第二章 「南海計劃」的背景
第四節 印尼對蔣美合助叛軍的指控
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第四節 印尼對蔣美合助叛軍的指控
美國對於中華民國內戰初期的這些行動究竟有多少參與、多少掌握？這似乎是 歷來學者們所難定論的謎題。因為依據目前可見的官方文件與現存的口述研究，似 乎都無法對此給予更細部的說明。但另方面，美國中情局利用其所支持的民航空運 隊在台灣大肆從事援助叛軍的活動、台北在內戰初期即大力接濟叛軍也都是事實。
反映了台北和華盛頓情報單位透過私人名義經手行動、以與政府單位脫鉤。
隨著4 月下旬叛軍在蘇門答臘的潰敗，印尼內戰的結束似乎指日可待。然而隨 著政府軍進駐叛軍據點，印尼政府發現越來越多證據指向外力的介入。正當此刻，
北蘇拉威西島的叛軍在附近海域展開頻繁空襲，讓原先認為已削弱叛軍力量的印尼 政府陷入極深的焦慮，同時印尼社會關於「外部介入」的懷疑與不滿開始喧囂塵上。
4 月 30 日蘇班德里約(Subandrio)召見美國大使鍾華德(Howard P. Jones)，向他發 出照會、請求美國協助阻止台灣對叛軍的援助。見面時他先詢問鍾華德美國政府是 否認為哈達是一個反共的政治人物，而對他抱有好感？提問得到證實後，蘇班德里 約開始說服鍾華德，印尼政府絕非如美國所想的左傾，雅加達許多高層都已警覺到 共產主義的威脅，願設法遏止共產黨在當地的擴張。現在他懇求美國做些什麼，讓 他們得以反駁這些宣稱美國已背叛印尼合法政府、支持叛軍的指控。42
對於蘇班德里約所提的反共意願，鍾華德深表欣慰同時，也拋出兩個問題：「一、
蘇卡諾是否同意剛剛他所說的[關於他對共產黨的顧慮]？二、印尼打算採取什麼樣 的步驟來對付共產黨？」對此蘇班德里約承認蘇卡諾還尚未有這樣的思維，但印尼 政府內其他人正在設法引導他，希望當前軍事衝突告一段落後，能讓他對此事[共產 黨的威脅]有更直接清楚的認識。針對第二個問題，蘇班德里約說現在還無法明確地 回答，但將來如果民主手段不可行，必要時印尼會動用堅持反共的陸軍來對付共產 黨。儘管沒有證據，但印尼政府斷定印共應是得到蘇聯或中共政府的金援。蘇班德
42 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, April 30, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 75.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d75 (2020 年 4 月 30 日)
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43 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, April 30, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 75.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d75 (2020 年 4 月 30 日)
44 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, April 30, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 74.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d74 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
45 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, April 30, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 74.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d74 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
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原文：The revolt in Indonesia aroused much interest in the Chinese press, which showed undisguised sympathy for the rebels. Publicly, the GRC maintained a correctly noncommittal stand, but privately GRC officials left no doubt they would like to see the rebels succeed. The charges made by the Indonesia Government that arms and equipment were being supplied to the rebels from Taiwan were denied as unfounded. But there were indications that certain GRC agencies were covertly in touch with rebel group. A major element on the GRC concern was that the Djakarta Government might take retaliatory measures against KMT groups in Indonesia which would affect the interests of the loyal overseas Chinese in general. This possible repercussion received more and more official attention on the part of the GRC agencies involved, as rebel prospects worsened.「美 國駐華大使館向美國國務院報告一九五八年一月至三月之政情觀察及每日大事紀」(1958年 4月 28 日)，〈中美關係(八)〉，《蔣經國總統文物》，國史館藏，數位典藏號：005-010100-00062-003。
47 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, April 30, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 74.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d74 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
48 中央社，〈印尼總理朱安達竟誣我與美國援助印尼革命〉，《中央日報》(台北)1958 年 5 月 1 日，
第二版。
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一個「不必對號入座」(without in effect “putting on shoe which fits”)的回應機會。49對於鍾安達極力隱晦的指控，美國艾森豪總統稍後在記者發佈會回應稱所有叛 克阿里司特街（McAllister Street）684 號的美國銷售公司（American Sales Company）
的賀茲克（R. S. Hirsch）發了一份電報給武吉丁宜的江貝克上校（Colonel Djambek），
49 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, May 2, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 77.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d77 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
50 新華社，〈朱安達總理根據充分證據譴責美蔣幫助叛軍空襲杜勒斯拒絕停止支持叛亂份子〉。《人 民日報》(北京)，1958 年 5 月 3 日，第六版。
51 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, May 3, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 78.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d78 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
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西亞爵士(Sir Harold Caccia)對話時，國務卿杜勒斯表示，美國正與雅加達的友好份 子對話，尋求政治解決的途徑。當大使問及美國是否可能公開介入印尼時，杜勒斯53 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, May 3, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 78.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d78 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
54 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, May 3, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 78.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d78 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
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Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 79.https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d79 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
56 英國此刻的詢問，應是延伸自四月上旬國務卿杜勒斯與英國駐美大使加西亞的一場對話。談話中，
Office of the Historian, "Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, April 13, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 57.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d57 (2020 年 6 月 17 日瀏覽)
57 丘正歐，《蘇加諾時代印尼排華史實》，(台北：中研院近史所，1995)，頁 262-267。
58 丘尚堯，〈丘正歐博士事略〉，《僑協雜誌》，第 73 期(2001 年 6 月)，頁 28-29。
59 郭奇榮，〈衣復恩回憶錄中道出參與一九五八年支援印尼叛軍行動〉，《印尼僑聲》，第 138 期 (2012 年 3 月)，頁 24-25。
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(United States had no legal control over its nationals participating in such adventures and that it cannot be held responsible for the consequences of their personal activities.)他詢問 葉公超對上述內容是否有任何回覆？心領神會的葉公超立刻表示希望國務院轉達以
60 以下為葉公超回答之原文：The Chinese Government has given no clearance for any Chinese Air Force plane to leave for Indonesia, much less for any ammunition to leave the country. As to pilots, no Chinese Air Force pilots could have left Taiwan without the permission of the Chinese Air Force Headquarters. The Chinese Air Force Headquarters had given no permission to anyone to leave for Indonesia. The Chinese Government neutrally has no way to check or identify any person of Chinese origin resident overseas taking part in the war in Indonesia. The Chinese Government also has no way to prevent any Chinese living abroad to participate in military or political adventures in other countries. 參考〈印尼排華〉，中央研究院近代史研究所檔案館藏，
館藏號：11-01-21-09-03-001，頁 152-156。
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Felix Stump)就對海軍作戰部長柏克上將(Admiral Arleigh Albert Burke)表示：63如果華府的想法正如政府中某些人一樣，相信印尼陸軍、或雅加達內部
61 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Embassy in Indonesia to the Department of State, Djakarta, May 6, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 80.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d80 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
62 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Indonesia, Washington, May 6, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 81.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d81 (2020 年 4 月 30 日瀏覽)
63 Office of the Historian, " Telegram From the Commander in Chief, Pacific (Stump) to the Chief of Naval Operations (Burke), Honolulu, May 7, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 83.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d83 (2020 年 6 月 5 日)
64 Office of the Historian, " Editorial Note, Washington, May 8, 1958," United States Department of State, FRUS, 1958-1960, Indonesia, Vol. XVII, Document 85.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v17/d85 (2020 年 6 月 5 日)
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滲透其中，正在大量援助。中東、南亞危險。」65而決定美國內部此一搖擺結果的關 鍵恰恰是同日的在印尼發生的波普事件。當日，一架由美國飛行員波普所駕駛的 B-26 轟炸機在前往安汶(Ambon)島執行任務時，遭印尼政府軍擊落，波普跳傘生還後 被俘。該員所著制服、隨身攜帶的飛行證和任務指示，都顯示他是美國軍方的人員、
並受僱於位在台灣的民航空運隊。66這件事成為美國秘密支持叛軍的鐵證，讓華府倍 感難堪同時，不得不承諾放棄暗中支持叛軍的兩面策略，以免和印尼外交關係的破 裂，此一轉變也導致台北和華盛頓之間想法的更趨分歧。這正是帶有蔣中正濃厚個 人意志之「南海計劃」的出台背景。
65《王叔銘日記》(民國 47 年 5 月 18 日)，中央研究院近代史研究所檔案館藏，館藏號：063-01-01-18，頁 84。
66 直到數月後波普在印尼開庭受審時，其行動是否有受到中華民國政府支持仍是外交上備受爭論的 議題。參考《外交部》，〈美籍波普pope 協助印尼革命政府工作被捕與我國無涉〉，中央研究院近 代史研究所檔案館藏，館藏號：11-01-21-04-01-005。