. United States. This continued through to the late 19th Century and early 20th Century. er. io. with the mining of bauxite taking over during the 1980s. Even as each country became independent during the mid-late 20th Century, agriculture was still regarded as the. n. al. Ch. i n U. primary form of economic sustenance for the region.. engchi. v. However, the Federation’s main focus was to establish a collective political alliance among the ten territories rather than engage in economic integration. Free Trade among these territories was not an avenue that was considered during the Federation’s four year life-span (CARICOM, 2011). In the same spirit of cooperation that was present during the final days of the West Indies Federation, the British Caribbean then sought to include the South American territory of Guyana and the Central American territory of Belize. However, when Trinidad & Tobago gained independence in 1960 with Jamaica following their lead in 1961, the eventual dissolution of the West Indies Federation helped to create the structure of what CARICOM is today (CARICOM, 2011). 13.

(24) 2.3 Overview of CARICOM-Asia-Pacific Relations The dissolution of the West Indies Federation and the gradual movement of the countries into independence gave them full control over their international affairs and the ability to enter into bilateral and multilateral relations with other countries. The Caribbean Community’s connection with the Asia-Pacific was initially set within the parameters of the Commonwealth of Nations, formerly known as the British Commonwealth. Relations were limited based on a shared history of British colonization, along with ethno-historic ties represented by migrants who came to the region. The latter. 政治大. set the premise for cultural and diplomatic ties to be established between specific CARICOM states and their counterparts in the Asia-Pacific.. 立. By the 1980s, the emergence of new economies in the Asia-Pacific (including Taiwan,. ‧ 國. 學. Singapore and South Korea among others) along with the increasing number of newly independent states and regional hubs in the Caribbean, the ensuing environment became. ‧. conducive (particularly from CARICOM’s end) to pursue further relations with the AsiaPacific politically, diplomatically and economically.. y. Nat. sit. With regards to global trade and commercial interaction with the Caribbean region in. er. io. 2013, the region’s top two major trading partners were the United States and the. al. iv n C fuels, as well as the manufacturing In that same h esectors. i U year China, Japan and South h n c g Korea listed among the Caribbean region’s top 10 major trading partners. China and n. European Union respectively. The majority of trade was done in agriculture, mining and. Japan are placed in the top 10 with the United States and Europe being the region’s top trading partners. China, Japan and South Korea combined, account for almost 10% of major trade with the Caribbean (European Commission 2013).. Trade between CARICOM states and the Asia-Pacific during the mid-1990s was notably inconsistent and saw more products being imported by CARICOM states compared to products being exported to Japan, Taiwan, China, ASEAN and Korea. In light of the lack of natural resources and large-scale manufacturing facilities, what CARICOM states could not make up for economically was counteracted by earnest diplomatic efforts. 14.

(25) Soon, high level visits between CARICOM member states and countries in the AsiaPacific began to take place.. In May 2013, China’s President Xi Jinping, in his first visit to the Caribbean, met with leaders of the nine CARICOM nations that adhere to the PRC’s ‘One China Policy’. Within three months of President Xi’s official visit, President Ma Ying-Jeou of Taiwan embarked on his first diplomatic visit to the region, touring Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Haiti and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines5. In July 2014, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe met with CARICOM leaders at the first Japan-CARICOM Summit in Trinidad and Tobago (Jamaica Information Services, 2014). In October 2014, the fourth High-level. 政治大. Forum on the Korea-Caribbean Partnership was held under the theme “Enhancing the. 立. Korea-Caribbean Partnership for Co-Prosperity” (Korea.net, 2014). These occurrences. ‧ 國. 學. within such a short space of time from each other point to Asia-Pacific’s increasing interest in the region.. ‧. Yet, the Caribbean’s relations with the Asia-Pacific run deeper. Haiti and Suriname. y. Nat. fought alongside South Korea during the Korean War, and centuries of migration of. n. al. Ch. engchi. er. io. presence of the Chinese-Caribbean community.. sit. Chinese labourers to the Caribbean also added to the region’s identity through the. i n U. v. 2.3.1 Diaspora Heritage: The Connecting Factor between the East and West Following the abolition of the slave trade in 1838, plantation owners, (fearing loss of profit and status) were desperate to find alternative sources of labor. In an attempt to salvage the plantation economies, a system of indentured labor was used which saw relatively large movements of Chinese immigrants from Shantou, Guangzhou, Penang and Xiamen taking the six-month journey by ship to the colonies. In total, 20,000 Chinese were eventually brought over to Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago with the largest numbers being recorded between 1853 and 1866 (Misrahi-Barak, 2012).This 5. CNA, China Post, President Ma Ying-Jeou departs for visit to Paraguay and Caribbean Allies, 2013. 15.

(26) ethno-historic narrative, in addition to the presence of Indo-Caribbean and JavaneseSurinamese (that also resulted from indentured labour in the Caribbean) highlight the often overlooked, yet deeply-rooted connections between the Caribbean region and the Asia-Pacific. In recent years, Japan, China and Taiwan have been expanding their diplomatic relations sphere to the lesser developed states in the Western hemisphere. The following section provides a brief insight into Japanese, Chinese and Taiwanese foreign policy and diplomacy and how their policies relate to CARICOM.. 2.3.2. 政治大 CARICOM-Japan Relations 立. The history of Japanese diplomacy stems from the post-World War II era in an attempt to. ‧ 國. 學. salvage and to subsequently change its national image (Potter, 2009). It has since gone through several transformations and revisions. Throughout the periods of transformation,. ‧. Japan’s diplomacy strategies were tailored to suit regional, bilateral and multilateral. y. Nat. environments. With specific regard to its approach to small-island developing states,. n. al. Ch. er. io. nations on an individual and collective basis.. sit. Japan, as a significant international player, has been able to cement relations with island. i n U. v. Japan’s relationship with CARICOM states spans decades. The earliest of these relations. engchi. was established in 1964 with Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica (MOFA Japan, 2014). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan documented that the total population of CARICOM nationals living in the country as of July 2014 was 714. The population of Jamaican nationals in Japan by July 2014 alone had already exceeded the total population of CARICOM nationals in Taiwan by April 2015. Formal relations between Japan and CARICOM (as a collective) began in 1994 and have since 2002 been elevated to a more official level with the commencement of the Japan-CARICOM Ministerial Conferences. The Fourth Japan-CARICOM Ministerial Conference in November 2014 came on the heels of the first Japan-CARICOM Summit in July 2014 which was held in Trinidad and 16.

(27) Tobago. Prior to 2014, Japan's bilateral assistance to the region focused mostly on capacity building and institutional building in fisheries. In return, countries in the OECS sub-region in particular supported Japan's position within the International Whaling Commission. Co-chaired by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe it was at this summit that the three pillars of Japan’s CARICOM Policies were introduced (MOFA Japan, 2014). Japan’s CARICOM Policies according to these three pillars are (i) Cooperation towards sustainable development, including overcoming the vulnerabilities particular to small island states, (ii) Deepening and expanding fraternal bonds of cooperation and friendship and (iii) Cooperation in addressing challenges of the international community (MOFA Japan, 2014).. 立. 政治大. The second pillar in particular takes into consideration the role of multi-level cultural and. ‧ 國. 學. educational exchanges that involve the public and private sectors with the important goal of “enhance[ing] mutual understanding and strengthen[ing] the bonds of. ‧. friendship”(MOFA Japan, 2014). Japan’s Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida, reiterated the importance of such measures; pledging the Japanese government’s support for further. y. Nat. sit. cooperation in several areas which include (but are not limited to) continued assistance. er. io. in, and promotion of Japanese language education at the University of the West Indies, sports, tourism, business and ICT ventures, and the continued funding and promotion of. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme (which aims at promoting and. engchi. fostering grass-roots international exchanges between Japan and other nations). Prime Minister Abe also noted the need to establish more embassies throughout CARICOM states which would allow individual relations between Japan and its CARICOM partners to be more fruitful and uninhibited by distance. At present, only 3 out of the 15 CARICOM member states have diplomatic missions and consulates in Japan.. 17.

(28) 2.3.3 CARICOM and China Relations China’s foreign policy approach to small-island states and other developing states includes assisting in the advancement of lesser developed countries in a spirit of goodwill and continued cooperation. Added to the political agenda explicitly expressed via the ‘One China Policy’, China’s interest in the lesser developed states of the Asian, African, Latin American and Caribbean region has increased. The People’s Republic of China has established diplomatic relations with nine CARICOM countries namely Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Dominica, Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana, Suriname, Antigua and Barbuda and The Bahamas. The earliest of. 政治大. these ties was established in 1972 between China and Guyana. China has similarly. 立. provided monetary assistance to various developmental projects across educational,. ‧ 國. 學. economic, agricultural and technological categories. The Caribbean Centre for Money and Finance estimates that China has provided close to US$86 billion dollars in development assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean from 2005 to the first half of. ‧. 2013 (China-Caribbean Relationship, CCMF, 2013). China is also a member of the Inter-. sit. y. Nat. American Development Bank and the Caribbean Development Bank6.. er. io. The three main goals of relations between China, Latin America and the Caribbean were. al. iv n C strengthening strategic ties and enhancing U trust, (ii) taking practical and h e n gmutual ipolitical h c creative steps to tap the potential for economic cooperation, (3) attaching greater n. stated by former Chinese President Hu Jintao in 2004. These goals include: (i). importance to cultural exchanges to deepen mutual understanding (Bliss, 2010). Cultural Diplomacy as a facet of China’s foreign policy gained particular relevance in 2012 and 2013 as it constituted the third pillar of Chinese Diplomacy. “Cultural diplomacy and soft power are important strategies for the Chinese leadership in developing benign impressions about China and securing strategic dividends through. 6. Thompson, Fontaine, China Invests billions in the Caribbean while Washington looks on,. (TheDominican.net), 2013 http://thedominican.net/2013/06/china-invests-billions-in-caribbean.html. 18.

(29) ‘virtuous’ policies of engagement”(Palit, 2014). The establishment of Confucius Institutes have aided in promoting China’s cultural diplomacy by bridging academic components and the urge for international dialogue among its neighbours. As of July 2015, all campuses of The University of the West Indies house a Confucius Institute where the curriculum comprises Mandarin Chinese, Chinese calligraphy, Tai chi and Chinese film.. 2.3.4 CARICOM and Taiwan Relations Taiwan has established diplomatic relations with 5 CARICOM nations namely, Saint. 政治大 was the first country to establish diplomatic ties with Taiwan in 1956. 立. Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Belize. Haiti. ‧ 國. 學. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China on Taiwan refers to Article 141 of the Constitution of Taiwan as a summary of its foreign policy goals:. ‧. “…in a spirit of independence and initiative and on the basis of the principles of equality. Nat. sit. y. and reciprocity, cultivate good-neighborliness with other nations, and respect treaties and. er. io. the Charter of the United Nations, in order to protect the rights and interests of Chinese citizens residing abroad, promote international cooperation, advance international justice. n. al. i n U. and ensure world peace.” (MOFA Taiwan, Article 141). Ch. engchi. v. Under the Ma Ying Jiu Administration, Taiwan’s Diplomatic approach to its neighbours in the international community centers round the concept of viable diplomacy or flexible diplomacy. Viable Diplomacy is defined as a compromise that allows Taiwan to continue its diplomatic efforts, while still retaining and maintaining ties with China. It continues to observe the status-quo “while adhering to the principles of dignity, autonomy, pragmatism, and flexibility. This policy has enabled Taiwan to consolidate relations with its diplomatic allies, strengthen substantive ties with countries with which it does not have diplomatic relations, expand its international participation, and obtain visa-waiver treatment.” (MOFA Taiwan, 2014). 19.

(30) Viable Diplomacy forms part of the R.O.C.’s foreign policy towards Cross-strait affairs and international relations. Though the Republic of China has also provided assistance with similar projects to countries, Taiwan's strategic approach has more of a soft power undertone. This was especially effective in its rapid relief effort in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti (Ong, 2010). Moreover, CARICOM countries have benefited from the presence of the Taiwan Cultural. 政治大 opportunity to enhance their international awareness of Taiwan’s many roles in the world 立 Youth Ambassadors program that has since 2009 given CARICOM countries the. as peacemaker, provider of humanitarian aid, promoter of cultural exchanges, creator of. ‧ 國. 學. new technologies and business opportunities, and standard bearer of Chinese culture (Taiwan Today, 2014). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Ministry of Education and. ‧. the International Cultural and Development Fund (ICDF) have also issued scholarships to. er. io. a. sit. Nat. ranging from civil engineering to agriculture.. y. CARICOM nationals for undergraduate, graduate and doctorate level programs in fields. n. iv 2.4 The Diaspora, Brain l Drain and Monetary Gain. n U i e n g cthehfollowing characteristics: “[the] Gamlen (2008) defines a diaspora as having. Ch. dispersion to two or more locations; ongoing orientation towards a homeland; and group boundary maintenance over time. (Butler; Brubaker 2001)” Thus (1) the host country(ies) (2) the country of origin and the (3) the foreign community within that host country comprise a current consensus of the definition used in diaspora research. This sentiment is echoed by Makumi Mwagiru (2012) who notes that debate on a universally accepted definition of diaspora has led to emergent consensus on three specific criteria: dispersion, homeland orientation and boundary maintenance: “The first refers to any form of dispersion as long as territorial borders are crossed. It has 20.

(31) been argued that ethnic communities divided by territorial borders also constitute a diaspora (Brubaker 2005:5). Homeland orientation requires some loyalty to, or recognition of, a real or imagined homeland from which flow value, identity and loyalty. Boundary maintenance involves maintaining an identity distinct from that of the host society, which can be done by resisting assimilation into the host society through selfsegregation, or can be an unintended consequence of social exclusion (Brubaker 2005:6)”(Mwagiru, 2012) . This leads to several common characteristics of diaspora communities, of which retention of collective memory, relation to homeland identity and the desire to use skills acquired. 政治大. in their host countries for the development of their own homeland are a few.. 立. Reasons for the movement and relocation of communities from their countries of origin. ‧ 國. 學. to new environments are primarily based on factors that Henry (2010) quotes Everett S. Lee as attributing to the negative environments of the homeland versus the positive. ‧. environments of countries of destination (Frazier: Harvey, 2010). Additionally, personal motivations and intervening obstacles (immigration laws and physical distance) are also. y. Nat. sit. determining factors. Asylum seekers, refugees of war and natural disasters, economic. n. al. er. io. migrants can constitute types of diasporic communities.. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 2.4.1 Small-Island States amidst the Waves of Emigration. Migration has produced positive and negative impacts on nations and regions. The mass movement of peoples to more developed countries has led to a depletion of much needed talent and human capital. However, with increased diaspora communities abroad, countries have also benefited from their contributions from their host countries. By sending money to relatives back in their native countries, diaspora communities fuel the development of their homelands by injecting foreign currencies into their economies. Remittances serve as the main and most profitable link between SIDS and their diaspora abroad. According to the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) of the Inter-American 21.

(32) Development Bank (IDB) remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean region exceeded US$60billion in 2013. Seventy-five percent (75%) of the total amount of remittances was sent from the United States of America, with Spain contributing the second largest flow of capital to the region (Inter-American Development Bank, 2014). Remittances to the Caribbean increased by 3 percent in 2013 compared to 2012, capping at US$8.5 billion. In 2005, at US$6.4million, the transmittals had already become the second largest source of capital for the region. But as early as 2002, the Caribbean region was already listed as the largest recipient of remittances globally (Roberts, 2006). It is evident that diaspora communities aid in the economic development of their home. 政治大 Additionally, the diaspora have caused local Caribbean businesses to enter into extra立 countries through remittances and additional capital flows of foreign currencies.. regional niche markets due to the diaspora’s noticeable presence and their demand for. ‧ 國. 學. local products. These statistics underscore the importance of capital flows to the region through the diaspora abroad.. ‧. y. Nat. Conversely, diaspora communities can also serve the purpose of enhancing the global. sit. awareness and cultural sensitivity of their host countries. Their presence and innate need. al. er. io. for cultural expression have produced outlets for fostered people-to-people interactions,. n. activism and engagement.. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 2.4.2 Diaspora Diplomacy: Utilizing Nationals Abroad Diaspora Diplomacy represents one of ten types of state diplomacy approaches of small island states (Henrikson, 2008). Though an old concept in definition, literature on diaspora studies has gone through several phases; all of which expand and transform the classical perceptions of the term and how it applies to the present. The role and involvement of diaspora in national policy and international relations has become a recent topic of discourse, particularly as a result of increased globalization and the mass movement of peoples that have followed.. 22.

(33) The International Organization of Migration (IOM) reiterates the role of the diaspora as one that has the potential to reach “significant levels7. On a financial level, diaspora communities can make contributions to direct business investments, capital market investments and charity in addition to regular channels of remittances. However, the diaspora can also be involved in knowledge and skill transfers, creation of job markets and linkages, advocacy and developing civil society (Ionescu, 2006). : With regards to diaspora-centered policy formation, the IOM alludes to effective diaspora policies as having: (i). Enabling roles: whereby the focus is on attempting to find solutions to the. 政治大 contribute to the development of their home countries. Ministries would also 立 hindrances that prevent diaspora communities from fully being able to. need to be equipped with the necessary capacities to cater to diaspora affairs.. ‧ 國. 學. (ii). Inclusionary roles: recognizing and validating diaspora communities as full citizens, their input, potential and their contributions; increasing trust-building. ‧. between the home-front and their diaspora through institutional change that makes allowances for nationals abroad.. y. Nat. Partnership roles: connecting the diaspora by creating opportunities for. sit. (iii). al. er. io. cooperation in between associations, regions, municipalities, public. n. enterprises and the like. (iv). Ch. i n U. v. Catalytic roles: whereby change is incited for the purpose of identifying and. engchi. addressing issues facing diaspora communities8.. 2.4.3 Diaspora Affairs: Where Does It Fit? The brain drain has been an issue faced by both developed and developing nations. However, transforming migration into a source of innovation, change and sustainability. 7. Engaging the Diaspora for Development: IOM Policy-Oriented Research, International Organization on Migration, ,http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/ policy_documents/iom_research.pdf 8 Engaging the Diaspora for Development: IOM Policy-Oriented Research, International Organization on Migration,http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/p olicy_documents/iom_research.pdf. 23.

(34) had been observed by countries as a means of turning a handicap into an advantage. Diaspora Affairs has thus become an important area of investment whereby governments and international organizations seek to maximize on the present contributions and potential contributions of their respective diaspora. In a survey issued by The Global Forum on Migration and Development, a total of 400 institutions across 56 countries have mechanisms of in place to connect and engage their diaspora communities. These institutions are present in the home and host countries. Out of this number, 77 were formally established with the specific function of focusing on diaspora engagement. Aguinas and Newland (2011) in analyzing the aforementioned data. 政治大. described such diaspora institutions as falling under six main categories: (i). 立. Ministry level: the establishment of separate ministries solely responsible for. ‧ 國. (ii). 學. diaspora affairs,. Sub-ministry level: creation of offices or directorates as the subsidiaries of certain ministries (usually the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Labor),. ‧. (iii). National level: institutions that although are not officially ministry of sub. y. Nat. ministry institutions still interact with the local government by reporting to the. al. iv n C where diaspora communities retain ties and possess a strong degree of h e n still gchi U n. (iv). er. io. branches),. sit. highest executive body (i.e. Presidential offices, state councils and legislative. Local level: specified to particular local regions or territories within a county. familiarity, especially if the country is considerably large (ex. India: Department of Non-resident Keralite's Affairs), (v). Consular-related: utilizing the presence of overseas missions to take on diaspora related functions,. (vi). Quasi-governmental: under the guise of foundations, commissions and councils, countries are able to avoid possible accusations of intrusion into the affairs of host countries while still maintaining a relatively significant presence in said country.. 24.

(35) From Nigeria to the Netherlands, Chile to China, and Guatemala to Georgia the presence of diaspora engagement institutions at the ascribed levels shows the increasing importance, inclusion and utilization of the diaspora in practical areas. Inspiration can thus be derived from these more developed countries as they give insight into what a potential CARICOM-tailored diaspora initiative would involve and at what levels it could be employed. For the Caribbean region, such avenues for policy formulation are vital for spurring incentive among its diaspora to continue to contribute and invest in their home countries and the region. Mortley (2014) notes that Caribbean migrants are interested in investing. 治政大 associations abroad in the given. Additionally, by consulting the national and regional 立 policy-making process, the effectiveness of policy implementation is more guaranteed. in their countries, providing that favorable policy conditions, incentives and benefits are. ‧ 國. 學. and it also promotes greater transparency.. Though the collective diaspora engagement institutions of specific regional hubs like. ‧. CARICOM were not included in the survey, it does not diminish the significance of the. y. Nat. presence of these individual institutions. Countries such as Jamaica and Haiti have been. io. sit. able to develop diaspora engagement institutions and implement policies to effectively. n. al. er. utilize the Diaspora's contributions abroad for their own national development.. Ch. 2.4.4 Engaging the Diaspora. engchi. i n U. v. Mendoza and Newland (2012) provide in-depth suggestions for engagement strategies that hone in on the ways in which the diaspora can be effective in their countries of destination and countries of origin, and how governments of both the home and host countries can collaborate to ensure the success of such strategies and reap mutual benefits. However, there must be mutual understanding and involvement from all partners as governments of destination countries (for instance) can only follow through with cooperating with diaspora communities by assisting in projects on the home-front unless the corresponding governments in the countries of origin recognize and are willing to include that diaspora in its development projects. 25.

(36) The IOM also notes that for diaspora engagement to be incorporated into national (and regional) policy, the process should involve, diaspora mapping, stakeholder mobilization and confidence building. The IOM and the Migration Policy Institute have been instrumental in assisting countries with such practices. Guyana, Jamaica and Suriname have established partnerships with the International Organization of Migration to assist in this regard by staging workshops and training seminars that focus on the fundamental aspects of diaspora research (IOM, 2013). Kilduff and Corley (1999) noted that although people leave their homeland, they are not. 政治大 in contact with relatives in their respective countries, “…they often create communities 立. severed from its culture. Not only has technology allowed expatriate communities to keep of the displaced to help retain their sense of attachment and identity.” In this way. ‧ 國. 學. diaspora communities can aspire to two different ways of cultural identity which would either (i) focus on the collective selves or (2) reflects the known similarities and. ‧. differences which “constitute ‘what we really are’ or rather since history has intervened” (Stald:Tufte, 2002). Though this cultural memory may not be considered equal in. y. Nat. sit. monetary value as remittance flows in some circumstances, there is still value that must. al. er. io. also be recognized. However, in order for the CARICOM diaspora to promote its culture. n. and add to the multicultural milieu of Taiwan, the definition of culture and how the. Ch. i n U. v. Caribbean Community and the diaspora relate to it must be defined.. engchi. 2.5 Culture: A Discourse on Definition Culture in today’s globalized community harnesses the creative energy and innovation to produce a plethora of opportunities for countries to utilize their own resources and cultural knowledge to promote their own distinct characteristics towards a more sustainable future. The Caribbean’s dynamic culture can be employed in a variety of areas with the overall goal of continuing to strengthen intra-CARICOM and interCARICOM relations.. 26.

(37) Birukou (2009) presents a discourse on several interpretations of culture in an attempt to produce a standardized concept. Culture is agreed to be “consisting of something that is shared/and/or learned by a group of people” (Birukou, et. al, 2009). What is “shared” is described as the behavior, ideas, beliefs, traditions and knowledge of the said group of people or agents. UNESCO’s New Cultural Policy Agenda for Development and Mutual Understanding emphasizes the importance of culture as a medium for transparency, whereby creating an environment for joint communication and growth9. Ganga illustrates how cultural expression, negotiating identities and building bridges are interrelated factors that “can. 政治大 negotiate with confidence amongst the multiple aspects of their identity, thereby 立. help to build cohesive societies at ease with themselves, because it helps individuals preventing or reversing social disintegration.”. ‧ 國. 學. The overall goal is to strengthen the relationship between countries and societies as a. y. Nat. io. n. al. er. 2.6 CARICOM and the Importance of Culture. sit. relevance.. ‧. prerequisite for more fulfilling dialogue and progress on matters that are of mutual. Ch. i n U. v. CARICOM launched its Regional Cultural Policy initiative in 1997. The policy states. engchi. how culture is an “intersecting continuum” which adapts and modifies itself based on the present while retaining the ideas, beliefs and practices that make life meaning to the everyday Caribbean man, woman and child (CARICOM Regional Cultural Policy, 1997). Hon. Maxine Wilson, former Minister of Education, Youth and Culture in Jamaica emphasized that building the region’s identity is the facilitator for how Caribbean countries integrate and to what extent they will do so. Culture cannot be defined as a hierarchy, rather, it is made up of differences that have resulted from the people. 9. UNESCO, New Cultural policy agenda for Development and Mutual Understanding http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002147/214747e.pdf. 27.

(38) interacting with their environment and each other10. Understanding the definition of Caribbean identity takes into consideration the existence of the Caribbean person which stands as validation and representation of a national and regional heritage. Underlined in the 1997 Cultural Policy is an explanation of what CARICOM Heads of State plan to achieve with regards to promoting the region’s culture. The policy describes Caribbean heritage as being made up of the “collective memory”; where “just as no individual can hope for a whole sense of self and authentic action in the world without his or her personal memory, so is it also futile for a people to hope for social harmony and true civilizing achievement without [it].” (CARICOM, 1997).. 政治大 The cultural memory encompasses the multi-ethnic element of ethos “which upholds the 立 value for people to have and maintain access to the cultures of their ancestors”11. The. ‧ 國. 學. element of ethos can be seen through visual and artistic channels such as the Caribbean Festival or Carifesta.. ‧ y. sit. al. er. io. Cooperation. Nat. 2.6.1 Carifesta: Embodiment of Caribbean Cultural Expression and. n. Carifesta or the Caribbean Festival of the Arts is a primary tool of the Caribbean. Ch. i n U. v. Community to advance its foreign policy goals and promote functional co-operation in. engchi. the human and social development of the region12.. The first installment of what is now Carifesta was held in Puerto Rico in 1952. Jamaica and Guyana were the only countries of the present day CARICOM represented. In 1972, under the theme “The Artist in Society with special reference to The Third World”, Carifesta I made its official debut in Guyana. The theme highlighted the people and. 10. Culture in the Future of the Caribbean Community, Hon. Maxine Henry-Wilson, Minister of Education, Youth and Culture, Jamaica, CARICOM Distinguished Lecture Series, 2003 11 CARICOM Secretariat, Culture in the Future of the Caribbean Community by Hon. Maxine Wilson, http://www.caricom.org/jsp/speeches/30anniversary_lecture_3_henrywilson.jsp 12 CARICOM Secretariat, CARIFESTA: An Embodiment of Caribbean Integration. http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/uwicaricomproject/carifesta_embodiment_integration.jsp. 28.

(39) motions put forth at two Caribbean Artists and Writers conferences in 1966 and 1970, respectively. What was discussed was the need for these same artists and writers to share, exchange, educate, support and carouse in the diverse historical, ethnic and cultural spectrum that gave life and meaning to the development of their various art forms13. Shortly after CARICOM was formed in 1972, Carifesta was officially declared as a celebration of the region’s rich and flamboyant culture with the aim of fostering unity and promoting Caribbean culture regionally and globally. Moreover, CARICOM States have seen the emergence of new outlets for cultural expression such as dance companies, schools of music and performing arts companies, with the emergence of new media such. 政治大. as film, animation, fashion and print. Acknowledging and encouraging these timely creative outlets among the region’s youth can involve them in the continuous. 立. preservation and development of ways to promote their culture regionally and. ‧ 國. 學. internationally. As some emigrate, to become part of the diaspora, this cultural memory is also translated to new environments and shared with local communities.. y. ‧. Nat. 2.6.2 The Caribbean Diaspora in North America. sit. In the United States for example, the immigrant Caribbean population (also known as the. er. io. West Indian population) has significantly added to America’s socio-ethnic fabric. In states. al. n. iv n C region’s influence has been notedhby Senator Marty Markowitz in 1994 as being as engchi U. like New York and Miami, where large populations of West Indian immigrants reside, the embedded into society as that of the Italian, Jewish and Irish communities (Purdy, 1994). In 2005 under the G.W Bush administration, The House of Representatives designated June as the month where West Indians and Caribbean Americans alike celebrate their legacy14. Not only has the hosting of these events aided in the further integration of Caribbean culture into the social fabric of their host countries, it has also benefited their host. 13. The History and evolution of Carifesta, http://x.carifesta.net/?q=history National Caribbean-American Heritage Month marks 10th anniversary in 2015, http://www.caribbeanamericanmonth.org/. 14. 29.

(40) countries economically. Its presence also reflects a democratic society; portraying an image whereby all are welcomed and celebrated. This image can be developed and promoted for the purpose of boosting regional tourism and other industries. Scotia Bank Caribbean Festival/ CARIBANATM (CANADA): This festival is considered the largest Caribbean cultural event in North America. Started in 1967, it was driven by members of the community who, over the years became known as the CARIBANATM Arts Group. In 2010, CARIBANATM contributed to $438million dollars towards the economy of Toronto (Nangwaya, 2011).. 政治大 hosting of the West Indian Day Parade took place in Brooklyn during the 1940s. From a 立 West Indian Day Parade/ Labor Day Parade (NEW YORK): The earliest known. spectacle drawing in a few thousand people, the event now attracts an audience of nearly. ‧ 國. 學. 3.5milion. Having the largest West Indian population in the United States, the state of New York has also shared in the profits made by event patrons and sponsors. In 2003,. ‧. $86million dollars was made on every 1million attendees, totaling over $300million generated by tourism, local purchases and the use of public transportation (Meschino,. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 2012).. n. Events of such magnitude may not be suitable for the diaspora in Taiwan. However,. Ch. i n U. v. though miniscule in comparison to the Caribbean diaspora in the United States, Canada. engchi. and the United Kingdom, the CARICOM diaspora in Taiwan remains relevant and, if maximized through the implementation of pertinent projects and schemes, can generate effective avenues for future investment.. 2.6.3 The Diaspora as part of Civil Society Discourse on civil society, its overall functions and goals have evolved; taking on a broader significance and position globally. Initially considered as being under the influence of political agendas - as a channel for public and partisan schemas, this concept expanded to include civil society as the “public sphere…[that is] no longer confined to 30.