ඒߛઔߒႃע
รնԼᙀรԲཚʳ 2004 ڣ 6 ִʳ 1-28
छᏰਮཪષᏰҡᇄনࠌϞंـȈ!
оᖒ٤ݲրٽ࣏к!
༐ ! ೬ ԏ ݄ ဢ ! ࡌ
ഗ࣍অᥨᖂسፖፂீႼڜ٤ऱطΔඒߛᅝݝൄᏁኙᖂسၞ۩ჼΖྥۖΔ
૿ኙऄ৳অᎽଡԳឆߏᦞऱࡳΔᖂீڇച۩ჼழؘႊᙅ۩ԫࡳ࿓ݧΖءઔߒ ܛאભഏٺ్ᜤ߶ऄೃհܒࠏΔ൶ಘீֱჼᖂسऱഗءঞΖࠡխץਔլ ٵᣊীჼհฆΕჼ࿓৫հٙΕᤞֱױܡፖ֗ൎ૰ࢤᢐढᛀ᧭հञᤜΖ ݦඨ៶ڼ౨ኙഏփֲ墿ᏺףऱჼࠃٙ༼ࠎەΖ
ᜢᗖຒǺᏢਠཛྷǵऍ୯௲ػݤǵऍ୯௲ػǵᏦݤճ
છფဂǴ୯ҥࡹݯεᏢ௲ػᏢس௲
ෞ࠶ǴཥԮᑜཥ෫୯ύ௲ৣ
ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]
ዺВයǺ2004 ԃ 1 Д 23 ВǹঅुВයǺ2004 ԃ 5 Д 21 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2004 ԃ 5 Д 27 В
Bulletin of Educational Research June, 2004, Vol. 50 No. 2 pp. 1-28
The Legal Guidelines for School Search and Seizure: An Analysis of Court Cases in the U.S.
Joseph M. Chin! Pu-Wei You A b s t r a c t
School search and seizure cases have increased in the U.S. in recent years, most of them resulting from illegal drug use by students. However, students have asserted that searches without warrants conducted by school officials impair their rights under the fourth amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Focusing on the courts’ consistent effort to strike a balance between schools’ substantial interest in maintaining discipline and stu- dents’ constitutional rights, this study examines the main policy changes regarding school search and seizure. Court cases related to school property searches, personal searches, strip searches, use of canines, drug testing, and police involvement are re- viewed. It is concluded that school personnel may search students’ lockers and personal effects for educational purposes upon reasonable suspicion; that every search procedure must take into account the student’s age, sex, and emotional maturity; and that when- ever police are involved, higher standards of probable cause must be applied.
Keywords: school searches, public school law, American education, constitutional rights
Joseph M. Chin, Professor, Department of Education, National Chengchi University Pu-Wei You, Teacher, Shin-Who Junior High School, Hsinchu
E-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript received: Jan. 23, 2004; Modified: May 21, 2004; Accepted: May 27, 2004
षᄎ᧢ᔢΔᖂீิ៣ऱᓤᠧࢤՈઌኙ༼ΖԱᒔঅீႼऱ఼ݧፖڜኑΔᖂ
ீ۩ਙृڶழؘႊኙᖂسၞ۩ჼΰsearchαΖᒤץਔᖂسհߏԳشΕߪ᧯Ε ᚏढ឵Εԯ۟ࠡ᧯ྤࢬլץΖאհ۩೯ڍૻ࣍ଡԳ՛ᑓऱჼΙ1970 ڣ ז৵ΔᖂسࣚشऱଡூֲᏺΔ૰ࠌᖂீၞ۩٤૿ࢤऱݟᛀྒྷΔࠌჼᖂ سऱञᤜࢤޓףᏣΰᏥᐜոΔ2000ΙAlexander & Alexander, 2003; Altschuler &
Sgroi, 1992αΖ
༉ऄۖᓵΔᖂسឈڂࠡߪ։ؘۖႊ൷࠹ᖂீऱጥΔ܀սࠆڶऄ৳ࢬ অᎽऱឆߏᦞΰprivacy rightαΔᖂீլྤਚףאॿحΰImber & Geel, 1995; Shoop
& Dunklee, 1992αΖ2001 ڣഏփࢬ࿇سऱګՕ MP3 ࠃٙΔᛀኘࡴฒჼᖂس
മॐऱᜰ೯Δܛ֧ದᄕՕհञᤜፖᓵΖط࣍ഏփઌᣂհூٙለ֟Δء֮ܛאભ ഏᖵڣऄೃհჼܒࠏףא։࣫Δࠀូנച۩ჼհঞΔאࠎഏփඒߛᅝݝ
܂ەΖ։࣫հփ୲ץਔჼհٙΕᒤΕᣊীፖൻਜΔطڼױנભഏऄ
ೃڇፂᥨᖂீڜኑፖᖂسଡԳᦞܓၴऱ࠷ඍΔא֗ڕ۶ࡳؓᘝរΖ
ಥăຩ৶ጯϠ̝ۋᛉ
ྤױᝩ܍ऱΔഗ࣍ڍጟطΔீֱൄᏁኙᖂسၞ۩ჼΖࢨਢᖂسهԱࣟ
۫ΔࢨਢڶԳ᥋ሔᆃΔط࣍ᐙᐋ૿լٵΔჼ࿓৫ՈڶࢬฆΖ່חீ
ֱᙰ࿀ऱΔԯਢڇਬጟጹ৺ൣउՀΰڕᖂس᥋ֈᕴ༈ռαΔீֱؘႊمܛ۩೯Δ ڶழڂڶழၴ࠷إڤऱჼปΔ۟ਢஒᙑᎄྤפۖ१ΔՅڼጟጟΔ݁ח
ჼऱᖂسݼᤜլբΖඡ२ભഏᖂس᥋ֈᕴፖृֲฒΔᖂீ۩ਙृڇष
ൎՕᚘԺՀؘႊჼᖂسΔڂۖسנڍञᤜΰSperry, 1999; Swofford, 2003αΖ
֘ኙլᅝჼृڍאભഏᖆऄรଥإூࠡᖒᒢྨΖאՀ۩ֱ֮ঁΔ
ലࠡփ୲ኴڕՀΚ
Γ҇ޑيᡏǵՐ܌ǵЎҹǵౢǴԖόڙคཛྷᆶܥਂޑճǶନߚԖ
࣬ёߞޑҗȐprobable causeȑǴуӝݤޑ࠹ᇣߥǵڀᡏࡰܴཛྷޑ ӦᗺᆶΓނǴ܈ѸԌܝޑނࠔϐѦǴࡹ۬όளႧᛝཛྷ౻ȐwarrantȑǶ
รଥإூঅᎽԱભഏԳاլ࠹ਙࢌऱྤॿឫΖڇჼհছΔചऄृ༓
ઃؘႊ࠷ჼปΰڇൣउՀΔ࠷ჼปਢԫଡഗءঞΔڇᔞشՂս ڶࠏ؆Δڕ۩حհჼαΔࠀܫवჼऱطፖؾᑑΰ౸वոΔ1984Ιແ഼ګΔ 1991αΖڼଥإூಾኙषᄎحᆞூٙۖࡳΔ܀ኙᖂسਢܡՈڶٵᑌயԺΛᖂீ
۩ਙृڇჼᖂسழਢܡᚨ࠷ჼปംᠲΔൄ֧ದᄕՕऱञᤜΰBall, 1987;
Taylor, 1980αΖאՀܛאᖵڣભഏऄೃհઌᣂூࠏףאᎅࣔ։࣫Δࠡխଈ٣ඖ૪ᜤ
߶່ऄೃڇჼᤜᠲՂΔࢬऱ່ૹܒࠏΔNew Jersey v. T.L.O.1Δ൷ထ٦൶ ಘჼऱᣊীΕञᤜΕٙፖঞΖط࣍ჼൣउյฆΔऄೃࢬഒऱঞՈڶ ࢬլٵΔאՀ։૪հΖ
ऄՂΔᖂس്ீֱآჼปհൣݮՀΔኔਜኙᖂسߪ᧯ࢨತढհჼΔ ॿ୭ࠡᖆऄรଥإூࢬঅᎽհᦞܓΖรଥإூࡳԳاڶঅᥨࠡߪ᧯Ε۰ࢬΕ
֮ٙፖತขհᦞΔլ࠹ྤࣅΕჼፖڬࢽΔࠀլॺऄॿحΙೈڶઌᅝطΔ ᆖߢࢨזᎃߢΔࠀᇡሉჼհچរΕࣅհԳࢨڬࢽհढ؆Δլ࿇ჼ
ปΕࣅปࢨڬࢽणΖჼհᖂسᎁᖂீඒஃࢨ۩ਙԳآ࠷ჼปΔຕ۩
ჼᖂسհߪ᧯ࢨढΔሔ֘รଥإூհࡳΔሔऄࢬ࠷հᢞᖕΔᖕᢞ ᖕඈೈऄঞΰexclusively ruleαΔլ܂ലࠐ٩ࠃಳ္հᢞᖕΰࣥܓ॒Δ2001Ι ᑰፂՕΔ1995αΖಾኙڼႈञᤜΔᜤ߶່ऄೃڇ 1985 ڣऱ New Jersey v. T.L.O.
ூխΔ᠖堚ᖆऄรଥإூਢܡᔞش࣍ኙᖂسհჼΔࠀᒔمԱֆمᖂீჼᖂ سऱਐᖄঞΔઌᣂூٙխ່ૹհܒࠏΰMcCarthy & Cambron-McCabe, 1992αΖ౿ኴ૪ࠡܒެڕՀ֮ΰData Research Inc., 1998αΖ
෮ăNew Jersey v. T.L.O.९̝ҿՙ
ʙăरဢࡘ!
ءூ࿇س࣍ 1980 ڣΔભഏᄅᖻ۫ڠਬխඒஃ࿇ᤚࠟۯՖٵᖂڇੑ֫ၴࢼ ᄿΔࠡխհԫܛءூհܫ T.L.O.ΰڂࠡآګڣΔਚאᜍᐊזհαΔᅝழࠡԼ
1 ҁЎ܌ԖղٯፎୖـߕᒵǶ
ᄣᖂسΔط࣍ࢼᄿۖࠩீ९ΖT.L.O.ܡᎁڇੑ֫ၴࢼᄿΔᅝழଖఄऱܗ
ீ९ᛀࠡؼץΔ࿇ԫץଉᄿΔࠀఎრࠩԫץଉᄿ൴ΰcigarette rolling
papersαΖᖕᆖ᧭Δխᖂسᖑڶ൴ᄿፖܮଇՕᚨڶᣂᜤΖܗீ९ᤉᥛኧ
ࢍჼؼץΔ࣠ބࠩ֟ၦՕΕԫࠠܮଇᕴΕ़ऱႿᓄΕᑇլ֟ऱԫցၧ
ปΕጊۿֶᙒऱٵᖂټΔא֗ࠟᣂ࣍ T.L.O.ٌ࣐ՕऱॾٙΖ
ᖂீຏव T.L.O.ऱئᘣፖᤞֱΔࠀނٌ࣐ऱᢞᖕฝٌᤞֱΖڇᤞֱޣ ՀΔT.L.O.طئᘣࠩᤞݝΔࠀࢭᎁڔԫऴڇீႼխກᔄՕΖᖕຍႈՑࠎΔ ᄅᖻ۫ڠਙࢌല T.L.O.ฝಬᅝچ֟ڣፖ୮ࠃऄஅΰJuvenile and Domestic Relations
CourtsαΖྥۖܫ T.L.O.থ്ᖂீჼࠡؼץΔሔ֘ᖆऄรଥإூΔᓮޣᐒ
ඵڇؼץ࿇ऱᢞᖕΔא֗ࠠڶॺऄჼᅕชऱՑࠎΖ
ʠăࠛᒒդశٲ˞Վཌ!
ભഏᜤ߶່ऄೃ൷࠹ᐉءூΔؾऱڇᛀီᢞᖕඈೈऄঞਢܡױא܂ਐ
൳ֆمᖂீΔሔ֘รଥإூኔਜჼऱطΖഗءՂΔᜤ߶່ऄೃ്ءூ
հჼ۩ࠀլሔ֘รଥإூΖڇᐉءூழΔ່ऄೃଈ٣ᛀီรଥإூ
ਢܡᔞش࣍ֆمᖂீऱჼ۩Ζ༉ڼႈᤜᠲΔᜤ߶່ऄೃᎁรଥإூ
ऱ壄壀Δڇᝩ܍ભഏ৬ഏאছΔࠌشԫჼปᦞഏ୮ࡴٴჼሔᆃ
հኤఐΔ܀ऄೃൕآނᆃַྤਚჼ֗ڬࢽհรଥإூওૻ࣍ᤞኘച۩ऱ
೯Δઌ֘ऱΔऄೃ९Նאࠐຟނڼଥإூီኙਙࢌ۩ΰgovernmental actionα ऱૻࠫΖڂڼΔᜤ߶່ऄೃᎁรଥإூٵழᔞش࣍اࠃᅝݝא֗٩ࠃᅝݝ ऱ೯Ζ৬ᗰढᛀृԯ۟ၷၞԵߏԳഗچඑ־Δ݁ႊ࠹ࠩรଥإூհ ࣅޔΖڼଥإூհؾऱڇ࣍ᓡଡԳऱឆߏፖڜ٤ΔאኙݼਙࢌࡴٴრऱॿԵΖ
۟࣍รଥإூױܡᔞش࣍ߏᦞ೯հംᠲΔאຝ։ऄೃܒެீֱ܍࣍ร
ଥإூհࣅޔΔԯഗ࣍ீֱኙ࿙ऱᦞԺࠐᄭΖࠡࠉᖕΔඒஃፖᖂீ۩ਙԳ
հچۯڕٵז׀ئΔࠡᦞԺᄭ۞׀ئۖॺഏ୮Δڂհլ࠹รଥإூհપޔΖ ຍጟංᓵլᜤ߶່ऄೃࢬ൷࠹Δ്վֲֆمᖂீ۩ਙԳլႛ۩ࠌᖂسᠨ ᘣ۞ᣋᓿղऱᦞૻΔؘႊਢച۩ֆฒࡡಜऱඒߛਙΖᖕڼԫਙച۩ჼ
ழΔᖂீ۩ਙԳএڠհז।Δۖॺਢ׀ئհזԳΔڂڼΔࠡլ്լ࠹
รଥإூࣅޔհᠨᘣ܍ᦞΖ
ڇᖂسऱឆߏፖᖂீፂߜړᛩቼऱᏁޣၴΔᚨڕ۶࠷ؓᘝΛᜤ߶່ऄ
ೃᎁΔઌለ࣍ਙࢌᖲዌڇჼழࢬ࠹ࠩऱૻࠫΔᖂீऱૻࠫᚨױለᐈᠾΔ֠ࠡ
ਢڶჼปڼԫٙΔլᔞٽشڇᖂீᛩቼխΖޣඒஃڇኙሔ֘ீऱᖂس
ၞ۩ჼছΔؘႊڶჼปΔኔլᅝեቃᖂீၞ۩ؘΕݶຒፖॺإڤऱᡕ ݹ࿓ݧΖԫڕࠡהூࠏΔᅝڶჼปऱᖜሔહჼऱؾऱழΔױא܍ೈؘႊ
ڶჼปऱٙΖࠉڼۖᓵΔᖂீԳኙࠡᖂسၞ۩ჼழΔլؘڶჼปΖ ܛࠌױאլشჼปၞ۩ჼΔսؘႊഗ࣍ψઌᅝطωΔઌॾሔऄൣࠃբᆖ
࿇س৵թױ۩೯ΖྥۖΔઌᅝطࠀॺڶயჼࢬլ౨྇ᜍऱٙΔรଥإூ
ऱഗءޣਢჼፖڬࢽؘႊٽΔឈྥઌᅝطհᄗ࢚ፖჼปհٙ݁௫֗
ჼऱٽࢤΔྥڇਬࠄࡳٽΔՂ૪ࠟٙຟॺؘΖڂհڇૉեூࠏխΔ ݺଚࢭᎁჼፖڬࢽऱٽऄࢤױאഗ࣍ψٽᡖጊωΔۖլؘሒࠩψઌᅝطωऱ
࿓৫Δؓᘝֆ٥ܓ墿ፖߏԳܓ墿Δรଥإூ܅࣍ઌᅝطऱٽࢤᑑᄷ ΰreasonableness testα່౨የߩֆ墿ᏁޣΖ
ᜤ߶່ऄೃᢥٵڍᑇՀ్ऄೃऱऄΔٍܛڇᘝ಼ᖂسऱឆߏᦞ墿ፖீֱ
ፂீႼ఼ݧऱֆฒܓ墿ழΔլؘᣤښჼؘႊഗ࣍ઌᅝطΔᢞࣔჼኙွբ ᆖሔऄࢨإڇحऄऱٙΖઌ֘چΔჼᖂسऱٽऄࢤႊᖕჼऱٽࢤΖ
ެࡳჼऱٽࢤᚨ༉ֱࠟ૿ףא൶ಘΚଈ٣Δؘႊەᐞჼ۩ڇऄ৳Ղਢܡ
إᅝऱΰjustified at its inceptionαΙࠡڻΔؘႊەᐞڇኔᎾച۩ழΔࠡჼհᒤ
ፖ࿓৫ਢܡٽΖڇԫൣउՀΔڕ࣠ڶٽڂᡖጊᖂسբᆖࢨലሔ֘ீ
ΔঞீֱฤٽψၲࡨإᅝωհٙΖڕ࣠ආ࠷ऱ֫ፖჼؾऱڶٽᣂᜤΔ
ࠉᖂسլٵڣΕࢤܑፖࠡࢬحመᙑףאᛀီΔլ۟࣍ሔֺ֘ࠏঞΔঞڼԫ ჼഗءՂᚨւΖ
ᜤ߶່ऄೃᎁΔאՂ്ਝլᄎףૹீֱፂ఼ݧऱՠ܂ᖜΔՈլ۟
࣍ᦞீֱॿԵᖂسឆߏΖಾኙٽࢤऱംᠲΔڼԫᑑᄷࠌீֱ܍࣍ਅᙅψઌᅝ
طωᑑᄷΔւඒஃࠉᖕࢤࡉൄऱਐقࠐᒤᖂسհ۩ΖٵழΔٽ
ࢤᑑᄷᚨᒔঅڶڇፂᥨீႼ఼ݧհؘᒤփΔթאॿ୭ᖂسܓ墿Ζ ڇءூჼٽऄࢤംᠲՂΔ່ऄೃᎁܗீ९ؚၲܫؼץऱެࡳਢٽ
ऱΖڼ۩೯௫ࠩԫଡംᠲΔܛ࿇ଉᄿழΔၞԫޡჼՕऱञᤜΖᅝܗ
ீ९࠷נଉᄿழΔኘᤚؼץփԫޅ൴ᄿΔ࣍ਢขسჼՕऱᡖጊΖឈྥ
ܫլᔆጊܗீ९ٽංឰΔ܀ᔆጊࠡڬࢽ֗ᔹᦰᣂ࣍ڔກᔄऱॾٙΔբᆖ ማ။ւऱૻΖᜤ߶່ऄೃᎁຍጟᓵរՈլࠠᎅࣔԺΔڂ࿇൴ᄿؘ
ྥ֧࿇ܫނՕ៲ڇؼץᇙऱٽᡖጊΖڼԫᡖጊࠌܗீ९ڶٽطၞԫ ޡჼؼץΔ࣠ࠩޓڍፖઌᣂ೯ऱᢞᖕΖڇڼൣउՀΔၞۖჼؼץ փٺଡ݈ᐋࠀॺլٽΙڇჼ݈ᐋऱመ࿓ΔԾ࿇ԫ്ׂΔՂ૿ڶֶᙒृ
ऱټΔፖࠟॾٙΖطڼංᓵ T.L.O.௫ٌ࣐֗Δբߩא܂ܗீ९ᛀᔹ ॾٙփ୲Δਢܡڶޓڍᢞᖕऱٽഗ៕ΖڂڼΔჼՕࠀྤٚ۶լٽΖ
ط࣍ܫՕٌ࣐ᢞᖕऱჼ۩೯ਢٽऱΔᄅᖻ۫ڠ່ऄೃᖕรଥ إூඈೈᢞᖕᔞشհܒެਢᙑᎄऱΔਢאΔᜤ߶່ऄೃᏍڃᄅᖻ۫ڠ່ऄೃ
հܒެΖ
ʭăU/M/P/र˞Ⴃϫ˷ٙ!
ጵٽ T.L.O.ூհܒࠏΔᜤ߶່ऄೃ്ഗ࣍ᖂீհᛩቼΔࠡჼᖂس լؘݙ٤ࠉ༛ᖆऄรଥإூऱࡳؘٙۖႊࠠໂڶψઌᅝڂωΖ֘հΔڕ࣠
ٽᡖጊᖂس۩ᄎᤛऄࢨሔ֘ீΔܛױຕ۩ჼΖڕڼΔீֱհᜰᢞຂٚല ለ྇᎘Ζڇԫֱ૿ΔᖂீլױྤਚॿحᖂسឆߏΔؘۖႊࠠڶψٽڂω թױ۩೯Ζᜤ߶່ऄೃ٨נࠟႈψٽࢤᛀ᧭ωऱঞΔԫψၲࡨإᅝω
ঞΙԫჼኙွፖᒤؘႊٽֺࠏΔլીڶመᅝհൣउ࿇سΖ
ણăຩ৶۞ᙷݭᄃۋᛉ
ჼऱᣊীፖ࿓৫ࠉࠃٙհ᎘ૹۖڶࢬլٵΖאჼߪࠏΔܛڶޣ۞೯ඉ
़Ց۟٤ߪᛀऱլٵ࿓৫ჼΖڼ؆Δჼࢬൕ᥆࣍ீขऱᚏढ឵ࠩᖂس ऱߏԳढΔீֱڶٽऱᡖጊΔ݁ױףאჼΰኄᆢΔ1988αΖאՀܛൕ ᖵڣૹூࠏխΔ։࣫ٺ్ऄೃኙჼᖂسऱഗءऄΖছ֮բඖ૪ New Jersey v.
T.L.O.ΰ1985αூΔڼઌᣂூٙխΔભഏ່ऄೃᐉհ່ૹܒࠏΖ൷Հࠐ
ڇՀ֮խܛ༉ჼᖂسࠌشᖂீತขΕჼᖂسತขΕჼߪΕᤞֱհፖჼፖ ᢐढᛀ᧭ֱ૿ףא։࣫Ζޢԫຝ։݁٨ᜰנԫଡז।ூٙףאᎅࣔΔ٦۸אઌ ᣂܒࠏΔאᨃᦰृᛵᇞભഏऄೃհ്ፖߠᇞΖ
ʙăደΡպደम୰˞ষ!
ڇᖂீխΔᖂسࠉऄױࠌشᖂீऱໂፖತขΔא࣋ᆜଡԳऱढፖၞ۩ඒ ߛ೯Ζࠡխڕխ՛ᖂڍڶറشհᚏढ឵ΰlockerαΔאࠎᖂسژ࣋ߏԳشΔ ޢԫᚏढ឵ೈᖂسवሐയᒘ؆ΔᖂீᅝݝٍवሐയᒘאᇷጥΖᖂீᅝݝਢܡױ آᆖᖂسٵრΔຕ۞ၲඔᚏढ឵ࠀףאჼΔൄګٺڠऄೃؘႊհञചூ
ٙΰSperry, Daniel, Huefner, & Gee, 1998αΖאՀܛא Zamora v. Pomeroyΰ1981α
ࠏףאᎅࣔΖ )Ι*ਰᙏक़!
ڼூ௫ࠩۯ࣍ભഏᄅᕠ۫ୂڠऱԫࢬխᖂΔޣᅝچᤞኘݝႸׅᚥڦച
۩ኙᖂسᚏढ឵ऱჼΖ1978 ڣਬֲΔᅝچᤞኘݝ߲۸ڇீ९ٵრՀΔԱԫೋ
ႸׅࠩᖂீΖႸׅ࿇ڶࠟଡᚏढ឵ױ౨ڶΖၞ۩ؚၲհছΔ߲۸ᇬംਢܡ ᚨᇠعᓮჼחΔᙟٵऱ۩ਙԳᎁլᏁΔڂᖂسբᆖټٵრ൷࠹ჼΖ
࣠࿇ԫۯټ Zamora ᖂسऱᚏढ឵խڶԫץढΔᆖመᛀ᧭৵Δᢞኔᇠढ
ՕΖ
ᖂسሶ֚ࠩீ९Δଶၲࡨࠡܡᎁᚏढ឵ਢהऱΔ৵ࠐթࢭᎁΔ܀ᝫਢ ܡᎁᖑڶՕΔྥۖথྤऄᢞࣔՕլਢהऱΖீ९ޣᖂس༼ࠎ୮ᇙऱ۰ܿࡉ ሽᇩΔ܀ᇠسথղլإᒔऱ۰ܿፖሽᇩΔࠌ৵ࠐீ९ബנऱॾΔ୮९ຟڶ گࠩΖீֱছ৵ၲԱԿڻᦫᢞᄎΔެࡳޣᖂس᠏ᖂΖᖂسլࣚΔٻᄅᕠ۫ୂᜤ
߶چऄೃՂ္Ζ
)Π*ᖒ٤ݲޟَ၌!
ᜤ߶چऄೃܒެᖂس္Ζீֱᥛٻᜤ߶รԼՂ္ऄೃՂ္ΔՂ္ऄೃᎁ
ءூऱञᤜᖂீڶعᓮჼחΔথאႸׅᛀᖂسᚏढ឵ऱᔞऄࢤΖᜤ߶
Ղ္ऄೃᐉᢞᖕ৵࿇Δ1977 ڣ۟ 1978 ڣΔᇠڠඒߛࡡᄎᆃַᖂسڇᖂீ
ᖑڶΕກᔄΕሎᙁࢨࠌشՕΔۖᖂீױאףאჼΔץਔᚏढ឵ࡉீ߫Ζຍ
ଡࡳڇூ࿇ழսڶயΔࠀٱڇᖂس֫םՂΔܫᚨᇠवሐΖᚏढ឵ឈྥطᖂ سࠌشΔথսਢᖂீऱತขΔڂڼீ९ࡉ೫ீ९ᖑڶᚏढ឵ऱᨤೲΖ
ீֱឈྥԫऴუࡉܫऱئᘣ࠷ᜤᢀΔאബנᦫᢞᄎऱຏवΖ܀ڂܫ
ղᙑᎄچܿΔאીྤऄബሒΖឈྥܫئᘣݦඨࠡլڂڼ᠏ᖂΔ܀ط࣍ྤऄ ᢞࣔᚏढ឵ऱढࠀॺܫࢬڶΔڂڼඒࡡᄎ່৵ᝫਢެࡳޣܫ᠏ᖂΖ
ᜤ߶Ղ္ऄೃᎁᖂீᖑڶԫࡳհဪၦᦞΔܑਢڇᖂீ࿇ሔᆃᢐΖீ
ֱലحᙑᖂس᠏ᖂΕೖᖂࢨಯᖂΔຟڇဪၦᦞऱᒤΖᖂسᚏढ឵ऱᆜਢլ ᨃࠡהٵᖂؚၲΔࠀլڇໂᖂீԳΔڂڼᖂீڶᦞኙᖂسᚏढ឵ףאჼΖ ڼڂᖂீז।ֆ٥ܓ墿Δڶຂٚװᛀᖂسᚏढ឵Δܑਢױ౨ڶᣤૹऱ٩ࠃح ᆞΖ
ࠉছ૪طΔᖂீ۩ਙԳڕڶψٽطωࢨψٽᡖጊωΔ༉ױኙᖂسऱ ᚏढ឵ףאჼΖڂڼءூீֱലܫ᠏ᖂհൻਜΔࠀآሔહᇠسڇᜤ߶ᖆऄร
ଥإூऱᦞܓΔࢬאՂ္ऄೃܒެᖂسඓ္Ζ
ጵٽ Zamora ூऱܒެΔױवኙ࣍ᖂீԳჼᚏढ឵հञᤜΔऄೃຏൄᎁ
ᚏढ឵ԯᖂீհತขΔࠡറ᥆ࠌشᦞԯಾኙࠡהٵᖂۖߢΔᖂீսঅఎ່৵ࠌ شፖጥऱᦞૻΖ܀ऄೃٍॺݙ٤ᖂீٚრኙᚏढ឵ၞ۩ჼΔٚ۶ჼ݁
ႊഗ࣍ٽᡖጊፖٽڂթױΖ )έ*ڏтࣺᜰրٽ!
ࠡהઌᣂܒࠏհܒެՈᄕᣊۿΖڇ 1969 ڣ State v. Stein ԫூխΔભഏ៳ ཎڠ່ऄೃܒެΔᖂீڶᦞᛀᖂسറشհᚏढ឵Δא܍ࠡܓشᚏढ឵լऄ հشຜΔڼႈᛀԯᖂீ۩ਙհٽऄൻਜΖ1967 ڣ People v. Overton ԫூխΔో
પڠऄೃޓၞԫޡਐנᖂீᅝݝլႛڶᛀᖂسᚏढ឵հᦞܓΔڕ࣠ᖂீᡖጊ឵
խ៲ڶሔऄհढΔঞڼႈᦞܓܛ᠏᧢ᖂீհᛀᆠ೭Ζ
ڼ؆Δڇ T.L.O.ூא৵Δڍᑇڠऄೃၲࡨ֧شٽࢤᑑᄷΰstandards for
reasonablenessα܂ܒެհᓵഗ៕Ζ۫ፂٳ؍ࠅڠ່ऄೃڇ 1985 ڣ State v.
Joseph T.ூխܛᎁΔᖕയृਐנܫᖂسڇ୮խ໘Δᖂீ۩ਙԳঁኙ
ࠡᚏढ឵ףאჼΔਢܡ៲ڶᣊΔڼբዌګኔਜჼऱٽطΔਚڇ឵
խ݈܌փ࿇ፖᣊհჼڶٽᣂᜤΖڇ 1986 ڣ State v. Brooks ԫூխΔ
ᖕയΔܫൕᚏढ឵խऱฏ࠷נՕΔࠀᔄࠡהٵᖂΖீֱ۩ਙԳ࣍
ਢؚၲᇠ឵Δ࣠ట࿇ԫଡฏΖீֱܛބࠐܫΔᎅࣔڕլؚၲฏܛބᤞኘ ছࠐΖၲඔ৵࿇ԫޅಮ֤ᢐۖॺՕΖဎฐቅڠऄೃಾኙڼூܒެᎁᖂسհ യፖ٣ছऱᡖጊΔࠌ۩ਙԳࠠڶٽطΔઌॾჼᚏढ឵ױ࿇ሔऄढΖ ڼ؆ऄೃᎁჼऱᒤਢٽऱΔڼڂჼૻ࣍യຫ૪հچរΔངߢհΔ ڼԫჼࠀآ၌መയܫृ༼ࠎհஒΖڼூհܒެނ T.L.O.ூհܒެឩ്ࠩᖂس հᚏढ឵Δࠌءྤࢬᔞൕհඒஃࢨᖂீ۩ਙԳΔڇኔਜᖂீತขڕᚏढ឵հ ჼழΔለڶᑑᄷױᇷࠉ༛Ζ
ʠăደΡ୰˞ষ!
༉ऄۖߢΔᖂسኙ۞աऱߏԳढΔຏൄֺᖂீऱತขڕᚏढ឵ڶޓՕऱ ឆߏཚৱΖڼڂᚏढ឵ਢᖂீհತขΔᖂீᖑڶ່ึऱጥᦞΖჼᖂسߏԳढ
ਢܡٽΔؘႊီᅝழऱൣቼۖࡳΖڇ T.L.O.ூխΔឈྥڶऴ൷ᢞᖕ᧩قᖂ سؼץխ៲ڶଉᄿΔ܀ਢഗ࣍ᖂسڇ༕ࢬࢼᄿऱࠃኔΔᖂீᅝݝᡖጊࠡؼץխڶ ଉᄿԯٽऱΖ
ᖂسತขխץਔߏԳ߫Δᖂسױאၲ߫Ղᖂࠀೖ࣋ڇீփΖط࣍߫ߏ ԳࢬڶΔᓵՂჼֺ߫ჼᚏढ឵ᄎທګޓՕऱឆߏॿ୭Ζྥۖኔ೭ՂΔڂ
߫ೖ࣋ڇீႼփΔֆฒױאߠΔऄೃڍᎁࠡլࠠለऱឆߏཚৱΖࠏڕ ڇॳࢮཎףڠΔඒஃࠩԫۯᖂسߨሁᄀᄀஷஷߢဲᑓᒫፖ٤ߪ࠺Δ۩ਙԳ
ᡖጊࠡܓش֑塊ழၴܮ໘Δࠡ৵ჼ߫հ۩ᎁਢإᅝऱΖ ΰShamberg v. State of Alsaka, 1988αڇ 1983 ڣ State v. D.T.W.ூխΔᖂீܗڇᖂ
ீೖ߲߫ီΔאᒔኔച۩ீࠀᅮᖂسΖ࣠ڇֆྥױߠऱൣݮՀΔࠩش אܮଇՕऱᕴࠠΔ࣍ਢኙᇠᔖ߫ၞ۩ჼΔڠऄೃܒެٽऄΔᎁ߲᧤ԯᖂ
ீፂ఼ݧፖધ৳հࠏ۩ٚ೭ΔլጩਢჼΖ1990 ڣ State v. Slattery ூխΔဎฐ ቅڠऄೃᎁᖂீᖕױᔾஒፖᖂسመװ௫ԵऱધᙕΔኙᇠسᚏढ឵ፖ
߫ףאჼਢٽऱΖྥۖΔڇ 1987 ڣ Burnham v. West ூխΔᜤ߶چऄೃਐ נீ९ፖඒஃႛڂፊࠩՕ࠺ሐΔ༉ჼࢬڶᖂسऱץΕՑ֗֫༼ץΔڂֶ
ଡܑऱᡖጊΔࠡჼ۩լࠠٽࢤΖףڠ່ऄೃٍᎁΔڇֶࣔᒔࠃኔ
֭ଡܑᡖጊऱൣݮՀΔீֱլ౨ႛഗ࣍ᖂسᙈࠩΕឆ៲ૠጩᖲऱೢೢ೯܂Δ
ঁჼᖂسհૠጩᖲΖطڼױנΔૉீֱֶଡܑᡖጊհٙΔۖኙࢬڶᖂس ऱತขףאჼΔऄೃঅఎऱኪ৫Δլᣋ֭ᖂீऱჼΖ
ʭă!
ჼߪএኙᖂسߪ᧯ऴ൷ऱ൷ᤛჼΔॿحଡԳឆߏᦞՕΖኙᖂسᚏढ឵հ ჼΔط࣍ᖂீᖑڶ່৵ጥᝤᦞΔਚױ്ᖂسለ܅ऱឆߏཚৱΖઌለհՀΔኙ ߪ᧯հჼԯऴ൷ᅸᤛᖂسߪ᧯ΔࠠڶޓՕऱॿ୭ࢤΔ֠ࠡڇๅ۪ჼߪழؘႊޓ ף՛֨Δא܍ขسሔᖆऱ࣠ΖאՀܛא 1980 ڣ Doe v. Renfrow ԫூףאᎅࣔΖ
)Ι*ਰᙏक़!
ڼூ௫ࠩԫࢬભഏٱรڜ߷ڠऱॣխΖᅝழᇠீᖂسࠌشሔᆃᢐढழڶࢬ ፊΔڂۖᐙإൄՂᓰΔࠀඒߛൣቼࠐ૿ᓢᚰΖڂڼΔீֱუشಝᒭऱ दࠐኘᤚᆃᢐΔࠀᓮᤞኘݝٽΖᖂீൎᓳڼጟᓳΔլٵ࣍٩ࠃحᆞΔਢݦ ඨ៶ڼࠐॴַᖂسᖑڶᢐढΖ1979 ڣ 5 ִ 23 ֲΔඒߛݝ९Εீ९א֗ᅝچᤞኘ ݝݝ९ԱԫೋႸׅΔڇீႼփၞ۩ჼՠ܂Ζჼڇรԫᆏᓰၞ۩ΔჼԳ
ץਔ۩ਙԳΕඒஃΕदΕदஃא֗ᤞኘΔჼऱၷٔڇޢଡඒՕપೖఎն
։ᤪΔᖞଡച۩ऱழၴՕપࠟଡ՛ழΔࠡၴᖂسױאᔚੌՂੑ֫ၴΖڕ࣠ᖂس
दᙇխΔ༉ඉנՑࡉؼץփऱࣟ۫൷࠹ᛀΖ
ܫڇඉ़Ցࡉؼץऱࣟ۫৵ΔᝫਢदᙇխΔ࣍ਢீֱၞԫޡףאჼΖ
ܫٵრ൷࠹ჼΔჼृڔๅൾ۪ࣚΔԾࢢڔലᆃᢐ࣋ڇᙰᕓփۖࠡނᕓ ᙾᇞၲΔ܀ਢࠀآ࿇ٚ۶ᆃᢐΖ৵ࠐթवሐࠐڔࡉᛀऱदनΔۖदᅝழ إڇ࿇ൣཚΖط࣍ீֱൎ૰ܫๅൾ۪ࣚ൷࠹ᛀΔܫᎁࠡឆߏᦞ࠹ࠩॿ୭Δ
࣍ਢٻᜤ߶چऄೃ༼ದՂ္Δࠀᓮޣնᆄભ८ऱᓽᚍΖ )Π*ᖒ٤Ӵୢݲޟَ၌!
ٱรڜ߷ڠקຝᜤ߶چऄೃଈ٣ᎁΔឈྥڇᖂீऱޣՀڶઠࠫࣚऱᤞ ኘנΔ܀ਢڇ࿇ᖂسڶᆃᢐழΔࠀآڶࣅऱ۩೯Δڂڼᤞֱࠀྤሔऄჼ
ऱംᠲΖڼ؆Δᜤ߶چऄೃՈᎁᖂீ۩ਙԳၞԵඒն։ᤪΔࠀլዌګჼ
Ζڕڼऱ്ԯഗ࣍ψז׀ئωऱᄗ࢚ۖࠐΖ۟࣍दஃਢᇿᙟᖂீԳΔ
ڂڼࠀլᏁჼחΖᖂீԳڶᒔঅඒߛመ࿓ࠠڶᔞᅝפ౨ऱຂٚΔڂڼᢐढ ऱࠌشਢᖂீԳࢬװೈऱΖऄೃᎁլ౨ܡᎁᖂீᖑڶᦞܓၞԵඒΔאॴ
ַᖂسլऄᢐढऱࠌشΖ
ڇԫֱ૿ΔႸׅऱࠌشΔࠀآሔહᖂسڇᖆऄऱᦞܓΖᜤ߶ऄೃᎁࠀ
ڶڂदऱףԵΔۖޏ᧢۩ऱءᔆΖदਢڇᚥܗᖂீԳኘᤚሔᆃᢐऱ
࠺Δۖࠡהீ؆ԳၞԵᖂீΔਢ࠰ܗᨠኘᢐढऱᛒشۖॺჼΖदנڇඒ
ڶ༓։ᤪΔࠀլߩאགشรଥإூऱঅᎽΖᅝᖂீԳڇച۩ڠࢬᦞऱ
ٚ೭ΔᏁࠌشदࠐᢐढᛀྒྷழΔ࠹ᛀृլ౨ޣڕऄԳऱᑑᄷΖᖂீ
ࠌشदऱؾऱΔૉਢԱኔԫଡڜ٤ൈऱඒߛᛩቼΔࠡჼٙऱᑑᄷ༉
ᚨ૾܅Ζᖂسऱឆߏᦞ്Δլ౨܂֘ኙشदࠐᛀᖂسڶྤᆃᢐऱإᅝطΖ दऱࠌشਢڇ࠰ܗᖂீԳΔࠀլી࣍ዌګჼΖ
ᜤ߶ऄೃڇᖂسଡԳᦞܓΔፖீֱঅᎽᖂسඒߛመ࿓ऱᏁհၴԫᦞᘝΔ ᎁڇᖂீࠌشᢐढᄎౡࠩࢬڶᖂسऱൈࡉڜ٤Δڂڼܓشदࠐ࠰ܗਢٽ
ऱΔᖂسഗءऱᖆऄᦞܓΔࠀآ࠹ࠩॿ୭ΖࠡܒެڕՀΚ
1.ᅝႸׅᙇࡳؾᑑΔீֱޣᇠسലՑࣟ۫ඉנᛀ᧭Δࠀآሔહᖂسऱᦞ ܓΖᜤ߶ᖆऄรଥإூԯଡԳឆߏᦞऱᒤΔਙࢌլᇠףאॿحΙૉฤٽᜤ
߶ᖆऄรଥإூΔᚨᇠࠠໂאՀࠟႈٙΚ(1)ਙࢌԳڶψઌᅝڂωઌॾ ଡԳڶሔऄऱ۩ΔթױףאჼΙ(2)ਙࢌԳؘႊڇჼছΔعᓮჼחΖء
ூխΔឈྥᖂسڶ܍࠹լٽჼऱ۞طᦞΔਢຍႈᦞܓؘႊࡉீֱፂᖂ
ீધ৳ऱܓ墿հၴ܂ԫᦞᘝΖᖂீᛀᖂسऱՑΔॴַᢐढڇᖂீऱ၇ᔄ ፖࠌشΖڼႈჼऱച۩ࡉᤞኘऱߡۥլٵΔܛࠌ࿇ᆃᢐΔՈࠀॺၞԵ٩ࠃ္
࿓ݧΖᖂீഗ࣍ψז׀ئհᦞωΔڶψٽطωΔઌॾᖂسሔ֘ᖂீऱ ਙழΔܛױאኙᖂسၞ۩ჼΔܛࠌࠀྤჼחΖ
ءூխΔՑऱჼᣂএࠩឆߏऱᒤΔۿᚨᇠ࠹ࠩรଥإூऱঅᎽΖ լመط࣍ᖂسदᥛᙇխΔዌګԱψٽڂωΔחԳઌॾܫឆ៲ᆃᢐΔڂڼ
ீֱޣࠡඉ़ՑΔࠀآሔ֘ᖂسڇᖆऄรଥإூࢬࠆڶऱᦞܓΔլી࣍ዌ ګྤऱჼࡉࣅΖ
2.ᅝඉנՑࣟ۫৵ΔথႛႛڂԾᨃदᙇխΔۖᖂسๅൾ۪ࣚ൷࠹ᛀ
ਢլٽऱΖऄೃᎁឈྥኙ࣍ᖂீऱჼΔױא૾܅ψٽطωऱᑑᄷΖլ መലᖂسๅൾ۪ࣚჼΔֺದՑऱჼΔޓ୲࣐ॿ୭ଡԳऱഗءឆߏཚඨΖڂ ڼீֱڇച۩ڕڼჼழΔؘႊ堚ᄑܧࠃኔΔ༼ࠎψٽڂωΔᨃԳךٝઌॾ ᖂسᖑڶᆃᢐթױΖܡঞᗑڂᖂسԾदᙇխΔ༉ޣๅ۪ჼऱطࠀլ ךٝΔڂ೯ढ֘ᚨऱਢᆃᢐ࠺ΔլਢढءߪΖױ౨ڶԫࠄᖂسڇ۪ढՂ ڶຍጟ࠺ሐΖެࡳኙᖂسჼऱٽࢤΔᚨᇠەᐞאՀૹՕڂైΚ(1)ᖂسڣΙ (2)ᖂسڇᖂீऱᚾூࡉಖᙕΙ(3)ڕऴ൷ჼΔࢬທګംᠲऱᣤૹࢤΙ(4)ڇጹ৺
ࠃٙՀΔթױאڇྤჼחऱൣउՀمܛၞ۩ჼΖ
ءூխΔᜤ߶ऄೃ࿇ೈԱदᙇխհ؆Δࠀڶࠡהࠃኔױאᢞࣔڶψٽ
طωၞ۩ๅ۪ჼΖڂڼๅ۪ჼऱ۩ਢլٽऄऱΔբᆖሔહᖂسڇᜤ߶
ᖆऄรଥإூऱᦞܓΖ
3.ط࣍ᖂீრച۩ჼΔࠡؾऱԯڇװೈீႼխऱΔڂڼ८ᙒՂऱჾ ୭ᓽᚍױ܍Ζᜤ߶چऄೃൎᓳԱᖂீՠ܂ऱං୶Δᚨ۩ਙԳઌᅝ࿓৫ऱ
܍ᦞΔط࣍ᖂீԯഗ࣍რച۩ჼΔڂڼࠀլᏁ८ᙒՂऱᓽᚍΖ
ጵᨠڼூΔᜤ߶ऄೃᎁΔڂदऱႸᤚࡉᦫᤚຟᚌ࣍ԳᣊΔሔᆃᢐڶ
ऱ࠺ΔױطႸׅኘᤚנΖᤞኘՈຘመ࠺ࠐኘᤚլऄऱᔨᕪΖڂڼژڇ ऱ࠺ΔਢചऄृᓳሔᆃढऱڶشಛஒΖᜤ߶່ऄೃڇ 1947 ڣ Johnson v.
U.S.ூխբᆖᎁٵڕڼऱ࠺Δױא܂ψઌᅝڂωऱᢞᖕΖءூदऱנ۴ ᙟထᆖ᧭᠆༄ऱदஃΔऄೃᎁᖂீച۩ᇠૠࠀڶᖆऄՂऱ؈Ζڂڼ
אदऱೠኘՠ܂ۖߢΔࠠڶٽࢤΔױאฤٽᜤ߶ᖆऄรଥإூऱޣΖլመ
ీڇፂᥨԳࢤ༇ᣤمՂΔլ౨אᖂسदᙇխΔ༉ီհฤٽψٽطωऱ
ٙΔۖኙᖂسၞ۩ๅ۪ჼΖ
ኙ࣍ᖂسऱՂ္Δऄೃᎁீֱᖂسๅൾ۪ࣚ൷࠹ჼΔሔ֘Աᜤ߶ᖆऄ รଥإூࢬঅᎽऱᦞܓΔೈڼհ؆Δࠡ塒ீֱऱൻਜᚨղ֭Ζ
)έ*ᖒ٤ΰວݲޟَ၌!
ᖂسᤉᥛ༼ದՂ္Δᜤ߶รԮՂ္ऄೃᎁΔᖂீ۩ਙԳࢬၞ۩ๅ۪ჼ
լ܀լٽऄΔڇઌᣂֺࠏঞՀΔբਢᄕጤྤऱ۩Δಾኙຍԫរᖂீᚨᇠ ղאჾ୭ᓽᚍΖڂڼᜤ߶Ղ္ऄೃᔭچऄೃܒެீֱլᏁᓽᚍऱܒެΔ塒ঞ
ղאፂΖ
)Ѳ*ڏтࣺᜰཪ٘րٽ!
ڇࠡהઌᣂჼߪܒࠏֱ૿ΔףڠਬீԳڇՂᓰழၴΔ࿇ԫۯᖂسڇ༕ࢬ ऱ壀ൣጹ്Δ೯܂חԳᡖጊΖ۩ਙԳ࣍ਢޣᇠسඉ़ࠡՑΔ࣠࿇
Ζऄೃᎁᖕ T.L.O.ᑑᄷΔᖂீഗ࣍ᖂسױጊऱ۩ۖኔਜჼΔჼհ ᒤլመᅝࢨࠠॿ୭ࢤΔਚڼႈᖂسՑհჼਢٽऱΖڇ 1987 ڣ Wynn v. Bd.
of Educ. of Vestavia HillsூխΔॳࢮ್֣ڠऱᖂسತढᙊ؈ழΔڶ؆Բۯٵᖂ
ڇඒΔሑኙࠟۯᖂسჼߪΔڶྤᙊ؈ऱჇભ८Δڠ່ऄೃᎁீֱऱ
܂ऄՈਢٽऱΖ
ڼ؆Δڕ࣠ᖂீᅝݝኔਜჼΔᖂسٵრீֱհᓮޣΔঞࠡயԺ۶Λ1980 ڣᐚڠᜤ߶چऄೃڇ Jones v. Latexo Indep. School Dist.ԫூխΔᎁᖂீհࢤ ᄎ྇܅ᖂسٵრჼऱயԺΔڼڂᖂس࣍൷࠹ࠀᙅښᖂீࡎחΔࢴᙅൕृ
ီլࣚൕΖڂڼΔڕ࣠ౡᖂسլၞԫޡٽ܂Δലຏव୮९ፖᤞኘழΔঞዌګ ౡ૰ऱࠃኔΔᖂسհٵრլ౨ီ࣋ඵรଥإூᦞܓհ।قΖ1984 ڣڇ Tarter v.
Raybuck ூխΔᜤ߶รքՂ္ऄೃᎁڇჼၲࡨழΔᖂسլ֘ኙΔլؘྥ।ق
ᣋრ࣋ඵᖆऄհᦞܓΔೈॺᖂீᢞࣔᖂسࣔवᣋრ࣋ඵรଥإூհᦞܓΖ )Ϥ*ಳཪ٘Ϟތដ!
ڼ؆Δๅ۪ჼߪΰstrip searchαਢܡႛഗ࣍ٽᡖጊܛױኔਜΔٻࠐ࠹ࠩৰՕ ᔆጊΖڇ 1979 ڣ M. M. v. Anker ூխΔᜤ߶รԲՂ္ऄೃᎁΔլᓵڇച۩ᡕݹ ࢨᅮᖂس۩ՂΔඒஃፖᖂسհၴࠠڶᗑऱᣂএΖڼԫᣂএࠌڇᔞشร
ଥإூ࣍ீႼழΔᚨڶለՕऱᐘࢤΖྥۖΔჼհॿ୭ࢤ။ൎΔܛঁਢᖂீհჼ
ΔรଥإூऱψٽطωᑑᄷՈᚨ్֒ࠩψઌᅝطωᑑᄷΖ
ط࣍ๅ۪ჼߪኙᖂسऱ༇ᣤ֗ឆߏᦞॿ୭ՕΔऄೃኙڼூٙࢬආऱᑑᄷ ለᣤΖࠏڕڇ 1977 ڣ Bellnier v. Lund ԫூΔోપᜤ߶چऄೃᎁΔ༈ބ
؈᧗ऱԿჇᙒΔኙնڣ్٤ఄᖂسၞ۩ๅ۪ჼਢլٽऱΔऄೃەᐞऱڂైڶ ԿΚ1.ூൣհٲᙠࢤΙ2.ჼऱॿ୭ࢤΙ3.ᖂسऱڣΖऄೃਐנΔڕԫޓࠠٲ ᙠհൣउΔڕڶΔঞױ౨ױๅ۪ჼΖڇ 1984 ڣ Bilbrey v. Brown ԫூ
խΔᜤ߶รՂ္ऄೃٍᎁΔᖂீႛڂீ߫ᕏᕍࠩᖂسٌང८ᙒፖլࣔढΔ
ঁၞ۩ๅ۪ჼߪࠀլٽሔऄΖ
ڇԫֱ૿Δ֭ᖂீᅝݝኔਜๅ۪ჼߪհܒެՈլࠡࠏΖڇ 1983 ڣ Rone
v. Daviess County Bd. of Educ.ԫூΔ्ჃഗڠՂ္ऄೃܒެๅ۪ჼߪਢٽऱΔ
ڂᖂீࠠڶךٝᢞᖕΔࠡխץਔᖂسނፖՕٌٵᖂΔ۞աՈࢭᎁᆖൄܮ ଇՕΖءூீ္ֱհڂץਔࠀآ༼ದ٩ࠃ္ΕڶചऄԳऱፖΕჼ
հኔਜএᖕࡳڂΔፖॺ٤૿ჼᖂسΖڼ؆Δڇ 1991 ڣ Williams By
Williams v. EllingtonԫூխΔԫۯߊᖂس௫ڶΔڇߊమߠᢞՀΔߊࢤ
ܗீ९ᇠسඉ़ՑΕๅװ T-shirtΕࠀലׄגᘟๅ۟ᓃ።Ζܗீ९ࠀམࢮ ᖂسփ۪ᘟᠾጹΔڶྤࣟ۫ൾᆵΖᜤ߶รքՂ္ऄೃܒެ֭ீֱऱऄΔ ൎᓳᖂீڶயሎ܂Δڇጹ৺ൣउՀᏁڶဪၦᦞΔீֱൿೈհެࡳլᚨ࠹ᔆ ጊΔܡঞലధᡏᖂீڜ٤ፖ఼ݧΖ
Ͳăᚌ̟ڟჄڌᚊ!
ഗءՂΔᖂீჼਢܡٽऄΔऄೃڍᎁᙅ༛ψٽᡖጊωࢨψٽطω ऱᑑᄷܛױΖ܀ਢڕ࣠ᤞֱፖᖂீհჼΔਢܡᚨᤉᥛආشٵᑌᑑᄷΔൄ֧ದ ᖿ௺ऱᓵΰ്اࣧΔ1993αΖᤞֱհտԵൄ௫ࠩ٩ࠃூٙΔࠡჼᑑᄷਢܡᚨ ޓᣤΔאՀܛ༉ 1976 ڣ Picha v. Wielgos ூףא։࣫Ζ
)Ι*ਰᙏक़!
ڼூ௫ࠩԫࢬॣխऱீ९ڇ 1973 ڣ 11 ִ൷ࠩԫຏሽᇩΔਐ൳ᇠீᖂس
PichaࡉࠟټՖᖂسᖑڶլऄᢐढΖீ९ٻඒߛݝ९ܫ৵ΔᓮᤞኘࠐΖᤞ
ኘࠩሒழΔᖂீऱᥨՓբᆖኙᖂسԱჼΔྥۖࠀآ࿇ٚ۶ᢐढΖྥۖᤞኘ սޣԿټᖂسๅՀ۪ࣚΔၞ۩٤ߪჼΔ່৵Ոآ࿇ٚ۶ᢐढΖᖂீጠኙ ᖂسࠠڶψז׀ئᦞωΔࢬאჼ۩ਢٽऱΙ܀ᖂس Picha ᎁᖂீ۩ਙԳ
ፖᤞኘሔ֘ࠡឆߏᦞΔٻْܓᘭڠקຝᜤ߶چऄೃ༼ದՂ္Ζ )Π*ᖒ٤ӴୢݲϞَ၌!
ᜤ߶چऄೃ࿇ْܓᘭڠբڶمऄղᖂீ۩ਙԳ֗ඒஃኙᖂسᖑڶ ψז׀ئᦞωΰin loco parentisαΔאࠌீֱ౨ፂᖂீऱ఼ݧፖધ৳Ζլመ۶ጟ
۩թጩਢ఼ݧፖધ৳ऱፂΔऄ৳ࠀآࣔᒔࡳΖْܓᘭڠ່ऄೃམᆖܒެΔ
ڕ࣠ڶஒਐנڶᖂسዓࠩᖂீΔലኙࠡהᖂسທګٲᙠΔீֱڇઌᅝᒤփΔ ױאمܛኙᖂسףאჼΖ
ऄೃᎁឈྥீֱױא്ψז׀ئᦞωΔۖૻࠫᖂسڇᖆऄՂऱᦞܓΔ܀
ਢࠡፖ׀ئኙՖऱᦞܓΔࠟृᒤࠀլઌٵΖڶۨᒴᣂএऱ׀ئΔױאޣ
ՖڇڰՂԶរᤪٻഏᄃ៖ΔױאڂՖլپ堩Δۖኙհ᧯ፆΖྥۖீֱԳ
ࠀլ౨ച۩ઌٵऱݹ৳Δᖂீൎࠫᖂسٻഏᄃ៖Δױ౨ᄎሔ֘รԫଥإூऱߢ ᓵ۞طᦞፖࡲඒ۞طᦞΖڼ؆ᖂீኙᖂسऱ։ՈլױრࢨլٽΖᎏڠઌᣂ ऄխऱז׀ئᦞයཱིΔ༉آፖᖂீڕ׀ئࢬᖑڶऱ٤ຝᦞܓΔਢലψז
׀ئᦞωᅝګਢீֱॴַآګڣᖂسሔ֘ધ৳Δࢨե௫ඒߛመ࿓ऱ൳ࠫۖբΖ ऄೃᎁْܓᘭڠऱࡳᚨፖᎏڠऱࡳԫᑌΔீֱऱψז׀ئᦞωΔլᇠشࠐ
૾܅ኙֆاᦞᚨڶऱຂٚΔՈլ౨܍ᖂீ۩ਙԳᙑشᦞऱຂٚΖ
ڂڼΔڕ࣠אψז׀ئᦞωࠐૻࠫᖂسऱᦞܓΔ༉ؘႊലࠟृףאᦞᘝΖ 1971ڣ State v. Baccino ூխΔط࣍ᖂسམڶ᥋լऄᢐढፖᤛحࡳऱધᙕΔீ
ֱഗ࣍ψٽᡖጊωΔא֗ڠऄ৳խऱψז׀ئᦞωףאჼΔऄೃᎁਢٽ
ऱΖլመՂ૪ܒࠏࠀྤᤞኘऱտԵΔڕ࣠ᤞኘፖჼΔᐉܒऱ࣠༉ᄎڶࢬլ ٵΖءூխΔீֱԳჼܫழΔࠡჼऱܓ墿ؘႊፖᖂسឆߏᦞઌյᦞᘝΖ ჼऱᒤؘႊ࠹ࠩᔞᅝऱૻࠫΔۖࠡჼऱؾऱՈᚨᖆऄࢬւΖڇءூ
խΔᤞኘࡉீֱԳ٥ٵၞ۩ኙᖂسऱჼΔ۟֟ڶԫຝ։ࠠໂԱ٩ࠃೠኘऱࢤ ᔆΖڂڼࠡኙឆߏᦞऱॿ୭Δ༉ؘႊฤٽᖆऄรଥإூऱঅᎽΖਝྥڶᤞኘऱ ףԵΔڕڼऱჼ༉լ౨്ψז׀ئᦞωΔࠡჼؘႊฤٽψઌᅝڂωऱᣤ
ᑑᄷΔᒔॾᖂسሔऄᖑڶլऄᢐढΔթױאኙᖂسၞ۩ჼΖഗ࣍Ղ૪طΔ ᜤ߶چऄೃܒެᖂீඓ္Ζ
ጵՂࢬ૪Δْܓᘭڠᜤ߶چऄೃኙ࣍ᤞֱፖᖂீհჼΔ്ආ࠷ለᣤ
ऱᑑᄷΖऄೃᎁᤞֱڇءூխऱߡۥլႛਢᚥܗᖂீፂધ৳Δࡸץਔحᆞ ᢞᖕհ፦ႃΖڇڼൣݮՀΔೈॺᤞֱᖕઌᅝطࠀڶჼปΔܡঞᖂسࠆڶ լ࠹ྤჼհᖆऄᦞܓΖ
)έ*ឌПᇄཪષϞڏтࣺᜰրٽ!
ྥۖΔط࣍ൣउհլٵΔٵԫऄೃڇ 1985 ڣ Martens v. District No. 220 ூழ
থආ࠷ለᐈᠾऱᑑᄷΖءூ௫ࠩᖂீ۩ਙԳ Baukus ൷ࠩೳټሽᇩΔኙֱᎅ
۞աऱՖࠝڶՕΔਢٻܫ֗ԫۯᖂس၇ΔԾᎅܫނܮଇᕴࠠ៲ ڇ؆ᇙΖBauku ലܫࠩᙄֆΔᔆംڔਢܡڶΔܫܡᎁΔࠀ
լٵრڇ׀ئࠐீছኔਜჼΖBaukus क़ԱԼն։ᤪথބլࠩ୮९ΖڼழΔ৾
؏ڶۯࠩீֆऱᤞኘၞԵᙄֆΔהܫ္ܫ່ړᇿᖂீٽ܂Δࠀڔඉ़Ց
Δ࣠࿇ԫ֭ྲྀఎՕऱܮଇᕴΖܫڂڼᖂீೖᖂ۟ᖂڣޔΔ܀آ࠹
ࠩ٩ࠃಳ္Ζْܓᘭڠᜤ߶چऄೃᎁΔءூፖ T.L.O.ூհ່Օܑԯڇ࣍
T.L.O.ூ௫֗ᖂீ۩ਙԳڇᖂீփኙᖂسհჼΔۖءூঞਢڶᤞֱڇڇ
ࠡޣՀΔᖂسթඉ़ՑΖլመΔᤞኘਢଶړၞԵᙄֆΔࠀآਐقᖂீჼ
ܫΖངߢհΔឈྥᤞֱऱᣠᎅਢܫඉ़Ցऱऴ൷ڂΔ܀ࠀլ।قᤞֱ
ؚጩၞ۩٩ࠃᓳΖ༉ᤞֱࢬފዝऱڶૻߡۥࠐᎅΔڕ࣠ޣฤٽჼปፖઌᅝ
طࠟႈٙΔലեቃᖂீၞ۩ؘΕ߰ຒፖॺإڤऱᡕݹ࿓ݧΖڂڼΔऄೃᎁ
ءூᚨᔞش T.L.O.ூࢬ৬مऱψٽطωᑑᄷΖᣊۿܒެڕᜤ߶รքՂ္ऄ
ೃڇ 1984 ڣ Tarter v. Raybuck ூխΔٍᎁᖂீႛᄎٵᤞኘΔۖॺڇᤞኘਐཀ հՀኙᖂسհჼΔࠀآሔહᖂسڇᜤ߶ᖆऄรଥإூࢬঅᎽհᦞܓΖ
ࠡ৵Δڇ 1987 ڣ Cason v. Cook ூխΔᜤ߶รԶՂ္ऄೃኙᤞኘፖᖂீჼ
Δ܂Աޓᇡጐऱ։࣫Ζᇠூ௫ࠩᅝچխፖᤞኘݝၞ۩ٽ܂ૠΖਬֲΔᇠ ࢬխ࿇س᧗ூΔᆖ೫ீ९ Cook ᓳ৵Δ࿇ۯՖᖂسጊ່ՕΖCook ᝮᓮ ࠉٽ܂ૠࠩீऱঁ۪ᤞኘᙟٵජᓫᖂسΔࠡٵრ܀ኔᎾՂࠀآԫದᔆംᖂسΔ ԫऴࠩנ᧗ढ৵ΔթኙࠡխհԫᖂسኔਜჼߪΖಾኙᖂسऱ൳္Δᜤ߶รԶՂ
္ऄೃނᤞኘፖኙᖂسհჼ։ࠟᣊΚԫጟਢᄎٵΰin conjunction withαച ऄԳհჼΙԫጟਢڇചऄԳޣΰat the behest ofαՀհჼΖڇءூխΔ
ڶᢞᖕ֭ீֱऄএ࠹ࠩᤞֱऱਐقΖᤞኘऱտԵૻ࣍࿇᧗ढ৵ࢬኔਜ ऱჼߪΕ֗ፖ؆ࠟۯᖂسᑉᓫᇩΔڂڼءூᤞֱऱፖԯ᥆รԫᣊীΔᚨᔞ شψٽࢤωᑑᄷΖᜤ߶รԶՂ္ऄೃࠀ֧ش 1977 ڣ State v. Mckinnon ऱܒࠏΔ ᅝழဎฐቅڠ່ऄೃܒެᤞኘݝ९ຏवீ९ڶࠟۯխسກᔄΔࠀլዌګ ψᤞኘ۩ωΰpolice actionαࢨψ٥ٵ۩ωΰjoint actionαΔऄೃൎᓳᤞኘݝ९ آ࿇೯ჼࢨޣீ९ჼᖂسΔ്լᓵஒࠐᄭ۶Δᖂீܛڶᆠ೭ჼᖂ
سΔࠀٻᤞֱܫ࣠Ζ
ڼ؆ڇઌᣂீႼჼऱܒެխΔऄೃឈྥ്ᖂீჼᔞشψٽᡖጊωᑑ ᄷΔথࣔػਐנܒެڕ࣠ڶചऄԳፖΔঞլᔞشለ܅ऱᑑᄷΖࠏڕ 1983 ڣ State v. D.T.W.ூխΔ۵ᢅߺሒڠچऄೃਐנΔٽᡖጊᑑᄷլᔞش࣍ᤞֱਐ قࢨፖऱჼூٙΖ्ჃഗՂ္ऄೃڇ 1983 ڣ Rone v. Daviess County Bd. of
Educ.ூխՈᎁΔڇڶᤞኘፖऱൣݮՀΔீႼխऱჼᔞشለ܅ऱᑑᄷਢݔ
ᔞऱΖ
ጵՂࢬ૪Δᖂீ۩ਙԳኙᖂسၞ۩ჼழΔᝮᓮᤞֱڇல࠰ܗΔऄೃՕڍ ףאױΔฤٽψٽᡖጊωհᑑᄷΔჼܛլሔᖆΖ֘հΔૉڇᤞֱਐཀ հՀΔᖂீ۩ਙԳթኙᖂسኔਜჼΔࢨਢᤞֱտԵჼ֜Δऄೃܛױ౨
ޣᖂீ۩ਙԳؘႊࠠڶઌᅝطΔࠀڶჼปΔֱףאჼᖂسΖ
ˤăᗾڐᐮ!
ط࣍ᖂسܮଇऱࠃٙᄕᣤૹΔભഏຝ։چֱᖂލࠫீႼऱج ᛒΔ࣍ਢࠫࡳ٤ீࢤऱᢐढྒྷᇢૠΖຍࠄૠ֧ದڍऄ৳ՂऱञᤜΔץ ਔ 1.ܓشݟ։࣫ΰurinalysisαࢨ壄ೠྒྷᕴΔਢܡዌګԫጟჼΔۖ࠹ࠩᖆऄ รଥإூլ࠹ྤჼհࣅޔΛ2.ኔਜᢐढྒྷᇢছΔਢܡႊࠠໂଡܑᡖጊΛ3.
ਢܡኙ٤ீᖂسශྤ։ܑऱኔਜᢐढྒྷᇢΛ
ᢐढྒྷᇢਢܡჼΛᜤ߶່ऄೃڇ 1989 ڣ National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raabፖ Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive’s Ass’n ࠟூΔຟ्ࡳऱ ߠᇞΖࠡᓵᖕڇ࣍ψ৺૰ऱਙࢌܓ墿ωΰcompelling government interestαΖڇ SkinnerூխΔᜤ߶ᥳሁ۩ਙݝΰFederal Railroad Administrationαࠫࡳᢐढፖ壄
ྒྷᇢᙄऄΔޣ࿇سૹՕᥳሁࠃਚຝ॰ऱࢬڶՠΔؘႊ൷࠹ڼႈྒྷᇢΖᜤ߶່
ऄೃ֭ڼԫൻਜΔࠀൎᓳᥳሁሎᙁࠃᄐࠠڶᚨ࠹৫ጥࠫऱࢤᔆΔאᒔঅֆ ฒڜ٤ऱᏁΖڇรԲଡூࠏխΔભഏ௧ᣂᆟΰU.S. Customs ServiceαࡳΔլ ᓵਢ࠹ࢨ᠏ᓳ۟ऴ൷ൕࠃᢐढጥࠫՠ܂ऱۯΔຟؘႊ൷࠹ݟྒྷᇢΔૉྒྷᇢ ܧၺࢤ֘ᚨΔঞղא܍Ζڼ؆ೈᆖءԳٵრΔࠡྒྷᇢ࣠լฝٌᛀኘࡴ܂
٩ࠃಳ္հشΖ່ऄೃᖕՕฒኙڜ٤ऱᣂ֊Δܒެ௧ᣂᆟ္ΖࠟՕܒެխΔ
ψଡܑᡖጊω݁ॺኔਜݟ։࣫ऱ٣ެයٙΔ܀່ऄೃսൎᓳ૾܅ᅮԳऱ ဪၦᦞፖറឰऱؘࢤΖאՀܛ༉ᖂீխհᢐढᛀ᧭ञᤜூࠏףא։࣫ඖ૪Ζ
)Ι*Tdibjmm ਰϞᓍᐠశกၐրٽ!
ᖕՂ૪ࠟଡᜤ߶່ऄೃऱܒެױवΔԫ۩ਙᖲᣂጠψ৺૰ऱਙࢌ
ܓ墿ωΔۖࠫࡳᢐढྒྷᇢᙄऄΖڇ Skinner ூאছΔᜤ߶รԮՂ္ऄೃམ༉ᖂᙟ ᖲݟྒྷᇢૠऱٽᖆࢤ܂ګܒެΖڇ 1988 ڣ Schaill v. Tippecanoe County School
Corp.ூխΔط࣍խسፖீփሎ೯ᙇ֫ᢐढᛒشऱൣݮᣤૹΔܫΰTippecanoe
County School Corp, TSCαܛࠫࡳᙟᖲݟྒྷᇢֱூΰrandom urine testing pro- gramαΔޣࢬڶףீᎾሎ೯ᤁऱᖂس֗ࠡ୮९ᆟٵრΔٵრڕ࣠ᙇ֫
ᙟᖲࢼխΔؘႊ൷࠹ݟ։࣫Ζܫ Schaill ፖ Johnson ࠟۯᖂسլᣋ࠹ᛀۖ࣋ඵ
ፖீᎾᤁऱᖲᄎΔࠀٻऄೃ༼ದ္Δᓮޣऄೃᆃַᖂீނٵრ൷࠹ݟ։
࣫Δ܂ፖீᎾᤁऱ٣ެයٙΖᜤ߶รԮՂ္ऄೃऱܒެطપױ։ګຝ
։Κ1.ݟ։࣫ਢܡዌګჼΙ2.ڕ࣠ਢჼΔঞᏁڇ۶ጟψױጊ࿓৫ωΰlevel of
suspicionαΔթ౨ኔਜݟ։࣫Ι3.ءூਢܡࠠໂՂ૪ऱψױጊ࿓৫ωΙ4.ᖞଡૠ
ኔਜመ࿓ਢܡฤٽรԼଥإூհᆃַآᆖإᅝ࿓ݧΕଷኆ۞طፖತขհψإᅝ
࿓ݧයཱིωΖ
ݟ։࣫ਢܡዌګรଥإூࢬᘯऱჼΛᜤ߶รԮՂ္ऄೃ֧شऄೃψᅝ षᄎᎁٽऱឆߏཚৱ࠹ॿ୭ழΔჼ࣍෫࿇سωऱᎅऄΖᎁԳଚኙඈݟ۩
ፖඈנऱݟΔࠠڶٽऱឆߏཚৱΖឈྥݟਢ۞೯ൕߪ᧯ඈנီᐒ ढΔ܀լᄎڂڼໜ؈ଡԳኙࠡऱឆߏཚৱΖൕࢬආ࠷ऱᄕ৫ឆയֱڤױवΔඈݟ
ृլუ࠹ࠩٚ۶ᛀΖڂڼΔݟ։࣫ᚨรଥإூࢬጠհჼΖڇءூխΔ ᖂீ്ᢐढྒྷᇢૻ࣍ࠃ٣ٵრ࠹ྒྷऱᖂسΔڂڼլ௫ឆߏᦞհञᤜΖऄೃ
থᎁΔᖂسऱٵრࠀլᅝྥ।قڶჼऱञᤜΔڼڂᆟٵრਢףீᎾ ሎ೯ᤁऱছ༼ٙΖܛࠌਙࢌױאࠉᖕࡳطࢴଡԳਬጟܓ墿Δ܀ࠡࠉᖕ լॿ୭ଡԳհᖆऄঅᎽᦞܓΖڼጟኙᖆऄᦞܓऱեቃऄࢬլΖਝྥףீ
Ꮎሎ೯ֺऱছ༼ਢᖂس࣋ඵรଥإூհᦞܓΔঞࠡొ۞ᣋ൷࠹ݟ։࣫
հ۩Δࠀլ౨܍ೈᖆऄՂञᤜΖڂڼΔؘႊᛀီᖂீհჼ۩೯ਢܡሔ֘ᖆऄ รଥإூΖ
ᣂ࣍รԲଡംᠲΔਝྥ᧭ݟዌګᖆऄՂऱჼΔ൷ထᏁ൶ಘᚨࠠໂ۶ጟױጊ
࿓৫Δթױኙࡳᖂس᧭ݟΔຍؘႊᦞᘝଡԳรଥإூऱܓ墿ፖਙࢌܓ墿ࠟृ
ၴհૹࢤΖՂ္ऄೃ֧ش່ऄೃڇ T.L.O.ூऱߠᇞΔᎁψઌᅝطωፖψჼ
ปωٙլᔞشᖂீჼΖ
รԿଡംᠲ௫ࠩءூհ᧭ݟૠਢܡฤٽψٽࢤᑑᄷωΖऄೃ༼נնរ
طΔࠐ֭ᖂீऱऄΚ1.ឈྥඈݟ۩ࠠڶઌᅝऱឆߏཚৱΔྥۖڂءூ༼
ࠎݟऱᖂسএၞԵຨ༕ࢬփΔ؆Գլᗭ൶Δࢬאឆߏऱݲለ֟Ζڼ؆Δ
᧭ݟૠᔞش࣍უףீᎾሎ೯ֺऱᖂسΔࠡءߪ༉࠹ࠩڍૻࠫΰڕᆃΕ ᆃᄿΕᆃαΖࣥ܌ሎ೯ᄎࢨՕᖂሎ೯ᄎՈڶኙᙇ֫ྒྷᇢᢐढऱࡳΔՅڼ ጟጟઃ᧩قءூऱ᧭ݟࡳኙᖂسႛࠠለ܅ऱឆߏཚৱΖ٦ףՂ᧭ݟਢᆖመᖂس ࠃ٣ٵრΔۖࢴ᧭ݟऱᖂسΔႛਢլ౨ףீᎾሎ೯ᤁΔլી࣍ڂڼೖᖂΖ
2.TSCኔਜڼႈૠऱܓ墿ਢլ౨ܡᎁऱΖ1986 ڣΔԼքۯ൷࠹᧭ݟऱཧᙇ֫
խΔ༉ڶնۯܧၺࢤ֘ᚨΖᙇ֫ڂࠌشᢐढΔۖທګ႞୭ृழڶࢬፊΖڼ؆Δሎ ೯ᙇ֫ൄࠡהᖂسऱೝቝΔૉᙇ֫ᛒشᢐढΔஎᄎ֧ದլᅝऱᖂΖڂڼΔTSC ऱ᧭ݟૠڶࠡإᅝࢤΖ3.ឈྥڼႈ᧭ݟૠֶଡܑᡖጊΖ܀থףԵڍᖲࠫΔ אᝩ܍ٽឆߏཚৱ࠹ࠫ࣍ீֱऱဪၦᦞΔࠏڕආ࠷ᙟᖲࢼᑌঞΔࢼխऱᖂ سթ൷࠹᧭ݟΖ4.TSC ࠫࡳݟ։࣫ૠΔԯച۩ሎ೯ֱூፖᖂீऱࡳΔۖ
ॺ࿇ሔऄ೯հᢞᖕΔאࠎ٩ࠃಳ္հشΖࠡؾऱԯೡૹए᛭ΰrehabilitationαΔ
ۖլڇᡕݹΖܧၺࢤ֘ᚨऱᖂسΔףᢐढᘬૠΔܛױᜍೖᖂऱཚ
ၴΖ5.ጵՂࢬ૪Δءூհჼএ࿇سڇઌᅝլ༈ൄऱᛩቼΔڇڼൣउՀΔྤᡖጊ հჼΰsuspicionless searchesαਢױऱΖ
່৵Δᜤ߶รԮՂ္ऄೃᛀီ᧭ݟૠ༼ࠎၺࢤ֘ᚨᖂسऱ࿓ݧঅᎽΔਢܡ ฤٽรԼଥإூհإᅝ࿓ݧයཱིΖऄೃ࿇ΔTSC ᄎലᢐढྒྷᇢܧၺࢤ֘ᚨऱ
࣠ຏवᖂسፖ୮९ΔڶฆᤜृՈױאᙇኔ᧭ΔലݟᑌءףאᓤᛀΔࠀ༼
נઌ֘ऱ࣠Ζڼ؆Δᛀ᧭ृױ༼נᢞᖕᎅࣔၺࢤ֘ᚨএࠡהڂైࢬીΔTSC ױ༉ࠡᎅऄᘬᇬढᖂ୮ΖࠉڼۖᓵΔTSC ऱਙ༼ࠎԱኙᖂسਐ൳ऱຏवΔፖ
֘Ꮝਐ൳ऱᖲᄎΔڂڼऄೃᎁ TSC ऱ᧭ݟૠᚨฤٽإᅝऄ৳࿓ݧΖഗ࣍אՂ
طΔᜤ߶รԮՂ္ऄೃᎁٵ TSC հਙፖᎅऄΔܒެᖂسඓ္Ζ
)Π*Tdibjmm ਰࡣϞތដ!
ڇ Schaill ூ৵ԫڣΔᐚڠᜤ߶چऄೃথڇ 1989 ڣ Brooks v. East Chambers Consol. Indep. School Dist.ூխΔ܂נઌ֘ߠᇞऱܒެΔۖਐຂ Schaill ூܒެհ լᅝΖڼூ௫ࠩۯ࣍ᐚڠऱ East Chambers County Consolidated Independent
School District ࣍ 1988 ڣࠫࡳᒤΔޣףᓰ؆೯ऱքڣ్ࠩԼԲڣ్ᖂ
سΔؘႊٵრ൷࠹ݟྒྷᇢΖܫ Brooks ༼ದ္Δᔆጊᢐढྒྷᇢࡳհٽᖆ ࢤΖ
ᜤ߶چऄೃᎁΔࢬڶᣂ࣍ჼऱᖆऄञᤜΔؘႊ٣ᛀီࠡਢܡ௫֗ഏ୮
۩Ζᖂඒߛࡡᄎࠫࡳऱᢐढྒྷᇢૠྤጊਢਙࢌ۩ΔᆖطรԼଥإூ
հࠫࡳΔรଥإூٵᑌᔞش࣍ڠਙࢌΖطڼංᓵΔீֱ۩Ո᥆ഏ୮۩Δႊ
࠹รଥإூհࣅޔΖ٦ൕรଥإூ։࣫ءூΖऄೃ֧ش 1989 ڣ National
Treasury Employees Union v. Von RaabூհܒެΔ്אݟ։࣫ࠐᛀ᧭Δኙٽ
ऱឆߏཚৱዌګ႞୭ΔڂڼᖂऱᢐढྒྷᇢֱூྤጊਢჼΖڼ؆Δᣂ࣍ᖂீ
ჼٽࢤհञᤜΔᜤ߶່ऄೃឈڇ T.L.O.ூޏආٽࢤᑑᄷΔ܀ڇԫൣउ Հኙᖂ࿙հჼؘႊഗ࣍ψଡܑᡖጊωΖءூܫࢭᎁᢐढྒྷᇢૠլࠠଡܑᡖ ጊΔڂڼࠌڼႈૠٽऄΔ༉ؘႊᜰנڶܑ࣍ԫൣउऱᢞᖕΖࠏڕףᓰ؆
೯ᖂسֺآףृޓڶױ౨ࠌشᢐढΔࢨਢףᓰ؆೯ᖂسڕࠌشᢐढΔኙ ᖂீሎ܂ऱధᡏΔֺآףृޓᣤૹΖྥۖΔءூऱᢞᖕຟլ֭ຍጟᎅऄΖ
ᐚڠᜤ߶چऄೃག֧ 1982 ڣ Horton v. Goose Creek Indep. Sch. Dist.ூΔᎁ
ᇠூܒެאႸׅ٤૿ჼᖂسሔᖆΔᎁႸׅჼኙᖂسॿ୭࿓৫܅࣍ء
ூऱݟ։࣫Ζऄೃᎁڕڼհݟૠլױ౨ሒګࠫፖᚕॴऱؾᑑΔࠌࠡ
ޓףլٽΖጵٽՂ૪طΔچऄೃܒެᖂݟྒྷᇢૠሔᖆΖ
ڇࠡ৵հூٙխΔٺ్ऄೃսآሒګ٥ٵऄΔࠏڕڇ 1993 ڣ Vernonia v.
ActonԫூΔ೬ࡽڠᜤ߶چऄೃথܒެࠫࡳᢐढᛀྒྷհᖂ္ΔࠡطΚ
1.ᖂ༼נԫࠄኔᔆऱᢞᖕΔץਔܮଇࢬ֧ದऱሎ೯႞୭Δፖܮሎ೯ࢬ ທګऱ૿ᄒᑓ܂شΙ2.ᢐढྒྷᇢਙૡࡳॺൄᇡጐΙ3.ᖂਢڇࠡהለᣤᏩऱֱ
ऄ؈ඓ৵Δթ္壆ᢐढྒྷᇢΙ4.ᖂᄕԺঅᥨᖂسឆߏΔᣤᆃַٻചऄᖲᣂ
ܫྒྷᇢ࣠Ζڼூԫऴؚࠩᜤ߶່ऄೃΔ౿ඖ૪ڕՀΚ
)έ*ᖒ٤ശଽݲӵ 2::6 ԑ Wfsopojb!Tdippm!Ejtusjdu!w/!Bdupo ਰޟրؚ!
ᖂீᢐढྒྷᇢऱञᤜڇՀ్ऄೃञᤜլឰΔᜤ߶່ऄೃึ࣍ڇ 1995 ڣऱ
Vernonia ԫூխ܂נܒެΖڼூ௫ࠩԫଡ೬ࡽڠऱᖂΔڇᑇڣխᆖൄ࿇س
ڂܮଇࢬທګऱᖂسሔࠃٙΖࠡխץਔኙீऱլឰሔحፖܮ৵ऱሎ೯
႞୭ࠃኔΖᆖመᓳΔᖂ࿇ᖂீሎ೯բګڼጟ֮֏ऱႝ֏ृΖࠡ
լ܀ܮଇΔՈڂࠡೝቝچۯۖࠌࠡהᖂسۖய֠Ζഗ࣍ڼΔᖂࠫࡳᢐढ ᛀྒྷऱਙΔࡳٚ۶ףԵᖂீٺጟሎ೯ቸၷऱᖂسΔ݁ᏁٵრףᛀྒྷΖࠡ
࿓ݧࠡڇᖂཚॣ٣ᛀྒྷԫڻΔྥ৵ڇᖂཚխ٦ᙟᖲࢼᛀԫڻΖޢڻᛀྒྷ݁ڶٵ ࢤܑհ۩ਙԳᙟ۩ڇೡΔ࣠ڕၺࢤΔᖂسױ٦ᛀྒྷԫڻΔאᒔࡳࠡய৫Ζ
ڕ࣠รԲڻࠉ៱ၺࢤΔঞᖂس۞೯ሎ೯ၷխೈټ۟֟ࠟᖂཚΔࢨਢױא ᙇᖗףքਣཚհݹૠΖᖂس Acton լࣚΔᎁᖂᛀྒྷࡳሔ֘ࠡڇᖆऄ รଥإூऱᦞܓΖࠡუףԵભڤߩၷΔ܀থࢴᛀྒྷΖڼூ٣۟೬ࡽᜤ߶
چऄೃΔ࣠ܒެீ္ֱΖ٦۟ᜤ߶รՂ္ऄೃΔথܒᖂس္Δᠨֱ່
৵ᥚ۟ᜤ߶່ऄೃΖڇەᐞூٙࢤᔆ৵Δ່ऄೃึ࣍ٵრு࿇ᓳ࠴חΔ൷
࠹ᐉءூΖ
ڇᐉመ࿓խΔ່ऄೃଈ٣ᛀီ٣ছհ T.L.O.ூΔૹعެࡳჼऱٽ
ࢤΔؘႊڇรଥإூऱਮዌՀΔ࠷ਙࢌፖଡԳᦞܓࠟृऱؓᘝΖT.L.O.ூխΔ
່ऄೃ്ᖂسऱឆߏཚৱᚨለԫԳا܅Δۖᖂسሎ೯ऱឆߏཚৱڇޓ
۪խԾޓ܅ԫࠄΖᛀྒྷ࣠ૉܧၺࢤΔՈႛ༼ࠎ֟ᑇᖂீ۩ਙृवሐΔࠀآ
༿הԳࢨᤞֱΖڂڼΔ່ऄೃᎁءூխऱឆߏॿ୭Δૉፖᖂፂᥨ֘
ਙΔᝩ܍ᖂسڂܮᖄીሎ೯႞୭ऱܓ墿ઌֺΔ᧩ྥਢለ᎘პऱΖ່ऄೃഗ
࣍ڼᏍڃՂ္ऄೃհܒެΔۖፂᖂீ္ऱެࡳΖ
Vernonia ூኙભഏᖂீჼᖂسਙᐙ۟ՕΔإ֘ࠟ૿რߠઃڶΖࠏڕ
Ehrensalΰ2003αܛᎁભഏ່ऄೃڇ New Jersey v. T.L.O.א֗ Vernonia Sch.
Dis. 47J v. ActonԲூࢬऱܒެᓿղᖂீᅝݝჼ۩א֗ਙऱٽऄࢤΖᖂீ
ڂڼ࠷ԿጟߡۥΚਙࢌऱזԳΕᖂسऱᥨԳΕא֗ࠡঅᥨृΖڂڼΔᖂீ
ᅝݝऱߡۥא֗ፖᖂسᣂএऱءᔆբᆖ᧢ګᄀឭլࡳΖឈྥᖂீᅝݝጠהଚਢ
ࠉࠡറᄐܒឰۖנኙᖂس່ڶܓऱ܂Δ܀ਢהଚথൕࠃᓤ፹א֗ൎ֏լኙ
ᦞԺऱᣂএΖEhrensal ്ᖂீᅝݝऱԿጟߡۥ໌ທԱᣂ֨षᄎإᆠԳՓࢬᘯऱ
ࠫ৫ᑊԺΔຍࠄߡۥඒߛᖂسΚެࡳהଚֆاᦞԺऱլਢԳاۖਢਙࢌΖભഏ່
ऄೃᏺףᖂீᅝݝኙᖂسऱᦞԺΔਢኙاਙएऱԫጟܑऱౡΖ
དྷăტЪ̶ژ
ൕאՂऄೃհܒެΔױवኙᖂسհჼ௫ᄕᐖᓤᠧΔீֱլ౨౻հΖ ڇઌᣂܒࠏխΔᜤ߶່ऄೃܒެᜤ߶ᖆऄឆܶኙឆߏᦞऱঅᎽΖڕٵߢᓵ۞ط ᦞԫΔឆߏᦞՈᚨᇠګଡԳᖆऄᦞܓΖۖᖂسլጥڇீփΕீ؆Δࠡᦞܓᚨ ࡉګԳԫᑌΔٵࠆᖆऄऱঅᎽΖאՀ౿ࠉભഏऄೃᖵڣհߠᇞΔඖ૪ᖂسჼհ ഗءঞڕՀΚ
1.ீֱჼᖂسऱࠉᖕץਔז׀ئᦞऱ്Δא֗ᖂீધ৳ࡉ఼ݧፂ
ऱؘࢤΖભഏຝ։ڠᤜᄎࠫࡳऄ৳Δᦞᖂீ۩ਙԳፖඒஃΔኙᖂسᖑڶ ז׀ئᦞΔ֠ࠡਢீֱڇፂᖂீऱ఼ݧፖધ৳ழΖྥۖז׀ئᦞլᚨᜍ྇
ᖆऄኙԳاऱঅᎽΔՈլ౨܍ᖂீԳॿᦞऱຂٚΖᖂீլᚨڂ്ז׀
ئᦞΔۖૻࠫԱᖂسڇᜤ߶ᖆऄխऱᦞܓΖऄՂΔீֱऱז׀ئᦞፖ׀ئኙ
ՖऱᦞܓΔࠟृᒤࠀլઌٵΔࠡႛਢீֱॴথآګڣᖂسሔ֘ધ৳ऱપޔΔ
ᚨڶٽطΖڇፂᖂீધ৳ࡉ఼ݧऱطՂΔڕ࣠࿇سኔᔆऱեឫΔᖂீ
ܛױࡳࡉપޔᖂسऱ۩Ζீֱഗ࣍ધ৳ࡉ఼ݧऱፂΔױאኙᖂسၞ۩ჼΔ ࠀኙᖂسऱឆߏᦞڶࢬૻࠫΖ
2.ٽᖆऱჼᏁࠠໂψٽطωࢨψٽᡖጊωऱٙࢨᆖᖂسٵრΖ
ঞՂΔீֱڶψٽطωΰreasonable causeαΔ༉ױאኙᖂسףאჼΙֆ مᖂீऱჼΔլؘฤٽψઌᅝطωΰprobable causeαऱᣤᑑᄷΖլመᅝᤞ ኘտԵჼழΔ༉ؘႊฤٽψઌᅝطωऱᖆऄᑑᄷΖᜤ߶່ऄೃ്ኙԳا ऱԫჼூٙΔؘႊഗ࣍ࠡڶሔ֘ऄ৳ऱψઌᅝطωፖ࠷ჼחΔթױף אჼΙլመᖂீኙᖂسऱჼٙΔᚨᇠڶࢬଥإΔഗ࣍ψٽᡖጊωΔ༉
ױאሒࠩᖂீჼࡉࣅᖂسऱإᅝࢤΖᜤ߶່ऄೃᇭᤩψٽᡖጊωऱრᆠΔ
ࠀॺψኙᒔࡳڶሔऄࠃኔژڇωΔۖਢψڶךٝױ౨Ε܀լᒔࡳࠃኔژڇፖܡωΖ 3.ൕऄೃऱߠᇞΔױवऄೃڇܒެᖂீኙᖂسऱჼூٙΔࢬආ࠷ऱᑑᄷለ
ᐈᠾΖԫਙࢌ۩ਙԳࢨᤞኘऱჼΔؘႊڶჼחࠀڶψઌᅝطωΔթ ױאၞ۩Ζ܀ਢீֱኙᖂسऱჼΔٽψٽطωࢨψٽᡖጊωΔ༉ױ
ၞ۩ჼΔۖլሔહᖆऄรଥإூኙᖂسऱঅᎽΖڼڂ२ڣࠐΔீႼխൄڶᖂ س؈ݧऱൣउ࿇سΰڕᢐढᛒشፖᑊԺحᆞαΔ࣋ᐈᖂீኙᖂسჼऱᑑᄷԯؘ
Ζኔ೭ՂΔჼڇֆمᖂீᆖൄ࿇سΔڕ࣠ڶჼחթ౨ฤٽٙΔࠀլᔞ ٽᖂீऱᛩቼΔՈե௫Աᖂீऱᡕݹ࿓ݧፖ఼ݧऱمܛፂΖᜤ߶່ऄೃ٨נ ٽऱჼؘႊฤٽՀ٨ࠟႈޣΚ1.ீֱԫၲࡨኙᖂسჼ༉ڶإᅝطΔᤚ
ჼױאބנᖂسሔऄࢨሔ֘ீऱᢞᖕΖ2.ீֱኙᖂسჼऱᒤΕආ࠷ऱ
ֱऄፖჼऱؾᑑΔᚨီᖂسऱࢤܑࡉڣۖࡳΔฤٽֺࠏঞΖ
4.ᜤ߶ऄೃᎁڕ࣠ਢֆၲຫ٨ࢨᑊڇֆၲࢬऱࠃढΔ༉ڶطޣ ឆߏᦞΖᐉᖂீऱ۩ΔਢܡዌګჼΔԯഗ࣍ψ堚ᄑߠωऱঞΖڇڼ
ঞՀΔᖂீࢨڠऱ۩ਙԳΔڕ࣠ࠩࢨኘᤚᖂسڶሔ֘ீࢨحᆞऱᢞᖕΔ༉
ױאኙࠡჼΖຍଡψ堚ᄑߠωঞΔױאឩՕᔞش࣍ڠ۩ਙԳΔܓش࠺
ࡉᜢଃࠐኘᤚሔᆃΔڕႸፊՕऱ࠺Ζڼ؆Δ٣ၞऱሽૠࡉ࿇୶ऱݾ
ΔᏺൎԱԳᣊऱवᤚΔۖࠌψ堚ᄑߠωऱঞڶࢬۼΔۖլዌګჼΖլ መຍࠄૠࡉݾऱࠌشΔՈॺ٤ຝױא֧شψ堚ᄑߠωऱঞΖڇڼঞՀ
ீֱޣᖂسඉ़ՑΕๅൾ۪ࣚ൷࠹ߪ᧯ᛀࢨܓشႸׅჼᛀΔຟዌګᖆ ऄรଥإூऱჼ۩Δۖሔ֘ᖂسឆߏᦞऱᨠཚඨΖ
5.ᖂسءԳૉٵრ൷࠹ჼΔঞᖂீऱ۩༉լીॿحࠡឆߏᦞΖլመࢬᘯ ٵრ൷࠹ჼΔؘႊਢנ࣍ᖂس۞طრݳऱٵრΔڕ࣠ீֱאౡΕஎᚕऱֱڤΔ
ޣᖂسٵრ൷࠹ჼΔঞီྤயΖڕ࣠ᢞᖕऱ࠷ॺऄჼΔᖕψᢞᖕ ඈೈऄঞωΔאॺऄࢬ࠷ऱᢞᖕΔڇ္ՂԯྤயΖீֱլאॺऄჼࢬ
հᢞᖕፆᖂسΖ
6.ኙᖂسኔਜݟྒྷᇢലዌګรଥإூࢬጠհჼΔڂڼႊᙅښψٽ
ڂωऱޣΔլٚრޣၞ۩ݟᛀ᧭Ζᖂீᅝݝഗ࣍ψଡܑᡖጊωۖኙᖂس
ၞ۩ݟྒྷᇢΔऄೃڍᄎףא֭Ζ܀ڕࠠڶψ૰֊ऱਙࢌܓ墿ωΔԫ۩ਙᖲᣂ
ޣᢐढྒྷᇢΔאኙࡳᆢ᧯ऱګᛀྒྷΔۖլؘഗ࣍ଡܑᡖጊΖ۟࣍ᖂ౨ ܡլഗ࣍ଡܑᡖጊΔۖኙᖂீሎ೯ᙇ֫٤૿ࢨᙟᖲףאᢐढྒྷᇢΔᜤ߶ऄೃհၴ
ऱऄࠀլԫીΖ܀ਢᜤ߶່ऄೃ່ึڇ 1995 ڣऱ Vernonia ூխΔܒࡳኙᖂீ
ሎ೯ᙇ֫հᢐढྒྷᇢΔഗءՂΔࠀآሔ֘ᖆऄรଥإூհࡳΖঞՂΔᖂ
ڕ࣠ኙሎ೯ᙇ֫ࢨፖᓰ؆೯հᖂسኔਜݟྒྷᇢΔᚨ֗ᖂسऱឆߏᦞፖ إᅝ࿓ݧᦞܓΖ༼ࠎᖂسޓڍऱঅᎽΔࠀൎᓳྒྷᇢؾऱૹڇए᛭ΔۖॺᡕݹΔࠀ༼
נᢞᖕᎅࣔᖂփᢐढᛒشऱᣤૹࢤΖڕڼթ౨૾܅ऄೃܒެࠡሔᖆऱױ౨ࢤΖ 7.ڇჼֱ૿ΔீֱڶᦞאψٽطωჼᖂسΖೈԱଗᖂسشऱᖂீ
ತข؆ΰڕᚏढ឵ΕோαΔᖂீՈױኙڇீႼխऱᖂسߏڶತขΰڕ߫Ε۪
ࣚՑαၞ۩ჼΖீֱڶψٽطωࢨψଡܑᡖጊωΔᖂسլࢴᖂ
ீհჼΖڇჼழΔჼृᚨܫवჼհڂፖ࿓ݧΔאᨃᖂسڶࢬᛵᇞΖ 8.ऄೃኙᖂீ۩ਙृڍီਢଡԳΔۖॺਙࢌࡴࢨזԳΖڂڼΔรᖆ ऄଥإூխࢬࡳऱჼࠃছ೯܂Δீֱլؘݙ٤ᙅ۩Ζ࿇ࢨᦫᎅᖂس
ڶٲ୭ᖂீऱढΰ֠ࠡਢαΔ݁ױղאჼΖჼழΔࡵޣᖂس٣ലࣟ۫
ඉנΔۖլؘᘣ۞ჼߪΖๅ۪ჼߪԫऄೃࢬඈ؞ΔೈॺڶψઌᅝطωΔܡঞ լᚨհۖჾ୭ࠩԳࢤ༇ᣤΖངߢհΔࠡኔਜٙለԫჼޓᣤ᠃Ζ
9.ჼऱطࡵፖ۩೯հՕ՛ٽΖऄೃঞՂ֭ኙᖑڶृၞ۩ჼ
ΖྥۖૉൾԱ༓Ⴧᙒࢨ՛ढܛՕ്ቔΔჼհݮڤᚨ٣ᛀီᖂسऱڣΕ ࢤܑፖګᑵ৫ۖࡳΔܡঞீֱৰ୲࣐ඓ္Ζᖂسૉਢ္ΔՈڶᦞޣீֱᓽᚍ ჾ؈ΖངߢհΔჼհ֡৫ؘႊီᡖጊհࠃኔۖڶࢬ࠷ඍΖመᅝլٽֺࠏऱჼΔ ܛࠌᖂீհشრڇፂᥨீႼ఼ݧΔՈڍլऄೃࢬ֭Ζ
10.ᤞֱឈਢਙࢌזԳΔ܀ૉਢ࠰ܗீֱၞ۩ჼΔՈլႊ࠹ᖆऄรଥ إூऱપޔΖഗءՂΔᤞֱፖኙᖂسհჼױ։ࠟᣊΔԫጟਢᄎٵீֱհჼ
Δԫጟਢڇᤞֱ೯ޣՀၞ۩ჼΖছृฤٽψٽᡖጊωհᑑᄷܛױΙ
৵ृঞؘႊࠠڶψઌᅝطωΔࠀڶჼปΔթ౨ኙᖂسၞ۩ჼΖჼᣊীհ լٵΔࢬᏁࠠໂऱᑑᄷՈڶࢬլٵΖ
ણ҂͛ᚥ
ࣥܓ॒ΰαΰ2001αΖW. Burnham ထΖ़छݲᏲ፣ΖፕקΚցᅃΖ
౸वոΰ1984αΖछᏴݲᇄᏴࢇΖፕקΚԿاΖ
ኄᆢΰ1988αΖભഏ່ऄೃܒࠏኙඒߛᐙհ։࣫ΖछТѐȂ4ΰ7αΔ104-117Ζ
്اࣧΰ1993αΖछᖒ٤ݲᏰҡՌҥ᠌րٽϞंـΖഏمፕஃᒤՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬጚ Փᓵ֮ΔآנठΔፕקΖ
ແ഼ګΰ1991αΖछᏴݲംనភဎΖፕקΚԿاΖ ᑰፂՕΰ1995αΖ़छݲᏲᖿဎΖፕקΚᅗᘋΖ
Ꮵᐜոΰ2000αΖछఀى८ंـΖፕקΚഏمඒߛᇷற塢Ζ
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Bellnier v. Lund, 438 F. Supp. 47 (N.D.N.Y.1977).
Bilbrey v. Brown, 738 F.2d 1462 (9th Cir. 1984).
Brooks v. East Chambers Consol. Indep. School Dist., 730 F. Supp. 759 (S. D. Tex. 1989).
Burnham v. West, 681 F. Supp. 1160 (E.D. Va. 1987).
Cason v. Cook, 810 F.2d 188 (8th Cir. 1987).
Doe v. Renfrow, 631 F.2d 91 (7th Cir. 1980).
Horton v. Goose Greek Indep. School Dist., 690 F.2d 470 (5th Cir. 1982).
Jones v. Latexo Independent School Dis. 499 F. Supp. 223 (E.D. Tex. 1980).
Johnson v. U.S. 333 U.S. 10 (1947).
M. M. v. Anker, 607 F.2d 588 (2d Cir. 1979).
Martens v. District No. 220, Bd. of Educ., 620 F. Supp. 29 (D.C. Ill. 1985).
National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab, 489 U.S. 656 (1989).
New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325 (1985).
People v. Overton, 229 N.E.2d 596, 598 (N.Y. 1967 ).
Picha v. Wielgos, 410 F. Supp. 1214 (D.C. Ill. 1976).
Potts v. Wright, 357 F. Supp. 215 (E.D. Pa. 1973).
Rone v. Daviess County Bd. of Educ., 655 S.W.2d 28 (Ky. Ct. App. 1983).
Schaill v. Tippecanoe County School Corp., 864 F.2d 1309 (7th Cir. 1988).
Shamberg v. State of Alsaka, 762 P.2d 488 (Ala. App. 1988).
Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive’s Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602 (1989).
State v. Baccino, 282 A.2d 869 (Del. Super. 1971).
State v. Brooks, 718 P.2d 837 (Wash. Ct. App. 1986).
State v. D.T.W., 425 So.2d 1383 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1983).
State v. Joseph T., 336 S.E.2d 728 (W. Va. 1985).
State v. Mckinnon, 558 P.2d 781 (Wash. 1977).
State v. Slattery, 787 P.2d 932 (Wash. Ct. App. 1990).
State v. Stein, 456 P.2d 12 (Kan. 1969).
Tarter v. Raybuck, 742 F.2d 977, 980 (6th Cir. 1984).
Vernonia Sch. Dis. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646 (1995).
Williams By Williams v. Ellington, 936 F.2d 881 (6th Cir. 1991).
Wynn v. Bd. of Educ. of Vestavia Hills, 508 So.2d 1170 (Ala. 1987).
Zamora v. Pomeroy, 639 F.2d 662 (1981).
