ࡌҥکຑԾฅߥៈ
ޗୖᆶፕᏝϐࣴز
ȋаឮň֍ᗵഁғނߥៈࣁٯ!
Developing and Evaluating a Participatory
Forum for Community Involvement in
Natural Protected Area Management
A Case Study of the Formosan Landlocked
Salmon Wildlife Refuge
!!!!!Ӏύ
+Ц!!㗟
++!
Kuang-Chung Lee Shin Wang
!Abstract
Sustainable development has been regarded as a new paradigm for protected area management. However, the goal of sustainable management of protected areas is not easily achieved. Most protected areas are still managed by a traditional ‘top-down’ approach that has often failed to sustain the wildlife they were designed to protect and to involve or benefit local communities that are most affected by the management
* ഏمक़ᓊஃೃسኪፖᛩቼඒߛઔߒࢬܗඒΔຏಛ܂ृ (e-mail: [email protected]) Assistant Professor, Graduate Institute of Ecology and Environmental Education, National Hualien Teachers College, Corresponding Author.
** ഏمፕՕᖂچᛩቼᇷᄭᖂߓඒ
the management of protected areas. However, most participatory approaches are not theoretically-driven and lack empirical evidence to evaluate their effectiveness in a specific social, economic, political, and ecological context. The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for developing and evaluating participatory forums for community involvement in protected area management. A case study of the Formosan Landlocked Salmon Wildlife Refuge is reviewed to demonstrate the application of the proposed framework.
Keywords: participatory forum, community involvement, protected area, collaborative planning, sustainable development.
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ةᥛ࿇୶բګ۞ྥঅᥨᆖᛜऱᄅࠢᒤΔྥۖ۞ྥঅᥨةᥛᆖᛜऱؾᑑ ࠀլ୲࣐ሒګΔՕຝ։ऱঅᥨսطႚอψطՂۖՀωऱቤࡉጥ࠷உࢬᖄΔ լ܀অߛऱؾᑑழൄآ౨ڶயሒګΔۖآ౨ലঅᥨᆖᛜጥૠᐙ່ऱ چֱषࡺاΔຘመᔞᅝऱፖֱڤΔڶயچ֧Եቤመ࿓Ζឈྥؾছբڶڍ ઔߒΔ൶ಘषፖ࠷உኙ࣍۞ྥঅᥨጥؾᑑሒګऱய墿Δ܀ਢՕຝ։ऱष ፖ࠷உΔս֟ԫଡለڶߓอऱਮዌΔٽᓵࡉֱऄࠐૠࡉᛀ᧭ຍࠄष ፖ࠷உڇࡳऱषᄎΕᆖᛎΕਙएΕࡉسኪᛩቼહནՀऱய墿Ζء֮༼נԫ ଡ৬مࡉေ۷۞ྥঅᥨषፖᓵᕽऱઔߒਮዌΔࠀאຳഏ୮ֆႼփऱ᥎क़ ňܭផມس೯ढঅᥨூࠏΔᎅࣔڕ۶ڶߓอچૠΕኔਜࡉᛀ᧭षፖᓵ ᕽऱመ࿓ࡉ࣠Ζ ᣂڗΚषፖᓵᕽΕ۞ྥঅᥨΕ٥ٵቤᓵΕةᥛ࿇୶ ᣂڗΚषፖᓵᕽΕ۞ྥঅᥨΕ٥ٵቤᓵΕةᥛ࿇୶ ᣂڗΚषፖᓵᕽΕ۞ྥঅᥨΕ٥ٵቤᓵΕةᥛ࿇୶ ᣂڗΚषፖᓵᕽΕ۞ྥঅᥨΕ٥ٵቤᓵΕةᥛ࿇୶ছ
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۞ 1962 ۟ 2003 ڣၴΔഏᎾ۞ྥঅߛᜤᅩ (IUCN) ٥״ၲԱնڻഏ୮ֆႼፖঅᥨՕᄎΔڃ ຍնڻՕᄎխ֨ᤜᠲΔݺଚױאᛵᇞঅᥨጥڇᨠ࢚Ղࡉ܂ऄՂऱ᠏᧢ࡉႨΖڇᨠ࢚ՂΔঅᥨ ऱפ౨բൕ٣ऱψऱ۞ྥᚡω᠏᧢ψฤٽԳऱᏁޣωΔࠀψሀ။ᡲω(IUCN, 1994; IUCN/WCPA, 2003; Zube, 1995)Ιڇ܂ऄՂΔঅᥨऱቤࡉጥΔყࠐყګԫጟᏺၞةᥛषᄎ࿇୶Ε ᘩޣԳᣊࡉມسढ٥ٵ壂ઘऱ֫ΔࠀᏁֆฒ (ץਔਙࢌፖاၴ) ऱ֭ࡉፖ (McNeely, 1993)ΖຍႈႨٵழࡉԫߓ٨ऱഏᎾᛩቼ֮ٙऱૡࡳઌࡅᚨΔץਔΚψ۞ྥঅߛֱฃ (WorldConservation Strategy)ω(IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1980)Εψݺଚ٥ٵऱآࠐ (Our Common Future)ω(WCED,
1987)Εψᣂ֨ݺଚऱچ (Caring for the Earth)ω(IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1991)Εא֗ψԲԼԫધᤜ࿓
(Agenda 21)ω(UNCED, 1992) ΖຘመຍࠄܘԺΔٺഏਙࢌٵრ٥ٵං೯ԫଡةᥛ࿇୶ऱآࠐΔאᘩ
ྥۖΔ۞ྥঅᥨऱةᥛᆖᛜؾᑑࠀլ୲࣐ሒګΖՕຝ։ऱᇷᄭᆖᛜጥᑓڤսطႚอψطՂۖ Հ (top-down)ωऱቤ࠷உࢬᖄΔլ܀অߛऱؾᑑழൄآ౨ڶயሒګΔۖآ౨ലᆖᛜጥૠᐙ ່ऱچֱषࡺاΔڶயچ֧Եቤመ࿓ (Chambers, 1997; Ghimire and Pimbert, 1997; IIED, 1994;
McNeely, 1995; Roe et al., 2000)ΖឈྥؾছբڶڍઔߒΔ൶ಘψषءऱ (community-based)ωΕψ
ፖऱ (participatory)ωቤ࠷உኙ࣍ሒګ۞ྥᇷᄭጥؾᑑऱᚥܗ (ࠏڕΚBorrini-Feyerabend, 1996;
Leitmann, 1998; Lewis, 1996; NEF, 1998; Porter and Salvesen, 1995; Pretty et al., 1995; Warburton, 1997;
World Bank, 1996)Δ܀ਢՕຝ։ऱषፖቤ࠷உΔս֟ᆖ᧭ઔߒΔࠐᛀ᧭ຍࠄᄅֱऄڇࡳऱ
षᄎΕᆖᛎΕਙएΕࡉسኪᛩቼહནՀऱய墿 (Wright and Nelson, 1997; Hockings et al., 2000; Roe et al.,
2000)ΖڼΔݺଚᏁᔞᅝऱᓵࡉֱऄਮዌΔڶߓอچ࠰ܗܠԳᛀ᧭ຍࠄषፖ࠷உऱመ࿓ࡉ ࣠Ζܑਢڇ۞ྥঅߛઔߒᆖ၄ᇷᄭڶૻऱൣउՀΔଡூᆖ᧭ઔߒലઌᅝڶૻΔڂڼ౨ജ༼ࠎᓵ ഗ៕ऱઔߒਢৰૹऱΔڂຍᣊઔߒױאڇᔞᅝᙇᖗऱଡூઔߒխԵ൶ಘࡉ։࣫ംᠲΔઔߒګ ࣠ױא༼ࠎࠡהچଗᢴΕەࡉᚨشΖ
ઔߒംᠲࡉઔߒֱऄ
ઔߒംᠲࡉઔߒֱऄ
ઔߒംᠲࡉઔߒֱऄ
ઔߒംᠲࡉઔߒֱऄ
ڕছ૪Δ۞ྥঅᥨऱةᥛᆖᛜΔᏁֆฒऱፖࡉ֭ΖຘመֆฒڇֆᏆᓵᕽխऱಘᓵࡉյ ೯መ࿓Δױאൎ֏ֆฒႃ᧯૿ኙᄅᛩቼਗᖏऱᚨ᧢౨ԺΔআၞᛩቼऱةᥛ࿇୶ (Healey, 1997)Ζष ፖᓵᕽܛਢԫଡאषءऱᇷಛٌੌΕრߠᘬᇬΕ࠰ᤜΕઔᚵኙࡉ۩೯ૠऱٽΔ،ਢ۞ྥঅ ᥨةᥛᆖᛜऱૹᖲࠫΖ൶ಘڕ۶৬مࡉေ۷۞ྥঅᥨषፖᓵᕽΔء֮༼נՀ٨Կႈઔߒ ംᠲΚ(1) ۞ྥঅᥨቤመ࿓ፖጥൻਜխΔڶऱᄮຏᖲࠫਢܡߩאআၞਙࢌፖاฒհၴऱኃ۴ ᣂএΛਢܡߩאআၞᇠچऱةᥛ࿇୶Λ(2) ڶऱᄮຏᖲࠫڕ࣠լߩΔڕ۶ૠࡉኔਜषፖᓵ ᕽΔאᏺၞኃ۴ᣂএࠀআၞ۞ྥঅᥨऱةᥛᆖᛜΛ(3) ڕ۶ေ۷ᇠषፖᓵᕽऱய墿Λ ઔߒਮዌࡉֱऄֱ૿Δࠉᖕ܂ृ२ڣࠐڇຳഏ୮ֆႼփऱ᥎क़ňܭផມس೯ढঅᥨΕၺࣔ՞ ഏ୮ֆႼऱێྋچΕא֗ࣥ೭ݝक़ᓊࣥጥऱࣥض՞ࣥᄐ֮֏Ⴜࢬၞ۩ऱषፖઔߒૠ հ࣠ፖ֨ (Lee, 2001; 2002; 2003; ޕ٠խΔ2002; 2003a; 2003b; 2003cΙޕ٠խΕ׆㝿Δ2003)Δ ༼נԫଡ৬مࡉေ۷۞ྥঅᥨषፖᓵᕽऱઔߒਮዌڕՀቹ 1ΔץਔՀ٨ଡૹֱऄࡉޡᨏΚ (ԫԫ) אةᥛ࿇୶Կسԫ᧯ਮዌࠐࡳؾᑑऱةᥛ࿇୶ᤜᠲԫԫ אةᥛ࿇୶Կسԫ᧯ਮዌࠐࡳؾᑑऱةᥛ࿇୶ᤜᠲאةᥛ࿇୶Կسԫ᧯ਮዌࠐࡳؾᑑऱةᥛ࿇୶ᤜᠲאةᥛ࿇୶Կسԫ᧯ਮዌࠐࡳؾᑑऱةᥛ࿇୶ᤜᠲ ৬مषፖᖲࠫऱଈՠ܂ڇ࣍ᛵᇞषࡺاᣂ֨ऱࠃൣ (interests) ࡉषᖞ᧯࿇୶ऱᤜᠲ (issues)Δۖॺႛထณ࣍অᥨऱسኪঅߛംᠲΖຍᏁଫةᥛ࿇୶ऱԿଡ૿ٻ (Richardson, 1994)Κᆖᛎةᥛࢤ (economic sustainability)ΕԳ֮ࡉषᄎةᥛࢤ (human and social sustainability) א֗ᛩቼة ᥛࢤ (environmental sustainability)Δڼܛഏփಘᓵةᥛ࿇୶ࢬشऱسข (ᆖᛎ)Εس (षᄎ—֮֏)Ε ࡉسኪ (ᛩቼ) ψԿسωऱਮዌ (ޕة୶Δ2001)Ζ
ං೯۞ྥঅᥨࡉچֱषऱةᥛ࿇୶ΔڶᘸঅᥨጥᖲᣂΕٺ్ਙࢌઌᣂຝ॰ΕᄐृΕاၴ ቸ᧯Εሏড়Εچֱषࡺاψᦞ墿ᣂএԳ (stakeholders)ωऱ٥ٵፖΕቤࡉᆖᛜΖψԿسωؾᑑ ऱࠠ᧯փ୲ΕኙΕ۩೯ֱூऱૡࡳࡉኔਜΔؘႊᔾຍࠄᦞ墿ᣂএԳڼၴ౨ജ৬مದߜړյ೯ऱψ᧯
ࠐࡳঅᥨࡉषऱةᥛ࿇୶ᤜᠲ (ቹ 2)Ζ ᒧ!ҞӦ ࣚۓҞ҉ុวፐᚒ ᜢ߯Γϩ ೕჄ0ᝢഢ!ޗୖᆶፕᏝ ჴࡼ ຑਏ ុ0ׯ ࡌҥ0অ҅!ޗୖᆶፕᏝޑኳԄ ᔈҔ ᔠ!Ԗྎ೯ᐒڋ ဦ 1 ޙϲෞҤۤડણᄃኢጪ۞ࡁտߛၹဦ
ᡏڋϷ
უՔᜢ߯
ᚒ
ғᄊᚒ
)ᕉნ*
ғౢᚒ
)ᔮ*
ғࢲᚒ
)ޗ*
ၗٰྍǺӀύ!)2003b)Ƕ! ဦ2 ҋ᜕ܲડϖᜈགྷᒉ۞ĶˬϠ˘វķᛉᗟߛၹ ೕჄʏᝢഢ ޗୖᆶፕᏝ ࡌҥʏঅ҅ ޗୖᆶፕᏝޑኳԄ ុʏׯ(ԲԲ) אᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ՠࠠࠐᛀಘڶषፖᖲࠫԲԲ אᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ՠࠠࠐᛀಘڶषፖᖲࠫאᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ՠࠠࠐᛀಘڶषፖᖲࠫאᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ՠࠠࠐᛀಘڶषፖᖲࠫ
ψᓴࠐፖΛωਢᛀಘڶषփֆฒፖᖲࠫࡉૠᄅऱֆฒᓵᕽհଈᓰᠲΖࢬᘯψֆฒω ࠀլਢԫଡٵᔆࢤऱቸ᧯ΔۖਢطॺൄڍᑌऱΕฆᔆࢤऱଡԳࢨቸ᧯ࢬิګΖᐖᆠऱψֆฒωऱࡳᆠΔ ױאۼࠩྤૻΖءઔߒආشψᦞ墿ᣂএԳ (stakeholder)ωࠐࡳψֆฒωऱᒤᡱΔრਐٚ۶༽ڶψᤂ ᒘ (stake)ω(ᦞԺࡉᐙԺ) ऱԳࢨቸ᧯Δࢨਢψᄎ࠹ެ࣠ᐙωऱԳࢨቸ᧯ (Bryson and Crosby,
1992; Healey, 1997)Ζءઔߒᔞش Renn Գ (1995) ኙֆฒፖऱࡳᆠΚψֆฒፖਢԫଡ༼ࠎრߠٌ
ངऱᓵᕽΔؾऱڇ࣍ႃٽਙࢌΕاฒΕܓ墿ቸ᧯ࢨᄐृᦞ墿ᣂএԳΔಾኙਬଡംᠲࢨެၞ۩ ᄮຏωΖ
ᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ (stakeholder analysis) ༼ࠎԱԫଡ։࣫ᦞ墿ᣂএԳऱิګΕᘋᔊࡉ္ޣऱૹՠ ࠠΖᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ԫဲଈ٣ࠌش࣍ጥઝᖂऱᏆΔ܂ᙃܑࡉᛵᇞᄐՂլٵᦞ墿ᣂএԳڼܓ ୭ᣂএऱԫጟֱऄ (Bryson and Crosby, 1992)Δ२ڣࠐঞ֧Ե۞ྥᇷᄭጥऱਙ։࣫ՂΔؾऱਢᒔᎁ ਬԫᤜᠲऱᦞ墿ᣂএԳΔࠀࣔᛵהଚऱᘋᔊΕܓ墿္ޣא֗ڼၴऱյ೯ᣂএΔࢬ࿇୶נԫኔ شऱ։࣫ՠࠠ (Grimble and Wellard, 1997)Ζ
Grimble and Wellard (1997) ֺለࠟጟऱᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫࠷உΚഏ۞ྥᇷᄭᖲዌ (Natural
Resource Institute, NRI) ऱᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ऄ (Grimble et al., 1995)Εא֗ഏছ௧؆࿇୶ᆟ1(Overseas Development Administration, ODA) ࢬ࿇୶ऱᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ऄ (ODA, 1995a; 1995b; DFID, 2002)ΖNRI
ऱֱऄش࣍ᛵᇞᓤᠧऱणΕቃྒྷآࠐऱױ౨ൣउΕ։࣫ᦞ墿ᣂএԳᘋᔊऱᓢડΕא֗ૠؾᑑ ၴऱݔ࠰ΙODA ऱֱऄঞထૹ٥ᢝ৬مऱኔ೭Εא֗ױ۩ૠऱᖙ܂ΖNRI ऄࡉ ODA ऄڶڍ٥ ຏΔ܀ছृܓ࣍։࣫ᦞ墿ᣂএԳऱᘋᔊࡉᓢડΔ৵ृܓ࣍ေ۷ᦞ墿ᣂএԳᔞᅝऱٽ܂ᣂএࡉଅᙠΖ ءઔߒਮዌထૹኔ೭Ղऱᖙ܂ࢤΔਚං౺֧ش ODA ऱᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ऄΖᇠऄץਔԿՕޡ ᨏץਔΚ।٨ᦞ墿ᣂএԳΕေ۷ٺଡᦞ墿ᣂএԳઌኙ࣍ૠګඓऱૹࢤࡉᐙԺΕေ۷ᦞ墿ᣂএԳ ᔞᅝऱٽ܂ᣂএࡉଅᙠΔ່ࠡึګ࣠ਢࠉٺଡᦞ墿ᣂএԳऱૹࢤࡉᐙԺ।࣍ቹ 3ΖࢬᘯᐙԺ ਢਐᇠᦞ墿ᣂএԳࢬࠠڶං೯ࢨॴᐹԫଡ೯ࢨૠؾᑑሒګऱᦞԺ (power)Ιࢬᘯૹࢤঞਢਐᚨ ղᇠᦞ墿ᣂএԳየߩࠡᘋᔊࡉܓ墿္ޣऱᚌ٣ࢤΔᇠᚌ٣ࢤ࠷ެ࣍ᦞ墿ᣂএԳ࠹ᇠ೯ࢨૠ ᐙऱ࿓৫Ζᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫ױאطଡԳࠐച۩Δޓං౺ऱֱڤਢิګቸၷࠐ٥ٵၞ۩Δࠌ࣠ޓࠠ ড়ᨠࢤΖ ቹ 3 խΔ᥆࣍รԫΕԲࡉԿᣊऱᦞ墿ᣂএԳਢԫଡ೯ࢨૠၞ۩խऱψᣂωᦞ墿ᣂএԳΔה ଚڶऱ౨ജ᧩ထچᐙᇠ೯ࢨૠऱၞ۩Δڶऱঞਢኙᇠ೯ࢨૠؾᑑऱሒګፖܡࠠڶૹࢤΚ (1) รԫᣊᦞ墿ᣂএԳࠠڶψωૹࢤࡉψ܅ωᐙԺΔהଚᏁԫࠄψഛԺ (empowerment)ωऱመ ࿓Δࠌהଚऱᘋᔊࡉܓ墿္ޣ౨ജᛧየߩΙ(2) รԲᣊᦞ墿ᣂএԳࠠڶψωૹࢤࡉψωᐙ ԺΔהଚᏁ৬مڶயऱᜤᅩΔፂጹയऱՠ܂ኃ۴ᣂএΔࠐ֭ᇠ೯ࢨૠؾᑑऱሒګΙ(3) ร Կᣊᦞ墿ᣂএԳࠠڶψ܅ωૹࢤࡉψωᐙԺΔהଚ౨ജᐙԫଡ೯ࢨૠऱ࣠Δྥۖઌኙ ࣍ᇠ೯ࢨૠऱؾᑑۖߢΔהଚऱᘋᔊࡉܓ墿္ޣࠀլૹΖຍࠄᦞ墿ᣂএԳڶױ౨ॴᐹᇠ೯ࢨ ૠऱၞ۩ΔڂڼᏁٻהଚݔܫवᇠ೯ࢨૠऱփ୲Δञ࠷֭Δࠀঅಳ᠋ᜤᢀΙ(4) ร ᣊᦞ墿ᣂএԳࠠڶψ܅ωૹࢤࡉψ܅ωᐙԺΔႛᏁࡉהଚঅᄕڶૻऱಳ᠋ᜤᢀΖ
ଯ
ե
ቹៜΚ
ଯ
ख़
ा
܄
ಃᜪᜢ߯Γ ಃΒᜪᜢ߯Γ Κ (Empowerment) ᆙஏޑπբუՔᜢ߯ (Working partnership) ִ๓ޕϷଓᙫᖄᛠ(carefully informing and monitoring)
Ԗज़ޑଓᙫᖄᛠ
(limited monitoring)
ಃѤᜪᜢ߯Γ ಃΟᜪᜢ߯Γ
ၗٰྍǺঅׯԾ ODA (1995a; 1995b) Ϸ DFID (2002)Ƕ
ဦ 3 ᝋৈᙯܼˠĶࢦࢋّķĶᇆᜩ˧ķ۞̶ژဦ
(ԿԿ) א٥ٵቤᓵਮዌࠐૠΕኔਜᄅषፖᓵᕽࠀေ۷ࠡய墿ԿԿ א٥ٵቤᓵਮዌࠐૠΕኔਜᄅषፖᓵᕽࠀေ۷ࠡய墿א٥ٵቤᓵਮዌࠐૠΕኔਜᄅषፖᓵᕽࠀေ۷ࠡய墿א٥ٵቤᓵਮዌࠐૠΕኔਜᄅषፖᓵᕽࠀေ۷ࠡய墿
ψ٥ٵቤᓵωطഏᛩቼቤᓵ୮ Pasty Healey ࢬ৬مΔ२ڣࠐբ࠹ࠩഏቤᖂ ࡉچᖂᐖऑऱಘᓵΕࡉޅေ (Rydin, 1998; Tewdwr-Jones and Allmendinger, 1998)ΖHealey ऱ٥ٵ ቤᓵਢԫጟਐᖄࢤऱቤᓵ (normative planning theory)ΔؾऱլႛڇᚥܗܠԳ։࣫उΔٍڇਐ ᖄآࠐΖࠡᓵរࠐ۞ Giddens (1984) ऱዌ֏ᓵ (theory of structuration) א֗ Habermas (1984) ऱᄮຏ۩೯ᓵ (theory of communicative action)Δီᛩቼቤፖጥመ࿓ԫጟআၞኃ۴ᣂএࡉ৬م ᄅࠫ৫Ժ (institutional capacity) ऱषᄎመ࿓ (social processes)Ζࢬᘯࠫ৫ԺਢਐψԫଡچֱՂᣂএጻ ऱႃٽհ᜔ᔆ (overall quality of the collection of relational networks in a place) ω(Healy, 1997)Δ، ᣂএထԫଡچֱՂᦞ墿ᣂএԳ٥ٵቤፖጥऱ౨ԺΔ،Ոਢԫଡچֱਢܡ౨ജةᥛ࿇୶ऱᣂᔆΖ
Healey (1998) א৬مࠫ৫ԺऱԿႈైΚवᢝԺ (intellectual capacity)ΕषᄎԺ (social capacity)Ε
ࡉ۩೯Ժ (mobilization capacity)Δ܂ေ۷ࠫ৫Ժ༼֒ऱԿႈᄷᖕ (evaluative criteria) (ቹ 4)ΔץਔΚ
(1) वᢝԺऱᏺၞΚআګറ୮वᢝ (ࠉᖕઝᖂઔߒࡉՠࠠࢤ) ፖڇچवᢝ (ࠐ۞چֱࡺاऱسᆖ᧭
ࡉኙچֱွऱऴ൷ᨠኘ) ऱኙᇩΔطᦞ墿ᣂএԳ٥ٵބנψംᠲڇ߷㠪Λωࡉψ່ړऱኙਢչ ᏖΛωΙ(2) षᄎᣂএऱ৬مΚ৬مਙࢌፖषاฒհၴऱॾٚፖՠ܂ኃ۴ᣂএΔݮګψՕ୮ԫದނࠃ ൣړωऱԳᎾᣂএഗ៕Ι(3) ۩೯ԺऱᏺၞΚشࠀޏၞ۩ࠫ৫ԺΔץਔΚऄחີΕਙࢌ۩ਙ
᧯ߓխٺຝ॰ԳԺࡉತԺᇷᄭΕاၴቸ᧯ࡉषاฒऱิ៣ԺࡉತԺᇷᄭΔ։ՠٽ܂৬مᄅࠫ৫ԺΖ Healey ऱ٥ٵቤᓵএຘመֆฒᓵᕽऱֱڤࠐ৬مࠫ৫ԺΔHealey (1996; 1997) ༼נՀ٨ նႈംᠲ܂ᛀಘ֗ૠֆฒፖᓵᕽऱਮዌΔຍնႈംᠲץਔΚ(1) ᓴፖಘᓵΛ(2) چរፖழၴΛ (3) ಘᓵऱݮڤΛ(4) ڕ۶᠖堚ञᤜࠀሒګᄅ٥ᢝΛ(5) ڕ۶ፂ٥ٵެᤜࠀ൷ᄅऱޅေΛ ڋࡋΚ Institutional capacity ཥڋࡋΚ
Institutional capacitynew
ޕΚ Knowledge resources ޗΚ Relational resources ՉΚ Mobilisation capacity ၗٰྍǺHealey (1998)Ƕ ဦ 4 ޙϲטޘ˧۞ˬีࢋ৵ () אषᄎઝᖂᔆࢤઔߒֱऄࠐᓳࡉ։࣫ਮዌቹٺޡᨏխࢬᏁऱᇷற אषᄎઝᖂᔆࢤઔߒֱऄࠐᓳࡉ։࣫ਮዌቹٺޡᨏխࢬᏁऱᇷறאषᄎઝᖂᔆࢤઔߒֱऄࠐᓳࡉ։࣫ਮዌቹٺޡᨏխࢬᏁऱᇷறאषᄎઝᖂᔆࢤઔߒֱऄࠐᓳࡉ։࣫ਮዌቹٺޡᨏխࢬᏁऱᇷற ٥ٵቤᓵီֆฒፖࡉᛩቼቤመ࿓ԫጟ៶طߢ (language) ࡉ֮ڗ (text) ࠐၞ۩ ᄮຏ (communication) ࡉᓵ (debate) ऱषᄎ৬ዌऱመ࿓ (Healey, 1992; 1996; 1997)Δषᄎઝᖂᔆࢤ ઔߒֱऄإᖐ९࣍ઔߒψመ࿓ω (Silverman, 2000; ⧷॑Δ2001)Δڂڼءઔߒආشᔆࢤઔߒ ֱऄᇷற፦ႃࡉ։࣫ՠࠠΖઔߒֱऄץਔΚ֮։࣫ (document analysis)Εፖᨠኘ (participant
observation)Εᓫ (interviewing) א֗ቸ᧯ಘᓵ (group discussion) ֱڤ (Huberman and Miles,
1994)Δຘመլٵ૿ٻऱٌՐᛀ᧭ (triangulation)Δࠐ൶ಘઌᣂᖲᣂΕቸ᧯ࡉषاฒኙ࣍۞ྥᇷᄭጥ
ՂऄऱฆٵΔא֗ڼၴ࠰ᓳٽ܂ऱणउ (ቹ 5)Δၞۖൕࠫ৫૿ࡉച۩૿ՂΔಘᓵڇؾᑑچං ೯षፖऱᖲᄎፖૻࠫΖ
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Ўϩ
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ޗୖᆶፐᚒ
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ޗୖᆶፐᚒ
ޗୖᆶፐᚒ
ၗٰྍǺঅׯԾ Huberman and Miles (1994)Ƕ
ဦ 5 ྤफ़አߤ͞ڱ ቹ 5 խٺᣊᇷறᓳֱऄٺڶࠡشΔࠀᏁٌյሎشΚ֮։࣫ऱפ౨ڇ࣍ᛵᇞംᠲऱ࿇س હནࡉᖵ౧Ιፖᨠኘऱפ౨ڇࠌઔߒृᛧऴ൷ᆖ᧭ΔઔߒृၞԵઔߒΔאլٵ࿓৫ऱ ᨠኘࢨፖֱڤΔᛵᇞࡉ༳༽ઔߒփԳፖࠃऱ೯ኪΙഗ֮࣍։࣫ࡉፖᨠኘऱ࿇Δઔߒृױא ၞԫޡᙇࡳࡳኙွࡉࡳംᠲၞ۩ଡܑᓫΔאޣԵᛵᇞଡܑ࠹ृኙംᠲऱᘋᔊࡉऄΙቸ᧯ ಘᓵ (ࢨጠႃ᧯ᓫ) ঞڶܗ࣍ᛧଡܑᓫࢬլ౨ࠩऱৱംᠲհڍጟߡ৫ΕፖृհၴऱԳᎾ յ೯ᇷಛא֗٥ٵޅေΕᛵᇞࡉᖂऱመ࿓Ζቸ᧯ಘᓵܛਢءઔߒࢬጠषፖᓵᕽऱݮڤΔྥۖᤂ ໂࡉૠቸ᧯ಘᓵழࢬᏁەᐞऱૹംᠲ壆ڕΚᝮᓮᓴࠐፖΛڇչᏖᔞٽऱழၴࡉچរΛಘᓵչᏖ ࠃൣΛאչᏖֱڤಘᓵΔঞڶᘸઔߒृ٣क़ԫழၴၞ۩֮։࣫ΕፖᨠኘࡉଡܑᓫΔ༳༽ઔ ߒऱԳΕࠃΕא֗षᆖ֮֏હན৵Δթ౨ᖕאૠנڶயऱषፖᓵᕽΖ
ଡூઔߒ࣠
ଡூઔߒ࣠
ଡூઔߒ࣠
ଡூઔߒ࣠
(ԫԫ) ᥎क़ԫԫ ᥎क़᥎क़᥎क़ňňňňܭផມس೯ढঅᥨ១տܭផມس೯ढঅᥨ១տܭផມس೯ढঅᥨ១տܭផມس೯ढঅᥨ១տ᥎क़ňܭផ (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus) ፕءՒڶऱᡦᜯጟມس೯ढΔਢข࣍՞ ᄻੌऱຬীֽູᣊΖڰཚ֮᧩قΔڇ 1930 ڣזΔ᥎क़ňܭផᝫཏሙ։܉ڇՕظᄻՂཾႃֽऱ ٺ֭ੌփ (Kano, 1940)Ζྥۖڇ 1980 ڣছΔ߄ऱගᆢ։ؒբᜍ྇ګႛૻ࣍Ԯ୮ᄻੌփ (ቹ 6)Ζ۞
1984ڣࠐΔ᥎क़ňܭផດዬ૿ᜯගᆢ྇֟ऱسኪٲᖲΔᑇၦൄՀ૾ࠩԫΕࠟՏೋאՀ (Lin et al., 1990Ι
ޫᙩࣔΔ2002ΙTsao, 1995Ιམ墾ᔃΔ2000)Ζ᥎क़ňܭផऱঅߛૠၲࡨ࣍ 1980 ڣזڰཚΔ߱վઌ ᣂऱঅߛጥᖲᣂբං۩Ա၌መնԼႈऱઔߒૠΔץਔഗ៕سढᖂऱઔߒΕԳՠ塄ཷ֗࣋ੌ༚ ߛૠΕढጟࡉཨچऱঅᥨൻਜΕא֗অߛඒߛᖄՠ܂ (Patel and Lin, 1989ΙፕխᗼਙࢌΔ1997Ι ޫᙩࣔΔ2002Ιᚮة⨴Δ1992)Ζ᥎क़ňܭផؾছႛژऱཨچ—Ԯ୮ᄻੌΔՈբᆖڇ 1992 ڣቤԵ
ຳഏ୮ֆႼᒤփΔࠀڇ 1997 ڣطፕխᗼਙࢌࠉມس೯ढঅߛऄΔֆܫቤມس೯ढঅᥨΖ ᥎क़ňܭផມس೯ढঅᥨऱᒤΔץਔᖞଡԮ୮ᄻੌ (ቹ 6)ΖԮ୮ᄻપ 6 ֆߺ९Εؓ݁ 7ࠩ 12 ֆ֡ᐈΖࣳສልऱౙچ։ؒڇ۫ࡾΔԫጟཬထᣝလΕරᖫΕᤔ࣠ᖫΕᖫΕ֗ಁᖫ ΖԮ୮ᄻੌփڶ 11 ஆᣯઓ᧸ (Ԯ୮ᄻ 7 ஆΕຳ՞ᄻ 4 ஆ)Δᘋ৬࣍ 1970 ڣזΔؾऱڇ྇ ֟ᐚഗֽऱઓംᠲ (ᘸ৬ฐΔ1996Ιᔤࣤଥፖ്ᅗࣲΔ1989)Ζ 3 3 2 5 3 8 8 6 3 5 3 0 3 4 1 6 3 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 3 7 4 0 ቺ ୷ Н ఛ ξ ᕉ ξ ݓ ഊ ၭ ᅽ ტ ξ ၭ ۳ ە ើ ۳ ە ើ ۳ ە ើ ۳ ە ើ ۳ ጪ ۳ ጪ۳ ጪ ۳ ጪ ۳ Ѡ ύ ۳ Ѡ ύ ۳ Ѡ ύ ۳ Ѡ ύ ε Ҙ ྛ ε Ҙ ྛ ε Ҙ ྛ ε Ҙ ྛ ࠄ ෫ ྛ ӝ ྛ љ ࣚ ើ ྛ Ԗ യ ྛ ഓ ξ ྛ Ύ ৎ ྛ Ύ ৎ ྛ Ύ ৎ ྛ Ύ ৎ ྛ 2 7 1 7 3 2 8 9 3 7 0 3 3 7 0 3 3 3 7 0 ឮ ႋ ֍ ᗵ ഁ ғ ނ ߥ ៈ ε Ҙ ྛ ෞ ࢬ ୱ ξ ঢ় Ϸ ଯ ࡋ (Ϧ Ё ) ྛ ࢬ Н ύ ᐉ ೣ Ϧ ၡ ᆫ ပ კ კ კ კ ٯٯٯٯ 0 3 k m К ٯ Ё К ٯ Ё К ٯ Ё К ٯ Ё 3 5 3 0 Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ Ѡ ဦ 6 ̂ϥ˯ഫะͪડ̈́܅ňňňňӚᕂϠજۏ᜕ܲડҜཉဦ (ԲԲ) ڶषᄮຏᖲࠫᛀಘԲԲ ڶषᄮຏᖲࠫᛀಘڶषᄮຏᖲࠫᛀಘڶषᄮຏᖲࠫᛀಘ ᥎क़ňܭផມس೯ढঅᥨऱᒤփΔڶ 4 ଡچֱጥᖲᣂ (ፕխᗼਙࢌΔ1997)Κࠉᖕມس ೯ढঅߛऄΔፕխᗼਙࢌਢ᥎क़ňܭផມس೯ढঅᥨऱچֱঅߛጥᖲᣂ (অᥨ૿ᗨ٥ 7,125 ֆ ຸ)ΙࠉᖕཤࣥऄΔࣥ೭ݝਢՕظࠃᄐഏڶࣥऱጥᖲᣂ (ڇঅᥨփ٥ 6,642 ֆຸ)Ιࣳສልڇಯ ೈݰࡴ᎖ᖄࡡᄎᐸشऱՒچՂ࿇୶ልᄐࡉᨠ٠ (ڇঅᥨփ٥ 412 ֆຸ)Ζᖞଡঅᥨۯ࣍ຳഏ ୮ֆႼऱࣟೡᒤփΔຳഏ୮ֆႼএࠉᖕഏ୮ֆႼऄطຳഏ୮ֆႼጥጥΖ ຘመኙ᥎क़ňܭផঅߛᖵऱڃᛀಘΔ᥎क़ňܭផມس೯ढঅᥨऱጥംᠲΔࠐ۞լٵ ᦞ墿ᣂএԳኙ࣍ψԳऱسૠωࡉψມسढऱ壂ઘωࠟႈؾᑑऱᦞૹΔژڇထઌᅝՕऱฆΖۖႚอ ψطՂۖՀωऱቤࠫ৫ࡉ܂ऄΔঞآ౨ڶயچؓᘝຍࠟႈؾᑑ (Lee, 2003)ΖףՂຳഏ୮ֆႼࡉچ
ቹ 7 ܂ृࠉᖕઌᣂ֮Εא֗ 1999 ڣ 4 ִ۟ 8 ִၴڇࣳສچࢬၞ۩հፖᨠኘࡉᓫࢬΔ ኙ᥎क़ňܭផມس೯ढঅᥨጥၸࢬ܂ऱᦞ墿ᣂএԳ։࣫Ζࠡխࠠڶψωૹࢤࡉψ܅ωᐙ Ժऱรԫᣊᦞ墿ᣂএԳΔץਔΚࣳສልऱልاΕຳഏ୮ֆႼࣳສጥీΕຳഏ୮ֆႼࣳສᤞኘ ՛ၷΕࣥ೭ݝࣟႨࣥጥර՞ՠ܂ీΔথਢڇႚอऱቤࡉެመ࿓խΔ່ڶψᜢଃωऱԫᆢԳΖ ֠ࠡਢࣳສልऱልاΔط࣍ֆᦞԺࡉ۩ਙ᧯ߓऱᄮຏጥሐΔԫլ୲࣐ᦫߠהଚऱᜢଃΔྥۖ הଚऱسࡉسૠ່࠹ࠩഏ୮ֆႼૠࡉມس೯ढঅᥨૠऱऴ൷ᐙΖڼΔ܂ृڇ࣍ᇠڣ 7 ִ 12ֲᜰᙄࡺاፖഗᐋጥᖲᣂኙᓫऱᄅᓵᕽΖڶᣂᇠᓵᕽऱᤂໂΕၞ۩መ࿓ࡉய墿ေ۷ΔᇡߠאՀ։ ࣫Ζ
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ၭ҇ Ѡύᑜ ࡹ۬ ၭہ ݓഊၭ Ꮲޣৎ ࣪ࡹ۬ ғύЈ ୍ֽ݅ಃᜪ
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ಃѤᜪ
ಃΟᜪ
ϣࡹ Нߥֽ ଏᇶ ቺہ ഁߥᒌ၌ ہ ϼᆅೀ ᕉߥ ജෝН၂܌ ഓ៙୯ৎϦ ༜ݓഊᆅઠ ഓ៙୯ৎϦ༜ ݓഊჸλ໗ ഓ៙ೀ ܿ༈݅ᆅೀ ၗٰྍǺӀύᆶЦ㗟 (2003)Ƕ ဦ 7 ܅ňňňňӚᕂϠજۏ᜕ܲડგநล߱ᝋৈᙯܼˠ̶ژဦ(ԿԿ) ᄅᓵᕽऱᤂໂ֗ಘᓵመ࿓ԿԿ ᄅᓵᕽऱᤂໂ֗ಘᓵመ࿓ᄅᓵᕽऱᤂໂ֗ಘᓵመ࿓ᄅᓵᕽऱᤂໂ֗ಘᓵመ࿓ ஆᓫᄎᤜ࿓ (agenda)ΔএᖕՂ૪ضມՠ܂խऱᨠኘࡉᓫࢬۖࡳ (Lee, 2003)Ζݦඨൕ ψڇچᨠរωנ࿇ΔאψڇچԳࢬᎁऱംᠲωᤜᠲΔאᚦᇖႚอቤࠫ৫ऱψլߩωΔࠀ൶ಘψ٥ ٵቤωऱய墿Ζࠌፖᄎृࠃ٣ᛵᇞᄎᤜࢤᔆΔ܂ृ࣍ᝮᓮழԫԫᎅࣔᤜᠲΕழၴΕچរΕࡉಘᓵ ݮڤΔࠀᐛᇬࠡრߠۖףאଥإΖᝩ܍ࡺاኙஆᓫᄎڶመ৫ऱཚৱΔ܂ृٍࠃ٣ኙஆᓫᄎפ౨ף אᎅࣔΔࠀ࣍ஆᓫᄎຏवՂုࣔΚψءஆᓫᄎߏԳᝮᓮࢤᔆΔؾऱଡԳᖂઔߒᏁΖࠀᏺၞ ءઌᣂጥᖲᣂፖچࡺاऴ൷ᄮຏΕյઌᛵᇞڼრߠऱᖲᄎωΖ אՀࠉᖕՂ૪ Healey ٥ٵቤᓵऱնႈംᠲ܂ᛀಘᇠஆᓫᄎመ࿓ऱਮዌΔຍնႈംᠲץਔΚ ᓴፖಘᓵΛچរፖழၴΛಘᓵऱݮڤΛڕ۶᠖堚ञᤜࠀሒګᄅ٥ᢝΛא֗ڕ۶ፂ٥ٵެᤜࠀ൷ ᄅऱޅေΛ 1. ᓴፖಘᓵΛᓴፖಘᓵΛᓴፖಘᓵΛᓴፖಘᓵΛ ஆᓫᄎڶ 28 ۯፖृΔץਔΚ15 ۯࡺا (8 ۯልዊاΕ3 ۯዊاฑ᥆Ε4 ۯࢭል)Ε9 ۯچֱ ጥᖲᣂז। (ຳഏ୮ֆႼ 5 ۯΕࣳສል 2 ۯΕፕխᗼਙࢌ 1 ۯΕࣥ೭ݝ 1 ۯ)Ε״ႃԳ 1 ۯ (܂ ृ)Ε2 ۯᨠኘृ (ࠀ࠰ܗᙕଃ)Εא֗ 1 ۯ᥊ᐙܗ֫Ζ 2. ழၴፖچរΛழၴፖچរΛழၴፖچរΛழၴፖچរΛ ֱঁࡺاףΔءஆᓫᄎऱழၴፖچរڜඈڇඡՂΔࣳສልקߣا๗ऱψխ՞ωᜰᙄΖ խ՞ۯ࣍ል๗ԵՑΔਢመװዊاႃ᧯ልౙسழऱ塊ᨚࡉψՂᓰωऱࢬΖؾছբګዊاࡉฑ᥆ پ堩ΕؚྨΕเٖ֚ၳऱֆ٥ࢬΖᄎᤜࢬլٵ࣍ԫإڤऱΕࡴֱऱᄎᤜΔۖᙇᖗڇࡺاᑵ൜ ऱψ۞୮Ꮖ (territory)ωΔԯਢԱᨃףऱࡺاױאޓ࣋ᠾ۞طچ।ሒ֨խუऄΖஆᓫᄎࡳࠟ ࠩࠟଡת՛ழ (ඡၴԮរתࠩរתࢨԼរ)ΖኔᎾՂ״ၲԱࠟ՛ழԲԼ։ΔץਔԼ։ᤪऱխٖஒΖ 3. ಘᓵऱݮڤΛಘᓵऱݮڤΛಘᓵऱݮڤΛಘᓵऱݮڤΛ ၞԵޢႈᤜᠲழΔ٣ط״ႃԳאԫΕࠟ։ᤪ១տฯᤜᠲऱᒴطࡉૹរΔۖ৵ၲ࣋ޢଡࡺا۞ ط।ሒრߠΖຏൄࡴֱז।ᄎڇࡺا।ሒრߠ৵ΔኙࡺاऱംᠲࢨޅေףאᎅࣔࡉڃᚨΔຍழࡺاս ױאᇬംࢨፖהଚऴ൷ᓵΖࡺاࠌشऱߢਢഏΔڶࠄ۔ዊاᝑᇩڶᖺૹऱၢଃΔຍழ״ ႃԳᄎലהଚऱრߠ܂ރૹᓤΔᨃױ౨ᦫլᚩऱፖृࣔػΖ 4. ڕ۶᠖堚ञᤜࠀሒګᄅ٥ᢝΛڕ۶᠖堚ञᤜࠀሒګᄅ٥ᢝΛڕ۶᠖堚ञᤜࠀሒګᄅ٥ᢝΛڕ۶᠖堚ञᤜࠀሒګᄅ٥ᢝΛ ءஆᓫᄎಘᓵࣳສچࡺاᣂ֨ऱᤜᠲΔץਔΚ(1) ࡺاسૠࡉسംᠲΚץਔՒچᐛگΕ ልޘषޓᄅΕሐሁޏΕא֗ᦝກംᠲΙ(2) ልౙۆፖផູسኪঅߛംᠲΙ(3) آࠐᄮຏጥሐፖ ֱڤΖࠉᖕ Healey ٥ٵቤऱ։࣫ਮዌΕא֗ᔆࢤઔߒऱᇷற։࣫ऄΔፖᄎृኙ࣍Ղ૪ᤜᠲऱಘᓵ փ୲ױូګնଡᠲΔץਔΚࡺاسૠࡉسΕផູسኪঅߛΕᦞ墿ᣂএԳऱኃ۴ᣂএΕ۩ቤ ࠫ৫ፖ܂ऄΕא֗آࠐፖࡉᄮຏֱڤ (ቹ 8)Δࠉݧ։࣫ڕՀ֮Κ (1) ࡺاسૠࡉس ՒچΕ۰ڛΕٌຏΔਢچֱࡺا٥ٵᣂ֨ऱԿଡسᤜᠲΖྥۖהଚࣄৼຳഏ୮ֆႼৰψωΔ ൄψ፹ທᅀωΔᅝچ࿇୶ࡉࡺاسૠՂڍૻࠫΖהଚጊᐞഏ୮ֆႼچֱጥᖲᣂუᐛگה ଚऱౙچΔࠀਚრࣆψልޘषޓᄅૠω(Կ౨ՠ࿓ംֆΔ1995)Δא֗ࣳສሁऱࢷᐈૠΖ
ڇᆖᛎՂࡉൣტՂઌᅝࠉᘸࣳສچऱՒچΖڕվהଚᤚ࠹࢙ࠩီΕࡉլֆؓچኙৱΔܡঞչᏖ Ղ૪ຍࠄچֱ࿇୶ૠᰳԱຍᏖڍڣΖࡺاֺለຳഏ୮ֆႼጥڇԮ୮ᄻఊऱጥీࡉᤞኘ ՛ၷᙄֆᨚॐऱᘋ৬ຒ৫ΔࣄৼᎅΚψڠࡴ࣋־ΔլۍࡩរᗉωΖ ፕᚒǺ ۚ҇ғीکғࢲ ၭԦࢉᆶᗵങߥػ ҂ٰྎ೯БԄ ޕΚ ޗΚ ՉΚ ۚ҇ғीکғࢲ ୢᚒ ᗵങғᄊߥػୢᚒ ՉೕჄڋ ࡋᆶբݤ ᜢ߯ΓޑუՔ ᜢ߯ ԋ݀ᆶຑ ҂ٰྎ೯БԄ ၗٰྍǺӀύ (2002a)Ƕ ဦ 8 ڠྺಞྺఄاϔळኘົኢ̰ट۞̶ژߛၹ ࡺاऱᔆጊࠀॺ़لࠐଅΖࣳສልऱז। (ልז। A) ڇᄎխܛ।قΔመװຳഏ୮ֆႼऱ ᒔڶመᐛگልچऱዌუΔڼልࡉഏ୮ֆႼᝫམڇਬԫࡴֱᄎᤜխ࿇سԱञᓵΖಾኙࡺاऱᔆംΔ ഏ୮ֆႼࡉፕխᗼਙࢌऱז।ຟ।قࠀྤٚ۶ᐛگՒچऱૠΖഏ୮ֆႼז। (ຳז। A) ࠀ।ق ലᄎٽࠀ֭ࣳສልං۩ል๗षޓᄅૠΖຍ྾᧩قຳഏ୮ֆႼڇጥฃՂڶࢬ᠏ ᧢Δڇፖࣳສልא֗ᅝچࡺاऱᣂএΕא֗ࡺاسૠംᠲՂΔආ࠷ለ࠰Εٽऱኪ৫Ζຍ྾᠏ ᧢ፖ 1998 ڣᄅՂٚऱഏ୮ֆႼ९ (ຳז। A) ۿڶৰՕऱᣂএΖᄅ९࣍Ղٚ৵ං೯ψࣳສچ ᖞ᧯რွቤω(ພߛٚࡉພᡯᑽΔ1999)Δᇠቤઌᅝ࿓৫چආࣳສልऱልᄐ᠏ীࡉሏᖈ࿇୶ૠ (Կ౨ՠ࿓ംֆΔ1995)Ζഏ୮ֆႼऱᄅጥฃۿਢݦඨຘመψࣳສچᖞ᧯ቤωΔലል ऱ࿇୶Εል๗ޓᄅΕא֗ሐሁࢷᐈࡺاسംᠲԫࠓᇞެΖ ልౙਢࡺاऱسૠࠐᄭΔ܀ࠡխڶ༓֪Գ୮ঞڇሁᢰᆖᛜᦝۯΔᔭഇልขࡉ堬றሏড় ࠐᏺףگԵΖஆᓫᄎխΔልا B ࣄৼഏ୮ֆႼم৵ΔᆃַᆜሁᢰᦝΔהଚუवሐآࠐᄅል๗ਢܡ ቤڶࡐࡳऱᦝۯΔࠀ৬ᤜഏ୮ֆႼࡉል౨ജւהଚڇᄅል๗ݙګছឭሁᢰᦝΖልا MΕል
ا NΕፖልا K հၴঞڶᖿ௺ऱञചΔהଚޅေഏ୮ֆႼᤞኘ࠷ᒬլֆؓΔղਬԳψᦞωΔՈյ ઌޅေኙֱψ٣حωΖ ഏ୮ֆႼז। (ຳז। A) ऱΔਢڇႼփլᚨሁᢰᦝΖ൫ڇژംᠲऱޏՂΔ৬ᤜ ልڇآࠐऱል๗խቤልขറᔄልاΔ؆ঞլ౨ڶᦝກᆜΖࣳສልऱז। (ልז। A) ঞᎅΔልᄎᤉᥛٽഏ୮ֆႼ࠷ᒬֆڶچՂऱᦝກംᠲΖ۟࣍ልاڇ۞୮ߏڶՒچՂऱᦝ۩ ΔልࠀլᆃַΖڼס᧩נልፖഏ୮ֆႼጥհၴՒچጥਙլԫીΔທګࡺاᝫਢլ堚 ᄑᇠڕ۶܂Ζ (2)ʳ ផູऱسኪঅߛ ᥎क़ňܭផऱრᆠࡉᏝଖࠐ۞ԳଚऱᓿղΔᙟழၴڶࢬ᠏᧢Ζڇመװᐚഗֽᘋ৬ཚၴΔ ᥎क़ňܭផቝψཏຏωູΔࠀլֺՕظᄻࢬ༼ࠎऱֽԺ࿇ሽΕسࡉᥒ堬ֽפ౨ࠐૹΖۖ ؾছီផູψව֫ωऱᣯઓ᧸ΔڇᅝழঞਢԱঅᥨᐚഗֽᥒΕ࿇ሽפ౨ۖᘋ৬Ζڇஆᓫ ᄎխΔልا B ᓫࠩԳଚኙᣯઓ᧸ڇࡉመװऱߡۥᎁࡳऱ᠏᧢ΔਐנຍਢԫଡψࠟᣄωऱംᠲΚঅ ᥨᐚഗֽ (Գऱ壂ઘ) ࡋΛᝫਢ᥎क़ňܭផࡋΛ ԲڻՕᖏ৵Δ᥎क़ňܭផऱᗨᄕঅᥨՠ܂ၲࡨ࣍ 1980 ڣזॣΔۖᐚഗֽࡉՂཾᣯઓ᧸ঞ ڰ٣ڇ 1970 ڣזܛᆜΔڇᅝழΔ᥎क़ňܭផ༓ਙࢌΕᖂΕࡉԫՕฒࢬᙊݱΖࣥឱ࣪ (2000) ڃԲڻՕᖏ৵ऱԼڣཚၴΔႛ࿇Կᒧᖂထ܂Ζڕվ᥎क़ňܭផբګψഏᣪູωΔᣯઓ᧸ ঞ᧢߄ऱψව֫ωΖڕڼᎅࠐΔ᥎क़ňܭផऱრᆠፖᏝଖࠀॺࡐࡳΔ߄ࠡኔז।ထԳଚڕ۶ৱᖞ᧯ ψᛩቼωٺ૿ٻऱွᐛࢤრᆠΖ ڂڼΔኙ࣍ᅝچࡺاۖߢΔ᥎क़ňܭផऱრᆠਢչᏖࡋΛԫۖߢΔࡺاᎁהଚਢផູऱψښ ᥨृωΖຍԫᐋښᥨᣂএᄭ۞ࡺاመװല२ԼڣፖԮ୮ᄻ߲᧤ՠ܂ऱᆖ᧭ (Lee, 2001)Κڇ 1984 ۟ 1993ڣၴΔል൷࠹ልࡡᄎᇖܗΔႃٽልՠא֗ᅝழଡል๗ऱࡺاΔ։ຂٚΔച۩ልچல Ԯ୮ᄻऱ߲᧤ښᥨՠ܂Ζឈྥ۞ൕຳഏ୮ֆႼګمאࠐΔ߲᧤ښᥨՠ܂բ᠏طഏ୮ֆႼᤞኘച۩Δ ࣳສልࡉል๗ऱࡺاսլᎁהଚਢ؆ࢬᎅऱផູψව֫ωΔՈլᎁልౙ೯ව୭ԱផູΖ߷Ꮦ ᓴවԱ᥎क़ňܭផࡋΛልا B ܂ԱԫࠄᇞᤩΔז।ᅝچልاኙຍଡംᠲऱࠢীऄΔልا B ᖕ۞ߪ ኙچᛩቼऱ९ཚᨠኘፖᆖ᧭܂ᇞᤩΔᎁ֚߀ࡉᣯઓ᧸թਢᇠچ᥎क़ňܭផ྇֟ऱڂΔልاۿ ࠀլॾٚ۞ྥઝᖂ୮ऱઔߒࡉᇞᤩΖ ഏ୮ֆႼऱז। (ຳז। A) ଈ٣्ࡳࡺاመװኙࣳສچၲ࿇Εא֗ኙផູ߲ᥨऱಥΖ൷ ထࠉᖕઝᖂઔߒᇞᤩΔᎅࣔທګផູගᆢၦՀ૾ऱڂైৰڍΔץਔᣯઓ᧸ΕᏈଅࡉੋֽΕࣾࡾཬખ ٕΕא֗ልౙ೯Ζۖլٵ࣍መװഏ୮ֆႼऴਐልౙ೯ਢ૿ڂऱᎅऄਢΔຳז। A ࠀ آᇡาᎅࣔልౙ೯ऱᐙΔۖਢ٦ԫڻچ֧شψࣳສچᖞ᧯ቤωΔ܂ޏልౙ೯૿ڂై ऱֱூΔࠀᎅࣔؾছഏ୮ֆႼऱૹរঅߛՠ܂Δڇ࣍ޏᣯઓ᧸א֗ࣾࡾທࣥΖຳז। A ऱᎅࣔխΔ ᧩قഏ୮ֆႼጥቫᇢᓳᖞᎅऄΔאޏഏ୮ֆႼፖልࡉᅝچࡺاመװऱᓢડᣂএΖ ءᤜᠲऱಘᓵࡉᓵऱመ࿓խΔ᧩قઝᖂवᢝ࠹ࠩԱڇچवᢝऱਗᖏΔᓵऱહ৵ՈຘנܠԳ ኙ࣍ᐙ᥎क़ňܭផسژऱ૿ڂైհᇞᤩՂΔژڶψլᒔࡳࢤ (uncertainty)ωΖឈྥઝᖂ୮ᎁઝᖂ वᢝࠠڶཏሙࢤΔྥۖઝᖂवᢝڶழࡉچֱࡺاऱֲൄᆖ᧭ઌᓢડ (Harrison et al., 1998)Ζءᤜᠲऱಘ ᓵխΔልاࡉልז।ऱऄΔፖഏ୮ֆႼࡉઝᖂ୮ऱᇞᤩൄਢࠟઌኙمऱΖልاଚࡉልז।۞ॾ
ڂైࡉ۞ྥڂైΔۖڶڍլᒔࡳࢤΖڂڼΔהଚޅေഏ୮ֆႼࡉઝᖂ୮լᚨូߒልౙ೯ਢផ ູऱව֫Ζຍ㠪֘ਠנഏ୮ֆႼঅߛጥᖲᣂऱঅߛਙऱԫଡءംᠲΚႚอঅߛਙऱᚵࡳΔ ࠉᘸઝᖂवᢝࡉՠࠠࢤ (instrumental rationality)Δᇠਙऱං೯Δࠉᘸऄऱૡࡳፖച۩ΕՒچ ܓشऱጥࠫΕא֗ֆฒඒߛᖄΖྥۖڇᅝچֱاฒࠀլॾᘸຍࠄઝᖂψवᢝωࡉψࢤωऱൣउ ՀΔঅߛጥᖲᣂऱঅߛૠൄګֱ૿ऱܘԺΔլࠩاฒऱ֭Ζ (3)ʳ ᦞ墿ᣂএԳऱኃ۴ᣂএ ءᆏ൶ಘࣳສچࡺاፖچֱጥᖲᣂၴΕא֗ࡺاၴऱኃ۴ᣂএΖଈ٣ΔڇءڻᄎᤜছΔࡺا ፖഏ୮ֆႼጥΕፕխᗼਙࢌհၴऱᄮຏॺൄ֟Ζᄮຏޓൎ֏Աࡺاፖഏ୮ֆႼጥऱᓢડ ᣂএΖஆᓫᄎխΔࡺاլየഏ୮ֆႼጥࡉԫࠄઝᖂ୮ီהଚسኪᛩቼऱψᑅԳωΔਐຂהଚ ۞աऱܓ墿ۖլ൦႞୭᥎क़㾣ܭផΖࡺاࠡኔլᦟຍᑌऱᑅኙᣂএΔࠀᎁഏ୮ֆႼࡉઝᖂ୮ᇢ ቹലהଚ᎔נࣳສچΖ २նڣࠐΔࡺاࡉࣳສልऱᣂএڶৰՕऱ᧢֏Ζࠉᖕಯೈݰࡴ᎖ᖄࡡᄎψౙृڶࠡضωऱ ਙΔࣳສል࣍ 1996 ڣല٣ౙዊاऱՒچ࣋ᏆהଚΖൕڼࣳສልऱዊاܛګߏڶچچ ΔፖልऱᣂএՈ٦լٵ࣍אऱψൕ᥆ωᣂএΖڇሐᆠՂΔልսڶຂٚᅃዊاسΙྥۖڇ ऄ৳ՂΔڼऱᣂএբ᧢ৰงᠾΔઌյऱᣂএޓቝψ֖ࣛωۖॺψ९ࡴЯՀ᥆ωΖልࡉዊاຟᏁ ᔞᚨຍጟᄅᣂএΔྥۖልࡉዊاۿຟᝫլ౨ᓳᔞৰړΔڍዊاڇൣტՂࠉ៱ॺൄࠉᘸልᅃ הଚऱسૠΔڶࠄዊا۟ࣄৼልբ᧢ګψߏԳֆωΚል۞աऱᛜሎΔۖլ٦ቝመװᅃ הଚऱس (ልا HΔ1999 ڣ 5 ִ 19 ֲᓫ)Ζۖልֱ૿Δۿڇഏ୮ֆႼګم৵Δא֗ዊاګ ߏڶچ৵ΔະԵԫጟψࠟᣄωΖڕٵልז। A ।قΔልհ࣍ዊاቝਢψଫဪܒωΔႚอՂ ᏁᅃዊاسΔᨃהଚڜࡺᑗᄐΔؾছঞᏁٽഏ୮ֆႼऱࡳΔࡉᛩቼঅᥨऱᄅႨૻࠫהଚऱ ՒچܓشΖྥۖڇऄ৳ՂΔልኙዊاऱᣂএբլڕመװࠠڶൎࠫԺΖ รԲΔچֱጥᖲᣂၴऱኙمΔڇഏ୮ֆႼᄅ९༉ٚ৵բڶࢬޏΖᄅٚ९ڶለൎऱᄮຏრ ᣋΔ༉ٚ৵ං೯ψࣳສچᖞ᧯ቤωΔࠀຘመ۞ 1998 ڣ 9 ִದޢࡱԬڻطٺچֱጥᖲᣂᔚੌᜰᙄ ऱψࣳສچٺᖲᣂᄐ೭ᜤᢀᄎᤜωΔല٣ژڇ࣍ഏ୮ֆႼፖልΕࣥ೭ݝհၴᦞຂૹᦤΕٺ۩ࠡਢ ऱᓢડംᠲףאޏΖ รԿΔࡺاၴऱᣂএڇ 1996 ڣౙچ࣋Ꮖ৵᧢ለᓤᠧΕኙمΖልऱዊاڇࣳສچ٥ٵس ԱԼնࠩԿԼڣհՆΔהଚऱ٥ٵહནਢಯٔዊاא֗ል֛Δመװԫٵౙ܂ΕٖᖈΔመႃቸسΔ ։ࠆٵԫषᆢऱូ᥆ტΔኙ࣍ڍࠃൣՈڶထՕ᧯ԫીऱऄΖࠏڕڇᄎᤜխΔהଚኙՒچᐛگΕል ๗ޓᄅΕሐሁࢷᐈᤜᠲऱრߠΔՕ᧯ՂਢԫીऱΖྥۖڇಘᓵᦝກംᠲழΔԲۯࢭ֪ (ልا MΕ ልا N) ࡉԫۯዊاऱฑ᥆ (ልا K) ၴ࿇سԱᖿ௺ञചΖຍԿଡԳຟਢዊاא؆ऱᄅګΔۖآࠐՒ چऱ۞ط၇ᔄΕ᠏ᨃٍലࠐޓڍᄅګΔૉྤߜړऱᄮຏࠐᏺၞࡺاڼၴऱषᄎᣂএΔࠐ᥆࣍ ࣳສषᆢګၴऱូ᥆ტࡉॾٚტലڶױ౨ڂۖధᡏΕໜ؈Ζ (4)ʳ ۩ቤࠫ৫ፖ܂ऄ ឈྥഏ୮ֆႼऱጥฃ۞ᄅ९༉ٚאࠐΔޓૹီፖᖲᣂࡉࡺاऱᄮຏ࠰ᓳΔ܀ਢഏ୮ֆႼऱ ቤࡉጥᑓڤս៱ਢψՠࠠڤऱ (instrumental)ωۖॺψᄮຏڤऱ (communicative)ωΖጥᖲᣂۿ
ઌॾΔᆖطઝᖂवᢝࡉՠࠠࢤऱਐᖄΔ֗ຘመ᧤ᙀऱΕڶߓอऱቤൻਜΔঅߛࡉጥऱؾᑑ༉ױ אሒګΖࠏڕڇᄎᤜխΔຳז। A ൄགشψࣳສچᖞ᧯ቤωא֗ψࣳສچٺᖲᣂᄐ೭ᜤᢀᄎ ᤜω܂ᇞެംᠲऱՠࠠࡉֱூΔٻࡺاᎅࣔؾছଡچֱጥᖲᣂإ٥ٵދԵᇷᄭࡉܘԺࠐං೯ᖞ ᧯ቤऱਜ۩Ζംᠲڇ࣍Δچֱࡺاս៱ڶᖲᄎऴ൷ፖՂ૪ψωࡉψᄎᤜωΔۖהଚऱسΕ سૠսല࠹ࠩຍࠄૠࡉᄎᤜऱऴ൷ᐙΖڂڼኙچֱࡺاۖߢΔຍࠄψωࡉψᄎᤜωਢܫव הଚऱ؆ڇψࠃढ (things)ωΔۖॺԫጟ౨ജऴ൷࿇سᣂএऱψመ࿓ (processes)ωЁڂהଚլ౨ऴ൷ ፖࡉ।ሒრߠΖ 5. ڕ۶ፂ٥ٵެᤜࠀ൷ᄅऱޅေڕ۶ፂ٥ٵެᤜࠀ൷ᄅऱޅေڕ۶ፂ٥ٵެᤜࠀ൷ᄅऱޅေڕ۶ፂ٥ٵެᤜࠀ൷ᄅऱޅေ (آࠐፖࡉᄮຏֱڤآࠐፖࡉᄮຏֱڤآࠐፖࡉᄮຏֱڤآࠐፖࡉᄮຏֱڤ)ΛΛΛΛ ط࣍ԫڻऱᄎᤜլױ౨ᄮຏࢬڶംᠲΔࢬאಾኙآᇞެऱംᠲΕآࠐᄅขسऱംᠲΕא֗ஆᓫᄎ խ৬مऱ٥ᢝΔຟᏁԫጟᥛࢤऱᄮຏᖲࠫࠐΖڂڼΔஆᓫᄎխ່৵ԫଡᤜᠲΔܛಘᓵڕ۶ ᏺၞآࠐᄮຏጥሐࡉֱڤΖ ଡچֱጥᖲᣂଈ٣।ሒᇨრΔᦟ०ࡺاאإڤࢨॺإڤऱֱڤࡉהଚᜤᢀΖྥۖຍᑌऱऄ ഗءՂᝫਢઌᅝႚอऱ৸ፂֱڤΔٍܛψ೯چωৱاฒࠐᄮຏΕᜤΔۖॺ೯چޏᄮຏጥሐ ऱࠫ৫૿ࡉച۩૿Ζຍᑌऱூࠀլ౨ᨃࡺاየრΔڂഗ࣍መװچᆖ᧭Δהଚኙࡴֱࢬ༼ࠎऱᄮຏ ጥሐࠀլॾٚΖልا F ᙟܛ࿇।რߠΔൕהऱᇩխΔរנԱچֱጥᖲᣂࡉᖂृറ୮Δፖࡺاհၴऱ ψլॾٚტωࢨψඈ؞ტωऱംᠲΔהᎅΚ аᖱ೭ঁឮň֍ᗵǴךॺϖΜ൳ԃٰޑਔংǴࡐӭࡐӭǵޑࡐӭǴךॺᅿΨ߈ݞᜐୟǴ ؤόԝǻаϙሶറγǵϙሶǵϙሶᏢγϙሶǴࢂᖱᚆ໒ 41 ϦЁ൩ёаΑǴаࡕࠅΞᖱा ᚆ໒ϖΜϦЁ!)ω*Ǵӧ!)Ξᇥ*!ଆዸाᚆ໒൳ԭϦЁΑǶჹךॺ೭٤ᄪ҇Ϻډఁޑा๏ೕۓǵ ा༸ޑǴΠा೭ኬǵΠाٗኬǶϸ҅೭ঁϙሶറγޑࣴزǴעךॺ࣮ԋύଝ൩ࢂΑǺ)൩ࢂᇡ ࣁ*!գॺԴᄪ҇ӧ೭㚊ࢲǴჹឮň֍ᗵ๊ჹԖ্Ƕךჴӧབόమཱǵךό᐀ளǴдॺࢂࣴزғǶ аգॺᖱ 30 ϦЁ൩ёаΑǴаࡕΞᖱ 50 ϦЁǴӧς൳ԭϦЁΑǴᗋόёаǼᗋाϺډఁᖱ ϙሶങکΓݾǴᖱ೭ঁԴᄪ҇ӧ೭㚊όՉǶךॺΨࢂࣁΑғࢲǴങΨࢂࣁΑғࢲǶךЈ㚊தӧགྷǴ ӧ೭ঁ҇Ь୯ৎǴࣁϙሶ೭ኬǻаᇥϙሶΓᆶങݾǵങᆶΓݾǴϙሶǵϙሶᛌᆶΓݾǴϙሶǵϙ ሶݾٰݾѐޑǴߚाעךॺ೭٤Դᄪ҇ᇴوǴЈ㚊൩ࢂ࣮όǶ! ಾኙልا F ऴ൷រנࡺاΕጥᖲᣂΕࡉઝᖂ୮հၴΔڇᎁवՂࡉषᄎᣂএՂऱᓢડ (Healey ऱ वᢝԺࡉषᄎԺऱംᠲ)Δഏ୮ֆႼऱᄅٚ९ຳז। A ᙟܛقψԳፖູٵૹωΔ۟।قݔ Գऱسംᠲਢ٣ެයٙΔຍᑌऱܫمܛ࠹ࠩࡺاऱ्ࡳ໘७Κ ഓ៙ж߄ AǺךӃӣᔈդդգখω܌ᖱޑǴϞϺךॺεৎѐངٗঁങǴೱങངΑǴᜤၰΓךॺ όང༏ǻΓόངǴךॺѐբ೭ᜐӦБޑᡏೕჄǻךॺѐբ೭ঁၭಷ༏ǻ܌аܫЈǼךॺࢂଆ ངޑǼ ҇ǺჹǼ (Ⴔඓ) ഓ៙ж߄ AǺ܌аךॺ׆ఈ೭ঁӦБૈ׳ӳǴങࢲளࡐӳǴӃ،చҹाךॺӃࢲளӳǴωԖૈ Κѐྣ៝ങǶ ҇ǺჹǼ าຳז। A ࢬقψԳࡉູԫದფωऱᢞࣔΔਢഏ୮ֆႼإං೯ऱψࣳສچᖞ᧯ቤωΔ
ቤመ࿓Ζឈྥࡺاᑗߠഏ୮ֆႼᄅ९ڇጥฃՂࡉኪ৫Ղऱ᠏᧢Δ൫߱۟ᄎᤜޔΔچֱጥᖲ ᣂսآ༉ࠫ৫૿ࡉച۩૿ՂΔಘᓵڕ۶৬مᄅऱᄮຏጥሐࡉֱڤΖڂڼΔچֱࡺاآࠐਢܡ౨ፂה ଚኙຳഏ୮ֆႼऱᄅᨠტΕᄅॾٚΔսਢڶംᠲऱΖ
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ءᆏڱڇေ۷ຍஆᓫᄎΔኙ࣍ᏺၞᦞ墿ᣂএԳၴ٥ٵጥ౨Ժऱய墿ΖאՀགش Healey ေ۷ࠫ ৫ԺऱԿႈਐᑑ (वᢝԺΕषᄎԺΕࡉ۩೯Ժऱ৬م) ܂ေ۷ஆᓫᄎய墿ऱᄷᖕΔࠀ࣍ᄎᤜ৵ᓫ ፖृऱრߠΔ܂ፖृေ۷ᄷᖕΖ ڇवᢝԺֱ૿Δଈ٣ኙ࣍ψംᠲਢչᏖΛωऱᛵᇞֱ૿Δࡺاڇஆᓫᄎխ༉הଚᣂ֨ऱسૠംᠲ (ץਔՒچᐛگΕል๗ޓᄅூΕא֗ࣳສሁࢷᐈᤜᠲ)Δፖچֱጥᖲᣂ܂ԱԫڻᄮຏፖઌյᛵᇞΔ ࠀࠩഏ୮ֆႼጥᖲᣂലղ࠰ܗऱࢭᘭΔຍ྾ڼၴऱૹᄅᎁᢝױ܂ၞԫޡ৬م٥ᢝऱഗ៕Ζ ءஆᓫᄎ༼ࠎچֱࡺاԫଡ࿕ڶऱᖲᄎ।ሒהଚኙ࣍᥎क़ňܭផঅߛऱڇچवᢝΔא֗መװፖ Ԯ୮ᄻ߲ᥨऱಥΖچֱࡺاኙ࣍۰୮லऱផູཨஒᛩቼڶထ९ழཚΕऴ൷چ൷ᤛࡉᨠኘΔהଚኙ ۞աऱᨠኘࡉᛵᇞઌᅝڶ۞ॾΔۖլԫࡳॾٚᖂृറ୮ऱઝᖂवᢝΖהଚՈီ۞աផູऱঅᥨृΔ ࠀ्ࡳψԳູ٥ژωऱᏝଖᨠΖຍࠄᄅऱᛵᇞΔڶܗ࣍چֱጥᖲᣂ (֠ࠡਢഏ୮ֆႼጥ) ޏ ᧢ലچࡺاီផູঅߛψ૿ڂైωऱࠥࣨٱွΖ ءஆᓫᄎڶܗ࣍ፖᄎृ৬مچةᥛ࿇୶ؾᑑ (سፖسኪᠨᤢ) ऱ٥ᢝΔࠏڕഏ୮ֆႼᄅٚ ९ڇᄎᤜխࢬܫऱψԳፖູԫದფωΔא֗ڰբႚߢ࣍ልࡉچࡺاၴऱψԳູ٥ژ٥ዊωऱᑑ Ζ৬مࣳສچ٥ٵऱ࿇୶ؾᑑലڶܗ࣍ีᗨवᢝԺΕषᄎԺΕࡉ۩೯ԺΖ ڇषᄎᣂএՂΔءஆᓫᄎڶܗ࣍আၞچֱጥᖲᣂࡉࡺاၴऱኃ۴ᣂএΔ֠ࠡਢഏ୮ֆႼᄅٚ ९ऱᘣ۞ףΔא֗ᣋრᄮຏऱܘԺΔઃڶܗ࣍ᓳᇞመװഏ୮ֆႼፖࡺاΔࡉࠡהᖲᣂऱኙمࡉᓢડΖ ڇ۩೯Ժֱ૿Δءஆᓫᄎऱᄷໂመ࿓ࡉಘᓵݮڤΔፖႚอऱࡴֱᄎᤜլٵΔຍႈᄅऱኔ᧭ױ༼ࠎ ܂षፖቤ࠷உא֗ઔߒՂऱ։࣫ՠࠠऱەΖ،༼ࠎԱԫଡআၞᦞ墿ᣂএԳᄮຏऱᓵᕽΔᨃ ࡺاऴ൷ࡉچֱጥᖲᣂ૿ኙ૿چᄮຏΔױᇖךႚอቤՠࠠ (ࠏڕچࠃ೭࠰ᓳᄎᤜ) ऱլߩΖᄎ ᤜچរࡉழၴऱڜඈՈԺቹֱঁࡺاףΔࠌࡺاඈೈ၏ᠦტΔۖ౨ജޓ۞طچ।ሒ֨խუऄΖᄎ ᤜᤜᠲऱڜඈΔঞਢᖕ܂ृڇᄎᤜᜰᙄছࠟଡڍִऱضມՠ܂խΔፖᨠኘࡉᓫࢬΔࠀࠃ٣ᐛ ޣڍፖᄎृऱრߠΔאޣஆᓫᄎऱᤜᠲګࢬڶᦞ墿ᣂএԳऱ٥ٵᘋᔊΖஆᓫᄎஂऱߡۥΔՈլ ٵ࣍ႚอࡴֱᄎᤜஂऱެृߡۥΔۖႛڇፂᄎᤜಘᓵऱዃຏࡉழၴऱ༳༽ΖאՂऱڜඈΔઃڶ ܗ࣍༼ࠎࡺاޓՕऱᖲᄎऴ൷ٻچֱጥᖲᣂ।ሒრߠΖ ڇፖृေ۷ֱ૿Δءઔߒڇஆᓫᄎޔ৵પԫၜփΔאԿጟֱڤᛵᇞፖृऱრߠΔא࠰ܗေ ۷ᄎᤜऱய墿Ζଈ٣Δڇஆᓫᄎޔ৵Δمܛፖࠟۯᨠኘृಘᓵᄎᤜऱመ࿓ΖรԲΕᛀᄎᤜᙕଃಖ ᙕΔᛵᇞፖᄎृڇᄎᤜխࢬ।ሒኙᄎᤜऱრߠΖรԿΕ࣍ሶֲದംԼۯፖृ (Բۯࠐ۞ልΕ Կۯࠐ۞ഏ୮ֆႼጥΕۯࡺا)ΖᓫऱૹរץਔΚፖᄎृൕஆᓫᄎխᖂࠩԱչᏖΛᄎᤜऱய墿 ࡉរڇ߷㠪ΛΖଡچֱጥᖲᣂऱז।ഗءՂຟ्ࡳຍڻ૿ኙ૿ᄮຏऱᄎᤜΖࠏڕࣚ೭࣍ࣳສልڶԲԼڍڣ հՆऱልז। A ܛ।قΔءڻஆᓫᄎਢຳഏ୮ֆႼࡉ᥎क़ňܭផມس೯অᥨمאࠐΔጥ รԫڻऴ൷ፖࡺا૿ኙ૿ᄮຏऱٽΖል B ঞኙ࣍ፖᄎृऱދԵΔא֗ᄎᤜၞ۩խऱψྤܐω ტࠩٱွࠥΖ ᨠኘृ A ࡉᨠኘृ B ഗءՂᎁຍਢԫڻګפऱᄎᤜΔࠌࡺاאٻچֱጥᖲᣂ૿ኙ૿।ሒ֨ ᜢΖྥۖΔהଚՈਐנૉեംᠲΚᨠኘृ A ।قᄎᤜऱګפഗءՂࡉഏ୮ֆႼᄅٚ९ऱ֖ኪ৫Δ א֗ݾ؏ࢤऱඕტᤜᠲڶᣂΖڔᎅچࡺاԫ֨چొΔ୲࣐൷࠹ഏ୮ֆႼ֖ऱኪ৫Ζྥۖ ഏ୮ֆႼڇآࠐਢܡ౨ജലࢭᘭב壆ኔਜঞսڶৱᨠኘΖรԲΕᨠኘृ A ࡉᨠኘृ B ٵழਐנڇᦝກ ംᠲՂΔഏ୮ֆႼጥࡉልհၴጥਙࠀլԫીΔاฒױ౨լवࢬൕΖรԿΕהଚٵழਐנፕ խᗼਙࢌࡉࣥ೭ݝז।ڇஆᓫᄎխᎅլڍΔኙ࣍ຍࠟଡᖲᣂڇچՂऱጥߡۥۿլ堚ᄑΖ Օຝ։ࡺا्ࡳຍڻஆᓫᄎΔ֠ࠡਢהଚࠩᖲᄎፖഏ୮ֆႼچֱጥᖲᣂז।૿ኙ૿܂ᄮ ຏΖྥۖڶࠄࡺا।قΔڇຍଡࠟଡڍ՛ழΔԫڻ༉ޔऱ (one-off) ऱஆᓫᄎխΔტᤚՂࠀլ౨ך։ چ।ሒრߠΖࠏڕڇᦝກംᠲՂፖהԳڶᖿ௺ञऱልا K ।قΔڔڇᄎխ֜سאી࣍ྤऄך։ ।ሒኙᦝກംᠲऱլየΖྥۖڔڇխٖஒழၴࡉຳז। A ऱԫ྾ኙᇩথਢֺለ༭ݶ۞طऱΖልا GՈᎅڇֆฒऱᄎխהլ౨۞طچ।ሒփ֨լየΔڂࢢᆞܑԳΖልا I ঞᎁԬڻऱஆᓫᄎਢ լജऱΔ৬ᤜᚨᇠڶޓڍऱ৵ᥛᄎᤜΖ Ոڶࠟۯࡺاኙᄎᤜऱய墿լᑗᨠΖልا F ڇஆᓫᄎ৵مܛᘋᕿچٻ܂ृ।ሒტհრΔྥۖ ሶֲઌሖழΔঞ।قᡖጊᇠᄎᤜᄎࠐչᏖޏ᧢Ζڂהᎁڶऱࡴቛ᧯ࠫৰᣄޏΔהᎅΚψထ ܣωΖڇᦝກംᠲፖהԳڶᖿ௺ञऱልا N ঞ।قΔֆฒஆᓫᄎչᏖრᆠΔ່ړଡԳଡԳऱ سΔψᓴՈլქᓴωΔהᎅΖ
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ءᆏࠉઔߒംᠲ܂ᓵፖ৬ᤜڕՀΚ (ԫԫ) ᛀಘڶषፖᖲࠫԫԫ ᛀಘڶषፖᖲࠫᛀಘڶषፖᖲࠫᛀಘڶषፖᖲࠫ ۞ྥঅᥨऱةᥛᆖᛜᓰᠲΔࠐ۞լٵऱᦞ墿ᣂএԳኙ࣍ψسข (ᆖᛎ)ωΕψس (षᄎ)ωࡉ ψسኪ (ᛩቼ)ωԿႈؾᑑΔٺڶထլٵऱᇞᦰࡉᦞૹΔۖڼၴᄮຏΖ۞ྥঅᥨऱጥᏁ ԫଡᥛࢤऱ٥ٵቤࡉፖመ࿓Δאআၞ᧯ࠫፖᦞ墿ᣂএԳհၴऱኃ۴ᣂএΔࠀᏁאةᥛ࿇୶ψԿ سωؾᑑਮዌΔං೯אषءऱ۩೯ૠΔאࠠ᧯ᝬٻةᥛ࿇୶Ζࠉᖕء֮ூࠏऱઔߒ࣠᧩قΔ ࡺاאᔞᅝֱڤऴ൷ፖچऱቤፖጥΔᒔڶܗ࣍আၞچֱऱ٥ٵቤፖጥ౨Ժ (ࠫ৫Ժ)Ζ (ԲԲ) ᄅᓵᕽૠԲԲ ᄅᓵᕽૠᄅᓵᕽૠᄅᓵᕽૠ ء֮ூࠏၞ۩խࢬᜰᙄऱஆᓫᄎᄅֆฒᓵᕽΔࠡᄷໂመ࿓ࡉಘᓵֱڤএࠉᖕψ٥ٵቤωऱਮ ዌۖૠΖೈᄎᤜءߪڶܗ࣍ᏺၞؾᑑچᦞ墿ᣂএԳհၴऱࠫ৫Ժ؆Δء֮ઔᤜհψ৬مࡉေ۷۞ ྥঅᥨषፖᓵᕽհઔߒਮዌωΔٍױ༼ࠎ܂ഏ୮ֆႼࡉࠡ،۞ྥঅᥨچհֆฒፖᛩቼެ(ԿԿ) ᄅᓵᕽய墿ေ۷ԿԿ ᄅᓵᕽய墿ေ۷ᄅᓵᕽய墿ေ۷ᄅᓵᕽய墿ေ۷ वᢝԺऱᏺၞΚՂ૪ᓵᕽऱಘᓵᤜᠲץਔࡺاࡉچֱጥᖲᣂ٥ٵᣂ֨ऱംᠲΔຍࠄਢႚอ ቤऄࢬ୲࣐࢙ฃऱवᢝᇷᄭΖ षᄎԺऱᏺၞΚຍࠄᓵᕽਢଈ৫ቤڇچֱषփΔ༼ࠎچֱࡺاፖچֱጥᖲᣂז।૿ኙ૿ᄮ ຏΕઌյᛵᇞऱᖲᄎΔࠡመ࿓ڶܗ࣍ᏺၞڼၴऱኃ۴ᣂএΔႚอቤመ࿓ঞ֟ຍᑌऱᖲᄎࡉֱڤΖ ۩೯ԺऱᏺၞΚഗ࣍Ղ૪वᢝԺࡉषᄎԺऱআၞΔءઔߒࢬၞ۩ऱᄅᓵᕽڶܗ࣍ᏺၞࡺاࡉچֱ ጥᖲᣂ٥ٵං೯چֱঅߛࡉ࿇୶ૠऱ۩೯ԺΖ൫ຍࠄᄅᓵᕽึߒ᥆ઔߒࢤᔆΔࠀլ౨ᥛ൶ಘࡉ ᇞެࢬڶംᠲΔ৬ᤜآࠐᚨᥛڇᇠषං೯ፖڤऱႼᖞ᧯࿇୶ૠΔאีᗨګ࣠Ζ () ᚨشψ٥ٵቤ ᚨشψ٥ٵቤᚨشψ٥ٵቤᚨشψ٥ٵቤωऱਗᖏωऱਗᖏωऱਗᖏωऱਗᖏ ڕՂ૪։࣫Δψ٥ٵቤωࠠڶڍய墿ΔՈٵழژڇԫࠄڶৱ܌ࣚऱܺᣄΖଈ٣ਢࠫ৫૿ऱޏ ᆬޡۿৰኬΖאഏ୮ֆႼऄࠏΔഏ୮ֆႼऱቤਢࠢীऱψطՂۖՀωቤᑓڤΔڇࠫ৫૿ՂΔ ࡺا౨ജፖऱᖲᄎࡉጥሐॺൄڶૻ (ᆺঊዊΔ1999)Ζྥۖᇠऄ۞ 1972 ڣࠫࡳ৵߱վપԿԼڣآଥ إΖรԲΔڇክՂΔਙࢌኙاฒፖսژڶඈࢴტΔᎁመ࣍უ֏Δച۩Ղլ܀၄ழ၄ԺΔۖ ڶழᝫᄎ፹ທᄅऱംᠲΖรԿΕڇᆖ᧭ֱ૿Δፕا֏ऱၞ࿓ࡸڣ᎘Δਙࢌࡉاฒཏሙֆฒ ፖᛩቼެऱᆖ᧭ (ਲԿٳΔ1999)ΔᛩቼംᠲऱެഗءՂսਢ࠹ࠩႚอψطՂۖՀωऱቤᑓڤࢬ ᖄΖรΕڇ۩೯Ժֱ૿Δᦞ墿ᣂএԳհၴ٥ᢝऱሒګழൄᏁԫࠄൎࠫԺ (coercive imposition)Δψط ՀۖՂωऱֱڤழൄլኔᎾ (Tewdwr-Jones and Allmendinger, 1998)ΖรնΕڇᦞ墿ᣂএԳऱᎁࡳֱ૿Δ ط࣍ᦞ墿ᣂএԳऱิګࡉڼऱᦞԺᣂএ (power-relations) ൄৰᓤᠧΔۖᙟழၴۖ᧢֏ΔᎁࡳΕ։ ࣫Εಳ᠋ψᓴਢᦞ墿ᣂএԳΛڼऱᣂএڕ۶Λωՠ܂ࠀլ១ (Lee, 2003)Δۖഏփઌᣂઔߒᝫৰ ֟ΔຍଡംᠲऱᛵᇞΔኙං೯۞ྥᇷᄭ٥ٵቤፖጥֱ૿ਢৰૹऱΖรքΕψ٥ٵቤωڶᘸ࣍ ᥛऱܘԺࡉڶߓอऱ۩೯ૠΔԫழऱګ࣠ࠀլ౨অᢞآࠐऱګפΔຍਢ Healey հࢬאംรնଡം ᠲΚψڕ۶ፂ٥ٵެᤜࠀ൷ᄅऱޅေΛωڂڼΔءڻஆᓫᄎᖵழႛࠟଡڍ՛ழΔ᥆࣍ԫڻޔ (one-off) ऱᄎᤜΔᄎᤜऱפ౨ਢ൶ംᠲΔআګॣޡᄮຏᛵᇞΔא֗ᏺၞڼऱषᄎᣂএΖط࣍ ءઔߒഗءՂਢ܂ृଡԳᖂઔߒऱ൶ಘΔழၴࡉᇷᄭຟॺൄڶૻΔࡺاऱஆᓫᄎႛ౨ᜰᙄԬڻΔ᥆ ኔ᧭ࢤᔆΖآࠐࡵڶԫߓ٨ऱૠΔࡨ౨ኙψ٥ٵቤωऱய墿Δא֗ڕ۶ᚨشڇፕऱᛩቼംᠲΔ ڶޓԵऱઔߒګ࣠Ζ
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ء֮հଡூઔߒຝ։Δ࠷ޗ۞รԫ܂ृऱ໑Փᓵ֮Δࠡઔߒࡉᐷᐊመ࿓Δࢭ፞ඒߛຝڣֆ ၄հᇖܗΕഏཉՕᖂՕᖂᖂೃ (University College London) چᖂߓඒ Dr. Carolyn Harrison ࡉፕ Օᖂچᛩቼᇷᄭᖂߓ׆㝿ඒऱ൜֨ਐᖄΕխဎاഏᕋז।ኙ࣍܂ृఎᖂسՂऱᅃΕፕ Օᖂ೯ढߓޕഛख़೫ඒࡉፕՕᖂچᛩቼᇷᄭઔߒࢬੳد՛ࡦऱቓԺ࠰ܗΕא֗ࠡהڍᖂ ृറ୮༼ࠎᣪ၆ᇷறࡉრߠΕڍਙࢌຝ॰༼ࠎ༼ࠎᣪ၆ᇷறࡉ࠰ܗ (ץਔխဎاഏᕋז। ΕልᄐࡡᄎΕփਙຝᛜ৬ᆟΕಯೈݰࡴ᎖ᖄࡡᄎΕᛩቼঅᥨᆟΕᆖᛎຝֽᇷݝΕছፕઊਙ ࢌልࣥᨚΕࣳສልΕຳഏ୮ֆႼጥΕࣥ೭ݝΕڶسढઔߒঅߛխ֨ΕፕխᗼਙࢌΕ֜ᕙᎹ ഏ୮ֆႼጥΕࡉؓၢֆࢬ)Εא֗ࣳສچࡺاऱ֖Εᑷൣࡉ࠰ܗΔ᠃ીᆄ։ݵΖ
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Կ౨ՠ࿓ംֆ (1995) ݓഊၭಃΒයวᢀӀᡏೕჄΔ۩ਙೃಯೈݰࡴ᎖ᖄࡡᄎࣳສል ࡡಜԿ౨ՠ࿓ംֆઔߒܫΖ ޕة୶ (2001) ҉ុวԄޑؠࡕख़ࡌˇ921 ؠख़วϐࣴز (I)Δ۩ਙೃഏઝᄎઔߒګ࣠ܫ (ૠ ᒳᇆΚNSC90-2621-Z-004-007)Ζ ޕ٠խ (2002) ۞ྥঅᥨةᥛ࿇୶ፖࡺاፖΔӄౚᡂᎂ೯ૻႝηൔΔร 33 ཚ http://www.gcc.ntu.edu. tw/gcrc_publication/globlechange/9103/6-6.docΖ ޕ٠խ (2003a) ܴξ୯ৎϦ༜ӅӕೕჄᆶᆅᐒڋϐӃ០܄ࣴزȋаԮη෫ӦࣁٯΔၺࣔ՞ഏ୮ ֆႼጥࡡಜխဎاഏഏ୮ֆႼᖂᄎઔߒܫΖ ޕ٠խ (2003b) ৬مཤࣥፖ۞ྥᇷᄭةᥛᆖᛜऱषፖᖲࠫΫԫଡ۩೯ઔߒਮዌΔ2003 ԃᕉნၗྍ ᔮǵᆅᄤسϩᏢೌࣴፕЎΔፕקΚፕקՕᖂᇷᄭጥઔߒࢬΔB97-B120Ζ ޕ٠խ (2003c) ޗୖᆶ୯ৎහ݅Ӆӕᔼᆅϐࣴزȋа݅Җξ݅Ўϯ༜ࣁٯΔࣥ೭ݝक़ᓊࣥ ጥࡡಜक़ᓊᗼມ຺ᖂᄎઔߒܫΖ ޕ٠խΕ׆㝿 (2003) षፖ՞ࣥښᥨհጥΫԫଡ۩೯ઔߒਮዌऱ༼ᤜΔ2003 ୯ৎϦ༜ฦξࣴ ፕЎΔक़ᓊΚ֜ᕙᎹഏ୮ֆႼጥΔ320-338Ζ ޫᙩࣔ (2002) ࣾ՟سኪጥ֗ፕ᥎क़ňܭផঅߛΔཥШइНޑᜢᚶɡᆵчፕᏝΔፕקΚழ֮ඒ ഗ८ᄎΔ317-335Ζ ࣥឱ࣪ (2000) ᥎क़ňܭផڇֽسኪઔߒፖঅߛऱಥΔឮň֍ᗵߥػࣴزࣴፕЎΔতދΚ ڶسढઔߒঅߛխ֨Δ17-27Ζ ਲԿٳ (1999) ҇ୖᆶᕉნቹៜຑᐒڋϐीΔ۩ਙೃᛩቼঅᥨᆟࡡಜխဎاഏֆ٥ਙᖂᄎઔߒܫΖ ⧷॑ΕࣥઆܗΕ׆ٻᆷ (2001) ፦ϯࣴزीǺᅿϕڗӛޑБݤ (۞ΚMaxwell, J. (1996)Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, London: Sage)ΔፕקΚ֨נठषΖ
ພߛٚΕພᡯᑽ (1999) ഓ៙୯ৎϦ༜ݓഊӦᡏཀຝೕჄΔփਙຝᛜ৬ᆟຳഏ୮ֆႼጥࡡ ಜխഏ֮֏ՕᖂནᨠᖂߓઔߒܫΖ
ЎΔতދΚڶسढઔߒঅߛխ֨Δ115-135Ζ ᆺঊዊ (1999) ୯ৎϦ༜ݤϐঅुीฝǴփਙຝᛜ৬ᆟࡡಜഏ୮ֆႼᖂᄎઔߒܫΖ ፕխᗼਙࢌ (1997) ឮň֍ᗵഁғނߥៈߥػीฝਜΔፕխᗼਙࢌΖ ᔤࣤଥΕ്ᅗࣲ (1989) ឮň֍ᗵങၰೕჄ!)ಃΒൔ*Δ۩ਙೃልᄐࡡᄎسኪઔߒร 007 ᇆΔ ፕקΚ۩ਙೃልᄐࡡᄎΖ ᘸ৬ฐ (1996) ٛࣳᡘჹឮň֍ᗵނӦቹៜϐࣴزΔഏمፕՕᖂچᖂઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮Ζ ᚮة (1992) ᆵឮň֍ᗵϐဂғᄊᏢࣴزΔഏمፕՕᖂ೯ढᖂઔߒࢬ໑Փᓵ֮Ζ
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