回顧本研究的目的,The Last Resort 在題材上是以追尋想像力的歷程為主 軸,敘述一名想像力盡失的畫家,在踏入「絕地大飯店」後,由於好奇心的驅使,
於是在細心的觀察和思考過程中,他的想像力逐一地浮現,最後終於尋回。繪者 以自傳式的風格陳述其個人的經驗,分享其想像力失而復得的過程,其手法特 殊,全文沒有任何說教,沒有刻意提供任何方法或給予任何指引的意圖。繪者與 作者所建構出的奇幻故事旅程,經筆者研究分析,其在創作策略上運用的概念及 觀點包含有互文性、超文性、超現實主義、象徵主義及符號學等,俾使故事在表 現上充滿多義性(圖及文字)。在創作方法上,則表現出「繪本小說化」的敘事 特色。
The Last Resort 在「作者-文本-讀者」間展現了更多元化,且具創意性的
閱讀,促使讀者更進一步思索想像力和靈感的啟發,提供讀者們在創作路途上一 種指引與演示。本書在圖像表現上,綜合了象徵性和超現實等風格,在圖像配置 上,則運用蒙太奇式的分鏡技巧,採用主題剪接和連戲剪接的方式,以遠鏡頭、
廣角鏡頭、仰角、俯角等鏡頭中的分鏡技巧,此多樣化的表現方法,目的皆在營 造氛圍的表現。從符號學的角度來看,圖像作為敘述的表述體,和文字一樣都是 訴說故事的元素,同樣具備互文性和超文性特質,繪者及作者透過圖畫書的創 作,所欲表達的想像力主題,說出了插畫家與詩人如何設計「想像力喪失與回復」
的歷程。
The Last Resort 在圖像與文字方面所呈現的多重互文指涉,其目的是為了延 展讀者的想像力,藉以達到激發創作靈感的意義。多方閱讀、汲取養分,是藝文 創作者所必須時常突破,自我勉勵並求取更多敏銳度和創新等思維。沒有翻閱他 人的作品作為參考,則沒有創新可言,自行創作的思想來源還是立基於那些現有
(或過去)的作品,好比學書法,在開始之初仍需要臨帖效仿前人的筆跡,幾番 練習取得精髓後,方能從中求取變化、創新,最後自成一格。學琴、練唱等各門
藝術皆然,鮮少人可以憑空創造新鮮事物,再成功的藝術和文學創作往往還是有
149 Nodelman, Perry. Words about Pictures, p. 246.
限,勿拒絕接收不同文類、不同領域的知識,切勿自我設限,應廣泛涉獵方能啟 發更多創意和靈感。此外,在創作的路途上,重視回顧經典的重要性同樣不可忽 略,其用意在於發掘更多未被讀出的內容。透過對本書的分析,得以讓我們更加 了解圖、文中的互文性特質,將其應用於創作或改寫的途徑上別具意義與價值,
讓人們充滿更多不同的想像和創造,啟發藝文創作者的靈感。
研究末了,筆者以為,閱讀完
The Last Resort
這本圖畫書,對兒童而言,除 了享受樂趣外,對成人來說,無疑開創出一條使讀者更加了解自己的僻境,在兒 童文學的創作路上亦別具啟發性。認識並熟用互文性這樣的創作風格無疑是一種 樂趣,也將學習到更多自我發掘的途徑。參考書目
壹、 中文資料(依作者姓名筆劃排列)
一、 研究文本
Innocenti, Roberto (Illustrate) & Lewis, J. Patrick (Text).
The Last Resort
, Creative Edition, (Mankato, MN), 2002.英諾桑提圖。J‧P‧路易思文。黃聿君譯。《絕地大飯店》。台北市:格林文化。
2002。
二、 對照文本
Andersen, Hans Christian(安徒生)著。任溶溶譯。《安徒生童話》〈人魚公主〉。 台北市:台灣麥克。2005。
Brown, Dan(丹‧布朗),《達文西密碼》(
The Da Vinci Code
)(台北市:時報文化,2003 年)。
Calvino, Italo(伊塔羅‧卡爾維諾)著。紀大偉譯。《樹上的男爵》。台北市:時 報文化。1998。
Dickinson, Emily(艾蜜莉‧狄金生)著。George W. Lytle(賴傑威)&董恆秀 譯/
評。《艾蜜莉狄金生詩選》。台北市:貓頭鷹。2001。
Dumas, Alexandre(大仲馬)著。韓滬麟、周克希縮寫。《基督山恩仇錄》。台北縣:
業強。1994。
Eco, Umberto(安柏托‧艾可)著。謝瑤玲譯。《玫瑰的名字》。台北市:皇冠。
2000。
Melville, Herman(梅爾維爾)著。陳雅莉編譯。《白鯨記》。台南市:企鵝圖書。
2007。
Saavedra, Miguel de Cervantes(塞萬提斯)著。齊霞飛編譯。《唐吉軻德的故事》。 台北市:志文。2003。
Simenon, Georges(喬治‧西默農)著。孫桂榮譯。《黃狗》。台北縣:木馬文化。
2003。
Stevenson, Robert Louis(史蒂文生)著。蘇瑞英譯。《金銀島》。台南市:企鵝圖 書。2007。
Sparks, Nicholas(尼可拉斯‧史派克)。林說俐譯。《瓶中信》。台北市:時報文化
。
1999。
Spyri, Johanna(瓊安娜‧史派莉)著。歐綾纖總編輯。《阿爾卑斯少女~海蒂》台
Valli 原著。嚴湘如譯。《聖修伯里永遠的小王子》。台北市:時報
eres, Nathalie des 文化。2005。
三、 論述專書 es, Roland(羅蘭 商鼎。1992。
北市:麥田文化。2005。
bell, Joseph(約瑟夫‧坎伯)著。朱侃如譯。《
Thousand Faces
)。台北縣:立緒文化。1997。美術。2006。
er, Edward Morgan(弗斯特)。李 台北市:志文。1998 新版。
Friedländer, Max J.(斐利蘭德)。梁春生譯。《藝術與鑑賞》。台北市:遠流。1989。
netti, Lou 2005。
s, Gunther & Van Leeuwen, Theo 著。桑尼譯
基本原理》。台北市:亞太出版。2000。
e, David(大衛‧洛吉)著。李維
Lodg 拉譯。《小說的五十堂課》(
The Art of Fiction
)。Samovault, Tiphaine(蒂費納‧薩莫瓦約)著。邵煒譯。《互文性研究》。天津:天
Thacker, Deborah Cogan & Webb, Jean著。楊雅捷、林盈蕙譯。《兒童文學導論/從
02。
貳、 西文資料
ersen dossier, "Illustrator Fina
And list: Roberto Innocenti, Italy," Bookbird, September,
Baige gh, Richard.
The Holy Blood and The Holy Grail
, (Random81.
Hyn ew of The Last Resort). New York
Nodel ry. Words about Pictures. (The University of Georgia Press, Athens),
ilvey, Anita.
2004, p. 22.
nt, Michael & Lei House), 1982.
Cart, Michael. “Review of The Last Resort,” Booklist, February 1, 2003, p. 9 Grey, Zane. Riders of the Purple Sage, (Courier Dover Publications), 2003.
es, James. "Who Are These People?" (Revi Times Book Review, November 17, 2002.
man, Per 1988.
Publishers Weekly. The Last Resort. July 29, 2002, p. 72.
S Children’s Books and Their Creators. (Houghton Mifflin), 1995.
詢時間先後排序)
J. Patrack L
/teachers.sh (2007/7/22)。
為什麼說烏鴉象徵著和平與壽,
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/30057609.html?fr=qrl(2008/04/05)。
出版之門:台灣格林童書在波隆那書展獲獎,
.hk/news/newsdetail.asp?textid=A010000200304250 01(2008/04/10)。
http://www.publishing.com
主義:
象徵
i/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wik B9%89(2008/04/22)。
http://cwenglish.zww.cn/show.asp?Id=176 納尼亞魔法王國的締造者:C. S.路易思:
(2008/05/02)。
關於
.nthu.edu.tw/arts/shows/spring/background.html 表現主義 (Expressionism),
http://vm (2008/05/02)。
波光瀲灩15:── 20 世紀法國文學 站在高處瞧看人類――沙特(Jean-Paul Sartre ,1905~1980),
http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/news/2257/3/3522218/20030801142022/
(2008/06/15)本文節錄刊載於《國語日報•5•少年文藝》2003 年 7 月 31 日。
屠鯨 合文學【星
info.org.tw/reviewer/chia/2004/ch04051601.htm
、護鯨、賞鯨、海洋健康兼論《白鯨記》(四)-本文同時收錄於聯 移幾度】
,http://e-(2007/08/27)。
附錄一:作者訪談
通訊地址:485 Legacy Drive Westerville, OH 43082
電話/傳真:614-839-5840 電子信箱:[email protected] 網址:www.jpatricklewis.com
1. J‧P‧路易思,電子信件訪談,2007 年 11 月 22 日。
以下 J‧P‧路易思所回覆的內容以粗體字標示。
Q: About this book, the characters came first or the pictures came first ?
A: Roberto Innocenti's art came first. He did not want to write the story. So the publisher sent me his art and ask me if I could write a story around the pictures. Very difficult, believe me.
筆者說明:本問題主要想釐清猜測,確定
The Last Resort
的創作源起是根 據英諾桑提的實際經驗,考證網路媒體所說是否正確,在研究中確立「先 有圖後有文」的研究立場。從作者的回答可知,路易思是透過出版社的邀 約接下工作任務的。Q: How do you and Mr.Innocenti cooperate? What is the course of finishing this book?
A: Yes, it's a difficult book that is really beyond young children. It's more of an
"adult picture book," I think.
筆者說明:本題作者並未做確切的回應,也可能漏掉了,所以兩天後筆者 又繼續問,回覆在下一篇中。然而作者提供了個人的見解,認為本書的創 作其實也是超乎兒童閱讀,更適合成人的,它的界定不只是兒童繪本中。
Q: And, do you have Italian edition ? Where can I get this book?
A: An Italian version was made but I don't have any extra copies. If you are interested in obtaining one, you might try writing the president of Creative Editions, the publisher--Tom Peterson--at
[email protected]
Q:As you say, ' The Last Resort ' is Innocenti’s art came first then have characters,
did you and Innocenti discuss with each other during the process of creating the book? Try to link up this story, exchange both your views? Does RobertoInnocenti feels surprised and satisfied about the story that you write? What is his response?
A: Innocenti and I have never spoken. Authors and illustrators never collaborate. I'm told by the publisher, who had the story translated into Italian so that RI could read it, that RI was very pleased.
筆者說明:回應第一次訪談的問題,這裡作者說明了他和英諾桑提的合作 關係為透過出版社從中協調。故事完成後,出版社也出版義大利文版本,
英諾桑提看過後表示非常滿意。
Q:The content of this book is full of symbols, there are a lot of meanings, many
play with words, did you install something on purpose? Or deciding commonly with the painter? Such as “IF I AM AN OBSCURE GRAY PHOTO”, “LOST HEART, REST”……A: There are many symbols in the book that I leave to the reader to imagine.
That is what good storytelling should do: Let the reader be an active participant. Remember, this is a story about imagination not reality.
筆者說明:在此作者說明了,他在書中放入的符碼和意義有賴讀者自行玩
味解讀,畢竟本書主題是攸關想像力的,也是一本好的圖畫書該有的特 質。用意在讓讀者參與其中,延伸和想像,摒棄邏輯思維,開啟想像的大 門,閱讀本書將獲得更多樂趣和啟發。
Q:It is said that this book is about the real experience of Roberto Innocenti. He has
also resumed again after once losing the strength of illustration, was it real?A: Yes, I was told that RI once lost his imagination... and he had to discover it all over again.
Q:I really wonder if I can get in touch with the Roberto Innocenti? I do really
curious.A: I would have no idea how to get in touch with RI. He lives somewhere in Italy. I don't even know if he uses a computer.
Q:I think for a long time, but I still do not know who the mermaid's servant is.
Which literary works is she in?
A: The story is called “The Little Mermaid.”
Q:Why isn’t the book always shows the mole on her face? About the sailor, why he
sometimes lost his left leg, but sometimes lost his right one? On purpose?A: These are mysteries that RI wanted to include. I think he would be happy that you noticed them.
Q:And for the little boy Huck Finn, where is his tobacco pipe? Why his clothes are
very clean and beautiful? Why has not he appeared in the restaurant? Why read the book of witchcraft sorcery?A: Huck Finn, a fictional character, could be imagined doing all kinds of things, even scrubbing the dirt off of himself once in awhile.
Q:Is the person who really has the ability to make the model plane become the true
plane him?A: No.
Q:Why is Huck Finn saying he is Tom Sawyer insteadly? Why did he want to fish
the letter in the bottle? Is there any meaning among them?A: If you think this character is closer to Tom Sawyer than to Huck Finn, that's
fine with me. He finds the letter in the bottle for the purpose of extending
the story.
3. J‧P‧路易思,電子信件訪談, 2008 年 4 月 5 日。
筆者說明:原文中,畫家問飛行員:“Is that white whale waiting for high tide who I think it is?”飛行員回答:“Mais oui, who else could it be?Foolish
A: Yes, just. Writer‐feller = writer fellow. Saturday.
Q: What does it mean……till shrimp learn to juggle(page 43)
A: This means "it will never happen."
附錄二:版面編排圖示
書衣 封面封底 書衣內頁
0-1 頁 2-3 頁
4-5 頁 6-7 頁
8-9 頁 10-11 頁
12-13 頁 14-15 頁
16-17 頁 18-19 頁
20-21 頁 22-23 頁
24-25 頁 25-27 頁
28-29 頁 30-31 頁
32-33 頁 34-35 頁
36-37 頁 38-39 頁
40-41 頁 42-43 頁
44-45 頁 46-47 頁
48 頁 書殼