內向僅為外向之相反嗎? –「內外向性多向度量表」之編製及驗證 - 政大學術集成
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(2) 周 穎 琦.
(3) ; 1,011 SEM 1 2. !. ! I.
(4) Abstract The purpose of the study was contesting the prevailing view of the onedimensional construct of Introversion-Extraversion ( I-E ). The researcher first proposed an alternative hypothesis that I-E is a bi-dimensional construct and developed a new type of I-E inventory treating I-E as independent dimensions. The inventory was administered to 1,011 college students form Taiwan’s 3 geographical regions and then refined by item analysis. Finally, the data was analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to verify the hypothetic model. The major findings are: (1) I-E is a Multi-dimensional construct including Positive Extraversion (PE), Negative Extraversion (NE), Positive Introversion (PI), and Negative Introversion (NI) as four facets. (2) The core construct of PI is “Selforientation” and that of PE is “Activeness” which is in contrast to the conventional view of “Sociability” as the core construct of extraversion. Besides, the Multi-dimensional Inventory of Introversion-Extraversion has acceptable reliability and validity; however, the criterion-related validity remains to be verified.. Key words. introversion. extraversion. personality inventory. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). !. ! II.
(5) !. ! III.
(6) ..................................................................................... I Abstract ................................................................................................. II ..................................................................................... III ................................................................................................. IV ...................................................................................... VI ............................................................................................... IX. ......................................................................................................... 1 ..................................................................................... 1 ................................................................................................. 3 ................................................................................................. 3. ................................................................................. 7 ....................................................................... 7 ............................................................................. 23 ............................................................................. 30 ..................................................................................... 41. ................................................................................ 45 .................................................................................... 45 ................................................................................................ 46 ................................................................................................ 49 ......................................................................................... 52 ................................................................................................. 60 ................................................................................................. 70. !. ! IV.
(7) ................................................................................ 77 .................................................................................... 77 ................................................................... 84 ..................................................................... 94 ..................................................................................... 99 ........................................................................... 107 ..................................................................... 113. ............................................................ 115 .................................................................................... 115 ..................................................................................................... 121 .................................................................................... 124. ............................................................................................. 129 ..................................................................................................... 129 ..................................................................................................... 132. ............................................................................................... 142 .............................................................................. 142 ........................ 146 A. .......................................................... 147. A. .......................................................... 148. B. .......................................................... 149. B. .......................................................... 150 ………………........................................................... 151. ! !. ! V.
(8) 2-1. Goldberg 100. ......................................... 14. 2-2. Mini-Markers. .......................................................... 14. 2-3. Goldberg 339. .......................... 15. 2-4. ................................... 18. 2-5. …...... 19. 2-6. ….......................................... 25. 2-7. …..……................................................ 26. 2-8. …………............................................... 27. 2-9. …………............................................... 29. 2-10. !. 100. ................................................................... 3-1. .......................................................................... 49. 3-2. .................................................................................. 50. 3-3. …...................................................................................... 51. 3-4. ....................................................................... 61. 3-5. ....................................................................... 62. 3-6. ....................................................................... 62. 3-7. ....................................................................... 63. 3-8. ....................................................................... 63. 3-9. ....................................................................... 64. 3-10. ....................................................................... 64. 3-11. ....................................................................... 65. 3-12. ............................................................... 65. 3-13. ....................................................................... 66. 3-14. ....................................................................... 66. 3-15. ....................................................................... 67. 3-16. ....................................................................... 67. 3-17. ................................................................... 68. 3-18. ...................................................................................... 68. 3-19. .......................................................................... 73. ! VI.
(9) 4-1. .............................................................. 80. 4-2. ........................................................... 86. 4-3. ........................................................... 88. 4-4. ........................................................... 90. 4-5. ........................................................... 92. 4-6. ... 94. 4-7. ............................................... 97. 4-8. ............................................... 98. 4-9. ............................................... 98. 4-10. ............................................... 98. 4-11. ..................................................... 100. 4-12. ..................................................... 101. 4-13. ..................................................... 102. 4-14. ..................................................... 103. 4-15. ................................. 104. 4-16. ................................. 105. 4-17. ................................. 106. 4-18. ................................. 106. 4-19. ......................................... 107. 4-20. ......................................... 107. 4-21 ........................................................................................................... 108. !. 4-22. ......................................... 109. 4-23. ......................................... 109. 4-24. ....................................................110. 4-25. ........................................................110. 4-26. ....111. 4-27. ….....112. 4-28. .....................................................................................113. 4-29. ..........................114. ! VII.
(10) !. 5-1. ..................................................................115. 5-2. ..................................................................116. 5-3. ..................................................................116. 5-4. ..................................................................117. 5-5. .............................................................................119. ! VIII.
(11) !. 2-1. ............................................................................ 10. 2-2. .................................................................................... 11. 2-3. ...................................................................... 30. 3-1. ..................................................................................... 45. 3-2. ...................................................................... 47. 3-3. ..................................................................... 52. 3-4. …….............................................. 54. 3-5. ….................................................. 55. 3-6. ..…................................................ 56. 3-7. ….................................................. 57. 3-8. ..................................................................................... 58. 3-9. ..................................................................................... 59. 4-1. ..................................................... 85. 4-2. ..................................................... 87. 4-3. ..................................................... 89. 4-4. ..................................................... 91. 5-1. .................................................................. 117. ! IX.
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(15) Extraversion Jung 1971 extraversion. Positive Extraversion Negative Extraversion. NE. Sociability. ;. Influence. ;. Activation. ;. Change. ;. !. ! 4. ;. PE.
(16) Social Desirability. ;. Dominance. ;. Impulse. ;. Solitude. ;. Reserve. ;. Self-Orientation. ;. Thoughtfulness. ;. !. ! 5.
(17) Organization. ;. Social Isolation. ;. Inflexibility. ;. Self-doubt. ;. !. ! 6.
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(27) Courage. Brave, Courageous, Daring. Self-esteem. Assured, Confident, Proud. Candor. Direct, Frank, Straightforward. Humor. Humorous, witty. Ambition. Ambitious, Enterprising, Opportunistic. Optimism. Cheerful, Jovial, Merry, Optimistic. Aloofness. Seclusive, unsociable, withdrawn. Silence. Quiet, silent, untalkative. Reserve. Detached, reserved, secretive. Shyness. Bashful, shy, timid. Inhibition. Inhibited, restrained. Unaggressiveness. Unadventurous, unaggressive, uncompetitive. Passivity. Docile, passive, submissive. Lethargy. Lethargic, sluggish. Pessimism. Bitter, Joyless, Melancholic, Moody, Morose, Pessimistic, Somber. “An alternative ”Description of Personality” The Big Five factor structure. ” by L. R. Goldberg, 1990, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59 (6), 1216-1229. !. ! 16.
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(57) 2-1: 2-2:. 3-1:. 3-2:. 4-1: 4-2:. 5. 70 3-2. !. ! 46.
(58) x!1! x!2! x!3! x!4! x!5! x!6! x!7! x!8! x!9! x10! x11! x12! x13! x14! x15! x16! x17! x18! x19! x20! x21! x22! x23! x24! x25! x26! x27! x28! x29! x30! x31! x32! x33! x34! x35!. !. ! 47.
(59) x!36! x!37! x!38! x39! x!40! x!41! x!42! x!43! x!44!. !. x45!. !. x46! x47! x48! x49! x50! x51! x52! x53! x54! x55! x56! x57! x58! x59! x60! x61! x62!. !. x63!. !. x64! x65! x66! x67! x68! x69!. 3-2 !. x70!. ! 48.
(60) 101. 60 2012. 3-1 54.01%. 26.23%. 19.67%. 3-1. 16. 17. 33. 54.01. 7. 9. 16. 26.23. 7. 5. 12. 19.67. 30. 31. 61. 49.18. 50.82. 2012 http://www.edu.tw/pages/detail.aspx?Node=1729&Page=15300&Index=7&WID=3 1d75a44-efff-4c44-a075-15a9eb7aecdf !. 2010 ;. 1,253. 2006. listwise deletion 144. ;. 3-18 5 2. !. 98. ! 49.
(61) 1,011 40.65%. 600. 59.35% 15. 6. 80.69%. 411. 29. 51.72%. 8. 20.69%. 15. 27.59%. 51.72%. 14. 48.28. 3-1 SPSS18.0. A. B. A. 506. B. 505. calibration sample. ;. A B. validation. sample 3-2. 3-3 t ;. p<.05. ES= 0.09. p<.05. ES= 0.27. 3-2 (%). !. ! 50. 411. 40.65. 600. 59.35. 257. 25.42. 304. 30.07. 240. 23.74. 185. 18.30. 25. 2.47. 529. 52.32. 482. 47.68. 1,011. 100.00.
(62) 3-3. !. 14 8. 27 14. 3 5. 41 22. 4. 17. 4. 21. 31 25. 9 20. 9 5. 40 45. 21 9. 30 10. 11 5. 51 19. 6. 37. 7. 43. 7 41. 34 2. 7 15. 41 43. 6 38. 17 29. 5 15. 23 67. 11. 36. 8. 47. 8 5. 18 14. 5 15. 26 19. 10. 13. 6. 23. 263. 14. 26. 8. 40. ( 26.01% ). 28 1. 41 13. 7 6. 69 14. 10 8 19. 19 19 22. 8 5 10. 29 27 41. 6. 14. 11. 20. 23. 12. 17. 35. 200. 6. 8. 5. 14. ( 19.78% ). 5. 28. 7. 33. 7 10. 26 33. 9 16. 33 43. 30. 12. 8. 42. 411. 600. 242. 1,011. ! 51. 548 ( 54.20% ). 1,011.
(63) Jung. Hogan. Kaiser, 2008 3-3. !. !. !. ! !. 3-3. Costa & McCrae, 1992 ; H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, 1975 ; Goldberg, 1992 ; Goldberg, 2012 ; 2005 ;. 2002. 2003. 2003. 2010. ;. Need !. ! 52.
(64) Engagement. ;. 155. 1. 3. 10. ;. 2. α Pearson. 0.4. 5 70 Linear Structure Relation, LISREL. 5. !. ! 53.
(65) .5. Hair, Black, Babin, & Anderson,. 2010, p. 709. 3-4. 3-5. λ1! λ2!. x1. ε1!. x2. ε2!. x3. ε3. x4. ε4!. x5. ε5!. x6. ε6. x7. ε7!. x8. ε8. x9. ε9!. x10. ε10!. x11. ε11!. x12. ε12!. x13. ε13. x14. ε14!. x15. ε15!. x16. ε16!. x17. ε17!. x18. ε18. x19. ε19!. x20. ε20!. λ3!. η1!. λ4! λ5!. γ1!. λ6 λ7 λ8. η2!. γ2! !. λ9 λ10. λ11. ξ 1!. λ12!. γ3! !. λ13!. η3!. λ14! λ15!. γ4! ! λ16! λ17!. η4!. 3-4. !. λ18! λ19! λ20!. ! 54.
(66) λ21. x21. ε21. x22. ε22. λ23. x23. ε23. λ24. x24. ε24. x25. ε25. x26. ε26. x27. ε27. λ28. x28. ε28. λ29. x29. ε29. x30. ε30. x31. ε31. x32. ε32. λ33. x33. ε33. λ34. x34. ε34. x35. ε35. x36. ε36. x37. ε37. λ38. x38. ε38. λ39. x39. ε39. x40. ε40. λ22. η 5!. γ 5! λ25. λ26 λ27. η 6!. γ 6!. λ30. ξ 2!. γ 7!. λ31 λ32. η 7! γ 8!. λ35 λ36 λ37. η 8!. λ40. 3-5. !. ! 55.
(67) 5 .5. 3-6. Hair et al., 2010. 3-7 λ41. x41. ε41. x42. ε42. λ43. x43. ε43. λ44. x44. ε44. x45. ε45. x46. ε46. λ42. η9!. γ 9!. λ45. λ46. γ10!. λ47. η10!. ξ 3!. γ11!. !. η11!. ! 56. ε47 ε48. x49. ε49. x50. ε50. λ51. x51. ε51. λ52 λ3. x52. ε52. λ53. x53. ε53. λ54. x54. ε54. x55. ε55. λ50. λ55. 3-6. !. x48. λ48 λ49. !. x47. !.
(68) λ56. ! η12!. λ57. γ13! η13!. ξ 4!. ε59. x60. ε60. λ61. x61. ε61. λ62 λ3. x62. ε62. λ63. x63. ε63. λ64. x64. ε64. x65. ε65. λ66. x66. ε66. λ67 λ3 λ. x67. ε67. λ68. x68. ε68. λ69. x69. ε69. x70. ε70. λ60. η14!. λ70. 3-7. .5. !. Hair et al., 2010. –. ! 57. ε57. x59. λ65. γ14!. !. ε58. λ59. !. x57. ε56. x58. λ58. γ12!. x56. !.
(69) .5. .5. 3-8. 3-8. !. ! 58. 3-9.
(70) 3-9 !. ! 59.
(71) 1 0.5. –. Hair et al., 2010. ; 2. – 0.7. Hair et al., 2010 1. –. AVE, average variance extracted Larcker, 1981, p. 46. ;. 0.5. 2. Fornell &. –. (Fornell & Larker, 1981, p. 46) ; 3. cross-validation. calibration sample. –. validation. sample MFF Symptoms Rating Scale 2003. ;. 4. – BSRS-5. Lee , Liao, Lee, Wu, Tseng, Gau, & Rau,. Diener, Emmons, Larsen, Griffin, 1985 Pearson. !. Brief. ! 60.
(72) 9 Need. 12. Engagement. warmth. gregariousness. Costa. 1992 9. 3-4. 3-4. 1, 11 21, 31 41, 61, 71 91, 101. ; 10 3-5. !. ! 61. McCrae,.
(73) 3-5. 5, 15 25, 55 65, 75 85, 95 105, 115. 10 3-6. 7, 17 27, 37 47, 67 77, 87 97, 107. 9. !. 3-7. ! 62. 3-6.
(74) 3-7. 80, 90 129, 139 65 123 133, 143 35. 12. 3-8. 3-8. 76, 86 96, 106 116, 126 136, 146 73, 128 138, 148. 11. !. ! 63. 3-9.
(75) 3-9. 52, 72 82, 92 102 152 112, 122 132, 142 62. 11 3-10. 4, 14 24 34, 6 16, 26 36, 46 56, 66. 11 !. 3-11 ! 64. 3-10.
(76) 3-11. 3, 13 23, 33 43 53, 63, 83 93, 103, 113. 12. 3-12 3-12. 54, 64 74, 84 94 154 104, 114 124, 134 144, 44. !. ! 65.
(77) 11. 3-13. 3-13. 117, 127 137, 147 110 100, 120 130, 140 150, 18. 12 3-14. 9, 19 29, 39 49, 59 69, 79 89, 99 109, 119. !. ! 66. 3-14.
(78) 9. 3-15. 3-15. 8, 38 48, 58, 68 78, 98 108 118. 11 3-16 3-16. 111, 131 141, 151 153 155 51, 125 135, 145, 28. !. ! 67.
(79) 11 3-17 3-17. 2, 12 22, 32, 42 20, 30 40, 50 60, 70. 2006. 5 2. ;. 6. 3-18. 3-18. !. 1. 81 ; 88. 2. 57 ; 10. 3. 149 ; 121. ! 68.
(80) Likert. 1. 6. 15 20. Lee Rating Scale. 2003. Brief Symptom. BSRS-5 50 BSRS-. 50 5 5. Likert 0 4 1. 0. 2. 3. 4. 253 257. 56 2915. HIV. 100. 1090. Cronbach's α. 0.77 ~ 0.90. 0.82. Lee et al., 2003. BSRS-50 6 sensitivity. 0.87 ~ 0.95 ; 76.3%. 74.3%. 78.9%. specificity. p<0.0001 t=4.41 p<0.01 t=22.25 ; p<0.0001. !. ! 69. t=8.28.
(81) ; –. The Satisfication With Life Scale. SWLS Diener. Emmons. Larsen. Griffin. 1985. 1. Likert 2. 4. 5. 3 6. 7. 5 35 Cronbach's α 0.82 0.54. 0.87. Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985 Pavot & Diener, 1993 Affect Intensity Measure. AIM. 0.09 ~ 0.75. 0.50. ; 66%. Pavot Diener. Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985 1993. 1997 ; Cronbach's α. 0.86. 64.8. SPSS for Windows 18.0 LISREL 8.71 ; confirmatory factor analysis, CFA. !. ;. ! 70.
(82) listwise deletion. 3.0. 10.0. Kline, 2011, p. 63. α. Pearson 0.4. Linear Structure Relation, LISREL ML, Maximum likelihood estimation. ;. model overall fit. model comparison fit. model parsimony fit. 2006. LISREL. Maximum likelihood. estimation, ML Kline 2011 3.0 10.0. ; 20.0. 3.0. 10.0. ML ; WLS DWLS. !. 2006. ! 71.
(83) theory-driven LISREL ; data-driven 2008. 35. 1.. principle of local independence. redundancy. 2011. ;. principle of parsimony. 2.. ;. 3.. λ. 0.5. Hair et al., 2010. 3-19. !. ! 72.
(84) LISREL. ;. 2006. 3-19. (. ) χ2 Chi-square. –. GFI Goodness-of-fit. 0–1. > .90. AGFI Adjusted GFI. 0–1. > .90. SRMR Standardized RMR. 0. RMSEA Root-mean-square error of approximation (. < .08 0–1. < .05 < .08 < .10. ). (. NNFI Non-normed fit index. 0–1. > .90. CFI Comparative fit index. 0–1. > .90. ) NC Normed Chi-Square. 0. PNFI Parsimonious NFI. 1–3 0–1. CN Critical N. > .50 > 200 !. !. ! 73.
(85) (. ). .50 - .95. 1 2006 2011. SIMPLIS LISREL/. SIMPLIS. 0.5 Hair et al., 2010, p. 709. SMC, Squared. Multiple Correlation. SMC. 0.5. Bagozzi & Yi, 1988. Hair 0.7. 2010 λ. θ. AVE, average variance extracted Hair et al., 2010 0.5. Fornell & Larcker, 1981, p. 46. AVE = !. n ! 74.
(86) Fornell. Larker. 1981. ϒ2. cross-validation. SPSS 18.0 A. B. 506. calibration sample. 505. ;. validation. sample model stability. 2006. tight replication strategy moderate replication strategy. tight replication strategy. MacCallum, Roznowski, Mar, & Reith, 1994. LISREL. 8.71. A B. A. B. B. MFF Diamantopoulos & Siguaw, 2000 MFF χ2 2004 B A 2011. !. ! 75.
(87) Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985. Lee et al., 2003. Pearson. ;. !. ! 76.
(88) LISREL. SPSS18.0. 1,011. listwise deletion. 4-1. 2.43 4.65 -0.66. 0.60. 0.91 -0.73. 3.0. 1.42. 0.58. 10.0. Kline, 2011, p. 63. α. ;. α. α 0.4. α α. 0.4. !. 4-1. ! 77.
(89) 21. α. Cronbach α. 0.867. α. 0.863. 0.51. 0.838 0.74. Cronbach α α 0.42. 0.834. α. Cronbach α. 0.823. α. 0.812. 0.47. 35. 0.797 0.60. α. Cronbach α. 0.877. α. 0.870. 0.56. 73 128. 136. 138. 148. 0.70. 116 Cronbach α. 0.849. 0.842. 52. 0.856. α. ;. 142 Cronbach α. 146 α. 0.57 0.71. α 0.898. α. 0.895. !. 0.858. 0.70. 37. 0.804. 0.859. 0.57 0.77. ! 78. 0.879.
(90) 16 24 36 56. α. ; 14. Cronbach α. 0.860. α. 0.828 0.847. 0.59 0.69. 113. α. ; 43. α. 0.804. Cronbach. α. 0.778 0.796. 0.40 0.55. 144. α. Cronbach α. 0.874. α. 0.851. 0.43. α 0.43. 0.832. 0.71. Cronbach α. 0.855. Cronbach α. 0.865. 0.851. 0.68. α 0.46. 0.832. 0.848. 0.860. 0.65. Cronbach α 0.849. α 0.43. !. 0.817. 0.71. ! 79. 0.847.
(91) 111. α. ; 131. Cronbach α. 141. 153. 155. 0.772. α. 0.760. 0.43. 32. 0.719. 0.59. α. Cronbach α. 0.845. α. 0.842. 0.42. 0.818 0.67. 4-1. !. α. α 0.867. 1. 3.73. 1.20. -0.19. -0.40. 0.60. 0.854. 11. 4.28. 1.03. -0.43. 0.05. 0.74. 0.838. 31. 4.31. 1.05. -0.48. 0.16. 0.72. 0.840. 41. 3.96. 1.16. -0.28. -0.36. 0.67. 0.845. 91. 3.64. 1.15. -0.01. -0.49. 0.52. 0.863. 61. 4.29. 1.01. -0.29. -0.12. 0.51. 0.862. 71. 3.70. 1.25. -0.08. -0.52. 0.67. 0.845. 101. 4.45. 0.91. -0.48. 0.40. 0.55. 0.858. 5. 3.65. 1.24. -0.08. -0.49. 0.65. 0.838. 15. 3.94. 1.18. -0.16. -0.39. 0.51. 0.851. 25. 4.02. 1.08. -0.15. -0.15. 0.59. 0.845. 105. 2.95. 1.11. 0.24. -0.17. 0.54. 0.848. 45. 3.99. 1.13. -0.41. -0.03. 0.42. 0.858. 55. 3.67. 1.21. -0.08. -0.50. 0.47. 0.855. 115. 3.31. 1.19. 0.16. -0.38. 0.68. 0.837. 75. 3.46. 1.21. -0.06. -0.41. 0.70. 0.834. 85. 3.67. 1.05. -0.07. -0.21. 0.58. 0.846. 95. 3.62. 1.18. -0.02. -0.42. 0.54. 0.849. 7. 3.35. 1.21. -0.02. -0.42. 0.50. ! 80. 0.859. !.
(92) 7 17 27 47 107 67 77 87 97 80 90 123 133 143 65 139 149 76 86 96 106 126 72 152 82 92 102 112 122 132 62 4 34 66 6 26 46. !. 3.35 3.84 4.35 3.76 3.60 3.40 4.02 3.93 3.62 3.68 4.27 4.47 3.97 3.99 4.65 3.80 4.36 4.37 4.48 4.38 3.70 4.07 3.09 3.45 3.06 3.57 2.94 3.32 3.11 2.77 3.14 3.79 3.35 3.52 3.56 3.64 3.19. 1.21 1.11 1.06 1.02 1.19 1.30 0.99 1.05 1.23 1.21 1.10 1.03 1.13 1.02 0.99 1.11 0.99 1.07 1.10 1.08 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.17 1.22 1.28 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.26 1.23 1.17 1.29 1.16 1.20 1.23. -0.02 -0.04 -0.26 -0.06 -0.11 0.18 0.00 -0.10 0.01 -0.10 -0.42 -0.42 -0.19 -0.17 -0.51 -0.15 -0.28 -0.52 -0.57 -0.57 -0.22 -0.35 0.17 -0.07 0.24 -0.11 0.33 0.12 0.18 0.45 0.19 -0.28 0.06 -0.02 -0.24 -0.23 0.11. ! 81. -0.42 -0.38 -0.44 -0.05 -0.35 -0.65 -0.27 -0.18 -0.56 -0.42 0.13 -0.01 -0.26 -0.05 0.09 -0.09 0.16 0.22 0.12 0.27 -0.27 -0.14 -0.27 -0.34 -0.42 -0.59 -0.25 -0.38 -0.42 -0.25 -0.54 -0.51 -0.32 -0.66 -0.39 -0.52 -0.51. 0.50 0.58 0.47 0.59 0.47 0.52 0.60 0.47 0.56 0.59 0.68 0.70 0.67 0.66 0.56 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.71 0.57 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.77 0.62 0.63 0.72 0.72 0.69 0.57 0.59 0.66 0.69 0.69 0.66 0.61. α. α. 0.809 0.799 0.811 0.799 0.812 0.806 0.797 0.811 0.801 0.868 0.857 0.856 0.859 0.860 0.870 0.863 0.862 0.819 0.818 0.804 0.842 0.805 0.888 0.891 0.879 0.891 0.889 0.883 0.883 0.885 0.895 0.847 0.834 0.828 0.829 0.835 0.843. 0.823. 0.877. 0.849. 0.898. 0.860.
(93) 3 12 23 33 53 63 83 93 103 54 64 74 84 94 104 114 124 134 44 154 9 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99 109 119 117 127 137 147 110. !. 4.60 4.55 4.60 4.26 3.65 3.76 3.99 3.30 3.76 4.45 4.21 4.31 4.39 4.09 4.10 4.10 4.05 4.13 4.34 3.79 4.32 3.69 3.94 3.59 4.01 3.99 4.03 3.78 4.16 4.18 4.52 3.57 4.01 4.26 3.84 4.02 4.07. 1.05 1.13 1.07 1.15 1.10 1.17 0.93 1.25 1.02 1.12 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.28 1.03 0.99 1.03 1.03 0.97 1.42 1.01 1.22 1.30 1.26 1.09 1.18 1.10 1.17 1.03 1.07 0.99 1.18 1.09 1.08 1.10 1.12 0.98. -0.60 -0.63 -0.66 -0.42 -0.13 -0.22 -0.24 0.03 -0.17 -0.50 -0.34 -0.23 -0.53 -0.42 -0.30 -0.23 -0.15 -0.29 -0.16 -0.22 -0.45 -0.10 -0.33 -0.08 -0.34 -0.32 -0.29 -0.15 -0.25 -0.21 -0.50 0.05 -0.33 -0.27 -0.22 -0.34 -0.24. ! 82. 0.15 0.23 0.35 -0.15 -0.24 -0.25 0.58 -0.59 0.08 -0.12 -0.07 -0.43 0.21 -0.35 0.17 0.23 0.01 0.16 -0.04 -0.73 0.20 -0.48 -0.47 -0.62 -0.02 -0.32 -0.16 -0.30 0.07 -0.25 0.24 -0.26 0.02 -0.22 -0.21 -0.05 0.19. 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.47 0.51 0.54 0.40 0.51 0.44 0.68 0.64 0.70 0.71 0.59 0.60 0.49 0.54 0.54 0.43 0.51 0.51 0.43 0.56 0.57 0.55 0.68 0.50 0.46 0.63 0.45 0.57 0.47 0.59 0.62 0.56 0.48 0.46. α. α. 0.782 0.780 0.778 0.788 0.784 0.779 0.796 0.784 0.792 0.857 0.859 0.856 0.855 0.863 0.863 0.869 0.866 0.866 0.873 0.872 0.845 0.851 0.842 0.841 0.842 0.832 0.845 0.848 0.837 0.849 0.841 0.848 0.852 0.850 0.854 0.860 0.860. 0.804. 0.874. 0.855. 0.865.
(94) α 100 18 120 130 140 150 8 98 58 38 48 108 68 78 118 51 151 125 135 145 28 2 12 22 42 70 20 30 40 50 60. 3.98 3.79 3.74 3.92 3.66 3.71 3.59 3.10 2.99 3.27 2.43 2.61 3.05 2.73 3.18 3.04 3.49 3.53 2.71 2.92 3.21 4.04 4.09 3.92 3.59 3.21 3.05 3.73 3.65 3.64 4.22. 1.01 1.07 1.01 1.01 1.13 1.09 1.32 1.32 1.28 1.27 1.13 1.20 1.25 1.10 1.26 1.09 1.23 1.07 1.12 1.12 1.18 1.21 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.19 1.16 1.27 1.29 1.22 1.30. -0.17 -0.09 -0.02 -0.14 -0.06 -0.08 -0.19 0.18 0.20 0.15 0.60 0.49 0.23 0.19 0.10 0.04 -0.08 -0.11 0.38 0.23 0.06 -0.46 -0.45 -0.26 -0.18 0.03 0.04 -0.14 -0.21 -0.16 -0.56. -0.17 -0.27 0.03 0.06 -0.23 -0.17 -0.65 -0.60 -0.55 -0.48 -0.06 -0.24 -0.46 -0.39 -0.52 -0.31 -0.54 -0.10 -0.20 -0.20 -0.48 -0.38 -0.26 -0.30 -0.16 -0.51 -0.59 -0.58 -0.59 -0.43 -0.23. 0.57 0.64 0.56 0.65 0.49 0.59 0.43 0.48 0.71 0.55 0.54 0.59 0.68 0.59 0.54 0.56 0.47 0.53 0.59 0.53 0.43 0.53 0.42 0.54 0.60 0.44 0.47 0.59 0.67 0.57 0.60. α. 0.853 0.848 0.854 0.848 0.860 0.852 0.847 0.842 0.817 0.835 0.835 0.831 0.821 0.831 0.836 0.727 0.753 0.736 0.719 0.735 0.760 0.832 0.842 0.831 0.827 0.840 0.838 0.827 0.818 0.828 0.826. 0.849. 0.772. 0.845. 26 1. 1. 5. 2. 7. 2 1. 1. !. 1. Cronbach α. ! 83. 5 0.772 0.898.
(95) A LISREL 8.71. Maximum likelihood. 1 8 105 45. ;. 7. 2. 87 95 107. 15. 67. 6 ;. 3. 0.5. 4-1. ! 84. 80. 91. 97. 25 41 1. ;. !. 61. 45.
(96) 0.67. x1. 0.55. 0.78. x2. 0.39. x3. 0.36. x4. 0.50. x5. 0.66. x6. 0.44. x7. 0.46. x8. 0.25. x9. 0.58. x10. 0.44. x11. 0.71. x12. 0.52. x13. 0.53. 0.80. η1!. 0.71 0.59. 0.63! 0.75. 0.73. η2!. 0.70!. 0.87 0.65. ξ 1!. 0.72. 0.88!. 0.54. η3!. 0.69 0.69. 0.68!. x14. 0.72 0.75 0.70. η4!. 0.71 0.63 0.69 0.75. 4-1 4-2. 443.33. RMSEA. RMSEA= 0.057 ;. 4-6 1 offending estimates. !. ! 85. t. 0.48. x15. 0.43. x16. 0.51. x17. 0.49. x18. 0.60. x19. 0.53. x20. 0.44.
(97) 4-2. (. ) χ2 GFI AGFI SRMR RMSEA. (. (. (. > .90 > .90 ; < .08 ; < .08. < .05 < .05. 443.33 (df = 166 ; p = .00 ) 0.92 0.90 0.051 0.057. ) NNFI CFI. > .90 > .90. PNFI CN NC. > .50 > 200 1-3. 0.97 0.97. ) 0.84 241.70 2.7. ). .50 - .95. .51 - .87 .03 - .08 1. 1. 5 6 46. 62 112. 132. ;. 4-2 !. ! 86.
(98) 0.77. x21. 0.40. x22. 0.44. 0.79. x23. 0.37. 0.65. x24. 0.58. x25. 0.46. x26. 0.44. x27. 0.53. x28. 0.27 0.4. 0.69. x29. 0.53. 0.74. x30. 0.46. x31. 0.38. x32. 0.47. x33. 0.47. x34. 0.42. x35. 0.53. 0.75. η5!. 0.50!. 0.74 0.75. 0.69. 0.78!. 0.86. η6!. ξ 4!. 0.79. 0.76!. 0.72 0.73. 0.76. η7!. 0.69. 4-2 4-3. 198.34. RMSEA. RMSEA= 0.050 ;. 4-6 1. t. offending estimates. !. ! 87.
(99) 4-3. (. ) 198.34 (df = 87 ; p = .00 ) 0.95 0.93 0.046. χ2. (. (. (. GFI AGFI SRMR. < .05. > .90 > .90 ; < .08. RMSEA. < .05. ; < .08. 0.050. ) NNFI CFI. > .90 > .90. PNFI CN NC. > .50 > 200 1-3. 0.98 0.98. ) 0.81 308.05 2.2. ). .50 - .95. .50 - .86 .02 - .07 1. 1. 1 9 117 120. 127. 147. ;. 39 79 74 94 5. !. 69. 2 104. 89. 99. 109 7. 134. 19 44 114. 150. 119. ! 88. ;. 154. 3. 0.5. 110.
(100) 5 ;. 5. α = .769. 5 4-3. 0.57. x36. 0.67. x37. 0.35. 0.81. x38. 0.34. 0.66. x39. 0.57. 0.73. x40. 0.47. x41. 0.58. 0.58. x42. 0.66. 0.73. x43. 0.47. x44. 0.63. x45. 0.40. x46. 0.44. x47. 0.43. x48. 0.70. x49. 0.61. x50. 0.61. x51. 0.49. x52. 0.52. x53. 0.71. x54. 0.57. 0.75. x55. 0.44. 0.68. x56. 0.54. x57. 0.55. 0.81. ! η 8!. 0.63!. 0.65. η 9!. 0.59!. 0.61 0.78 0.75. 0.88! η 10!. ξ 3!. 0.75. 0.55. 0.69!. 0.62 0.63. η 7!. 0.54!. 0.71. 0.69 0.54 0.65. η 8!. 4-3 !. 0.67. ! ! 89.
(101) 4-4. 567.86 RMSEA. RMSEA = 0.061. AGFI. AGFI=0.88. ;. 4-6. offending estimates. 4-4. (. ) 567.86 (df = 204 ; p = .00 ). χ2. (. (. GFI. > .90. 0.90. AGFI. > .90. 0.88. SRMR. < .05. ; < .08. 0.069. RMSEA. < .05. ; < .08. 0.061. ) NNFI. > .90. 0.95. CFI. > .90. 0.96. PNFI. > .50. 0.83. CN. > 200. 226.80. ). NC (. 1-3. 2.9. ). .50 - .95. .54 - .88 .03 - .13 1. !. ! 90. 1.
(102) 1 7. 2. 8. 5 ;. 3. 0.5. 38. 42. 48. 60. 20 28 98 1. 70 118. ;. 2 151. 12. 4-4 0.78 0.66. η13!. 0.82. 0.62. 0.78!. 0.62 0.57. x58. 0.40. x59. 0.56. x60. 0.33. x61. 0.61. x62. 0.62. x63. 0.68. x64. 0.45. x65. 0.58. x66. 0.60. x67. 0.68. x68. 0.32. x69. 0.37. 0.60! η14!. 0.74. 0.65. 0.68! 0.63 0.56. η15!. 0.82. 0.79. 4-4 !. ! 91.
(103) 4-5. 138.41 RMSEA. RMSEA= 0.058 ;. 4-6. offending estimates 4-5. (. ) 138.41 (df = 51 ; p = .00 ). χ2. (. (. GFI. > .90. 0.96. AGFI. > .90. 0.93. SRMR. < .05. ; < .08. 0.049. RMSEA. < .05. ; < .08. 0.058. ) NNFI. > .90. 0.97. CFI. > .90. 0.97. PNFI. > .50. 0.74. CN. > 200. 283.37. ). NC (. 1-3. 2.7. ). .50 - .95. .56 - .82 .03 - .11 1. !. ! 92. 1.
(104) PHI is not positive definite. 2011 collinearity. ;. χ 2 = 1129.32 443.33 CN. 198.34 567.86. NC. 138.41 RMSEA. GFI AGFI SRMR. 0.90. 2011 2006. !. ! 93. 0.76 0.66 0.08. NNFI CFI.
(105) 4-6. 0.50. 0.88. Hair. 2010. 0.50 SMC 0.25 0.78. Bagozzi. Yi 1988. 0.50 19. 0.72 0.89. 0.70. Hair et al., 2010. 4-6. t. !. (SMC). X1. 1. 0.67*. ---. ---. 0.55. 0.45. X2. 11. 0.78*. 14.73. 0.08. 0.39. 0.61. X3. 31. 0.80*. 14.97. 0.08. 0.36. 0.64. X4. 71. 0.71*. 13.61. 0.08. 0.50. 0.50. X5. 101. 0.59*. 11.56. 0.08. 0.66. 0.34. X6. 5. 0.75*. ---. ---. 0.44. 0.56. X7. 115. 0.73*. 18.00. 0.06. 0.46. 0.54. X8. 75. 0.87*. 13.86. 0.06. 0.25. 0.75. X9. 85. 0.65*. 15.76. 0.06. 0.58. 0.42. X10. 17. 0.72*. ---. ---. 0.49. 0.51. X11. 27. 0.54*. 10.65. 0.07. 0.71. 0.29. X12. 47. 0.69*. 13.18. 0.07. 0.52. 0.48. X13. 77. 0.69*. 13.10. 0.07. 0.53. 0.47. ! 94. 0.64. 0.51. 0.80. 0.57. 0.76. 0.44.
(106) t X14 X15 X16 X17 X18 X19 X20 X21 X22 X23 X24 X25 X26 X27 X28 X29 X30 X31 X32 X33 X34 X35 X36 X37 X38 X39 X40 X41 X42 X43 X44 X45 X46 X47 X48 X49 X50 X51 X52. !. 90 123 133 143 65 129 139 76 86 96 106 126 72 152 82 92 102 122 4 34 66 26 3 13 23 33 53 63 83 93 103 54 64 84 124 9 29 49 59. 0.72* 0.75* 0.70* 0.71* 0.63* 0.69* 0.75* 0.77* 0.75* 0.79* 0.65* 0.74* 0.75* 0.69* 0.86* 0.69* 0.74* 0.79* 0.72* 0.73* 0.76* 0.69* 0.57* 0.81* 0.81* 0.66* 0.73* 0.65* 0.58* 0.73* 0.61* 0.78* 0.75* 0.75* 0.55* 0.62* 0.63* 0.71* 0.69*. (SMC). --15.93 14.76 15.06 14.52 15.90 13.45 --16.59 17.54 14.13 16.29 --15.18 19.12 15.18 16.35 17.51 --14.46 14.93 13.71 --12.34 12.35 11.02 --12.75 11.55 13.99 12.03 --15.94 16.05 11.64 --10.76 11.63 11.43. --0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 --0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 --0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 --0.07 0.07 0.07 --0.11 0.11 0.10 --0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 --0.06 0.06 0.06 --0.09 0.10 0.10. ! 95. 0.48 0.43 0.51 0.49 0.60 0.53 0.44 0.40 0.44 0.37 0.58 0.46 0.44 0.53 0.27 0.53 0.46 0.38 0.47 0.47 0.42 0.53 0.67 0.35 0.34 0.57 0.47 0.58 0.66 0.47 0.63 0.40 0.44 0.43 0.70 0.61 0.61 0.49 0.52. 0.52 0.57 0.49 0.51 0.40 0.47 0.56 0.60 0.56 0.63 0.42 0.54 0.56 0.47 0.73 0.47 0.54 0.62 0.53 0.53 0.58 0.47 0.33 0.65 0.66 0.43 0.53 0.42 0.34 0.53 0.37 0.60 0.56 0.57 0.30 0.39 0.39 0.51 0.48. 0.88. 0.50. 0.86. 0.55. 0.89. 0.57. 0.82. 0.53. 0.81. 0.52. 0.79. 0.44. 0.80. 0.51. 0.76. 0.44.
(107) t X53 X54 X55 X56 X57 X58 X59 X60 X61 X62 X63 X64 X65 X66 X67 X68 X69. !. 127 100 18 130 140 58 108 68 78 51 125 135 145 22 30 40 50. (SMC). 0.54* 0.65* 0.75* 0.68* 0.67* 0.78* 0.66* 0.82* 0.62* 0.62* 0.57* 0.74* 0.65* 0.63* 0.56* 0.82* 0.79*. --10.11 10.79 10.29 10.25 --14.04 16.85 13.22 --9.70 11.25 10.64 --10.54 13.68 13.48. --0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12 --0.06 0.06 0.06 --0.09 0.11 0.10 --0.08 0.10 0.09. 0.71 0.57 0.44 0.54 0.55 0.40 0.56 0.33 0.61 0.62 0.68 0.45 0.58 0.60 0.68 0.32 0.37. 0.29 0.43 0.56 0.46 0.45 0.60 0.44 0.67 0.39 0.38 0.32 0.55 0.42 0.40 0.32 0.68 0.63. 0.79. 0.44. 0.81. 0.53. 0.74. 0.42. 0.80. 0.51. η1. 0.63*. 10.60. 0.04. 0.60. 0.40. 0.82. 0.53. η2. 0.70*. 12.24. 0.04. 0.51. 0.49. η3. 0.88*. 13.81. 0.05. 0.22. 0.78. η4. 0.68*. 11.93. 0.04. 0.54. 0.46. η5. 0.50*. 8.65. 0.04. 0.75. 0.25. 0.72. 0.48. η6. 0.78*. 11.03. 0.05. 0.40. 0.60. η7. 0.76*. 10.52. 0.05. 0.43. 0.57. η8. 0.63*. 9.45. 0.04. 0.61. 0.39. 0.80. 0.46. η9. 0.59*. 10.14. 0.04. 0.65. 0.35. η10. 0.88*. 14.99. 0.05. 0.23. 0.77. η11. 0.69*. 10.22. 0.04. 0.53. 0.47. η12. 0.54*. 8.05. 0.04. 0.71. 0.29. η13. 0.77*. 10.77. 0.06. 0.40. 0.60. 0.73. 0.47. η14. 0.60*. 8.30. 0.04. 0.64. 0.36. η15. 0.68*. 9.19. 0.05. 0.54. 0.46. ! 96.
(108) AVE. Hair et al., 2010. Fornell & Larcker, 1981, p. 46. 89. 0.42 0.57. 0.50. 4-6. 19. 11. 0.50 ;. 8. 0.50. Fornell. Larker. 1981. 15. ρv r2. 4-7. aveVE r. 2. 4-7. r (r2). .44 (.19). aveVE. .54. r (r2). .56 (.31). .62 (.38). aveVE. .48. .51. r (r ). .43 (.18). .47 (.22). .60 (.36). aveVE. .51. .54. .47. 2. 4-8 aveVE r2. !. ! 97.
(109) 4-8. r (r2). .39 (.15). aveVE. .56. 2. r (r ). .38 (.14). .59 (.35). aveVE. .54. .55. 4-9 aveVE r2 4-9. r (r2). .37 (.14). aveVE. .48. 2. r (r ). .55 (.30). .52 (.27). aveVE. .52. .48. r (r ). .43 (.18). .41 (.17). .60 (.36). aveVE. .48. .44. r (r ). .34 (.12). .32 (.10). .48 .47 (.22). .37 (.14). aveVE. .48. .44. .48. .44. 2. 2. 4-10 aveVE r2 4-10. r (r2). .46 (.21). aveVE. .48. 2. !. r (r ). .52 (.27). .41 (.17). aveVE. .52. .47. ! 98.
(110) A. 506. Calibration Sample ;. B 505. Validation Sample. 4-11 4-14 Percentage Contribution to ChiSquare 50.26%. 53.83% 53.47. 56.58%. 100. 4-11. 4-14. Global goodness of fit. statistics GFI 0.89. 0.90. LISREL8.71 Contribution to Chi-Square. !. 4-11. ! 99. 4-14.
(111) 4-11 Global Goodness of Fit Statistics Degrees of Freedom = 376 Minimum Fit Function Chi-Square = 939.54 (P = 0.0) Normal Theory Weighted Least Squares Chi-Square = 967.75 (P = 0.0) Contribution to Chi-Square = 472.20 Percentage Contribution to Chi-Square = 50.26. (. ) 939.54 (df = 376 ; p = .00 ). χ2 GFI. (. (. 0.91. SRMR. < .05. ; < .08. 0.063. RMSEA. < .05. ; < .08. 0.056. ) NNFI. > .90. 0.97. CFI. > .90. 0.97. PNFI. > .50. 0.94. CN. > 200. 476.46. ). Normed Chi-square (. > .90. 1-3. 2.6. ). .50 - .95. .56 - .87 .02 - .05 1. !. ! 100. 1.
(112) 4-12 Global Goodness of Fit Statistics Degrees of Freedom = 207 Minimum Fit Function Chi-Square = 495.11 (P = 0.0) Normal Theory Weighted Least Squares Chi-Square = 492.86 (P = 0.0) Contribution to Chi-Square = 266.49 Percentage Contribution to Chi-Square = 53.83. (. ) 495.11 (df = 207 ; p = .00 ). χ2 GFI. (. (. 0.94. SRMR. < .05. ; < .08. 0.073. RMSEA. < .05. ; < .08. 0.052. ) NNFI. > .90. 0.96. CFI. > .90. 0.98. PNFI. > .50. 0.95. CN. > 200. 525.27. ). Normed Chi-square (. > .90. 1–3. 2.4. ). .50 - .95. .51 - .79 .03 - .06 1. !. ! 101. 1.
(113) 4-13. Global Goodness of Fit Statistics Degrees of Freedom = 457 Minimum Fit Function Chi-Square = 1264.69 (P = 0.0) Normal Theory Weighted Least Squares Chi-Square = 1268.87 (P = 0.0) Contribution to Chi-Square = 676.28 Percentage Contribution to Chi-Square = 53.47. (. ) 1264.69 (df = 457 ; p = .00 ). χ2 GFI. (. (. 0.89. SRMR. < .05. ; < .08. 0.076. RMSEA. < .05. ; < .08. 0.059. ) NNFI. > .90. 0.96. CFI. > .90. 0.96. PNFI. > .50. 0.92. CN. > 200. 424.06. ). Normed Chi-square (. > .90. 1–3. 2.8. ). .50 - .95. .51 - .86 .02 - .10 1. !. ! 102. 1.
(114) 4-14 Global Goodness of Fit Statistics Degrees of Freedom = 129 Minimum Fit Function Chi-Square = 391.53 (P = 0.0) Normal Theory Weighted Least Squares Chi-Square = 390.60 (P = 0.0) Contribution to Chi-Square = 221.53 Percentage Contribution to Chi-Square = 56.58. (. ) 391.53 (df = 129 ; p = .00 ). χ2 GFI. (. (. 0.93. SRMR. < .05. ; < .08. 0.060. RMSEA. < .05. ; < .08. 0.063. ) NNFI. > .90. 0.96. CFI. > .90. 0.96. PNFI. > .50. 0.92. CN. > 200. 437.24. ). Normed Chi-square (. > .90. 1–3. 3. ). .50 - .95. .52 - .82 .04 - .07 1. !. ! 103. 1.
(115) MFFχ2 PS x,x may not be identified 0. Wothke, 1993. 4-15 4-18 MFFχ2. ECVI. MFFχ2 MFFχ2. ; 4-15 MFFχ2 MFFχ2. ΔMFFχ2. 472.20. 426.89. 46. 45.31 46. ΔMFFχ2. 0.05. 45.31. 55.76. 0.05 MFFχ2 ECVI. ECVI. 1.05. 90%. 1.06 ECVI. ECVI ECVI. 4-15. MFFχ2 (df). ECVI (90%CI). MFFχ2. ΔMFFχ2 (df). 869.51 (330). 1.06 (0.97, 1.15). 426.89. 45.31 (46). 49.09. p > 0.05 939.54 (376) 1 !. 1.05 (0.96, 1.14). 472.20. CI ! 104. 50.26.
(116) 4-16 MFFχ2 MFFχ2. 266.49. ΔMFFχ2. 236.18. 33. 30.31. 33. ΔMFFχ2. 0.05. 30.31. 43.77. 0.05 MFFχ2. ECVI 90%. 0.56. 0.55. ECVI. ECVI. 4-16. MFFχ2 (df). ECVI (90%CI). MFFχ2. ΔMFFχ2 (df). 434.25 (174). 0.56 (0.50, 0.62). 236.18. 30.31 (33). 54.39. p > 0.05 495.11 (207) 1. 0.55 (0.49, 0.62). 266.49. 53.83. CI 4-17 MFFχ2 MFFχ2. ΔMFFχ2. 676.28. 111.5. 564.78. 54. 54. ΔMFFχ2. 0.05. 111.5. 67.50. 0.05. MFFχ2 MFFχ2. 571.14 0.05. 27.59. 6.36 2. ΔMFFχ. 6.36 MFFχ2. 0.05 ECVI. !. 17. ! 105. 1.32.
(117) 1.30. 1.35. 90%. ECVI. ECVI. 4-17. MFFχ2 (df). ECVI (90%CI). MFFχ2. 1132.32 (403). 1.32 (1.23, 1.42). 564.78. 1145.36 (420). 1264.69 (457) 1. CI. 2. ΔMFFχ2. 1.30 (1.21, 1.41). ΔMFFχ2 (df). 49.88 6.36 (17) p > 0.05. 571.14. 1.35 (1.25, 1.46). 111.5 (54) p < 0.001. 676.28. 49.87. 53.47. MFFχ2. 4-18 MFFχ2 221.53. ΔMFFχ2. 27. 27 34.33. MFFχ2. 187.20. 34.33. ΔMFFχ2. 0.05 40.11. 0.05 2. MFFχ 4-18. MFFχ2 (df). ECVI (90%CI). MFFχ2. ΔMFFχ2 (df). 325.50 (102). 0.43 (0.38, 0.49). 187.20. 34.33. (27). 57.51. p > 0.05 391.53 (129). 0.44 (0.39, 0.50). 221.53. 1 CI. !. ! 106. 56.58.
(118) 4-18. ECVI. 0.43 0.44. 90%. ECVI. ECVI. ;. 4-19 p<.05. 4-19. .240**. .186**. .241**. .079*. * p<.05 ; ** p<.01. 4-20 p<.01. ; p>.05. 4-20. .031. -.022. .028. ** p<.01 !. ! 107. .042. .109**.
(119) 66.6. 33.3. Two-way ANOVA 4-21. p <.05. Turkey. ;. 4-21. df ×. F. 4. 68.558. 2.445*. 2. 147.72. 6.22**. 4. 93.883. 3.353**. 2. 93.20. 3.87*. 4. 141.135. 5.09***. –. 2. 131.67. –. 2. –. >. 0.5. >. 0.4. 5.52**. >. 0.5. 91.31. 3.17*. >. 0.3. 4. 89.573. 3.216*. –. 2. 103.91. 4.33*. >. 0.4. –. 2. 124.35. 4.35*. >. 0.4. ×. – ×. ×. 1: 2 * p<.05 ; ** p<.01 ; *** p<.001 !. ! 108.
(120) 4-22 p<.01. 4-22. .163**. .094**. .296**. : ** p<.01. 4-23 p<.01. 4-23. .324**. .173**. : ** p<.01 (. ). ;. !. ! 109. .426**.
(121) Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985 Lee et al., 2003 4-24. -.279. ;. .233. .233 ;. -.279 4-24. .233**. .053. -.049. -.279**. : ** p<.01 4-25. -.126. ;. .417. -.126. ;. .226. .417. 4-25. -.126**. .051. : ** p<.01. !. ! 110. .226**. .417**.
(122) 66.6. 33.3. 4-26. Turkey. ;. ; 4-26 df. ×. 1 2. !. F. 2. 117.87. 4.259*. 2. 730.24. 26.387***. 4. 119.34. 4.312**. 1.. –. 2. 44.00. 1.401. 2.. –. 2. 237.11. 10.198***. > >. 0.61 0.30. 3.. –. 2. 101.57. 3.538*. >. 0.35. * p<.05 ; ** p<.01 ; *** p<.001. ! 111.
(123) 4-27 .218. .229. 93. 4-10. .233. ; 4-27. .218**. .229**. -.125*. : * p<.05 ; ** p<.01. ;. ;. !. ! 112.
(124) 4-28 .411. .289 .166. .195. -.396. 4-28. 1.000 .411**. 1.000. .166**. -.077*. 1.000. -.396**. .195**. .289**. 1.000. : * p<.05 ; ** p<.01. .411 p<.01 .615 29 4-19. 4-22 p<.01. p<.01 !. ! 113. 4-.
(125) 4-29. .382**. .193**. .188**. .256**. .179**. .615**. .260**. .162**. .084**. .207**. .202**. .080*. : * p<.05 ; ** p<.01. !. ! 114.
(126) ;. 4 5-1. 1 11 31 71 101 5 115 75 85 17 27 47 77 90 123 133 143 65 129 139 !. ! 115. 7. 5-1. 5-4.
(127) 5-2. 76 86 96 106 126 72 152 82 92 102 122 4 34 66 26 5-3. 3 13 23 33 53 63 83 93 103 54 64 84 124 9 29 49 59 !. ! 116.
(128) 127 100 18 130 140 5-4. 58 108 68 78 51 125 135 145 22 30 40 50. 5-1. ! 117. !. !. ! !. !. !. ! 5-1.
(129) γ = 0.88 ;. γ = 0.88. * p<.05 r =.411 r = -.396. 0.54. 0.87. 0.74. 0.89. SMC. 0.29. 0.75. AVE. ;. ;. !. ! 118. 0.42 0.57.
(130) MFFχ2. MFFχ2 ;. MFFχ2. 5-5 5-5. !. ! 119.
(131) r = .411 r = -.396. !. !. ! 120.
(132) ;. Watson & Clark. 1997 EPQ. Morris, 1979. γ = 0.88. ;. !. ! 121.
(133) –. Guilford. 1975. Morris, 1979. ;. Hogan. Kaiser 2008. personality from the inside. personality from the outside reputation. Hogan. !. ! 122. Kaiser.
(134) .411. Hogan. Kaiser. 242. !. ! 123.
(135) ;. 2008. 15 75. 15 ;. !. ! 124. 14.
(136) 5. 2. 14. ; 4. 411. 610. ;. Jung. !. 1996. ! 125.
(137) Mini markers Saucier, 1994. NEO-PI-R Costa & McCrae, 1992. –. !. ! 126.
(138) ; Need. Engagement. Hogan. ;. !. ! 127. Kaiser 2008.
(139) ;. !. ! 128.
(140) 2009. K. R. Murphy & C. O.. Davidshofer. 2001. 2005. 156-162. 2002. :. H. F. Silver, R. W. Strong, & M. J. Perini 2000 2009 36 3. 121-125. 2009. 2006. SIMPLIS. 2008. SIMPLIS 2010 DIF. 33(2). 111-139 2003 T. Armstrong. 1994 …. 2002. A. S. Reber 1985 2008 16(2). SEM. :. 17-30 2000 88NPTTC576002 .... 2012. M. Stein 2006. !. ! 129.
(141) 2012 S. Cain 2012 2012. D. Sharp 1987. 2010. PAC. 2012. 2003. 2011. D. Zack 2010. 2006. SPSS. 2011. LISREL/ SIMPLIS. 1995. L. A. Pervin 1993. 1997. 2008 21. 3. 385-388. 2006 2000. –. P. Clarkson & J.. Mackewn. 1993 2012. 7. 30. http://www.edu.tw/pages/detail. aspx?Node=1729&Page=15300&Index= 7&WID=31d75a44-efff-4c44-a075-15a9eb7aecdf 2009. !. –. ! 130.
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