部位的示範、教導、解說、對比等等教 學策 略 ， 把學 生誘導 到 他 們能 感 知 (perceive)兩者母音之差異為止。之後再 經過不斷的練習，練習不建議侷限於單 詞或語音的反覆(drill)，建議透過句子層 次的溝通情境，達到收放自如的境界。
前述的覺知為聽力的辨識基礎，練習為 口說(produce)的面向。語音的學習或習 得 要 能 聽 與 說 (perception and production)兼顧，方稱完整。第二，要 相信語音是可以學會的，這是基本的教 學信念。國內的英語教學特別側重句子 分析或文法結構，鮮少投入語音的重 視，尤其是自然發音法(phonics)教學法 流行以來，字母教學融入發音，而例字 或例詞都以單音節為鵠的，使學生對於 重音與母音之間的變化頗為陌生，進而 使 台 灣 學 生 的 英 語 語 流 (utterance) 不 順，語音咬字失準，帶有濃厚的台灣腔 (Taiwanese accents)。
參考文獻
包懷楚與林茂燦（2014）。 實驗 語音學概要，增訂版。 北京：北京大 學出版社。
朱曉農（2010）。聲韻學。北京：
商務印書館。
石峰（2009）。實驗音系學探索。
北京：北京大學出版社。
吳國賢（1997）。英語發音教學。
臺北：文鶴出版有限公司。
張秀絹（2000）。排灣語參考語 法。臺北：遠流出版社。
曹逢甫（1993）。應用語言學的探 索。臺北：文鶴出版有限公司。
鄭靜宜（2011）。語音聲學-說話聲 音的科學。臺北：心理出版社。
董同龢（1987）。漢語音韻學。臺 北：文史哲出版社。
鍾榮富（2006）。當代語言學概 論。臺北：五南出版社。
鍾榮富（2009）。對比分析與華語 教學。臺北：正中書局。
鍾榮富（2011）。華語語音及教 學。臺北：正中書局。
鍾榮富（2014）。屏東縣志：社會 型態與社會構成。頁36。屏東縣政府 編印。
Adank, P., R. vern Hout, R. Smits.
2004. An acoustic description of the vowels of Northern and Southern Standard Dutch. Journal of Acoustical Society of American 43:1729-1738.
Adank, Patti. 2003. Vowel normalization. Wageningen: Ponsen &
Looijen.
Chang, Y. N. (2007). Chinese Learners’ Perception of the vowels- e, ei, and ou in English by Contrastive Analysis. Unpublished master’s thesis.
National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Cheng, Chin-chuan. 1973. A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Monographs on Linguistic Analysis No. 4. The Hague: Mouton.
Chung, Raung-Fu.(2013). A Course in Linguistics. Taipei: Comsmo Culture Ltd.
Davidson, Lisa. 2011. Phonetic and phonological factors in the second language production of phonemes and phonotactics. Language and Linguistics Science 5 (2):126-139.
Flege, J. E. (1981). The phonological basis of foreign accent: a hypothesis. TESOL Quarterly, 15, 443-455.
Flege, J. E. (1987). The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47-65.
Flege, James E. (2004). Language contact in bilingualism: Phonetic system interactions, Laboratory Phonology 9.
P.353-381.
Flege, James E., & Hillenbrand, J.
(1987). Limits on phonetic accuracy in foreign language speech production. In Ioup, G. & S. Weinberger (EDS.)176-203. Cambridge: Newbury House.
Hayward, Katrina. (2000).
Experimental Phonetics. London:
Longman.
Hillenbrand, J. & Getty, L. A ., Clark, M. J.& Wheeler, K. (1995).
Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Vol.
97, No. 5, Pt. 1, May 1995, 3099-3111.
Kent ,D., and Read, C. (2002.) The Acoustic Analysis of Speech. Australia:
Singular/Thomson Learning.
Ladefoged, Peter, and Ian Maddieson. 1996. The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Blackwell.
Ladefoged, Peter. 2002. [1982]. A Course in Phonetics. (the 4th edition).
Tx: Harcourt College Publishers.
Lado, R. (1957). Linguistic across Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Lado, R. and C.C. Fries. (1958).
Teaching and Learning of English as a Foreign Language. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press.
Lai, Yi-Hsiu. 2005. Phonolgical Constraints as Filters in Second Language Acquisition: an Empirical Study on Vowel Production and Perception. Unpublished. Kaohsiung:
National Kaohsiung Normal University dissertation.
Laver, John. 1994. Principles of Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, Keith. (1997). Acoustic and auditory phonetics. New York:
Blackwell.
Chen, Mei-lien.(1995) A contrastive analysis of English sounds of Taiwanese EFL students. MA thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
O’Brien, Mary Garntham and L. C.
Smith. (2010). Role of first language dialect in the production of second language German vowels. IRAL 48:297-330.
Odlin, T. (1989). Language Transfer: Cross-linguistic influence in language learning, New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Olive, J, P., Greenwood, A. &
Coleman, J. (1993). Acoustics of American English Speech. P.104. New York: Springer.
Pan, Ho-hsien. 2004. Nasality in Taiwanese. Language and speech 24:267-296.
Reinisch, E. and L. L. Holt. 2014.
Lexically guided phonetic returning of foreign-accented speech and its generalization. Published online.
Strange, Strange, W., Bohn, O.,Trent, S. and Nishi.(2003) Acoustic and perceptional similarity of North German and American English vowels.
Acoustical Society of America 43.71:1791-1807.
Fabricuis, Anne H. 2009. A comparison of three speaker-intrinsic vowel formant frequency normalization algorithms for sociophonetics. Language Variation and Change, 21 (2009), 413–435.
Yeh, S. C. (2011) Issues in Paiwan Phonology. Ph.D Thesis. National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Yip, V. (1995). Interlanguage and Learnability from Chinese to English.Philidelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Yu, L. J. (2009) The Acoustic Characteristics of Consonants and Vowels in Isbubukun Bunun. Master’s Thesis. National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Huang, Yao-huang. 2003. An acoustic study of the Hakka tones. MA thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Flecher, H. 1940. Auditory patterns.
Review of Modern Physics 12:47-65.
Zwicker, E. 1961. Subdivision of the audible frequency range into critical bands as a funcito of frequency. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 33:248.