1. 漢語動詞主要陳述 (major statement for Chinese verbs)
動詞是句子中心，動詞的及物性關係是普遍性的，在不同語種之際也可 類推。漢語的一般語序是「主語＋動詞＋賓語」，但也常因為要傳遞或凸顯 的訊息，而常藉助語序之變動來滿足此使用需求。
A verb is the center of a sentence, and its transitivity is universal among different languages. The regular word order in Chinese is Subj.-Verb-Obj., but often changed as the focuses of information in a sentence swift.
1. 動詞和名詞關係：動詞決定了所在句有幾個名詞；及物動詞帶出一個動 詞前名詞，也就是句主語，及動後詞名詞，也就是句賓語。不及物動詞 則有動前名詞作為主語伴隨動詞出現。不過漢語動後賓語可能由於句子 訊息功能需要而移位到動詞前面，因此動詞也有可能出現在句末，而其 前面由句主語和賓語兩個名詞帶領。此外，也由於漢語的代名詞可以因 為一定的條件省略，以及當主語為新訊息時會移位到存現動詞的後面，
所以動詞也可能在某些句中出現於句首。
Verb-Noun relationship: the verb in a sentence decides how many and what kinds of the noun/s in it. A transitive verb will be preceded by a noun, which is the syntactic subject, and another noun to follow, the syntactic object. The object, originally following the verb, could be promoted to the front of a sentence;
25 英文部分謝謝台大 ICLP 學生施道衛 David Stehura 之校正與重譯
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therefore, possibly there are 2 nouns in the beginning of a sentence to lead a verb.
Besides, pronouns in Chinese could be omitted given a certain condition, and also when the subj. of an existential verb represents a new information, the subj. will go after the the verb; therefore, again, a verb might appear in the very beginning of a sentence.
2. 動詞之修飾語：漢語句子結構一般為「主語＋動詞＋賓語」類型的語言，
其修飾語通常置於被修飾語前，因此漢語的動詞修飾語，包括副詞、時 間詞、地點詞通常也放在動詞前。
Modifiers of verbs: a regular sentence order in Chinese generally goes with
“Subj.-Verb-Obj.”. In this kind of order, a modifier for each part of speech will be put in front of the modified, so the modifiers for verbs, including adverbs, time words and place words go before a verb.
3. 漢語動詞不具型態變化：漢語的動詞，與漢語的其他詞類一樣，不反映 主語的數量，不反映時制，但有一些方式可表現時態，這些標記可能分 別出現於動詞前或動詞後。
The Chinese verbs, as the other parts of speech in Chinese, do not change their forms to show the subject-verb-agreement or tenses. Yet still there are other ways to mark the aspects or tenses, and they could appear before or after the verbs, depending on different markers.
4. 漢語動詞有三大主要類別：動作動詞、狀態動詞、變化動詞。
There are 3 major categories of verbs in Chinese: Action verbs, State verbs, Process verbs.
A. 動作動詞：用以表達生理動作或活動，以及心理活動。 Action verbs: to indicate physical actions and movements, and mental activities.
a. 動作動詞的否定修飾有”不”、”沒”兩類；前者表慣性及意志，
後者表動作或活動未發生。
b. 動作動詞可計算動作持續(或不持續)的起迄時間量。
c. 動作動詞可計算次數及頻率。
d. 動作動詞可陳述動作或活動發生的方位、方向、起點、終點 e. 動作動詞可以由動後名詞來說明動作或活動之內容，或動作是
否獲致結果，或動作是否為一次性，或動作如何處置某物事物
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(利用「把字式」)。
f. 動作動詞可受方式副詞、情態副詞、工具副詞修飾。
g. 動作動詞因係表現動態，故可結合動前或動後成分表現動態，
包括表現開始、完成、進行與持續的時態及時制標記。
h. 動作動詞可用於命令祈使字句中。
Features of Action verbs-
a. Negative modifiers for action verbs: both 不 and 沒 are applicable, but with different functions-- the former to indicate habitual or volitional actions, and the latter, none-action taken place.
b. Duration of an action could be indicated.
c. How many times and how often for the action could be indicated.
d. The meaning of an action involves in locations, directions, sources and goals.
e. Object of action verbs could supply further meaning of the verbs: the content of actions, or whether the action will get a result, or whether the action is semal-factive(sustaining a short while only), or how the doer deals with the objects by the actions (by disposal construction 把 structure).
f. Modifiers of action verbs: adverbs to indicate manners, attitudes or tools of actions can be used to give details of the actions.
g. Verb aspect markers could be used to indicate the beginning, continuation as well as completion of actions.
h. Action verbs could be used in an imperative sentence.
B. 狀態動詞：狀態動詞呈現的是事物性質或狀態，表達靜態的、非活 動的意義。漢語狀態動詞包括形容詞，也就是說，形容詞屬於狀態 動詞的一個小類。
State verbs: to express a quality or state. Note: adjectives in Chinese is one sub-category of state verbs.
a. 狀態動詞僅適用否定修飾副詞”不”。
b. 狀態動詞沒有必要也不能結合表達動態的動詞前、後成分，亦 即，狀態一般來說不與時態、時制標記共現。
c. 狀態動詞可受程度副詞修飾；程度副詞是用來表現狀態的加強
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程度的副詞。如果狀態動詞在單句中，程度副詞為必要。
d. 狀態不能表現某事物受到何種處置，故狀態動詞不會出現於「把 字式」中。
e. 狀態動詞一般不能用於命令祈使句中。
Features of State verbs—
a. Negation modifier of a state verb: 不 only.
b. No tenses or aspects for a state verb, although there are a few exceptions.
c. State verbs usually modified by degree adverbs/intensifiers; an intensifier is a must in an isolated sentence using state verbs; otherwise there’s a meaning of contrast.
d. A state verb cannot go with a 把-construction.
e. Usually a state verb cannot be used in an imperative sentence, although there are exceptions.
C. 變化動詞：比起動作、狀態動詞，變化動詞的數量有限；變化動詞 用在句子裡的條件和現象與動作、狀態動詞各有異同。
a. 變化動詞的意義在於表達兩種狀態間的轉變，故為非靜態，具 有動態性，因此變化動詞動後、句末總和”了”共現。
b. 變化動詞受否定副詞”沒”的修飾。
c. 變化動詞和動作動詞一樣，可以計算次數。
d. 部分變化動詞和狀態動詞一樣，可受程度副詞修飾。
e. 變化動詞可結合表示完成的時態標記，但不能結合表達持續的 時態標記。
f. 變化動詞不能用於祈使句。
Features of Process verbs—
a. A process verb indicates a change of different states, so it shows something dynamic, and therefore, a change-of-state”了” always co-occurr with a process verb.
b. Negation modifier of a process verb: 沒 only.
c. You can indicate how many times of the change of something by a process verb.
d. Some process verbs can be modified by an intensifier.
e. A process verb cannot be used in an imperative sentence.
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D. 漢語形容詞：是屬於狀態動詞的一個動詞次類，因此可以直接作為 句子的謂語。
Chinese adjectives belong to a sub-category of state verbs; they could server the role of a predicate in a sentence.
E. 離合詞：漢語有一類動詞的內部組合成分為動詞、名詞，而兩個成 分可分離，兩個成分間可插入時態、定語、數量詞。
Separable words are a special sub-category in Chinese verbs; their internal structure is a combination of a verb and a noun, and different elements, such as aspects, modifiers and number plus measure words could be inserted in between the 2 syllables.
2. 漢語動詞用法附註 (usage notes of Chinese verbs)
A. 句子主語：在一般句式也就是沒有特殊凸顯需要的句子中，動詞主語出 現於動詞前，主語屬性取決於動詞，例如[有/無生命]。動作動詞的主語 意義上必須[＋意志性]，狀態和變化動詞的主語意義是[─意志性]。
Subject requirement: Without any need for emphasis, a Chinese sentence begins with a noun; the feature of the noun, the subject of the sentence, is decided by the verb to follow: an actions verb requires a volitional subject, while a state verb and process verb requires a non-volitional subject.
B. 動作動詞與方向：動作因其意義，可分為帶方向及不帶方向兩類；帶方 向的一類又可分為外向和內向。外向動作動詞的動後名詞意義上是動詞 的受事，僅外向動詞可用在「把字式」中表達動作對於特定事物的處置 方式或結果。
Directions: Action verbs could be divided into 2 kinds: with and without directions;
with directions, there are outward and inward ones. Only the outward ones could be used in a 把 construction with a 了 only and no need for any other post-verb elements, meaning disposal of certain objects.
C. 動作動詞與方位：有一小類的動詞，因其詞義，常和方位詞語一起出現 在句中；漢語中的方位詞由「在」結合一個地方或地點名詞而成。這類 的動詞，當它們結合了「在＋方位名詞」後，表達進行時態時，就由”V 著”來表示。
Location-built-in: a locative meaning is built in one sub-category of Chinese verbs,
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so they often co-occur with a locational phrase, usu. lead by “在”. These verbs occur with 著 when the aspect marker of continuousness is needed.
D. 動作動詞與時態：漢語以動詞前的「在」來表示動作或活動的進行，或 以動詞後的”著”來表達動作或活動的持續。不是每個動作動詞都能自由 地結合這兩個進行或持續標記。
Progressive aspect marker 在 and continuous aspect marker 著: it depends on different verb sub-category to collocate with 在 or 著。
E. 狀態動詞標記：在沒有任何強調作用的陳述句單句中，”很”或其他程度 副詞修飾狀態動詞是必要的，但”很”作為程度加強詞語的意義已不一定 存在。
When no need for emphasis, 很 to modify a state verb is a must; therefore, sometimes the meaning for 很 as an intensifier is reduced.
F. 形容詞是狀態動詞的次類，在句子裡有兩種功能，分別是謂語和定語，
但有些形容詞僅能作謂語，有些僅能作定語。
Adjectives are a sub-category of state verbs, and usually they are 2 grammar functions for adjectives: modifiers and predicates. Yet, some of the adjectives could serve either as an modifier or a predicate only.
G. 變化動詞與狀態動詞的互通：變化動詞，由於詞義之特性，總是帶著”
了”。而狀態動詞帶句末”了”時也同樣表現了變化的意義。
Process verbs and state verbs both appear the same when state verbs involve a change and therefore collocate with a 了。
3. 可用與不可用 (Dos and Don’ts)
A. 狀態動詞與時態標記：除少數例外情形，狀態動詞不結合時態標記。
With a few exceptions, state verbs don’t go with aspect markers.
B. 狀態動詞不計算次數，可計算時間長度。
State verbs don’t count for how many times, but for how long.
C. 變化動詞與程度副詞：變化動詞可分為瞬間變化和漸進式變化兩類，前 者不結合任何程度副詞，後者則可結合程度副詞”稍微”表現改變的程度。
There are 2 sub-categories of process verbs: one indicates an absolute change and doesn’t go with any intensifiers, while the other, indicating relative changes, could be modified by intensifier “稍微”。
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