ඒߛઔߒႃע
รԼᙀรԿཚʳ 2003 ڣ 9 ִʳ 63-92
ȶၽᔛȷཎဎޟᙽپІࡦ࿋фၽᔛ МϽޟ੫ЅڏЕีޟఀىࡦՃ
1̟ Η ဢ ! ࡌ
ψሏᚭωڇඒߛ೯խڶࠡૹچۯΔۖඒߛխՈլᖂृऱᓵ૪Δ܀
ڇඒߛୃᖂխথ֟ڶᖂृኙ࣍ψሏᚭωऱᄗ࢚ၞ۩൶ߒΔۖڍૻ࣍ඒߛ։࣫ୃ
ᖂऱႚอΖء֮܂ृᎁΔሏᚭ܂ԫጟૹऱ֮֏ွΔࠡڇඒߛୃᖂխऱ։
࣫լᚨႛૻࠫڇ։࣫ୃᖂխΔۖᚨૹီሏᚭऱઝᎾࢤઔߒΖۖڇၞ۩ઝᎾࢤઔߒ ছΔܠԳԾڶؘ٣ኙ࣍ሏᚭऱψᎅऄωࢨრᆠ᠏᧢ऱመ࿓ڶࢬԱᇞΖء֮ऱ
ؾऱڇຘመψሏᚭωრᆠ᠏᧢ऱ։࣫Δࠐᤩᅝזሏᚭ֮֏ऱᐛΖڇ։࣫Ա ઌᣂ֮৵Δء֮༼נԱሏᚭڇזא૾ࢬ࿇سऱԿڻ᠏᧢Δࠡխรԫڻ᠏᧢ਢ ലሏᚭԵࢤᕏൗՀऱψԳनሏᚭωΔรԲڻঞਢԳ൷࠹ሏᚭឭ܉ऱψሏᚭन ԳωΔรԿڻঞਢᅝז֮֏խሏᚭኙ࣍టኔس࠷זऱψሏᚭܛԳسωΖء່֮৵
ᖕψሏᚭܛԳسωऱߡ৫։࣫Աᅝזሏᚭ֮֏ऱᐛΔࠀ༼נԱԫࠄ֧࿇ඒߛ ՠ܂ृ৸ऱംᠲΖ
ᜢᗖӷǺၯᔍǵ௲ػণᏢǵᆛၡޜ໔
ҁЎբޣࣁ୯ҥᆵৣጄεᏢ௲ػᏢسୋ௲
ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]
ዺВයǺ2003 ԃ 4 Д 24 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 8 Д 15 В
Bulletin of Educational Research
September, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 3 pp. 63-92
Reflections on the Characteristics of Play Culture in Modern Society and its
Implications on Education
Yung-Chuan Fang
Abstract
Tracing the developments and shifts of the definition of “play” this article explicates the characteristics of contemporary play culture. From the 17th century to our contemporary era, three definitions of play have emerged. The first definition holds that play is dominated by human reason and engaged in by man. The second definition claims that play is the subject of man-play relationship, wherein play plays with man and not man plays play. The third definition suggests that play permeates every sphere of man’s life and has displaced reality within human life. The author emphasizes the differences between ‘ludic space’ and ‘real life space’ in order that man can have more latitude and leeway while living in modern society.
Keywords: play, game, educational philosophy, cyberspace
Associate Professor, Department of Education, National Taiwan Normal University E-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript received: Apr. 24, 2003; Accepted: Aug. 15, 2003
ಥăྼᑚ
2۞ሀቘّ
ڇԳᣊऱመװᖵխΔഏፖഏհၴऱᖿ௺ञጤԫٻ္ᓯྲྀᎩऱ૨ࠃᖏञΔڂ
ۖທګԱᣄאૠᑇऱවᐯ༟ᏣΙۖڇז֮ࣔխΔឈྥլٵഏ୮հၴऱᖏञᓢડ
ྫژΔ܀ݺଚথՈࠩԱԫጟݮڤऱψᖏञωޓ᙮چڇᅝזԳᣊषᄎխ࿇
سထΔຍጟԫጟݮڤऱψᖏञωΔ༉ਢՕীऱሎ೯ࠃΖאᅝז່࠹ࣹؾऱࠟႈ
Օীሎ೯ᤁհԫΔڣᜰ۩ԫࡻऱࣦߩΰԫࡱሎαࠐᎅΔᅝ
ࠟଡլٵၷ֥ٔڍԳڇԫଡ୲ၦሒԼᆄԳאՂՕীሎ೯چၞ۩ֺছΔࠟၷհ
ၴऱኙৣΔኔڇቝᄕԱڇᤁݾՂᄷໂଡ܃ڽݺհࠟ૨ၴऱኙೄΔۖࠡව ऱࣷՈլࠅ࣍టإᖏՂऱᐕවΔ۟࣍ሎ೯ᨠฒދԵᑷխऱ࿓৫ޓլᙁ࣍ײ זᤁݾխऱᨠฒΖڇזषᄎխԫࠄՕীሎ೯ֺբᆖຝ։࠷זԱመװഏፖഏ
1
ҁЎচว߄ܭ 2002 ԃ 10 Дਔύࣴଣኻऍ܌ЬᒤϐȨಃϖۛ௲ػণᏢᚒࣴȩǴ চӜࣁȨவၯᔍཀကޑᙯשϸࡘжၯᔍЎϯޑቻȩǶҁЎ߯ຑፕΓቅ҇௲
ǵϷӭՏᆶΓγϷځдᏢޣৎ܌ගཀـঅׯԶԋǴԜགᖴǶ
2
ၯᔍຒӧमЎύᆶϐჹᔈޑӷຒ೯தԖΒǴࢂ playǴќࢂ gameǶऩவύЎٰ
࣮Ǵplay ՟Яၨௗ߈ȨၯȩǴԶ game ၨௗ߈ȨᔍȩޑཀကȐԜࣁޣܭύࣴଣ܌ᒤ ϐಃϖۛж௲ػণᏢࣴว߄ҁЎਔǴᆶϐླྀਕᓪୋࣴز܌ගᒬȑǶՠҗ ܭӧύЎ္ǴȨၯᔍȩٿӷதࢂೱҔޑǴ܌аӧᙌ play ᆶ game ਔǴคёᗉխё
ૈࣁȨၯᔍȩǴࢂаൂவȨၯᔍȩຒٰ࣮ਔǴԖਔ٠คݤ҅ᒣځډۭࣁ play Ǵᗋࢂ gameǶோӧमЎύǴԖᜢ play ޑۓကΨԖኧԭᅿϐӭȐՠ҅зΓᅈཀ ޑࠅؒԖȑǴԖਔ play ޑཀကࣗԿΨхࡴΑ game ӧϣǶ٩Ᏽ M. Spariosu ޑϩǴ ೭ᅿ play ཀကޑᚇǴౢғٿᅿǶځύϐࢂ٬ளࢌ٤жፕᏢޣȐձ
ࢂࣽᏢБय़ȑाό൩ֹӄցۓۓက play ޑёૈ܄Ǵाό൩ע play ԋࢂᅿІ။
ȐparadoxȑǶԶќᅿ߾தวғܭЎϯፕϷЎϯΓᜪᏢޑᏢޣǴдॺ۳۳഻
మཱϩ play ᆶ gamesȐ܈ޣࢂ paidia ᆶ ludusȑǴᇡࣁޣ play ܈ paidia ϝࢂค ݤࣚۓޑǴԶࡕޣޑ games ᆶ ludus ߾ຎࣁࢂᅿڙډೕ߾܌ज़ڋޑԾҗǵ܈ࢂ
ᅿڋࡋϯޑၯᔍȐinstitutionalized playȑȐSpariosu, 1989: 1-2ȑǶԶӧҁЎޑҔݤ ύǴҭӕኬόѺᆉஒȨၯᔍȩຒϒаۓကǴЪҔݤၨௗ߈ B. Sutton-Smith ჹܭၯ ᔍຒޑϩǴࡺځж߄Αཀကၨࣁቶݱޑ playǴ೭ஒ٬ள play ӧҁЎύԖਔόѝ
ࢂӜຒǴԖਔځҔݤҭёૈௗ߈ஒ play ԋຒࣗ܈ୋຒޑၮҔǶ
ၴאᖏञࠐᇞެᓢડऱݮڤΔഏፖഏհၴլؘ٦ڨઌߠΔۖਢڇᤁञᖿ௺ऱሎ ೯ՂߠటີΖഏᎾࢤሎ೯ᤁΔຍଡՕীऱψሏᚭωΔਬጟ࿓৫چ࠷זԱటኔऱ ψᖏञωΔګԳଚటኔسխլױࢨऱԫຝ։Ζ
փྋਬഏ՛Ֆ۔ஃऱවࡎூΔᖵᆖԱԶڣΔึ࣍ڇᤞֱۖլඍऱಳՀ
ܫೠధΖחԳ᧫ᙹऱਢΔֈ֫ຶྥਢᅝழڣႛ 11 ᄣ֗ 13 ᄣऱΔࠡխڶԫ ۯᝫਢՖ۔ஃऱᖂسΖۖຍࠟଡحՀຍԳళ٥ᐬऱூऱڂΔথਢڂڇ ୮խԱ᠙ᒘፕૻ్ࠫᆏؾ৵ԫழᓢ೯ࢬ܂נࠐऱ۩೯Ζሽီᆏؾءࠐਢԫጟୡ ᑗࢤऱψሏᚭωΔ܀ਢڂ،֧࿇Աᨠृऱტࡴᓢ೯Δึ֧ۖીլױᓪհᙑᎄऱ
࿇سΖ
Ղ૪ࠟଡࠏۿլઌեΔ܀ᐋࠐΔࠡኔإ֘ਠԱᅝזլٵݮڤऱψሏ ᚭωኙ࣍Գᣊس֗سࡎ؎ՕऱᐙԺΖڇছଡࠏխΔሎ೯ᤁױᎅਢԫጟࠠ
ڶ৫ψঞ֭ωݮڤऱሏᚭΔՅਢፖᤁऱԳຟؘႊᣤښᤁխऱψሏᚭ
ঞωΔڇᤁխΔԳଚਢאᆢ᧯ݮڤၞ۩ሏᚭऱΔۖڇኔऱسխΔሎ೯ᤁ
Ոբլ٦ਢψሏᚭω Δ،ڰբګኔऱԫຝ։Δኙ࣍ԳᣊسขسૹՕऱᐙΖ
ۖڇ৵ԫଡࠏխΔ٣܂ୡᑗΕऱሽီᆏؾΔڂ֧࿇ࠨᖿԱଡԳऱუ ቝࢨ֤უΔၞۖᐙࠩଡԳऱ۩೯Δ،ګԱحᆞऱᎈڂΖڇሏᚭऱٺጟݮڤխΔ ᥆࣍ଡԳऱუቝՈਢԫጟሏᚭΔ܀ਢڇຍଡࠏխΔଡԳऱუቝথ᠏֏႞୭ה Գऱ۩೯ࢨ֧࿇႞୭הԳऱ۩೯נΖڶழუቝᄎ࠷זటኔऱسࢨسࡎΔ܀ຍ ழݺଚথլݦඨ،టإऱ࿇سΖ
ൕছ૪ࠏխΔݺଚ۟֟բᆖࠩࠟጟլٵᄕጤݮڤऱሏᚭڇၞ۩ထΔԫጟ ਢႃ᧯ऱΕࠠڶᣤ᠃ঞऱሏᚭΙԫጟঞਢ᥆࣍ଡԳऱΕߏയऱუቝ೯ऱሏᚭΖ ࠃኔՂΔڕ࣠ނሏᚭᄗ࢚ီԫଡຑᥛ᧯ऱᇩΔڇՂ૪ࠟጤհၴᝫڶڍլٵݮ ڤऱሏᚭژڇထΔຍࠄլٵݮڤऱሏᚭኙ࣍Գسຟڶլױ᎘࢙ऱᐙԺΖሏᚭᕣ ጥਢژڇ࣍ԳᣊհխऱԫጟཏሙွΔ܀༉ڕ B. Sutton-Smith ࢬᎅऱΚឈྥݺଚ ழൄڇनሏᚭΔۖݺଚՈຟवሐ،ቝչᏖΔ܀ਢᅝݺଚუലψሏᚭਢչᏖΛω
ᓵ֏ழΔݺଚথᄎᏼԵնߺᣆխΖᣂ࣍ሏᚭΔԳଚհၴৰ֟٥ᢝΰagreementαΔ
܀থڶޓڍऱᑓᒫլࣔΰambiguityαΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 1αΖሏᚭრᆠऱᑓᒫլ
ࣔΔڂਢᄭ۞ሏᚭԫጟԳᣊषᄎխཏሙژڇऱွፖ೯Δຍࠌሏᚭ࠹ࠩ
լٵऱ֮֏હན֗ଡ᧯೯ऱᐙΔڂۖขسԱٺጟլٵऱݮڤΖۖೈԱڍցऱ ݮڤ؆Δሏᚭऱᑓᒫࢤࡸࠐ۞ሏᚭृΕሏᚭտΰplay agenciesαፖሏᚭᏣءΰplay scenarios αऱڍᑌࢤΰSutton-Smith, 1997:5-6αΖ
٦ၞԫޡ։࣫Δሏᚭऱᑓᒫࢤኔঞᚨᇠਢࠐ۞࣍ሏᚭءߪࢬࠠڶऱᔆ
ψᇘωΰmake-believeαΖK. Burke ຘመኙ࣍೯ढሏᚭऱઔߒΔᎁሏᚭࢨױ אጠհԫጟψᚭᏣࢤऱ֘૿ωΰdramatistic negativeαΖڂ೯ढྤऄψᎅωנ ψլΜωΔࢬאሏᚭኙ،ଚۖߢΔਢԫጟຘመإ૿۩೯ΰaffirmative actionαࠐ᧩
ق֘૿რᆠऱֱڤΔሏᚭፖࠡࢬז।ऱࠃढ᧩ྥլਢٵԫڃࠃΖ R. Fagen ᎁ
ሏᚭ່חԳܺ༝ऱរΔࠀլਢڇ࣍،ᄎᖄીवᤚՂऱլԫીΔۖਢሏᚭᄎא
،ऱψլױᇞࢤωࠐଡ଼ᆵݺଚΖݺଚ᜔ਢტᤚࠩڇሏᚭऱહ৵ڶࠄչᏖΔ܀ݺ ଚ༉ਢլवሐΔࢨृਢݺଚ᜔ਢݱԱᇠڕ۶װ،ΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 1-2αΖG.
Bateson ޓאՀ٨ऱᇩࠐࡳሏᚭΚψឩךࠐᎅΔόຍਢሏᚭύΰthis is playαऱຫ ૪Δࠐ༉ቝਢᎅΔݺଚڇࢬൕࠃऱᜰ೯Δࠀॺటإچਐຫΰto denoteαຍࠄ ᜰ೯ࢬז।ΰstand forαհრᆠࢬਐຫऱωΰBateson, 1978: 121αΖࠏڕ೯ढࢨ
ڇሏᚭழΔψ᎘নωΰnippingαຍଡ೯܂ࢬז।ऱრᆠᅝྥਢψনωΰbiteαΔ܀
،ԾլਢਐຫటإऱψনωΖإਢڇຍጟటፖဠኔհၴऱۊۥچΔሏᚭ࠹ࠩԱ ޓڍࠡࢬ౧ऱᐙΔሏᚭءߪრᆠऱᇭᤩڶሏᚭृءߪࢨፖሏᚭ౧
ऱԳթ౨ᇞΖ
ط࣍ڇሏᚭऱٺႈڂైխڶထছ૪ጟጟڍᑌࢤΔࠌሏᚭՈڕٵࠡהԳᣊس
խૹۖԾᑓᒫऱᄗ࢚ΰຍࠄᄗ࢚ڕࡲඒΕᢌΕᖏञΕਙएࡉ֮֏αԫᑌΔ ګԫଡԼ։ᓤᠧۖಮԳऱᄗ࢚Ζֱ۫षᄎՕપਢ 1800 ڣא৵Δᖂृթၲࡨኙ࣍
ψሏᚭωऱᄗ࢚ၞ۩ԫࠄڶߓอࢨઝᖂࢤऱᓵ૪ΖڂሏᚭܶਔԱԳᣊسऱٺ ଡᐋ૿ΔࢬאլٵᖂઝᏆኙ࣍ሏᚭઃڶထઌᅝऱઔߒᘋᔊΔۖઔߒऱૹរՈ ڶࢬլٵΖࠡխഄԫױ౨ઌٵऱΔਢהଚຟࠌشԱψplayωຍଡټဲࠐਐຫڍ լٵऱࠃढΖࠏڕൕسढᖂΕ֨ᖂΕඒߛՠ܂ृፖषᄎᖂ୮ऱณ٠ࠐழΔࠡ
ઔߒሏᚭऱྡྷរڍਢᆜ࣍ψሏᚭڕ۶ᔞᚨࢨڶఛ࣍ଡԳऱس९Ε࿇୶ፖषᄎ֏ω Ղ૿Ζ
ሏᚭڇඒߛխՈਢԫଡઌᅝૹऱᄗ࢚Ζൕײזݦᢊऱ Plato ፖ Aristotle
ၲࡨΔ༉ڰբ᧯ᎁࠩሏᚭኙআၞࠝ࿙֗ൈ࿇୶ऱᏝଖΖࠏڕ Plato ༉ᎁሏᚭਢ
ၲࡨࠝ࿙ඒߛऱ່ړֱڤΔۖຘመሏᚭຍጟ۞طऱ೯Ոױᦸܑࠝ࿙ऱᇷᔆ ΰDearden, 1968: 93αΖۖڇֱ۫ඒߛխΔJ. A. ComeniusΕJ.-J. RousseauΕJ.
Pestalozzi ΕF. Froebel ԳՈຟ֘ኙᅝழࠝ࿙ඒߛխᣤऱધ৳Δൎᓳሏᚭਢࠝ࿙
֚سऱ೯ፖᖂऱՠࠠΖࠉᖕ D. Cohen հߠΔ18 ધደᆠሎ೯ΰRomantic movement αޏ᧢ԱছזધᎁሏᚭࠀྤܑᏝଖऱኪ৫Δࠡխ Rousseau ױ౨ਢ ଈۯᓵ૪ࠩሏᚭհૹࢤऱ৸უ୮ΔൕࠡࢬထπფᚦࠝρΰEmileαኙ࣍ფᚦࠝඒ ߛ೯ऱ༴૪ΔܛױנሏᚭڇࠡඒߛխऱૹࢤΰCohen, 1993: 23α Ζ৵ࠐ Froebel ޓ֧տԱԫጟणۿ֦ᇫऱᎅऄΚψሏᚭਢԫጟᣤऱ೯ΖωΕψሏᚭਢࠝ࿙ऱόՠ
܂ύΖωڇ Froebel ऱᎁवխΔሏᚭᚨᇠਢࠠڶࠥრᆠऱΔڂሏᚭ༉ਢࠝ࿙ళ ᆣءᔆऱၲ୶Δࢬאኙ࣍ࠝ࿙ࠐᎅΔሏᚭࠠໂԱԼߩऱඒߛრᆠΖۖࠩԱᅝזঞ ޓլᖂृኙ࣍ሏᚭऱൎᓳΔڕ J. Piaget ፖ A. S. Neill ԳΰDearden, 1968: 93;
Frost & Klein, 1979: 1-2; Winch & Gingell, 1999: 173 αΖ
ឈྥሏᚭڇඒߛ೯խઌᅝૹΔۖڇඒߛՈլᖂृኙ࣍ሏᚭऱᓵ ૪Δ܀լױܡᎁऱΔᅝඒߛୃᖂઔߒृ૿ኙထຍᑌऱԫଡᄗ࢚ழΔܛঁኙ࣍ሏᚭ հᄗ࢚։࣫ຍጟψഗᐋ໎ՠऱՠ܂ωΰ‘under labourer’ taskαຟৰ֟ղאᣤ᠃چኙ ৱΖᖕ C. Winch ԳࢬߢΔሏᚭڇؔࠝඒߛխ۟ૹΔ܀መװኙ࣍ψሏᚭω ऱൎᓳൄൄਢၞޡᆠऱᨠរΔۖڇڍຍᣊ܂խΔᄗ࢚ፖᓵլࣔऱൣ
ݮথࢬڇڍڶΖWinch ፖ Gingellΰ1999: 173-174αਐנΔڇመװऱඒߛୃᖂխΔ
ڶ։࣫ୃᖂऱႚอམᆖኙ࣍ሏᚭऱᄗ࢚܂נᣤ᠃ऱ։࣫Deardenΰ1968:
99-101 αխམൕԿଡߡ৫ࠐ։࣫Κ(ԫ)ሏᚭءᔆՂਢψॺᣤऱωΰnon-seriousαΔ
ࠡխటإऱሐᐚፖ֮֏ऱᏝଖΙ(Բ)ሏᚭਢψ۞ߩऱωΰself-containedαΔ،
ፖᆠ೭ΰdutiesαΕშ৸ΰdeliberationsαፖ࿇୶ቤΰdeveloping projectsαᚨᇠ։
ၲࠐΔ৵ृዌګֲൄسؾऱխऱᣤጻΖ(Կ)ሏᚭࠠڶψܛࠥऱܮ֧Ժω ΰimmediate in its attractivenessαΖ൫ Dearden ऱ։࣫սڶࠡլߩհΖڂሏᚭऱ ᄗ࢚ܶਔऱᒤԼ։ᓤᠧΔਢܡ౨ജݙ٤ᎅࠡլࠠڶటإऱሐᐚ֮֗֏ऱᏝଖࡸ
ڶጊᆠΙۖᣂ࣍ሏᚭפ౨ፖᏝଖऱᓵ૪ΰڕᥒᙁਬࠄሐᐚᏝଖࢨᨃࠝ࿙ቃໂآࠐ
سαޓਢۀׄךརΖጓࠡڂΔDearden ױ౨ਢലሏᚭऱᒤΔૻࡳڇψࠝ࿙
ሏᚭωհਚΔીࠌהڶᣂሏᚭऱ։࣫ᝫլജך։٤૿Ζ
ࠡኔඒߛୃᖂխᣂ࣍ሏᚭऱಘᓵΔᚨᇠլڇ։࣫ୃᖂऱႚอփΔڂᣂ࣍
ሏᚭऱઔߒΔٻࠐܛਢઝᎾࢤऱઔߒΔຍጟઝᎾࢤऱઔߒլױ౨ႛওૻ࣍ኙ࣍ሏ ᚭֲൄᄗ࢚ऱᇞ࣫Ζۖሏᚭ܂ԫጟૹऱ֮֏ွΔψሏᚭڇ֮֏ژڇհছ༉
բᐖऑچנΔ،۴ᙟထ֮֏ऱ࿇سΔࠀൕದॣࠩݺଚڇࢬऱ֮ࣔၸຟ ԫऴዶຘڇ֮֏խωΰHuizinga, 1955: 4αΔ،լਢ֮֏ऱದᄭࢨᄵݩΔ،༉ਢ
֮֏ءߪΖᅝݺଚ्ࡳ֮֏ڇඒߛխऱૹࢤழΔኙ࣍ሏᚭၞ۩ୃᖂऱ։࣫֗൶ ಘΔױאᚥܗݺଚኙ࣍ᅝזषᄎऱ֮֏ڶထၞԫޡऱᇞΔࠀኙ࣍זषᄎऱඒ ߛՠ܂༼ࠎԫࡳऱ৸ە़ၴΖ
൫ሏᚭԫᄕᓤᠧऱᄗ࢚Δڇء֮ऱᒧ༏խࠀྤऄኙ࣍ሏᚭઌᣂऱᄗ࢚ၞ
۩٤૿ݙᖞऱ։࣫Δۖᣂ࣍ሏᚭᏝଖፖפ౨ऱઔߒΔڇඒߛઌᣂᏆऱઔߒխڕ
ؔࠝඒߛΕ࿇୶֨ᖂ֗ሏᚭए᛭ऱᏆխٍբีᗨઌᅝڍऱઔߒګ࣠Δڂڼء
֮ऱᓵ૪ലլᤛ֗ሏᚭऱ֨ࡉए᛭פ౨ፖא֗ࠡሎش࣍ඒߛऱኔᎾ܂ऄΔۖਢ ᚵൕፖሏᚭڶᣂऱψ։ᣊω֗ψᎅऄωΰrhetoricsαΰش Sutton-Smith α։࣫
נ࿇Δ൶ಘሏᚭრᆠऱ᠏᧢መ࿓Δࠀᇢቹڇຍᑌऱრᆠ᠏᧢ऱመ࿓৸ࠡኙ࣍ඒ ߛՠ܂ृऱრᆠΖ
෮ăR. Caillois ۞ྼᑚ̶ᙷጯᄃ Sutton-Smith ۞
ྼᑚᄲڱ
ᖵࠐڶᣂሏᚭࡳᆠऱᓵ૪Δڶൕ֨ᖂ֗سᖂمᓵृΔൎᓳऱਢࠝ࿙ऱሏ ᚭΙڶൕᖵΕ֮֏مᓵृΔൎᓳऱਢሏᚭխભᖂऱᔆ֗ݮۖՂऱ࢚ΙՈڶ ൕୃᖂऱߡ৫Δኙ࣍լٵऱሏᚭᨠរၞ۩։ᣊΖࠉृհߠΔڇᅝזᣂ࣍ሏᚭऱ ઔߒխΔא Caillois ڇࠡထ܂πԳΔሏᚭፖࠃρΰMan, Play and Gamesαխኙ࣍
ሏᚭऱ։ᣊࡉ Sutton-Smith ڇࠡπሏᚭऱᑓᒫࢤρΰThe Ambiguity of Playαኙ࣍
ሏᚭᓵΰplay theoriesαऱូ່ߓอፖ٤૿ΖൕࠟԳኙ࣍ሏᚭࢬ܂ऱ։ᣊא
֗ኙ࣍ሏᚭᎅऄࢬ܂ऱូࠐழΔݺଚױא࿇ࠩሏᚭլਢࠝ࿙ࢬၞ۩ऱԫ
ጟ೯ΔሏᚭޓਢԫጟૹऱګԳ֮֏ွΙሏᚭऱઌᣂᎅऄ֗փොլץᢅᆄ
ွΔۖ،ޓ֘ਠԱԳᣊषᄎऱ֮֏ᐛΔۖፖᅝழऱ৸ᑪΕঋڶထጹയऱ ᣂএΖਚृאΔຘመኙࠟृᨠរऱ֧տፖ։࣫Δլႛױא܂৸ەሏᚭრᆠ
᠏᧢ऱૹದរΔՈױאᨃݺଚኙ࣍ሏᚭ֮֗֏հၴऱᣂᜤڶထޓԵऱᎁᢝΖ
ʙăDbjmmpjt ڟཽᐛ˷ᘸደ!!!!
ڇሏᚭऱᖂࢤઔߒխΔCaillois ऱሏᚭᓵᎁਢᅝז່ڶಥऱᓵհ ԫΔהലሏᚭ։ՕᣊΔኙ࣍৵ࠐᖂृऱઔߒڶᏅՕऱᐙΔڂۖڶऱᖂृޓ ലࠡሏᚭᓵࡳټԫጟψሏᚭ։ᣊᖂωΰᏥԫاΔ1995Κ32-33αΖCailloisΰ1958:
9-10 αڇإڤኙሏᚭၞ۩։ᣊছΔ٣ലሏᚭ(play)܂ԱॣޡࡳᆠΔ،ഗءՂࠠڶՀ ٨ࢤΚ(ԫ)۞طऱ೯Κሏᚭլਢ૰ऱΔڕ࣠،ਢΔ߷༉مܛᄎ؈װࠡܮ֧
ԺΙ(Բ)։ሶऱ೯Κሏᚭ࠹ࠩழ़ऱૻࠫΔ،ਢڇࠃ٣༉ࡳᆠፖࡐࡳړऱΙ(Կ) լᒔࡳऱ೯Κሏᚭऱ೯ྤऄ٣ެࡳړΔࠡ࣠Ոྤऄࠃ٣ቃறΔᄎఎሏᚭ
ृԫࠄ़ၴΙ()ྤسขࢤऱ೯Κሏᚭਝլ౨໌ທܓఛΔՈլ౨سګತ༄Δլ ౨ᏺףᄅऱցైΙ(ն)࠹ࠩঞऱપޔΚ،ឈլᙅ۩ֲൄऱऄ৳Δ܀থڶ۞աऱ
ঞΙ(ք)ᇘऱ೯Κ۴ᙟထԫጟऱवᤚΔຍጟवᤚਢኙ࣍ڻ్ኔΰsecond reality αࢨԫጟ۞طऱॺኔΰfree unrealityαऱवᤚΔۖॺኙ࣍టኔسऱवᤚΖ Caillois ΰ1958: 12-13α൷Հࠐኙ࣍ሏᚭ։ՕᣊΚ(ԫ)agônΰᤁञαΚڕᔎ ߩΕᐳፖՀཪΙ(Բ)aleaΰᖲαΚᔂᔚᒌΕᑗຘΙ(Կ)mimicryΰᑓᚵαΚ ڕފዝਬԳऱߡۥΙ() ilinxΰఞᄉαΚڕ៶ထݶຒऱ᠏೯ࢨᏼᆵऱ೯܂Δڇ۞
ߪขسᄉఞࢨ႖ऱტᤚΖCaillois ᎁຍጟ։ᣊឈྥլԫࡳץਔᖞଡሏᚭऱᒤ
Δ܀ຍጟ։ऄױᎅਢലሏᚭ։ଡွૻΔޢଡွૻຟ࠹ࠩࠡॣঞࢬอࠫΔ ޢଡွૻຝ։ຟץਔԱઌٵጟᣊऱሏᚭΖ܀ڇຍଡွૻխΔլٵऱሏᚭՈᄎࠉ ᅃਬጟ఼ݧۖڜඈΖຍጟ఼ݧਢԫଡࠠڶࠟጤऱຑᥛ᧯ΔࠡխԫጤਢΕే႖Ε
۞طܛᘋፖ۞ڇऱ߆ᦟΔ،᧩قԱԫጟլ࠹൳ࠫऱ֤უΔCaillois ലڼጤጠψᐁ
नωΰpaidiaαΖۖڇԫጤΔঞႜٻشᗑឰऱΕࡎחऱፖև९ऱપࠐપࠫᐁᚭ
ऱ۩Δ،ᏁڶޓڍऱܘԺΕર֨ፖݾᢌΕႧঠΔCaillois ጠڼጤψᤁनω
ΰludusαΖCailloisΰ1958: 33αᇞᤩΔludus ז।ऱਢڇሏᚭխਬࠄऱڂైΔ
ຍࠄڂై່חԳٱွࠥऱ༉ਢ،ऱᐙԺፖ֮֏ऱ໌ທԺΖՈ༉ਢᎅΔludus
ፖ֮֏ऱપࠫڶထയ֊ऱᣂএΔሏᚭױᎅፖ֮֏հၴڶထയ֊ऱᣂᜤΖ
ጵᨠࠐᎅΔCaillois ࠡኔਢലሏᚭऱઔߒ܂ԫጟ֮֏ઔߒऱᒵΔה༼נԱ ሏᚭઔߒՈڕٵԳᣊࠡהࠫ৫ऱઔߒԫᑌΰڕᆖᛎऱΕਙएऱΕࡲඒऱࢨ୮அࠫ
৫αΖຘመሏᚭऱઔߒΔݺଚࢨױאၞۖዝᢂנ֮֏ऱഗءᑓڤፖᓵᠲΔ܂৵ᥛ
൶ಘԳᣊ֮֏ംᠲऱૹഗ៕Ζ
ʠăTvuupo.Tnjui ڟཽᐛჳٲ!
Sutton-Smith ᎁሏᚭऱᑓᒫࢤΔਢࠐ۞࣍ڇሏᚭᓵ֗ሏᚭહ৵հ
ੌ۩ऱ֮֏ᎅऄཐࢤࢬીΖSutton-Smith հࢬאࠌشԱψᎅऄωԫဲΔࠡრ ਢڇലࠡᅝګԫጟࠠڶᎅࣚԺऱᓵ૪Εԫጟឆۖآ᧩ऱඖࠃΖਬࠄࠠڶᣂᜤ ऱګᄎڶრྤრچආشψᎅऄωΔאᇢቹװᎅࣚࠡהԳઌॾ۞աॾ࢚ऱటኔፖᏝ ଖΖSutton-Smith ܑ༼ᙌΔࢬᘯऱψᎅऄωΔࠀլڇൎᓳሏᚭऱኔᔆࢨਢሏᚭऱ ઝᖂ֗ᓵΔۖਢڇਐנᑨ៲ڇࢍՀऱࠠڶრᢝীኪհᏝଖڕ۶ઌᣂᓵࢬࠌ شΔࠀᇢቹאڼװᎅࣚהԳΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 8αΖൕຍጟኙ࣍ψᎅऄωऱऄ נ࿇ΔSutton-Smith ലሏᚭऱᎅऄូԮՕᣊΚ
( ԫ)ψሏᚭܛၞޡωΰplay as progressαऱᎅऄΚຍጟᎅऄຏൄሎشڇࠝ࿙ፖ ೯ढऱሏᚭխΔᎁ೯ढፖࠝ࿙ΰۖॺګԳαਢຘመࠡሏᚭࠐᖂᔞᚨፖ࿇୶ऱΖ ψሏᚭܛၞޡωऱॾ࢚Օຝ։ֱ۫ԳࢬॾٛΖࠉ Sutton-Smith ऱ։࣫Δၞޡᎅ ऄऱؾऱڇൎᓳګԳፖࠝ࿙ਢڶฆऱΔࠝ࿙ءߪਢྤߵऱፖࠉᘸऱΔۖࠝ
࿙ፖګԳऱሏᚭՈਢլٵऱΔࠝ࿙ऱሏᚭਢၲ࣋ፖ໌ທࢤऱΔګԳऱሏᚭঞਢ
ຨऱΕୡᑗऱΰrecreativeαΖᖂீඒߛԱআګࠝ࿙ऱ࿇୶ፖၞޡΔൄൄނሏᚭီ
၄ழၴऱᜰ೯Δࢨृঁലਢലࠡီࠝ࿙ՠ܂ऱݮڤΰSutton-Smith, 1997:
19 αΖ
( Բ)ψሏᚭܛᖲሎωΰplay as fateαऱᎅऄΚڼᣊᎅऄຏൄᔞش࣍໑েፖᖲ
ᣊऱሏᚭΔ،ፖছᣊᎅऄڶထൎ௺ኙֺΰڂ،ൎᓳऱਢሎΔۖլਢթ౨Δਚ
ፖψၞޡωऱᎅऄݮګኙֺαΖᖲሎᎅਢࢬڶሏᚭᎅऄխ່ײ۔ऱԫጟΔڂ،ઌ
ॾԳᣊسፖሏᚭਢ࠹ࠩࡎሎΰࢨਢՂ০Εࢨਢሎαऱᖙ൳ΔԳԺࢬ౨༳൳ऱ
ຝ։ঞਢॺൄچ֟Ζ،ਢࢬڶሏᚭᎅऄխ່ࠠዶຘԺऱΔ܀Ոਢࢬڶሏᚭᎅऄխ
່֟ֆၲࢭᎁऱΙ،ਢՕڍᑇײזࡲඒऱு֨Δڇז֨ᨋխΔᖲሎऱሏᚭ
ۯ່࣍ࢍᐋΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 53αΖ
( Կ)ψሏᚭܛԺၦωΰplay as powerαऱᎅऄΚڼᣊᎅऄຏൄᔞش࣍ሎ೯Ε᧯
ߛፖᤁګԳሏᚭΖ،ലሏᚭऱࠌشီਢᓢડऱז।Δࠀᎁຘመሏᚭױא ൎ֏߷ࠄ൳ࠫሏᚭऱԳࢨਢڇሏᚭխګႂृऱچۯΖຍᣊऱᎅऄፖছ૪ऱᖲ ሎᎅऄԫᑌٍਢ᥆࣍ײזऱሏᚭᎅऄΖط࣍ψԺၦωԫဲΔץਔԱߪ᧯ݾ౨ፖཕ ౨ฃΔՈץਔԱଡԳփڇऱ֨೯ԺڇփΔຍࠌԺၦᎅऱሏᚭᓵऱᒤՈ
᧢ઌᅝᐖऑΖ
ឈྥሏᚭऱԺၦᎅऄץਔڍᣊীऱሏᚭڇփΔ܀ࠡ٥ຏᚨᇠᝫਢڇᤁ
ΰcontestαΖထټऱሏᚭઔߒᖂृ J. Huizinga ڇ։࣫ሏᚭፖ֮ࣔऱᣂএழΔ༉ᎁ
ڇሏᚭऱᤁΰplayful contestsαࡉటኔऱᤁञ۩ΰڕਙएΕऄ৳Εᖂ֗ᢌα հၴژڶݮኪՂऱᣊֺᣂএΖ֮֏ݮڤԯᘋದ࣍ሏᚭऱኙمհխΖຘመԺၦऱᤁ ດΔሑ࿇୶נࠐԱঞፖषᄎၸᐋΔྥ৵៥ထຍଡၸᐋΔषᄎթאດޡ৬م
ࠡᏝଖΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 79-81αΖ
( )ψሏᚭܛᎁٵωΰplay as identityαऱᎅऄΚຏൄᔞش࣍ႚอ֗षᆢऱᐜ
ࠢΕሏ۩ΕᆏֲΖሏᚭ܂ԫጟႚอΔီױشאᒔᎁΕፂΕ۟༼ࣙሏ ᚭृषᆢհԺၦፖᎁٵऱԫጟֱڤΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 10αΖഗءՂΔԫଡषᆢ ᄎຘመሎ೯መ࿓ࢨᆏᐜٽΔࠐ୶ࠡቸऱԺၦፖᎁٵΖԫࠐᎅΔ༼ଠᎁٵ ᎅऄऱᖂृࠀլऴ൷ܧሏᚭᓵΔۖਢאሏᚭ܂ԫጟᒤࠏΔࠐᇞᤩהଚऱ࿇
ࢨشאᇞᤩ٣ছᇭᤩृऱ࿇ΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 91-92αΖ
( ն)Ȩሏᚭܛუቝωΰplay as imaginaryαऱᎅऄΚຏൄᔞش֮࣍ᖂΕᢌխ ऱሏᚭڤऱܛᘋ໌܂ΖSutton-Smith ᎁΔუቝΕၞޡΕ֗൷Հࠐऱ۞ݺᎅऄዌګ ԱזऱሏᚭᎅऄΖڇሏᚭऱუቝᎅऄխΔץਔԱٺጟऱᢌΕ֮ᖂ֗ಖᇆᖂΔ
۟࣍ፖࠡڶᣂऱټဲঞץਔԱ֤უΕ֤ᐙΕ໌ທΕᨋΔψუቝωԫဲਢ܂ڼ ᣊټဲऱז।ΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 127-128αΖ
უቝᎅऄᄭದ࣍ 18 ધழऱደᆠሎ೯ΔڇڼհছΔᢌፖሏᚭൄီ
ڻऱवᢝࠐᄭΔ۞ൕደᆠנհ৵Δຘመԫࠄඔ፞ሎ೯ऱ৸უ୮ऱຫ૪Δ
ڕ I. KantΕF. Schiller ΔሏᚭڇભᖂՂऱૹچۯթၞԫޡᛧ्ࡳΔۖᢌፖ
ሏᚭՈڂۖດዬٽੌΔࠟृࠀီፖ۞طΕ۞৳֗ଡԳऱ໌ࢤڶᣂΖඒߛ
խΔFroebel ܑൎᓳუቝڇሏᚭխऱૹࢤΔהᎁሏᚭਢࠝ࿙࿇୶ऱ່ၸ
Δۖუቝਢۯ࣍ࠝ࿙۞ݺ೯հփڇૹΰself-active inner representationαऱᣌ
ΖFroebel ංശٺጟࠝ࿙ሏᚭΔ۟ղശऱጲళփොΔהऱऄױᎅኙ࣍৵
ऱᖂছඒߛڶৰՕऱᐙΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 133-134αΖۖڇ Kant ֗ Schiller
Գऱᓵ૪խΔݺଚࠩԱሏᚭۿڶ్ፖ܅్հ։Δለᐋ్ऱሏᚭ༉ਢუ ቝΔۖለ܅ᐋ్ऱሏᚭ༉ψਢሏᚭωΖ৵ࠐऱୃᖂ୮ፖ֨ᖂ୮ٍႜٻലუቝፖ
ࠡהऱࢤפ౨ΰڕംᠲᇞެαຑڇԫದΖ
ሏᚭऱუቝᎅऄࠌᢌፖሏᚭ༓ီਢٵԫΔຍࠌუቝᎅऄࠡኔՈץ ਔԱ֮ᖂऱუቝ֗৵ז
3৸უխऱψฤᐛऱሏᚭωΰplay of signifiersαڇփΖ৵
ז৸უᎁߢࠠڶრᆠऱڍૹࢤΔڂ᜔ۖਢױאլឰچૹᄅᇭᤩΔۖլؘڶ
ٚ۶ऱխ֨Εഗࡉ່ึऱრᆠΖᤕቅѧയཎᎁΔຍጟ່ψᖿၞऱωუቝᎅ ऄΔՈᇞᤩԱᅝז৸უխψሏᚭ֏᠏ٻωΰludic turnαհࢬא࿇سऱڂΰSutton- Smith, 1997: 144 αΖ
( ք)ψሏᚭܛ۞ݺω Ȑplay as selfαऱᎅऄΚຏൄᔞش࣍ᗑ۞ሏᚭΰsolitary playαΔ ڕႰړΰhobbiesαࢨ৫ٲᙠऱ೯Ζ൫۞ݺᎅऄՈլԫࡳૻ࣍ຍࠄሏᚭ೯հ խΔࠡהڕਬࠄࠠڶױࢤऱଡԳᆖ᧭ڕᑗᔊΕ࣋ᠾΕๅಲ֗ᐉભየߩ ऱ೯ຟױאץਔڇփΖ۞ݺᎅऄഗ࣍ଡܑሏᚭृऱ֨ᖂઔߒՂΔ،ࠀլಳ ޣኙሏᚭऱᖵ֗Գᣊᖂહནၞ۩൶ಘΔڂڼ،ڶழᄎᤛ֗փڇጲళᖲࠫፖళᆖ ఐᖂΔ२ࠐঞޓࣹრሏᚭृءߪऱᨠሏᚭᆖ᧭ऱ൶ಘΰSutton-Smith, 1997:
173 αΖڼ؆ΔSutton-Smith ༼ᙌڍ۞ݺ࠷ٻऱሏᚭᓵᄎڶऱរΔ߷༉ਢ،ଚ ۿᄎ᧢ګྤఛऱ၄ᆠΰvain consumerismαΖ
3
ࡕжȐpostmodernȑࢂঁፄᚇǵኳጋЪӭϡཀကޑӷǶᏵޣ܌ޕǴԖ٤Ꮲ ޣӧᄽᖱਔࣁխЇวݾǴࣗԿόᜫޔௗࡰᆀȨࡕжȩǴԶҔȨٗΟঁӷȩٰ
ඹжǶோӧҁЎޑҔݤύǴ٠όᔕуΕѬޑᏢೌݾύǴԶࢂவѦӧਔжङඳޑف ࡋٰ٬ҔȨࡕжȩǶ୷ҁӧҁЎύޑȨࡕжȩ܌ࡰޑࢂжၗૻޗǵࡕπ
ޗϷఁයၗҁЬကȐک F. Jameson ӕȑΠޑЎϯቻংǶோޣΨѸ܍ᇡǴӧ
ҁЎύǴȨࡕжȩ೭Οঁӷޑ٬Ҕ٠όᆒዴǶ
( Ԯ)ψሏᚭܛᓅωΰplay as frivolityαऱᎅऄΚԫᔞش࣍ྤࢬࠃࠃΰidleα ࢨ႟ߺ႟ऱΰfoolishαऱ೯ΖڇזषᄎխΔᓅᎅऄױᎅਢᣌԱሏᚭऱ ψՠ܂ωΰwork ethicαᨠរΔࠡהऱᎅऄਬଡ࿓৫Ղຟࠠڶψᣤࢤωऱփ
ොΔᓅᎅऄڂۖ᧩ፖࠡהऱᎅऄխऱڶࠄլԵΖSutton-Smith ᎁΔᓅ
ᎅऄՈᔞش࣍ᖵՂऱᣑࢨ႟ΔຍࠄԳढൄڇኙ؆ڇપࠫऱٺጟ఼ݧၞ
۩ᐁూ৷ᒼऱݼᤜխΔފዝထ߆ᦟऱΕথԾૹऱԳढΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 11αΖ Sutton-Smith ΰ1997: 52-53αലছ૪ 7 ጟᎅऄᄗ։ࠟՕᣊΚײ۔ᎅऄΰancient rhetorics αፖזᎅऄΰmodern rhetoricsαΖࠡխײזऱᎅऄץਔԱᖲሎΕԺၦΕ ᎁٵፖᓅऱᎅऄΔזᎅऄঞၞޡΕუቝፖ۞ݺΖזᎅऄፖԳᣊᖵ२ࠟ
ۍڣࠐऱԫࠄૹᄗ࢚ڶᣂΔຍࠄૹᄗ࢚ڕඔ፞ሎ೯ΕደᆠፖଡԳᆠΔ
ۖײ۔ᎅऄנऱழၴঞڇޓڰऱײזᖵΖײ۔ᎅऄለࣹრቸ᧯Δזᎅऄঞ ૹီଡԳΙሏᚭऱײ۔ݮڤൄਢᆠ೭ࢤᔆऱΔሏᚭऱזݮڤঞਢڶᙇᖗࢤऱΙ ڂײ۔ᎅऄࠠڶޓڍऱ؆ڇ೯ᖲΔࢬאሏᚭױ౨ਢൎࠫࢤऱΔ۟࣍זᎅऄঞ ᎁሏᚭਢԫጟ۞طऱ۩ࠌΖԫࠐᎅΔઌॾሏᚭऱזᎅऄृΔլ֜ᎁٵ ײ۔ᎅऄխࢬᓵ֗ऱሏᚭݮڤΔڂהଚᎁײ۔ᎅऄլജ֮ࣔፖࢤΔৰᣄፖ
זࢤسჸՂᒵΖਬࠄઌॾזᎅऄृᄎܡᎁ໑েΕߩࢨቯڣဎᄎਢ టإऱሏᚭΔᎁ،ଚਢᄴΕᑊԺፖ࣋ᘒΖ
ृᎁΔCaillois ऱሏᚭ։ᣊᖂא֗ Sutton-Smith ኙ࣍ሏᚭᎅऄऱ։ᣊ۟֟
ڶՀ٨༓ଡრᆠΚ(ԫ)Caillois ፖ Sutton-Smith ຟቫᇢലሏᚭऱᒤղאឩՕΔࠏ ڕ Caillois ല Huizinga ऱሏᚭࡳᆠղאឩךΔ۟ץਔԱψᖲωፖψ໑েωհ ᣊऱሏᚭڇփΙۖ Sutton-Smith ঞ٦ലሏᚭऱᎅऄղאឩՕΔլႛץਔԱቸ᧯ऱ ሏᚭΔՈץਔଡԳऱሏᚭΙլႛො።Ա؆ڇऱঞऱᤁΔՈץਔԱփڇऱუቝ ሏᚭΙլץਔԱࢤऱሏᚭΔՈץਔԱॺࢤऱΕྤრᆠऱሏᚭڇփΖ່ࠩ৵Δ ሏᚭۿྤࢬլץΔSutton-Smith ۟ਐנΔሏᚭွऱ᧢ฆࢤΕڍᑌࢤ༉ਢٺጟ ሏᚭ٥ڶऱࢤΔޓ༼נԱψሏᚭܛᔞᚨऱ᧢ฆࢤωΰplay as adaptive variabilityα
܂ሏᚭऱรԶጟᎅऄΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 221αΖ(Բ)Caillois ऱሏᚭઔߒࠡኔ
ᥛԱ Huizinga ऱઔߒႚอΔലሏᚭီઔߒԳᣊ֮֏ऱૹᒵΔۖڇࠡၞ۩
ሏᚭऱ։ᣊழΔԾאψᐁनᤁनω܂ٵԫᣊሏᚭ೯ܑऱ᜕ၗΔۖൕᐁ
नፖᤁनऱࡳᆠࠐΔCaillois ۿઌᅝૹီψঞωڇሏᚭ೯խऱૹࢤΔ Caillois ۟אૉڶԫᖞऱሏᚭයٙࠐપࠫሏᚭΔױ౨ᄎขسψࠠٲᙠࢤऱ ᄕጤωΔທګሏᚭऱψᏽᆵωΖۖڇ Sutton-Smith ऱሏᚭᎅऄᖂխΔঞאࢬᘯऱψᎅ ऄω࠷זኙ࣍ሏᚭኔᔆऱಘᓵΔהᎁ᠖ሏᚭऱრᆠΔᚨൕሏᚭऱᓵ૪ፖᎅ ऄࠐထณΔڇ Sutton-Smith ऱณխΔψᎅऄωࠠڶრᢝীኪऱᏝଖΔ،ਢᖂृءߪ ࢬࣚᜨऱॾ࢚Δ،ז।Աሏᚭᓵᖂृڇၞ۩ᓵ૪ழΔუװᎅࣚהԳऱٞቹΖ
༉ຍଡߡ৫ࠐ։࣫Δψঞωࢨڍࢨ֟ࠠڶড়ᨠऱრᆠΔۖψᎅऄωঞࢨڍࢨ֟ڶ ထଡԳऱᨠრᆠڇփΖۖຍՈڍ֟ᇞᤩԱڇ Caillois ऱሏᚭ։ᣊᖂխ۶֟
ኙ࣍ᢌ໌ທᐉભሏᚭऱڂΖ(Կ)ڇ Sutton-Smith ऱ։࣫խΔբᆖڶԱᖵٻ ৫ऱ։࣫ΰײ۔ᎅऄፖזᎅऄαΔהᎁΔזԳഗ࣍سࢬᏁΔൄႜٻ࣍൷࠹
ሏᚭऱזࢤᎅऄΖ൫ྤᓵਢײ۔ᎅऄࢨזᎅऄΔຟႛਢሏᚭऱᓵ૪ۖբΔ۟
࣍ ࠡ ڶ ᣂ ሏ ᚭ ࢤ ֗ פ ౨ հ ᓵ ૪ ऱ ట Δ ঞ ᝫ ਢ ؘ ႊ ္ ᓯ ᆖ ᧭ ऱ ᛀ ᢞ ΰSutton-Smith, 1997: 53αΖזᎅऄፖײ۔ᎅऄऱ։Δኙ࣍ Sutton-Smith ࠐᎅ ࠀྤᏝଖՀऱᙃംᠲΔזᎅऄլԫࡳ່ᔞش࣍זΔਬࠄײ۔ᎅऄऱሏᚭ ڇվֲषᄎխսլឰچנထΖ()ឈྥ Sutton-Smith ऱ։࣫բڶထᖵٻ৫ऱᇞ
࣫Δ܀ࠡኙᣂ࣍זᎅऄא૾ऱሏᚭრᆠऱ᠏᧢ۿࠀآܑղאࣹრΔࠡխ
ܑਢڇ৵ז৸უᘋᔊ֗ᄅী᧯ፖઝݾנ৵ΔሏᚭፖԳհၴऱᣂএޓขس؎
Օऱ᧢֏Δሏᚭբດዬڶ࠷זటኔԳسհႨΖ܀ڼԫߡ৫ऱᇞ࣫Δۿࡸৱղא ᇖߩΖ
ણăྼᑚдனࣰጯኢ̚ຍཌྷ۞Ѩᖼត
ឈྥڇֱ۫ऱݮՂᖂխΔᢌ९Նאࠐ༉ီሏᚭऱԫጟݮڤΰDrake, 2001 αΖۖୃᖂխڶᣂऱᓵ૪ޓױᄩ۟ Socrates հছऱୃᖂ୮ HeraclitusΔ२ঞ
ᥛࠩᅝזऱ G. DeleuzeΔຟၞ۩መڶᣂሏᚭऱಘᓵΔ܀ਢሏᚭথൕآګڰཚ
ୃᖂઔߒऱૹᠲΖຍጟွΔࠩԱ 18 ધழڶԱԫࠄޏ᧢Δܑਢڇ 18
ધأભᖂխΔሏᚭ࠹ࠩԱᐖऑऱಘᓵΖᅝזሏᚭᖂृ M. Spariosu אΔᅝזऱሏ
ᚭᄗ࢚ፖભᖂհၴܧऱਢؓ۩࿇୶ऱᣂএΔהਐנᅝז৸ᑪᆖመԱࠟڻભ
ᖂ᠏ٻΔຍࠟڻ᠏ٻࠡኔױشሏᚭᄗ࢚ऱ᠏᧢ࠐףאᎅࣔΖรԫڻऱભᖂ᠏ٻਐ ऱਢΔط Kant ፖ Schiller Գࢬ࿇ದऱڃࠩਹࢮቹψࢤऱωሏᚭᄗ࢚ΖۖรԲ ڻऱભᖂ᠏ٻঞਢط F. W. NietzscheΕM. HeideggerΕH.-G. GadamerΕE. FinkΕJ.
Derrida ፖ Deleuze Գࢬ࿇ದऱڃࠩ Heraclitus ऱψছࢤऱωሏᚭᄗ࢚խΰ
֚फΔ1998Κ12ΙSpariosu, 1989: 2αΖ
ʙă֧֗୩̛ؒڟཽᐛʡჄཽᐛᘰ۽˛ڟĶʡږཽᐛķ!
ࠡխڇรԫڻऱભᖂ᠏ٻխΔᖂृᇢቹലᢌፖሏᚭԵࢤऱᕏൗհՀ ΰDrake, 2001αΖࠏڕΚKant ലሏᚭ༴૪ژڇ࣍ભტᆖ᧭խუቝԺΰimaginationα ፖवࢤΰunderstandingαࠟጟࡴ౨հၴऱᣂএΰDrake, 2001αΖڇ Kant ऱऄխΔ უቝԺࡉԳᣊ֨ᨋࠡהऱࡴ౨ΰवࢤΕࢤΕܒឰԺαԫᑌૹΔ܀ਢუቝԺথ լ౨ᗑ೯Δ،ؘႊፖტࢤΕवࢤ֗ࢤٽ৵թ౨࿇ཀ܂شΖڶڇᐉભ ऱ೯խΔუቝԺթ౨ྤૻཀᦠچ۞طሏᚭΔࠀၞۖ⁼ᇞუቝڇࠡה۩խ࠹
ࠩૻࠫऱᚘԺፖఒଐΖ۞طሏᚭΰfree playαױᎅਢ KantπܒឰԺޅܒρԫխ
່ૹऱᄗ࢚հԫΰඦঊΔ2001Κ240-242αΖᅝუቝԺࢬ༼ࠎऱᄗ࢚ጠ۞
طሏᚭழΔუቝԺፖवࢤհၴթױאሒࠩࡉᘫΔڼழԳଚऱ֨ᨋࡴ౨ᄎ᧢ޓף
ྼᙌΔڇܒឰ۩೯א֗ڇܒឰፖᎁव౨Ժઌٽழऱԫጟ༭ஙტՈᄎईྥۖسΖሏ ᚭΔ༉ቝᢌԫᑌΔڶڇࠡࠠڶψ၌ྥωΰdisinterestednessα֗ψྤؾऱٽؾ ऱࢤωΰpurposiveness without purposeαழΔਢࠡءߪऱᒴਚۖॺᎁवऱᒴਚࠐ ࠆ࠹ழΔթ౨టإחԳ༭ஙΖტࡴᆖ᧭խऱᙟრऱሏᚭΰarbitrary playαሑ Kant
᠏֏ګԫጟࠠڇუቝԺፖवࢤհၴऱմྥڶݧऱሏᚭΰorderly playαΰDrake, 2001 αΖ
ڇ Kant հ৵ΔSchiller Ոᇢቹലሏᚭ༼ࣙ۟ԫጟᣤ᠃ऱणኪΔ۟ګԳऱ
ژڶΖSchiller ऱભᖂ৸უࡐྥ࠹Ա Kant ֗ᅝழऄഏՕࡎऱᐙΔ܀הՈᡖጊ
Kant ࢬᝑऱψਢሏᚭωΰjust playαਢܡటऱژڇΰMiller, 1996αΔۖڇ Schiller
ऱભᖂᓵխΔሏᚭࢬݙګऱլਢࠟጟᎁवࡴ౨ऱ݁ᘝΔޓਢࠟጟᦀԺࢨᓢ೯
հၴऱࡉᘫΰSonderegger, 1998: 533αΖSchiller אΔሏᚭء౨ਢٽݮڤᓢ೯ፖ
ტࢤᓢ೯ऱΰSchiller, 1794: Letter XIVαΔࢬא،ױאٵழڇढᔆፖሐᐚՂየߩݺ
ଚऱ֨ᨋΔࠀࠌԳଚڇߪ᧯ፖሐᐚՂტࠩ۞طΖڇሏᚭխΔݺଚױאലݮڤᓿ ፖኔᔆऱრොΔՈױאലኔᔆشݮڤ।ሒנࠐΖሏᚭԫֱ૿ױאࠌൣტፖࢤ
࠷ࡉᘫΔڇֱ૿ՈױאࠌൣტፖტࢤऱᘋᔊᛧᓳࡉΖSchiller ޓലᢌխऱ ψભωፖሏᚭ܂ԱٽΔהᎅࣔԱሏᚭፖࢤऱᣂএΖהᎁψભωਢሏᚭء౨ ऱኙွΔԳᚨᇠਢፖψભωࠐၞ۩ሏᚭऱΔۖભऱუऱ৬مਢຘመࢤΔຘመ ભऱუΔሏᚭء౨ऱუՈڂۖנΔۖຍጟሏᚭء౨ऱუڇԳऱࢬڶሏᚭ խᚨᇠຟਢۯ࣍הณছऱΰSchiller, 1794: Letter XVαΖ່৵ΔSchiller ۟ᎁΔ Գڶڇאሏᚭհݙᖞრᆠࠐၞ۩ሏᚭழΔթ౨ګԳΔۖՈڶהሏᚭழΔה թ౨ݙᖞऱګԫଡԳΰSchiller, 1794: Letter XVIαΖഗءՂΔڇ Schiller ऱᨠរ խΔሏᚭڶࢬᘯऱψਢሏᚭωΔሏᚭਢᓿፖᣤრᆠऱΔԳᣊሏᚭऱᇩΔ
༉ਢፖψભωၞ۩ሏᚭΔۖψભωਢڶထუऱΔ،ਢࠌԳ౨ജګԫଡటإ ऱԳΔ،ਢؘႊຘመࢤࠐ৬مऱΖڂڼሏᚭ᧩ྥՈؘႊ࠹ࠩࢤऱᕏൗΖ
ݺଚՈױאൕԫߡ৫ࠐᇞ Kant ፖ Schiller ࢬ്ऱψሏᚭᚨᇠ࠹ࠩࢤ ऱᦀࠌፖᕏൗωΖڇ Kant ᣂ࣍ሏᚭऱᓵ૪խΔࢬᝑऱਢԳᣊ֨ᨋࢨᎁवऱࡴ౨Δ
ࠡሏᚭᓵऱរਢലሏᚭওૻڇ᧯հխΔ۟࣍ᆖ᧭᧯հխऱሏᚭዌΰplay structure αਢܡኙᚨ࣍ড়᧯խऱਬढऱംᠲΔڇ Kant ऱભᖂխঞᣬۖآެΔKant ࢬ༴૪ऱਝॺᐉભऱড়᧯ΔՈॺᢌ܂ፖࣲࠡᓾृຘመሏᚭࢬ࿇سऱᣂএΔה
༴૪ऱਢڇ᧯հփࠟጟࡴ౨ऱᣂএΖٵᑌऱΔSchiller ऱሏᚭᓵՈਢא᧯
խ֨ऱΖፖࠡᎅ Schiller ༼נऱਢڶܑ࣍ݮڤᓢ೯ፖტࢤᓢ೯ऱรԿጟᓢ೯
ሏᚭء౨ࢨᓢ೯Δլڕᎅሏᚭᓢ೯ࠡኔז।Աݮڤᓢ೯ፖტࢤᓢ೯հၴऱψإᒔω ᣂএΔೈԱຍጟإᒔᣂএא؆Δࠟृຟᄎઌյඈ؞ΖSchiller ֺ۟ Kant ޓࣹ֟
რࠩᐉભऱড়᧯Δڂኙ࣍ Schiller ࠐᎅΔംᠲਢڕ۶ᨃԳऱᄗ࢚լીګ
ტࢤࢨवࢤऱᥔ੪ΖSchiller ઌॾΔਢԳڇၞ۩ሏᚭΔԳਢሏᚭऱ᧯ΔۖԳ ਢڇፖભၞ۩ሏᚭΰSonderegger, 1998: 533-534αΖ
ݺଚࢨױא܂ຍᑌऱូΔࢤ֭ऱሏᚭΔז।Ա Sutton-Smith ࢬᝑऱሏ
ᚭऱזᎅऄΖຍጟᎅऄഗءՂਢא᧯խ֨ऱΔᎁԳፖሏᚭऱᣂএᚨᇠਢ
ȨΓވၯᔍȩΖԳᣊਢ೯چΕ۞࿇ऱΕᆖመࢤ৸ە৵ၲࡨनሏᚭऱΔԳनሏᚭ
ਢԱᇞެڇ۞ափ֨խवࢤፖტࢤऱ։مംᠲΔਢԱᇞެڇ۞աߪ᧯խݮڤ
ᓢ೯ፖტࢤᓢ೯ઌᓢડऱംᠲΔԳհࢬאनሏᚭΔਢԱᨃ۞աګԫଡݙ ᖞऱԳΕటإऱԳΖࢬאԳनሏᚭΔۖनऱਢભऱሏᚭΔਢᣤऱሏᚭΔਢ
࠹ࠩࢤ֭ऱሏᚭΖԳױאຘመሏᚭխ௦ෞڇભऱࠃढխΔ܀থլױאڇሏᚭ հխಮ؈ԱࢤΙԳױאڇભऱሏᚭխၞ۩ާ৸Δ܀থլ౨ሏᚭᖿ࿇Աመڍऱ
ൣტΔڂۖໜ؈Ա۞աऱ၌ྥፖཕΖ
ʠă˚֧୩̛ؒڟཽᐛʡჄཽᐛᘰ۽˛ڟĶཽᐛږʡķ!
૿ኙထ Kant ፖ Schiller ऱᨠ࢚ᓵڤऱሏᚭᄗ࢚ൎᓳࡉᘫऱΕፖ᧯խ֨
ऱሏᚭᨠΔڰཚऱደᆠृڕਜߺΰSchlegelαכݬΰFriedrich and August Wilhelm von Schlegel αፖ Novalis ঞڶထլٵऱऄΖהଚᎁψࢬڶᢌऱళᆣ ሏᚭຟႛਢኙ࣍ڙࡶၴྤૻሏᚭא֗߷ࠄةຟڇޓᄅ໌ທ۞ߪհᢌ܂ԫጟ
၏ऱᑓُωΰSchlegel, 1968: 89; Sonderegger, 1998: 534αΖኙ࣍ڰཚደᆠृ
ۖߢΔהଚۿޓᣂࣹऱਢሏᚭऱભტኙွऱംᠲΔڇהଚऱ֨խΔሏᚭ༉ਢψྤ
ૻሏᚭωΔۖהଚࡳԱሏᚭऱسࢤΔሏᚭऱᐛ༉ਢԫጟլొጰऱૹࢨ
֘ਠΰreflectionαΖ
Nietzsche ၲඔԱኙ࣍ࢤ֭ࢬขسհࡉᘫऱޅܒΖהࢴ؞ലሏᚭូԵࢤ ᏆΔথലሏᚭٵ࣍ছࢤऱψԺၦωΰforceαΔהऱᨠਢڕٵছ Socrates ழזᖂृࢬᝑऱψڇةਁऱᓢડխωΖኙ࣍ Nietzsche ࠐᎅΔᦞԺრݳΰwill to power α༉ਢڼጟψছࢤሏᚭωऱԫጟݮڤΔ،ਢԫጟᑊ௺ऱΕٚრऱΕݱݺ ऱԺၦሏᚭΔ،၌။Աፖ༞ΖຘመᦞԺრݳΔڂۖ໌ທፖᄤᄰΰDrake,ʳ 2001; Spariosu, 1989: 67-99 αΖ
Nietzsche ኙ࣍ሏᚭऱᖿၞऄΔ৵ࠐ Heidegger ܂ԱԫࠄለᄵࡉऱᓳᖞΖ Heidegger ല ሏ ᚭ ီ ਢ ԫ ጟ ؆ ڇ Ժ ၦ ΰ physical forces α ࢨ ψ ሏ ᚭ ω ΰworld-playαΖהൕψژڶऱሏᚭωΰplay of BeingαऱᨠរࠐᇞᤩሏᚭΖሏᚭਢ ژڶऱሏᚭΔ܀ආ࠷ԱԫጟԳᣊऱݮڤΰDrake, 2001αΖຍጟኙ࣍ሏᚭऱᨠរΔࠌ
Գᣊऱሏᚭृऱژڶᚌ٣ࢤΰontological primacyα࿇سԱ᠏᧢ΔԳٵழਢሏᚭ
ृՈਢनढΰplaythingαΖԳԫֱ૿ਢሏᚭऱፖृΔՈਢሏᚭऱ࣠Ζۖ؆ᅝ
זሏᚭᖂृ Fink ٍڶٵᑌᣊۿऱऄΔࠡᎁሏᚭृᄎڇሏᚭऱխಮ؈۞ա
ΰFink, 1979: 79αΖ
۟ڼΔ٣൷࠹Εآ࠹ᔆጊऱψԳनሏᚭωऱ്Δ࠹ࠩԱყࠐყڍऱᡖ ጊΖਢψԳनሏᚭωލࢨψሏᚭनԳωΛຍଡംᠲሑګזሏᚭᓵխ৸ەऱ ૹംᠲΖ
ᅝזૹऱᇭᤩᖂृ Gadamer ኙ࣍ຍଡംᠲऱڃᚨᇠਢψሏᚭनԳωΖ Gadamer ٣ኙ࣍ڶᣂሏᚭءᔆऱ൶ಘਢൕሏᚭृᨠ֘ઊࠐऱᎅऄڶࢬᔆጊΖ ψڶᣂሏᚭءߪءᔆऱംᠲΔڕ࣠ݺଚუڇሏᚭृऱᨠ֘ઊհխࠐބூΔ ਢބլࠩூऱΖઌ֘ऱΔݺଚ൶ಘऱਢሏᚭऱԫژڶᑓڤऱംᠲΖݺଚբ ᆖࠩΔլਢભტᆖ᧭Δۖਢᢌऱᆖ᧭ፖᢌ܂ऱژڶᑓڤऱംᠲؘႊګ
ݺଚᛀီऱኙွωΰGadamer, 1990: 102αΖኙ Gadamer ࠐᎅΔᢌᆖ᧭ऱ᧯Δ ਢԫऴژڇऱΔ܀،լਢᢌᆖ᧭ृऱ᧯ࢤΔۖᚨᇠਢᢌ܂ऱءߪΖٵᑌ ऱΔሏᚭृՈլਢሏᚭऱ᧯Δሏᚭፖሏᚭृऱᣂএᚨᇠਢሏᚭႛຘመሏᚭृࠐ ኦ᧩ΰGadamer, 1990: 103αΖ
Gadamer ൷Հࠐൕ play ऱشऄࠐၞ۩։࣫ΔהΰGadamer, 1990: 103-104αᎁ
ൕ play ऱޢଡشऄխױאנࠐΔሏᚭࢬൕࠃऱ೯ਢ༚ऱሎ೯Δຍጟ
೯ࠀլፖٚ۶ؾᑑຑڇԫದΔڂڕڼ֘ᄎࠌሏᚭึΔሏᚭऱሎ೯ڶؾᑑΔ
،ਢڇլឰऱૹխޓᄅࠡ۞աΖGadamer אࠐࠐڃڃऱሎ೯᧩ྥਢሏᚭऱխ
֨ࡳᆠΔ۟࣍ਢᓴࠐച۩ຍႈ೯ঞྤٚ۶ฆΖनሏᚭ່ॣრᆠ༉ਢխၴऱ ΰmedialαრᆠΖ
إڂሏᚭऱૹរრᆠਢڇψխၴωΔਢڇψࠐڃ༚ऱሎ೯ωΔࢬאኙ࣍ሏ ᚭࠐᎅΔڕ࣠ሏᚭڶؾᑑऱᇩΔᚨᇠլਢሒࠩሏᚭृऱؾᑑΖψሏᚭૉሒګ،
ऱؾᑑΔԫଡሏᚭृؘႊڇሏᚭխόಮ؈ύωΰGadamer, 1990: 102αΖԫ؟ሏᚭၲ
ࡨሎ೯৵Δሏᚭृਢܮ֧ԵሏᚭխऱΔהլᏁٚ۶ऱܘԺࠀڶრچװፂ،Ζ ሏᚭڶࠡ۞աऱ೯౨ΰmomentumαΔ،ऱፂֱڤΔਢሏᚭृאؘऱֱڤኙሏ ᚭղאψڃᚨωΔԫ؟ሏᚭृྤऄڃᚨழΔሏᚭ༉ᄎೖՀࠐΖڂڼΔڇၞ۩ሏᚭழΔ
٣ױ౨ࢤࢬࠠڶऱၲ࣋ࢤΰopenness of possibilityα᠏֏ԱΔ᠏֏ދԵऱؘ
ྥࢤΰnecessity of commitmentαΖGadamer ᎁΔᅝሏᚭृނ۞աٌሏᚭΔڂۖ
ᖄીԱژڶᚌ٣ࢤऱޏ᧢ΔຍኙሏᚭृࡐྥਢԫጟψٲᖲωΔ܀ՈዌګԱሏᚭऱܮ
֧ԳհΰGadamer, 1990: 106αΖ
ൕ Gadamer ऱᨠរࠐΔࠡኔࢬڶऱψनሏᚭωΰplayingαΔຟਢψनω ΰbeing playedαΔݺଚᎁਢψԳڇनሏᚭωΔ܀ਢኔᎾঞਢψሏᚭڇनԳωΖ
٣ሏᚭऱ᧯᠏֏ሏᚭऱড়᧯Δګሏᚭ༼ംऱኙွΔԳଚঞਢኙሏᚭࢬ༼
נऱംᠲࢨਢཋ࿇ऱܮ֧ԺղאڃᚨΙ٣ሏᚭऱড়᧯ঞ᠏֏ሏᚭऱ᧯Δਢ ሏᚭຘመሏᚭृऱፖᏺԱሏᚭءߪऱრᆠΔۖլਢԳଚ៶ထሏᚭࠐ᠆༄۞
աऱسࡎΖԳፖሏᚭऱᣂএΔڂۖ૿ᜯԱژڶᓵऱ᠏މΰontological shiftαΔԳނ ሏᚭऱ۞ᦞԾૹᄅچٌԱլױवऱԫᢰΚױ౨ਢࡎሎऱုࡳΕױ౨ਢषᆢ ऱޣΔՈڶױ౨ਢԺၦऱ૰ࠌΖൕ।૿ՂࠐΔψሏᚭनԳωऱᨠរࠌሏᚭխ
ڶऱזᎅऄԾ᠏ڃԱײ۔ᎅऄΔ܀ਢڇᅝזऱሏᚭᓵխࢬᤖܶऱײ۔ᎅऄ
ࠡრᆠᚨਢΚԳլزᣋ࠹ࠩሏᚭऱឭ܉Δޓᣋრ൷࠹ሏᚭ࣠ऱၲ࣋ࢤ֗ሏᚭ ሎ೯ऱྤᒡࢤΔۖ൷࠹ሏᚭ࣠ऱၲ࣋ࢤፖሏᚭሎ೯ऱྤᒡࢤ৵Δ່ึऱ࣠Ո ലᖄીሏᚭृءߪژڶऱၲ࣋ࢤΖឈྥڇሏᚭऱመ࿓խΔሏᚭءߪီ᧯Δ
܀ਢሏᚭऱփ୲ึߒਢຘመሏᚭृऱሏᚭࠐղאኦ᧩Δሏᚭृսਢࠌሏᚭ౨ജ
ᥛၞ۩ऱૹߡۥΙឈྥڇൎᓳሏᚭृᚨᇠڇሏᚭխψಮ؈ωऱٵழΔԳᣊ
ࢤ܂ش֗ᇭᤩભტᆖ᧭ऱᖄࢤচஇԱΔ܀ઌኙچࠐᎅΔԳᣊრݳፖൣტऱԺ ၦՈ٦৫ൎᓳנࠐΔભტᆖ᧭լਢࠐ۞ࢤፖტࢤऱࡉᘫΔۖਢࠐ۞Գᣊᨋ ᏒٺैԺၦհၴऱᓢડፖլឰྂנࠐऱᨋ٠Ζ
ൕψԳनሏᚭωࠩψሏᚭनԳωऱԳፖሏᚭհၴᣂএऱ᠏᧢Δܧڇሏᚭ֮
֏խऱᐛଢڶԲႈΖࠡԫਢൕኙᢄᢌऱ৫्ࡳࠩኙ࣍ଃᑗᢌऱ൷ᎁ ױΖڇശࡸࢤࡉᘫऱሏᚭ֮֏խΔࠠڶ৫֧࿇ާ৸ࢤऱᢄီటإऱᢌ
ፖሏᚭΖط࣍ᢄ᜔ਢᙩᙩچ࠹ࠩԳᣊऱࣹီΔ،լਢຘመፖԳ᧯փਬࠄᣉ৳
ऱઌٽΔၞۖᖿ࿇ᨠᓾृऱࣲᓾൣፃࢨൣტΖ،ਢԳ೯װ৸ە܂ፖԳᣊ֨ᨋ ऱᣂᜤΔ،ਢԫጟശऱભΖڂڼᢄᢌൄ࠹ࠩૹီࢤࡉᘫृऱ৫ᨬཆΖ ઌለ࣍ᢄᢌΔଃᑗۿለࠠڶढᔆࢤΕۚ᧯ࢤΔଃᑗऱᄭದۿൄᎁࡳፖ Գ᧯ءߪࢬࠠڶऱᣉ৳ࢨᆏࣁڶᣂΔਬࠄᨃԳტࠩᕿࢨ༟႞Εᘋᕿࢨؓࡉऱଃ
ᑗΔࠡኔൄ۴ᙟထਬࠄسᖂഗ៕ऱᇞᤩΖ؆Δଃᑗऱၞ۩ਢڶழၴࢤऱΔຍ
ࠌԳؘႊᇿᙟଃᑗऱၞ۩ࠐแᓾΔڂڼԳऱࣹრԺլਢࠐ۞࣍ଃᑗऱء
ߪΔۖਢࠐ۞࣍ழၴੌຓऱψႝሓტωΙԳ᜔ਢ೯چࣲᓾଃᑗΔ࠹ࠩଃᑗࢬᖿ࿇
հߪ᧯֘ᚨऱᐙΖࢬאΔଃᑗࠀլ࠹ࠩࢤࡉᘫᓵ്ृऱᎁױΖ܀ਢڇψሏ ᚭनԳωऱሏᚭ֮֏խΔݺଚױאࠩଃᑗٍီటإऱᢌፖሏᚭΔຍ।ق ሏᚭ࠹ࠩࢤᕏൗګ։ऱ྇֟Δ܀ൣტऱګ։ঞᏺףԱΖ
รԲਢሏᚭऱᖞ᧯ΰwholeαឩՕԱΖሏᚭ༉ਢᖞ᧯ءߪΔຍଡᖞ᧯ٵழץਔ ԱሏᚭृፖᨠᓾृڇփΰGadamer, 1990: 109αΖᨠᓾृءߪࠀլऴ൷ൕࠃሏᚭऱ
೯Δהऱ༭ஙլਢࠐ۞࣍ሏᚭ೯խ၌။۞աߪ֨ૻࠫऱ༭ஙΔۖਢࠐ۞࣍ڇ ᨠᓾऱመ࿓խؾᅯ၌ݾࠀፖႃ᧯ࣲᓾழࢬ໌ທנࠐऱႃ᧯ᆖ᧭Δൕຍଡ ߡ৫ᎅΔᨠᓾृՈਢሏᚭխऱԫଡᛩᆏΖԫࠐᎅΔՕᑓऱᨠᓾृڇሏᚭխ
ڶૹऱߡۥΔࠡڂፖڍሏᚭऱءᔆਢሏᚭृլឰ၌။܌ࣚءߪऱૻࠫڶ ᣂΔࠡխܑਢԫࠄᤁञΕኙمڤऱሏᚭΖڂᤁञኙمऱሏᚭΔྤऄڇࠃ٣
वᓴਢܓृΔࠡሏᚭ࣠ਢၲ࣋ऱΔࢬא౨ܮ֧ڍऱᨠᓾृፖΙ٦ףՂሏ ᚭृڇᤁݾऱመ࿓խլឰ၌။۞ݺழΔᄎ୶נࠐેᒭբՆऱભݾભৎΔຍՈዌ ګԱܮ֧ᨠᓾृऱٙΖڇזषᄎխΔՕীऱᨠᓾ೯ყࠐყཏሙΔᨠᓾ೯ բᆖګڍԳլױࢨऱሏᚭΔۖ܂ሏᚭᨠฒऱԫٝΔᨠᓾृൄؘႊݱൣ
چܱ㹘ΔጐൣچދԵΖط࣍ᨠᓾழᨠᓾृࠀྤऄե௫ሏᚭऱၞ۩ΔՈྤऄᄎ֗
ࢬᘯऱࢤፖტࢤऱ݁ᘝΕݮڤፖփ୲ऱٽΔࠡؾऱޣ۞աऱൣტך։
ऱਜ਼Ζڂۖڇᨠᓾऱ೯խΔଡԳᄎ࿇۞աګሏᚭऱԫຝ։Δ܀ଡԳࠀྤ
ऄᖄሏᚭऱၞ۩ΙՈګႃ᧯ऱԫٝΔፖࠡהሏᚭृٵ༟ٵΔ۟ݱݺళ ಮΖᄷڼΔψሏᚭनԳωڇᨠᓾऱႃ᧯ᆖ᧭ഗ៕ՂΔױᎅࠩԱޓൎڶԺऱ᧭ᢞΖ
དྷăྼᑚ၆ٺৌ၁Ϡ߿۞פ
ʙă໋̈́ڥ˛ڟཽᐛ̜˽५ᆉ!
ᙟထ᧯Εᇷಛઝݾऱ࿇ሒΔԳଚሏᚭऱীኪ٦৫ڶထૹՕऱ᠏᧢Ζᙟထሏ
ᚭኪ৫ΰplayfulnessαዶԵԳᣊسऱٺଡᏆխΔԳፖሏᚭհၴऱᣂএՈ૿ᜯԱ
ᔆ᧢ΖྤᓵψԳनሏᚭωࢨਢψሏᚭनԳωΔഗءՂսᥛԱႚอሏᚭᓵ૪խऱψሏ
ᚭਢፖֲൄس։ၲऱωࢨψሏᚭڶࠡࡐڶऱΕ࠹ࠩૻࠫऱழ़ࡉঞωऱᨠ࢚Δ
Գፖሏᚭսਢ։ၲऱΔਢሏᚭऱ᧯ڶࢬլٵۖբΖ܀ਢڇվऱ৵זषᄎ խΔԳଚኙ࣍టኔऱᆖ᧭ՈګψሏᚭऱωΰplayfulαΔྤᓵݺଚਢܡᣋრࢭᎁΔ ڇݺଚऱֲൄسխΔݺଚຟ௦ෞڇሏᚭհխΰAycock, 1993αΖڇվऱषᄎխΔ ط࣍Գଚൕࠃሏᚭऱழၴ֗ᖲᄎყࠐყڍΔףՂႚᐾ᧯ፖઝݾऱ৫࿇୶Δࠌ
ሏᚭፖԳس٦Ո։լၲΔሏᚭ۟༉࠷זԱԳسΔګటኔऱԳسΖ ԫࠐᎅΔڶᣂሏᚭऱ൶ಘΔᚨᇠٍץਔሏᚭኪ৫ऱ൶ಘΖ൫ሏᚭਢᖕࠡ
ࢬආ࠷հݮڤऱփ୲ࠐࡳΔຏൄਐऱਢڶཐਮऱ೯ΰframed activitiesαΙ
ۖሏᚭኪ৫ຏൄਐऱਢԫጟᐁᚭΕ᎘ᠾΕᖲᨋऱ֨ኪΔ،ױא૿ኙٚ۶೯Δڇ ሏᚭኪ৫խΔ۩೯᧯ᄎؚధൄΔലڶऱཚৱनݫ࣍ै༳հխΔ۟࣍ࡉሏ ᚭऱਝڶਮၞ۩ሏᚭΖ܂ԫጟ֨ኪΔሏᚭኪ৫ឈྥլԫࡳᄎؚឰؓൄسΔ
܀،ࡨึຟਢژڇ࣍߷ᇙऱΰLindquist, 2001: 20-21; Schechner, 1988: 16-18;
Sutton-Smith, 1997: 147-148 αΖຘመኙ࣍ਝࡳਮऱᔆጊΔሏᚭኪ৫ױאዶԵࢬڶ ऱسᏆհխΖࢬᘯऱψሏᚭ֏़ၴωΰludic spacesα༉ਢਐڇຍଡ़ၴխΔ ሏᚭኪ৫ױאၞԵڶપࡳঋګऱࢨࠫ৫֏ऱኔᔌխΔࠀൕլױቃறऱֱٻࠐޏ
᧢،ଚΖഗءՂΔࢬڶऱࠃढࢨ़ၴຟױא᧢ګψሏᚭऱωΚץਔՠ܂ऱ़ၴΕᢌ
ፖళᆣऱ़ၴΰࠏڕڇࡲඒࡉঋᆏֲαΕඒߛऱ़ၴΕए᛭ऱ़ၴΕઝᖂऱ़
ၴΕԳᎾᣂএऱ़ၴΔ۟࣍ڇຍଡრᆠՂΔ֮ᖂऱᓵ૪ڕ Derrida ऱᓵ૪Δ א֗၄J. Baudrillard ऱᓵ૪ຟױאᄗ࢚֏ψሏᚭऱωΔၞۖຘመሏ ᚭឆऱᚥܗࠐၞ۩൶ߒΰLindquist, 2001:21αΖ
ڇ৵זፖ৵ݮՂᖂऱΰpost-metaphysicalαऱ౧ՀΔψሏᚭωऱᨠ࢚۟
࠷זԱՀ٨ऱݮՂᖂඨΚუലࠃढഗڇհխऱඨΕუലሎ೯ᕁࡐڇऄ ঞऱ៕فՂऱඨΔუലᇭᤩᖂڇ৬ዌრᆠመ࿓խऱᚼਡլղא᠖ऱඨΔ א֗უലွऱڍցࢤ֏પψԫࠃࠏωΰthe one instanceαऱඨΰKüchler, ʳ 1994: 1 αΖKüchlerΰ1994: 1-2α֧شԱ Heidegger ऱဲΔᎁሏᚭڇױאᎅբ ᆖٵழዶຘԵԱݮᕴЯژڶᖂฆΰontico-ontologicalαऱࠟᢰΖڇψژڶωʳ ΰbeingsαऱݮᕴᐋ૿ΰࢨਢऱွᐋڻαΔሏᚭࢬਐጠऱਢԫጟ֮֏ڍցࢤ ፖฆऱൣउΖۖڇژڶᖂऱᐋ૿Δሏᚭঞ࠷זאՀऱवᤚΚຘመሎ೯Εழၴ֏Ε
़ၴ֏شΔࢬขسऱᣂ࣍ٺጟژڶհഗፖದᄭऱ೯ኪ৸ەΔ٦៶ထຍጟ೯ኪ৸
ەലኙ࣍ഄԫژڶΰBeingαऱवᤚᅝګഗΰgroundαፖ᧩ΰpresenceαΖ ൕছ૪ऱ֧֮ױאवሐΔڇזऱषᄎխΔൕࠃሏᚭऱψᣤࢤωբᆖດዬ
᠏᧢ԫጟ᎘ᠾΕୡᑗऱሏᚭኪ৫Δᅝሏᚭ᠏᧢ሏᚭኪ৫ழΔࢬڶऱኔᔆऱ
़ၴຟڶױ౨ψሏᚭ֏ωΔ۟ץਔဠዌऱ़ၴڕ֮ᖂ֮ءऱᓵ૪ԯ۟ݮՂᖂऱ
৸ەΔՈຟᄎψሏᚭ֏ωΖᅝࢼွऱ֮ءᓵ૪ፖ৸უຟሏᚭ֏ழΔݺଚ۟ױ אᎅΔຍᖞଡຟբψሏᚭ֏ωΖ
᧯ፖᇷಛઝݾऱၞޡΔףԱሏᚭ֏ऱ࿓৫Δሏᚭ۟ᄎ᧢ګԱటኔ Գسऱԫຝ։Δ່৵ࠀ࠷זటኔऱԳسΔψሏᚭܛԳسωΖڇԫࠄ։࣫ሏᚭऱᆖࠢ
֮խΔࠏڕΚHuizinga ࡳሏᚭழ່ૹऱᐛ༉ਢሏᚭڶ۞աऱψሏᚭ़ၴω ΰplayspaceαΔۖຍଡ़ၴਢڶֲܑ࣍ൄسऱΖ܀ਢڇז᧯ፖᇷಛઝݾऱ࿇
୶ՀΔሏᚭ़ၴፖֲൄس़ၴऱ։ມথყࠐყᑓᒫΖ
ࠏڕΚط࣍᧯ઝݾऱ࿇ሒΔݺଚױאലڶऱٺጟሎ೯ᤁאޓݶຒΕޓ ڶயऱֱڤႚಬٺچΔࠌࠡהٺऱᨠᓾृՈױאٵޡچፖऱᨠ ᓾृֺ֗ृԫದტ࠹ֺᤁञऱᑷ௺ࣷΖۖط࣍ፖࣲᓾऱԳՑყڍΔڍ ሎ೯ᤁऱᄐ֏Ⴈԯޓףࣔ᧩Ζᄐሎ೯ऱᙁᤢΔګڍԳֲൄسխเ
֚ऱૹᇩᠲΔۖᄐሎ೯ऱࣲᓾΔՈګڍԳسᅝխլױऱԫຝ։Ζ ڶழݺଚ۟ױאࠩΔڍሎ೯߆ᑷऱഏ୮Δڂထࣲᓾᄐሎ೯መ࣍ᖿ೯ދԵΔ
֧ۖ࿇Աᖿ௺ऱᆢฒᑊ೯Ζڼழሏᚭ༉լਢֲൄسऱԫຝ։ԱΔ،۟ᄎե ឫధᡏԱֲൄسऱၞ۩Ζ
ᚨشڍ᧯ઝݾࢬ፹܂נࠐऱψሽီሏᚭωΰvideo-gamesαΔঞਢᅝזԫ ૹऱሏᚭ֮֏ΖሽီሏᚭࠡኔፖࠡהݮڤऱሏᚭࢨୡᑗڶထዌՂऱܑ
ΰSchroeder, 1996: 147αΔሽီሏᚭሎشԱီᦫऱய࣠Δრ༉ڇ፹ທנԫጟא
႖టऱΕሓ२టኔऱψᚵቝωΰsimulacrumαΔຍጟᚵቝڇᅝվऱषᄎխথڶױ౨
࠷זԱటኔऱسΖࠉᅃ Baudrillard ऱ։࣫Δࢬᘯऱψᚵቝωऱਢढ᧯ࢨࠃٙऱ ᓤ፹Δۖᚵቝऱڻݧΰorders of simulacraαঞڇᚵቝፖటኔհၴऱᣂএխݮګԱ լٵऱၸΖڇվֲΔBaudrillard ᎁݺଚਢۯ࣍รԿݧΰthird orderαऱᚵቝၸ
Δຍଡၸਢԫଡటإᑓᚵΰsimulation properαऱၸΔڂᑓᚵऱᑓڤ
ΰsimulation modelsαዌګԱຍଡΔ،ᚘଙԱ່৵۟ψܟᕸωԱψ٦ωΰre-
presentation αΰKellner, 1989: 78- 80αΖ
Baudrillard ԾࠌشՀ٨ၸࠐ༴૪ԱᐙቝΰimagesαፖኔऱᣂএΚ(ԫ)ᐙቝ ਢԫଡഗءኔΰbasic realityαऱ֘ਠΔ(Բ)ᐙቝᔟ።ࠀੁڴԱഗءኔΔ(Կ)ᐙ ቝᔟ።ԱഗءኔլژڇऱࠃኔΔ()ᐙቝፖٚ۶ऱኔڶᣂএΚ،༉ਢ،۞
աऱొጰऱᚵቝΰPoster, 1988: 170αΖᐙቝऱسګყጲᒯΔᐙቝऱႚᐾՈყݶ ຒΔຍፖᅝז᧯ઝݾऱ࿇୶ڶထയ֊ऱᣂএΖۖڇվषᄎխ᧯ऱߡۥֲყ ૹழΔݺଚ༉ൕזऱسขषᄎᆵԵԱ৵זऱᑓᚵषᄎΰpostmodern society of simulations αΖႚᐾ᧯ऱᘋದΔࠡխܑਢሽီऱנΔኙ࣍ Baudrillard ࠐᎅਢ ዌګψ৵זࢤωΰpostmodernityαխૹऱԫຝ։Ζႚᐾ᧯ࠌಖᇆፖᚵቝ ڇषᄎֲ֗ൄسऱޢଡᏆխ߰ຒچཋᐾၲࠐΖ᧯ګऱᑓᚵᖲᕴ ΰsimulation machinesαΔ،سขԱᐙቝΕಖᇆΕฤᒘΰcodesαΔຍࠄࣟ۫৵ࠐ᧢ګ Աΰ၌αኔΰ(hyper) realityαऱ۞ࢤᏆΔࠀڇޢֲسፖኙषᄎऱݱথխ ފዝᣂࢤߡۥΖࠡسขመ࿓ՈዌګԱψ٦ωፖψኔωհၴᣂএऱಭ᠏Ζ٣ ছ᧯ᎁਢ֘ਠࢨז।ኔΔ܀່ึኔঞᄎᖄીኔऱᇞΰKellner, 1989:
68 αΖ
ຘመ Baudrillard ऱ։࣫ΔױאנΔ፹ທᚵቝऱሽီሏᚭኙ࣍ሏᚭृऱటኔ سᚨᇠᄎࠠڶൎՕऱዶຘԺΖڇאऱሏᚭݮڤխΔਢֲൄኔᄎᐙࠩψሏ ᚭ़ၴωऱΔ܀ڇሽီሏᚭխΔ ψחԳާಮࠡխऱᑓᚵωΰimmersive simulationα থᄎࠌటኔլ٦ዶԵሏᚭΔ֘ۖਢሏᚭዶԵటኔխΔ༉ڕٵᚵቝ࠷
Ա܂Ε࠷Աਐ௫հढΔՈ࠷Աᑓᚵհढऱመ࿓ԫᑌΖሽီሏᚭऱլ ٦ਢႛႛڇ۞ߪऱሏᚭঞխሎ܂Δڂࠡঞբᙟထሏᚭ़ၴءߪ؆ዥ۟టኔ
Ζڼ؆Δᑓᚵխऱޢԫႈࠃढঞ࠹ࠩઌٵऱঞ֭ߓอࢬอएΚࢬڶࠃढ ຟຘመၲЯᣂ᠏ၨΰon/off switchesαᑓڤࠐݮႿΕسګፖิ៣Ζࢬڶᑓᚵխऱࠃ ढຟຘመᑓᚵऱݾۖژڇΖڂڼΔᑓᚵࠀڶኻᄤሏᚭ़ၴΔথਢޢٙࠃൣຟ
᧢ګԱψሏᚭ़ၴωΰSchroeder, 1996: 149αΖ
ᅝזषᄎխऱԫጟฐ۩ऱሏᚭ֮֏ሽᆰጻሁሏᚭঞ༼ࠎԱݺଚ৸ەሏ
ᚭრᆠ᠏᧢ழऱԫጟైޗΖሽᆰጻሁሏᚭԫױ։ԿᣊΔรԫᣊਢ່ᆠऱ
ᒵՂሏᚭΰonline gameαΔՈ༉ਢሏᚭृຘመᒵՂሏᚭۻࣚᕴࡉࠡהሏᚭृ٥ٵၞ
۩ሏᚭΔԾױጠψڍԳᒵՂߡۥފዝሏᚭωΙรԲᣊਢᐽٽڤΰmatchαሏᚭΔ ຍᣊሏᚭຏൄਢຘመጻሁࠐၞ۩ΔሏᚭृՈױאຑՂጻሁא؆ऱۻࣚ
ᕴΔࡉጻሁհ؆ऱሏᚭृၞ۩ሏᚭΖڇጻ࠼խઌᅝੌ۩ऱڍԳኙᖏሏᚭܛ᥆ ڼᣊΙรԿᣊਢ۟༼ࠎ՛ሏᚭऱሏᚭጻీၞ۩ԫࠄՀཪΕᐴ܌ྨ֗ലڃٽ ڤऱᒵՂሏᚭΖڇຍԿᣊऱጻሁሏᚭխΔԾאছࠟᣊऱሏᚭ່࠹ࠩॹ֟ڣऱფΖ
ጻሁሏᚭፖছ૪ऱሽီሏᚭڶࠡઌٵհΔՈڶฆհΖࠟृઌٵհڇ
࣍ΔࠟጟሏᚭຟሎشԱီᦫ᧯ࢬขسऱψᚵቝωΔࠌሏᚭ़ၴፖኔᎾس़ၴ
ऱૻڂۖᑓᒫΔۖط࣍،ଚຟਢԫଡԳܛױၞ۩ऱሏᚭΔሏᚭࢬᏁऱ॰ាլ
ΔଡԳڇڶૻऱයٙՀΔլؘࠥრࡅ֧ࣛ۴Δᙟழຟױאፖሏᚭ೯Δຍࠌ
ሏᚭ೯ፖֲൄسऱ։ມՈዬዬլ٦ࣔ᧩Ζ۟࣍ࠟृ່ՕऱլٵΔঞڇ࣍
৵ृਢٵழٽԱᜢ٠ᚵቝऱܧፖԳᎾٌऱյ೯ᣂএΖڇጻሁऱሏᚭխΔࢬ ൎᓳऱਢሏᚭृऱψߡۥފዝωፖԳᎾհၴऱઌյٌٽ܂ΔሏᚭृೈԱؘႊދ Եழၴ༼ࣙ۞աࢬފዝऱԳढ᥆ࢤ؆ΔՈؘႊፖࠡהሏᚭृຏԺٽ܂Δԫದ܌ࣚ
ሏᚭխऱጟጟᣄᣂΖ
ຘመڇጻሁሏᚭऱٌյ೯መ࿓խΔሏᚭृૹႿԱ۞ݺऱᎁٵΖጻሁ़ၴʳ ʳ ऱഹದΔԳଚ༼ࠎԱԫයޓףך։چႿທڍૹ۞ݺऱຜஉΰ႓֟ဎΕຫ֮ۂΔ 2002 Κ108αΖڼ؆Δڇጻሁ़ၴၞ۩ሏᚭழΰܑਢߡۥފዝሏᚭαΔط࣍ψೳټω ਢሏᚭृऱᐛΔࢬאሏᚭृױאᙟრފዝٺڤٺᑌऱߡۥΔ۟ਢፖ۞ա
ڶહནΕࢤতᝧק᠐ऱߡۥΖڇጻሁሏᚭխΔԳଚױאૹᄅࡳፖޏ᧢۞
աऱߡۥΔۖլشەᐞኔᎾسխิ៣ΕᦞԺࡉܓఛڍֱ૿ڂైΖഗءՂΔ ط࣍ߪ᧯ऱլڇፖೳټࢤΔڇጻሁ़ၴխΔଡԳऱ۞ط৫᧢ՕԱΔۖፖԳઌ
ऱऄঞথ១ԱΖڂጻሁ़ၴऱೳټࢤΔࠌৰڍሏᚭृڂۖ౨టኔՕᜬچ।
۞աڇኔᎾسխྤऄጐൣ୶ऱԫ૿Ι܀Ոط࣍ೳټࢤፖڇጻሁ़ၴխଡ Գ۞ط৫ऱᏺՕΔࠌጻሁ़ၴխך؞ထޓڍऱུᗠΕဠೕΕސಗΕ㊰ᒼլߜ ऱ۩Ζ
ຘመጻሁሏᚭࢬݮګऱषᆢΔഗءՂլٵ࣍టኔسऱԳଚࢬݮګऱषᆢΖ
ጻሁሏᚭڶထ۞աऱሏᚭ़ၴΔڇຍଡ़ၴᇙڶထԫ۞աऱሏᚭঞ֗ሎ܂ᑓ
ڤΖ܀Ոط࣍ጻሁሏᚭٽԱԳፖԳհၴऱյ೯Δࠌጻሁሏᚭऱ़ၴࠡኔޓ
၀२ࢨᣊۿֲ࣍ൄԳᎾسऱ़ၴΖާಮ࣍ጻሁ़ၴऱሏᚭΔൄൄז।ऱਢާ௦
࣍ጻሁሏᚭխࢬ৬مऱԳᎾᣂএΙطጻሁሏᚭࢬݮګऱषᆢΔឈྥګڼհၴ
ᣂএയ֊Δ܀ਢຍጟԳᎾᣂএথۿ२ኔΔڂԳଚհၴਢאဠᚵऱߡۥڇၞ۩
ٌΔࢬא،ฅຶլਢటኔऱԳᎾᣂএΔૉലࠡᅝګటኔऱسΔ֘ۖᄎኙሏᚭ
ृڶऱԳᎾٌທګࢩ୭Ζڼ؆Δឈྥጻሁሏᚭڶ۞աऱሏᚭঞΔፖሏᚭ
ृ݁ႊᙅښຍঞΔ܀ڇጻሁ़ၴխΔᦞԺտԵऱൣݮথױ౨ޓڍΖࠏڕڍ
࿓ڤૠפԺൎृΔױאٚრ༼ࣙ۞աऱߡۥ᥆ࢤΔ۟ຘመߏՀਬࠄढऱ
၇ΰאኔᎾ८ᙒང࠷ဠᚵऱढࢨפԺαΔڂۖధᡏԱڶऱሏᚭঞΖ ٦ԫᐋ։࣫Δط࣍ሽီሏᚭፖሽᆰጻሁሏᚭ݁אψᚵቝωऱֱڤڇၞ۩Δ ࢬאሏᚭխऱٚ۶܂ۿຟྤ႞ՕႁΕྤᣂጹΔڶழԱᤢ࠷ܓΔ۟
լᖗ֫ΖࠏڕڇᑊԺऱሏᚭխΔܓृਢψളවԳᑇω່ڍऱԳΔۖຍࠄ ളවऱ࣠Δڇሽီሏᚭխࢬܧऱױ౨ਢԫຑۭऱᑇڗۖբΖط࣍ᎁवࠩຍ ࠄຟਢψᚵቝωΔࢬאኙሏᚭृࠐᎅΔጟጟऱᑊԺ۩ࠡኔຟਢဠᚵΕຟਢऱΔ ࢬאהױאڇሏᚭխࢬΔۖլشᖜ֨ದٚ۶ኔᎾऱຂٚΖ٦ृΔሽီሏ ᚭፖጻሁሏᚭՕڍᑇຟਢᤁञڤऱሏᚭΔψ։נωਢሏᚭृൕࠃሏᚭऱ
່৵ؾᑑΔՈਢᨃሏᚭึַऱഄԫֱऄΔሏᚭृլ༉መሽᆰΔլ༉
መࠡהऱሏᚭृΖሏᚭृൕࠃሏᚭऱؾऱΔ༉ਢڇᖿ௺ऱኙمխᛧנΖ٣ ڇႚอऱሏᚭխΔሏᚭ़ၴፖኔᎾسऱ़ၴᚨᇠਢ։ၲऱΔ܀ਢڇ৵זऱሏ ᚭխΔሏᚭ़ၴথਢዶຘԵኔᎾسհխऱΔ۟ٽԫΖຍጟዶຘࢨٽԫױ౨ᄎ
ࠐࠟጟ࣠ΚԫਢሏᚭृലሏᚭխऱᤁञፖᑊԺԵኔᎾऱسխΔࠌֲࠡ
ൄس࠹ࠩሏᚭऱᐙۖขس૿ᐙΖڕᑊԺሏᚭኙࠝ࿙ऱ૿ᐙΔ༉ൄൄ
ګඒߛᖂृࢬᣂࣹऱംᠲΖԫঞਢڇဠᚵሏᚭխΔԫ֊حᙑΕ؈ᎄຟਢྤࢬ ᘯऱΔڂ،ψਢሏᚭωΔ؈ඓԱհ৵ΔૹᄅਊՀૹन༉ԾױאૹᄅၲࡨΖ ψሽီሏᚭ֮֏ፖᑓᚵᓵխऱᑨڇംᠲΔլਢڇ࣍ሏᚭ़ၴऱዶຘΔۖਢڇ࣍
ሽ᧯֧࿇ऱݱΰamnesiaαΖሽီሏᚭլਢඒᖄԱᙑᎄऱሐᐚᨠΔۖਢඒ ᖄԱࢬڶऱሐᐚᨠຟਢ।૿ऱΖωΰSchroeder, 1996: 150α
ʠă໋ཽ̈́ᐛ̜˽५ᆉؚ̕വڟՉݦу!
ኙ࣍ඒߛՠ܂ृࠐᎅΔࠡࢬᣂࣹऱംᠲٻࠐਢΚψӧϞޑၯᔍЎϯΠǴჹܭ ךॺޑΠжزഖԖ࡛ኬჴሞޑቹៜǻωൕړऱԫ૿ࠐΔሏᚭኪ৫ࢨሏᚭጲ ళၞԵԳسऱٺଡᏆխΔ۞լٵऱߡ৫ݮګኙ࣍ڶࠫ৫ፖᦞऱਗᖏΔຍࡐ
ྥڶױ౨ݮګԫጟ໌ທࢤऱݼࢴΰresistanceαΔڂۖࠌሏᚭڇඒߛ೯խࠠڶԫ
ࡳऱإ૿ᏝଖΖ൫ᅝሏᚭፖԳسऱૻլ٦ࣔ᧩ழΔথՈױ౨֧࿇ԫࠄଖ৸ە ऱඒߛംᠲΚ
( ԫ)ሏᚭऱขس٣༉ፖᦞԺࢨԺၦհၴڶထጹയऱᣂএΔ౨ജᆖ᧭ࠩᦞԺ ࢨԺၦΔױאᎅਢሏᚭ່ܮ֧ԳհԫΖ٦ףՂᅝזषᄎխሏᚭፖటኔԳسऱٽ
ੌΔᓴڶᦞԺ൳ࠫԱሏᚭΕڶᦞԺࠫࡳሏᚭऱঞΔה༉ڶױ౨៶ڼ༳൳Աటኔ ऱԳسΖ܀ംᠲਢΔਢᓴᖑڶ൳ࠫຍࠄሏᚭऱᦞԺΛ
( Բ)ሏᚭ٣ਢॺᣤΕྤࡳ؆ڇؾऱऱ೯Δࢬא،ءߪ༉ڶ᎘ᠾ
۟ᓅऱრ࠺Ζᅝຍጟॺᣤऱ೯ګԳᣊటኔسऱԫຝ։ழΔױ౨ᄎڶࠟ
ଡ࣠Ζԫଡ࣠ਢΔॺᣤऱ೯ؘႊאᣤऱኪ৫ൕࠃհΔՈ༉ਢኙ࣍ൕࠃ ሏᚭ೯ࢨᨠᓾሏᚭ೯ऱԳࠐᎅΔψሏᚭլਢሏᚭωΔ،ױ౨ז।ऱਢՕऱ ८ᙒگԵΕټඨऱ༼ࣙΔ۟ז।Աഏ୮ऱዊಫΖאڇၞ۩ሏᚭհছΔሏᚭृ
ڼհၴᄎڶԫጟ֨ᅃլऱψ৵ᄮຏω
4ΚψຍਢሏᚭΰThis is playαωΔ܀ڇ ڇൕࠃਬࠄՕীऱሏᚭࢨሎ೯ֺழΔፖृࢨᨠᓾृ֨խຟৰᄑچࣔػΚψຍ լႛਢሏᚭΖωۖԱሒࠩࡳऱ؆ڇؾऱΔሏᚭृױ౨ؘႊᆖመ९Նᜱેऱ
Δۖڇၞ۩ሏᚭழڶழՈؘႊᖿ௺ऱᤁञ۟լ൦ݫ՛֫ΖڂڼڇሏᚭխΔ Գଚլ܀լ౨࣋ᠾΔױ౨ؘႊళᆖᜒޓጹΔሏᚭխᚨڶऱψ۞࿇ࢤωፖψྤᐡ ࢤω֘ۖ؈ԱΖԫଡ࣠ঞਢΔ٣ሏᚭխऱψᓅωࢨψྤࢬᘯωऱኪ৫ ॿԵԱటኔسհխΔψ৻ᑌຟ۩ωΰanything goes!αΔ֘إسՈլመਢԫሏ ᚭۖբΖनሏᚭऱٚრᑓڤ࠷זԱటኔسխၞ۩ਬࠄૻ۩೯ছऱ৸ᑵᐞΔ టإऱԳسᏝଖ֘ۖ؈լߠΖ
4
٤ྎ೯ፕᏢޣȐcommunication theoristsȑᇡࣁǴၯᔍࢂᅿԄޑȨࡕྎ೯ȩ
Ȑmeta-communicationȑǴ೭ᅿࡕྎ೯ӧᄽϯၸำࢂӃܭᇟقޑǴӢࣁѬӧΓᜪа
ѦޑނيΨёаวǶ
( Կ)ሽᆰጻሁሏᚭឈྥਢԫጟႃ᧯ऱሏᚭݮڤΔ܀،լٵ࣍መװႃ᧯ሏᚭݮ ڤऱਢΔאऱႃ᧯ሏᚭፖृਢ૿ኙ૿ऱΔਢڶထߪ᧯൷ᤛऱΔڂڶڼհ
ၴऱ൷ᤛΔࢬאױאᘣߪტࠩڼऱᑷԺፖటᇨΖۖזऱጻሁሏᚭথਢೳټऱΔ
ፖृױ౨वሐࠡהԳऱ֏ټΔথኙࠡءԳঞԫྤࢬवΔڶழ۟ࠩऱᇷಛ ਢݙ٤ઌ֘ᙑᎄऱᇷಛΖࢬאሽᆰጻሁሏᚭਢԫጟਝႃ᧯܀Ծᄕ৫ଡԳऱሏᚭݮ ڤΖၞԫޡ৸ەΔާᄴ࣍ຍጟਝႃ᧯ԾଡԳऱሏᚭݮڤױ౨ᄎᖄીՀ٨ऱംᠲΚ ଈ٣ڇሏᚭխࢬ৬مऱԳᎾյ೯ᣂএΔءࠐ༉լٵ࣍టኔسऱԳᎾᣂএΔ܀ਢ ኙ࣍ԫ֚ࠩඡާ௦࣍ጻሁऱԳଚࠐᎅΔຍ༉ਢהଚسࡎऱ٤ຝΔᅝהଚڶழؘႊ
ψಯנωጻሁ़ၴڃࠩటኔسխழΔױ౨֘ۖᄎტࠩᄕ৫ऱլᔞᚨΖࠡڻΔڇ ጻሁ़ၴխऱԳᎾઌֱڤՈፖటኔسڶࠄլٵΔೳټࢨུᗠ۞աऱటኔᇷற ਢൄࠃΔףጻሁሏᚭࢨٌऱԳՈຟࣔᛵຍរΔ࣍ਢጻሁՂऱٌ֘ۖڶழګ
ᠨֱຟထ૿ࠠऱဠೕٌΖۖᅝԳଚክ࣍אུᗠឆೳऱֱڤٌյ೯৵ΰڂ
ຍڇጻሁ़ၴխਢൄኪαΔڃࠩటኔس़ၴழΔսڶױ౨ᤉᥛᥛထጻሁ़ၴ
ऱٌᑓڤΖ
( )ᅝזԫࠄᄅᘋऱሏᚭݮڤΔឈྥڍ᥆ଡԳڤऱሏᚭΔ܀ਢࠃ٣ڜඈ ړऱሏᚭᏣൣΔଡԳ౨೯ڃᚨΔᕣጥ،ଚਢ۞ᣋףऱΔ܀ࠡխଡԳ࿇ཀऱ
़ၴኔ᥆ڶૻΖឈྥᎅזषᄎխऱψᚵቝωՏ᧢ᆄ֏Δ܀ٵԫጟሏᚭऱψᚵቝω
֗ࢬޣऱ֘ᚨথਢઌٵࠫڤऱΖڇڼጟൣݮհՀΔሏᚭ܂ԫጟ֮֏໌ທ ऱ೯ΰڕ Huizinga ࢬߢαࠡխऱ໌ທԺথڶױ౨ֲዬယᜍΖ
( ն)ۖڇሏᚭጲళ֗ኪ৫ՕᜰዶԵඒߛ़ၴ֗ඒߛᛩቼऱվֲΔኙ࣍ඒߛՠ
܂ृࠐᎅΔޓᐋऱ৸ەঞਢΚψሏᚭտԵԱඒߛ़ၴհխΔኙ࣍ඒߛ़ၴᄎլᄎ ທګᔆ᧢Λຍጟᔆ᧢ࠩࢍਢإ૿ऱᝫਢ૿ऱΛඒߛ़ၴڶڶױ౨ݙ٤ឭๅሏ ᚭऱᐙΛڇඒߛመ࿓խΔڶڶױ౨ขسሏᚭ֏ऱඒߛ़ၴΛࢨਢᎅݺଚՈױ אޓᗨᄕԫࠄΔ༅ඒߛ࣍ሏᚭհխΔലሏᚭ़ၴޏທඒߛࢤऱሏᚭ़ၴΛω
ڇছ૪ऱٺႈ৸ەխΔছ૿ႈᚨᇠᎅਢಾኙሏᚭՕᜰॿԵԳଚس़ၴΰࢨ
ඒߛ़ၴαழࢬױ౨հ૿ᐙၞ۩ऱ৸Δຍࠄ૿ऱᐙץਔԱటإԳسᏝ
ଖऱ؈ᆵΕటኔԳᎾֱٌڤऱށڴΔא֮֗֏໌ທԺऱယᜍംᠲΔՈץਔԱ
ሏᚭહ৵టإᦞԺ༳൳ृ૿ؾऱᑓᒫΖۖรնႈথਢ܂Ա֘ٻ৸ەΚڕ࣠ሏᚭ
ፖඒߛհၴլױᝩ܍چڶထയ֊ऱᣂএΔ߷ݺଚڕ۶ࠐإီሏᚭኙ࣍ඒߛ़ၴ
ऱᐙΛ
ڕছ૪Δඒߛխऱԫࠄছזඒߛ৸უ୮ΰڕ Rousseau ֗ Froebel Գαڰ բࣹრࠩԱሏᚭऱૹࢤΔࠀՈቫᇢലሏᚭᚨشڇඒߛऱ೯ՂΔא༼ᖂس ऱፖᘋᔊΕᨃᖂسᖂऱֱڤޓףڍᑌ֏Δ່৵ሒࠩ༼ࣙඒᖂய࣠ऱؾऱΖૉ
ൕ M. Foucault ऱߡ৫ࠐᇞᤩΔඒߛ़ၴ٣ױᎅਢԫጟψီऱ़ၴωΔطඒஃ ຘመٺጟᛩቼᕴढऱᆜΕඒᖂၞ৫ऱڜඈΕᓰഘ֗ఄ్ஆۯऱඈ٨ֱڤΔࠐ ψ൳ωᖂسऱᖂΖሏᚭऱנΔਬጟ࿓৫ՂࠐᎅΔ༉ڇٞቹ྇܅ຍጟီऱ რ࠺Δࠌᖂس౨ജޓ۞طچΕޓ۞࿇چࠐၞ۩ᖂΖࡤլᓵࢬᘯ૾܅ီऱ რ࠺ਢܡటإ।ق྇֟Δᝫਢਢז।ီݾፖֱऄऱጲᒯ֏ፖ։ཋ֏Δ۟֟
ڍඒߛՠ܂ृຟઌॾΔຘመ܉ᆜԫଡሏᚭ֏ऱඒߛ़ၴΔലױאࠌඒߛऱၞ
۩ޓٽԳࢤ֏Δඒߛऱய࣠Ոലޓ᧩ထΖݺଚլܡᎁሏᚭኙ࣍ඒߛऱૹࢤΔ ՈլܡᎁሏᚭऱءߪױאࠠڶઌᅝऱඒߛრᆠΔ܀ਢݺଚؘႊਐנऱਢΔᅝሏᚭ ՕᜰॿԵسፖඒߛ़ၴழ۟࠷זటኔऱسழΔ֠ࠡਢڇᅝזٺጟႚᐾ᧯
֗ሽᆰઝݾڕڼ࿇ሒऱழזᇙΔሏᚭ़ၴലᄎՕᜰᚘᜍࠩඒߛ़ၴΔڍඒߛ
೯ຟؘႊᑓُሏᚭۖאሏᚭऱֱڤࠐၞ۩ΖࢨਬࠄԳᄎᎁΔሏᚭױאࢷ୶ඒ ߛऱ़ၴΔۖࠌඒߛֱڤޓףڍᑌ֏Δ܀חԳᐡ֨ऱਢΔᅝזऱሏᚭڍਢאψᚵ ቝωऱֱڤࠐၞ۩Δܑਢᜢ٠ய࣠ყ֧Գࣹؾऱሏᚭყ౨ܮ֧ࠩԳଚऱࣹრԺΔ
ྥۖ༉ڇٺጟܮ֧ԺխΔඒߛऱᐋრᆠ֗టኔऱسრᆠױ౨༉ດዬᑓᒫۖ
؈ԱΖ
ڂڼΔሏᚭኙ࣍టኔԳسऱ࠷זΔటإ֧࿇ऱு֨ംᠲਢڇ࣍Δሏᚭڶऱ
᠆দऱ֮֏რᆠ؈৵ΔڂۖՈࠌటኔऱسࡎ֗ඒߛऱრᆠᇿထੌ؈ԱΖڇᅝ זٺጟฐ۩ऱሏᚭݮڤխΰᓯڕՕীሎ೯ֺऱᨠᓾΕሽီ֗ሽᆰሏᚭፖጻ ሁሏᚭխαΔݺଚࠩऱਢԫጟψཙזωऱሏᚭݮڤΚݺଚᨃᄐሎ೯ψཙזω ݺଚࠐሎ೯Εࠐၞ۩ٺጟऱֺΙݺଚᨃᐙቝࢨᚵቝψཙזωԱటإऱسΙݺ ଚᨃဠᚵऱԳᎾٌψཙזωԱటኔऱԳᆢᣂএΖ༉ਢسڇຍᑌऱψཙזωխΔ ݺଚאݺଚਢᖙ൳ሏᚭऱຍԫֱΔ܀ኔᎾՂΔሏᚭऱኪ৫থኧኧࢍࢍچޏ᧢
Աݺଚኙ࣍టኔس֗ඒߛრᆠऱኪ৫Δݺଚթਢሏᚭᖙ൳ऱԫֱΖψԳྤࢬሜ
ಲ࣍ሏᚭհၴωΖ
Huizinga ኙ࣍ሏᚭऱᆖࠢࡳᆠΔ࣋ࠩվֲࠐᎅΔឈ᧩ڶࠄຫ៱Δ܀ᚨᇠս ڶ،ૹऱრᆠΖHuizinga ᎁሏᚭᚨᇠਢԫጟ۞طΕ۞ፖ۞ᣋऱ೯Ιሏᚭ
೯ਢڶრچڇֲൄسհ؆Δګԫጟψॺᣤऱωऱ೯ΙٵழΔൕࠃ ሏᚭऱԳਢ৫റࣹऱΙሏᚭՈਢԫጟፖढᔆᘋᔊྤᣂऱ೯ΔڇൕࠃሏᚭழΔ ਢլᄎڶٚ۶ܓᑮױߢऱΙሏᚭਢڇࠡࡐڶऱழ़ૻփၞ۩ထΔ،ڶထࡐࡳऱ
ঞΔࠀאڶ఼ݧऱֱڤࠐनΙຘመሏᚭΔᄎআګषᄎᆢ᧯ऱݮګΔຍࠄषᄎᆢ
᧯ڶထ۞աऱψమയωΔ،ଚᄎຘመψೕᇘωࢨࠡהֱڤࠐൎᓳ،ଚፖᖞଡֆ٥
ऱฆΰHuizinga, 1955: 13αΖ១ߢհΔሏᚭᚨᇠਢڇֲൄسհ؆༼ࠎԫଡॺ ᣤऱࡉమയऱ़ၴΔᨃԳଚאٖᖈΕ໙ஒፖၞ۩՛ฒऱ։ࠆΔڼ؆Δሏ ᚭՈᚨᇠᨃԳଚڇࠡխᖂࠩऱਢψᙅښሏᚭঞωΔۖլਢψሏᚭঞਢױאٚრ ޓ೯֗ధᡏωऱᨠ࢚Ζ൫ڶຍጟრᆠՀऱሏᚭΔթ౨ګԳᣊ֮֏֗໌ທऱᄭᙰΔ Ո൫ڶຍᑌऱሏᚭΔթ౨టإࠠڶඒߛऱრᆠΖኙ࣍זԳࠐᎅΔψሏᚭ़ၴլٵ
࣍టኔس़ၴωΕψ༇ૹሏᚭঞωऱ່Օრᆠױ౨ਢΔڇسխᝫਢᚨᇠڶԫ ଡױࠎ᠏ང۟ಲሜऱլٵ़ၴΔۖೈԱሏᚭ؆ΔԳଚսႊڃࠩኔऱس֗ඒ ߛխಳᐋటኔऱփොΖܡঞటኔܛᚵቝΔԳଚࠩ߷ᇙຟᤉᥛڇဠᚵխΔۖ
ဠᚵԾ࣍టኔΔࢬאԳଚࠩ߷ຟױᎅڇటኔհխΙլٵ़ၴऱ᠏ངΔ༉
ᄎ֟ൾٖၵࢨ໙ऱ़ၴΔڂۖޓױ౨ໜ؈ᎁట૿ኙسΕ৸టኔسࡎऱ़ၴΖ
ણ҂͛ᚥ
֚फΰ1998αΖၽᔛᏰȈ൹ኈၽᔛ࠼ᄘޟၛភΖഏمፕஃᒤՕᖂ᧯ߛઔߒࢬ໑Փ ᓵ֮ΔآנठΔፕקΖ
႓֟ဎΕຫ֮ۂΰ2002αΖᆩၯުޟΡሬҺ܁ΖቯᆠᗼΚতဎՕᖂषᄎᖂઔߒࢬΖ ඦঊΰ2001αΖLbou छᏰЕ፣Ζ੍֚Κ੍֚ඒߛΖ
Ꮵԫاΰ1995αΖၼଢ଼ᏰंـΖፕקΚஃՕΖ
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