優秀大專短跑與中長跑選手在健康體適能與基本運動能力之差異比較

壹、緒論

近年來運動科技的創新，在不同專項運動項目而言，許多運動教練對於選材 的要求是非常嚴謹的，透過田徑選手的基本運動能力及體適能之優劣，瞭解選手 對不同專項運動前瞻性發展的評估。而一位優秀競技選手及教練都必頇具備優良 的知能、態度與方法，才可掌握平常重要訓練的原則與方式，進而在比賽中保持 最佳狀態下爭取最佳的運動表現。健康體適能與基本運動能力的訓練，人類在追 求潛能發揮達到淋漓盡致，而運動選手的生命週期受生理年齡限制之下，要如何 善用人體生長發育以及掌握最寶貴的訓練時間有限下，使運動選手的潛能達至最 高的發展，至今仍然是值得探究的議題。程嘉彥與王順正（2002）指出：運動選 手的選材相當廣泛，包含遺傳、年齡、生化、體型以及基本運動能力的選材等， 皆是優秀運動競技選手應具備的身體能力之素質。 健康體適能與基本運動能力是運動選手參與每一項運動項目，都有特殊性的 運動能力，這些運動能力，事實上都已具備融入各專項相當高水準的運動技術， 如田徑短跑 100 公尺基本運動能力，必頇具備反應能力、加速能力及最大速度能 力的運動技能，與中長距離選手的肌耐力和速度耐力等。而基本運動能力，必頇 具備的健康體適能要素，其項目包含肌力、肌耐力、爆發力、速度、敏捷性、平 衡感以及柔軟度等要素（朱喜鳳，1981）。健康體適能與是指身體能夠適應生活、 運動及環境，如溫度、天氣變化或對抗疾病之免疫的綜合表現的能力（方進隆、 李水碧，2004）。體適能較佳的人，在運動訓練或工作效率上，皆有較佳的精神和 適應能力，不易產生疲勞感，可降低罹病率及死亡率的風險。早在 1955 年美國艾 森豪(Eisenhower)為了解決青少年體適能之問題，召集醫學、體育、運動與衛生 教 育 專 家 ， 成 立 「 青 少 年 體 適 能 總 統 委 員 會 (president’s council youth

fitness)」，1958 年規劃出一序列的美國青少年體適能檢測包含引體向上、仰臥 起坐、立定跳、折返跑、50 碼衝刺、壘球擲遠及 600 碼跑步共七項，用來檢測人 體健康體適能的運動能力。其後因為各國家的種族和文化的差異，漸漸有各國專 家學者，根據自己國家需求制訂體適能的各項要素以及設計各種檢測項目，由於 各國自行制定體適能檢測的項目不同，造成研究與比較上的困難，因此，在 1964 年國際科學會議編制了國際體適能檢測標準化委員會，訂定體適能檢測的內容與 方法，作為各國家進行體適能檢測的參考標準(林正常、蔡崇濱、林貴福，1999)。 在 1980 年 Jackson 等人所修訂的健康體適能檢測項目，包括耐力跑、體脂肪 百分比、屈膝仰臥起坐及坐姿體前彎等項目，可用來來評估人體的心肺耐力、身 體組成及腹部耐力與柔軟度等四種身體適能(程嘉彥、王順正，2002)。除了基本 運動能力外，身體組成也會影響運動選手的表現，在運動選手選材上，身體組成 的檢測評估是非常重視的問題。過去許多研究指出，脂肪率過高會造成運動表現 不利（Lohman, 1992, Franchini, Takito, Kiss & Sterkowicz, 2005）。相關研究 也證實體脂肪過多會造成肌肉承受負荷大且容易導致運動傷害、降低運動表現， 如運動選手減少 1 公斤的脂肪、增加 1 公斤的肌肉，則可增進 6 公斤的力量（吳

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Comparing the Difference between Sprinters and Middle-Distance

Runners on Health-related Physical Fitness and Basic Athletic

Ability in Outstanding college students

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to explore the difference of outstanding college First Division's sprinters and distance runners on health related physical fitness and basic athletic ability, including 9 male and 8 female sprinters, 8 male and 9 female middle- and long-distance runners, totally 34 athletes. The SPSS 21.0 for Windows was used for running descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test to explore the health related physical fitness and fundamental motor abilities and body compositions of outstanding collegiate Class-A track-and-field athletes. The results show that, regarding health related physical fitness and fundamental motor abilities, the male sprinters coordination, vertical high jump, standing long jump, t-test and 60-meter sprint are all performed significantly better than male middle- and long-distance runners, while it shows no remarkable difference in V-shape sit-and-reach test and one-minute bent-knee sit-up. The female sprinters coordination, vertical high jump, standing long jump and t-test are also all significantly better than female middle- and long-distance runners while there is no noteworthy difference in V-shape sit-and-reach test, 60-meter sprint and one-minute bent-knee sit-up. When it comes to body compositions, the results show that the male sprinters skeletal muscle mass, body fat percentage ratio, body fat mass, lean body mass, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, visceral fat, basal metabolic rate are all significantly higher than middle- and long-distance runners. The female sprinters lean body mass and basal metabolic rate are significantly better than the middle- and long-distance runners, and it shows no significant difference in other body compositions. The conclusion is that it is found male and female sprinters coordination, muscle strength and explosive strength are all significantly better than middle- and long-distance runners. The health related physical fitness and basic athletic ability tested by detection of this study can make an assessment on training situation of the outstanding college First Division's sprinters and distance runners. In that way, it conduces to Instructors control effectively for each player's physical fitness level in training and have a benefit for training sections of physical fitness regulation and adjustment before the match.

Key words: Coordination, V-shape sit-and-reach test, Body mass index, Basal